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Plus Two Political Science SAY Question Paper 2013

April 13, 2021September 10, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science SAY Question Paper 2013

Question 1.
The names of certain countries are given below, pick up ASEAN countries among them and complete the table. (2)

China
Philippines
Indonesia
Singapore
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Malaysia
Sri Lanka

Answer:
Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia

Question 2.
“The split in the communist party of India can be traced back to the ideological rift between two countries”. Do you agree with the statement? Identify those countries and substantiate your argument.(3)
Answer:
In 1964 the Communist Party of India split as CPI and CPI(M). CPI was Pro-Russia and pro-Congress but CPI(M) was pro-China and anti-Congress.

Question 3.
Right to Information Act is considered as one of the greatest contributions of popular movements in India. Is it a pre-requisite to the success of democracy? How? You can use the following hint while answering the question.
i. Avoids corruption (3)
Answer:
Right to Information is an important landmark in Indian democracy. This Act plays a big role in making the administration transparent to a large extent. It helps in eradicating corruption in the government. It allows individuals to get information regarding various administrative matters. It removes the secrecy maintained by the earlier Administrations. It is a check against corruption. But this Act alone is not enough to remove large-scale corruption in the society.

Question 4.
In a classroom debate Nandana advanced the following argument. (6)
“The political conditions of India during 1975 forced Indira Gandhi to declare national emergency”. State your opinion on the above observation and find out whether the emergency declaration created a crisis in the democratic order.
Answer:
On 25 June 1975, the President, on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, declared Emergency in India. It affected the working of the political parties in many ways. They are as follows:
a. Many of the opposition leaders were arrested and kept in jail. This adversely affected the functioning of the parties. The controls imposed on the media also affected their working. As a result the public opinion was turned against Congress. Jay Prakash Narayan became the symbol of democracy.

b. The Emergency and things that were done to implement it made the opposition leaders feel that the autocratic rule of Indira Gandhi would make them disappear one by one. Because of that the leaders of different parties kept in touch with one another and were ready to form a new political party. The result was Janta Party.

c. With the formation of the new party, it was strongly believed that the anti-Congress votes won’t get divided. The 1977 election was a referendum on the Emergency. Congress was badly defeated.

Question 5.
India’s Nuclear Policy aims at global disarmament. Do you think that the recent Indo-US nuclear deal is a deviation from these policies. Give your reasons. (3)
Answer:
Non-Aligned policy is a specialty of India. India takes a neutral stand when there are problems between power blocs. But the Indo-American Nuclear Deal can be seen as a change from this neutral policy. It is considered a pro-American leaning on the part of India.

Question 6.
India and China had very good neighbourly ties with each other during post-independence, based mainly on the principles of Panchasheel. But on the Tibetan issue the friends fell out nd China invaded India. Do you think the invasion a failure of the Panchasheel diplomacy? How do you look at the issue in the context of the present relations between India and China. (4)
Answer:
Indo-China Relations: In the beginning India and China had cordial relations. It has a historical and cultural background. Nehru played a crucial role in making the relations better. India was the first country to recognize China after the Revolution. Nehru tried to help China in international matters. Because of these good relations, on the India-China border there were only paramilitary forces.

The Panchsheel Agreement as a big landmark out India-China relations. It was signed on April 29 by the PMs of both countries, Nehru of India and Chou- en-Lai of China. Nehru visited China and Chou-en- Lai visited India getting the love and respect of people. Nehru had an open-hearted approach to China. But people like Patel thought China was not a country to be believed. Nehru never expected any attack from China. But in 1962, China did attack India.

on the Tibetans. In 1959, the Tibetan Spiritual leader, Dalai Lama, sought refuge in India. China then accused India saying that India was acting against the interest of China. In October 1962 China infiltrated into Indian territories which it claimed to be hers. The first attack lasted a week. Chinese army occupied some place in Arunachal Pradesh. The next attack came a month later. But the Indian army stopped the Chinese in the western part of Ladakh. China declared a unilateral ceasefire and retreated from the places it had taken.

As a result of the war, Nehru’s close friend and the then defence minister V.K. Krishna Menon had o resign. Nehru was criticised for blinding believing China for his lack of military preparation to prevent the attack. A no-confrdence motion was brought against his government. In Lok Sabha there were a lot of discussions. In many bye-elections Congress lost. The Opposition was also affected by the war. In 1964 Communist Part was divided into two – Pro- Chinese and Pro-Russia. One was CPI (M) and the otherwasCPI.

The War awakened the nation. The North Eastern region was backward. The Chinese war prompted the nation to keep its unity and to embark upon developmental projects. Now the relations are a bit better. But China’s closeness to Pakistan and help it gives to Pakistan make us unhappy.

Question 7.
Observe the following conversation : (6)
Vrinda: Owing to globalisation, the world today is a globalised village, Nationalism has given way to internationalism.
Renjitha: I agree with you, but I feel that at a deeper level globalisation is a new form of colonialism. It is creating harmful effects on all levels of existence.
Elsa: I feel that globalisation has been affecting the developing countries most adversely.
Based on the above given pieces of conversation, formulate your views on globalisation.
Answer:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more.

Let us see how it works:
Political results: Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Economic Results:
Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO
etc. play big roies. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come undertheir influence. In this, are-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.
As a result of globalization, import controls are reduced or removed. The developed nations can now invest their capital in the developing nations, investing in the developing nations is more profitable.

Technologies develop without any limits of borders. But regarding the movement of people, the developed nations have made certain rules. Their countries are kept safe from foreign workers through the policy of Visa. Because of the visa rules, the jobs of their citizens are not taken away by emigrants. There are arguments in favour and against economic globalization.

Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on government only as a demerit of globalization. Those who are economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the dements of globalization. Some people believe that globalization makes the poor people poorer and so it must be stopped. But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Question 8.
No change in India’s stand on climate change” says Prime Minister Man Mohan Singh . In the context of the Prime Minister’s reference, identify India’s stand on environmental security. (3)
Answer:
For the protection of environment India has taken the following steps:

According to the auto fuel policy of India, only purified fuel is used for vehicles.
The Energy Act passed in 2001, aims at the appropriate use of energy.
The 2003 Electricity Act requires the use of renewable energy sources.
In 2011-12, the Bio-diesel Mission acquired 11 million hectors of land for the production of biodiesel. Recently schemes have been worked out for the import of natural gas. It has been decided to use the latest technology for purifying coal. Thus India is doing a lot for environmental protection.

Question 9.
You may be familar with the term Syndicate’which was related to the congress party during the 60s, Analyse the role player by the Syndicate in relation to Congress party.(4)
Answer:
The biggest challenge Indira Gandhi had to face after the 1967 election was not from the Opposition but from her own party. She had to a face a powerful Syndicate in the party itself working against her. But soon she was able to take control and took strong measures. She did certain things showing her leaning towards the Left. In 1967, she formed a 10- point action plan.

Banks were controlled, insurance was nationalized, and ceiling was set for urban property. She also carried out public distribution of food grains, land reforms, village housing schemes. Although the Syndicate agreed to these changes, it was not happy. When Dr. Zakir Hussain died in 1969, there was election for the President. During this election the difference between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate came in the open.

Question 10.
‘The Green Revolution delivered only a moderate agricultural growth; but increased polarisation between classes and regions’. In the light of the above statement mention two negative and positive consequences of Green Revolution, (4)
Answer:
Green Revolution is the name given to the policies of the government which aimed at maximum production in the minimum period in the agricultural sector. In the 1960s, the agricultural sector was in a very bad shape. Between 1965 and 67 there were huge droughts in many parts of India. This reduced food production and in many areas there was famine¬like condition.

To overcome this crisis, India was forced to seek assistance from countries like America. Following the American policies, we too started some new economic policies. The government wanted self-sufficiency in food and therefore a new agricultural policy was implemented. This policy included farming all lands where irrigation was available, using high yield varieties of seeds and fertilizing the land. Subsidies were given for irrigation and insecticides. It was also decided that the government would purchase the produce at a minimum price. All these changes together paved the way for what is known as the Green Revolution.

The Green Revolution brought some positive changes in agricultural growth. Food stuff was easily available. Of course, it was the rich merchants and large farm- owners that were the prime beneficiaries. There was a polarization of the rich and poor. This helped the Left Parties to bring together the poor farmers and the masses. As a result, there arose a powerful Left-leaning lobby of middle class farmers.

Question 11.
Match the following : (5)
Plus Two Political Science SAY Question Paper 2013 1
Answer:
Agra Summit – 2001 – Vajpai, Musharaf
Tashkent agreement -1996- Sastri, Ayub Khan
Stand Still Agreement – 1947 – India Government, Hyderabad Nizam
Simla Agreement – 1972 – Indira Gandhi, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Panchsheel principles-1954-Nehru, Chou-en-Lai

Question 12.
Name the two leaders who were known for the following two slogans.
a) jai Jawan Jai Kisan
b) Garibi Hatao (1)
Answer:
a. Lal Bahadur Satri
b. Indira Gandhi

Question 13.
The role of Non-party movements in India is significant in making our democracy more vibrant. Identify any one of such movement and analyse its importance.(3)
Answer:
Chipko Movement is considered as one of the first environmental movement in the country. This was a Movement that became famous the world over. It was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarakhand. The Forest Department prevented the villagers from cutting down a certain kind of trees with which they made their working implements. But the same Forest Department gave permission to a Sports Equipment Manufacturing Company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This provoked the villagers. When the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. (Chipko means embrace).

This protest spread to many parts of Uttarakhand. The people raised their voice against the exploitation of nature. They asked the government not to let outsiders come and exploit their resources. They wanted the power to manage them to be given to the local people. They also asked for.permission to start small scale industries, protecting Nature and the Environment. They also demanded minimum wages for the forest workers who had no land of their own.

As a result of this Movement, the government issued an order prohibiting the cutting down of trees in the Himalayan side for 15 years. The role of women was great in this Movement. They also fought against social evils like drinking alcohol. With Chipko Movement, people realized that solutions to popular problems could be found through non-political movements.

Question 14.
LTTE, the Tamil Militant outfit has been destroyed by the Sri Lankan army. Identify any two causes LTTE has been fighting for. (2)
Answer:
The civil war that was going on in Sri Lanka ended with the killing of Veluppilla Prabhakaran and some other LTTE leaders. All this time democracy was functioning there. After independence, it was the Sinhala community that had the upper hand in Sri Lanka. They were not sympathetic towards the Tamils who actually migrated from India long ago. The Sinhala nationalists were against giving any concessions to the Tamils there.

In their view Sri Lanka is the motherland only for them. It was this enmity that forced the Tamils to rise in revolt against the Sinhalese, The Tamils organised the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eazham). From 1983, the LTTE began armed struggle against the Sinhalese. This racial problem became a headache to India as well. The Tamil people of India exerted great pressure on the Central Government to help the Tamils in Sri Lanka.

In 1987 India signed an agreement with Sri Lanka. According to that there should be cordial relations between the Tamils and the Sri Lankan government. But the Indian government had to fight against LTTE. Sri Lanka thought India was interfering in its internal affairs. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force had to come back to India without -achieving any result. Sri Lankan problem became very violent. Scandinavian countries like Nonway and Iceland tried to bring peace, but they failed. In Lankan army attacked the LTTE army and killed Veluppilla Prabhakaran and his associates.

Question 15.
As per Article 370 the state of Jammu and Kashmir enjoys special status. Other states are against this special consideration, while Kashmir is says that they are not getting enough recognition. Kashmir problem still remains as a headache to the central government. Identify the various problems on the issue of Kashmir Do you think that the arguments of Kashmiris are justifiable? Substantiate your arguments. (6)
Answer:
When India got independence, Jammu-Kashmirwas a Princely State. Initially, the King Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. The Pakistani leaders believed that since Jammu-Kashmir had a lot of Muslims, it would join Pakistan. The people there were known as Kashmiris. Under the leadership of Sheikh Abdulla there was an agitation to remove the King from power. But he also did not want to join Pakistan.

National Conference was a secular organization. It was also pro-Congress. In October 1947 Pakistan encouraged some tribal groups to capture Pakistan. Then the King sought assistance from India.

The King signed the “Instrument of Accession” and so the Indian army helped the Jammu-Kashmir King. There was also a condition that when things become normal there would be a referendum. For the welfare of the people Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister. India granted J&K autonomy.

External and Internal Squabbles: Because of external and internal problems, J&K is always in the midst of crises. On one side there is Pakistan claiming the Kashmir Valley. After the 1947 War, a part of Kashmir came under Pakistani control. India calls it illegal occupation. Pakistan Calls this area Azad Kashmir. Internally also the Kashmir problems is a headache for the Centre. According to Article 37Q, Kashmir is given greater autonomy than other States. This Article is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir. The special concession causes problems. Many believe that this autonomy given to Kashmir will adversely affect the unity and indivisibility of the country. They feel that Article 370 should be removed. But the Kashmiris feel that the autonomy they got by Article 370 is not enough. Some Kashmiris put forward 3 complaints.

No referendum has taken place so far.
The status promised by Article 370 is only on paper, not in practice. They need more autonomy.
They also say that the kind of democracy implemented in other States of India is not found in J&K.

Politics since 1948:
After Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister of Kashmir, many land reforms and other welfare measures were taken to help the masses. But there was a difference of opinion between him and the Central Government. He wanted Kashmir to be completely free. So the Central Government dismissed him and kept him in jail forsome time. His successors did not get popular support but they administered the region with Central support. The Kashmiris slowly started believing in democracy. According to the agreement between India Gandhi and Sheikh Abd,ullah, in 1974, he became the Prime Minister. He died in 1982.

The insurgents were assisted by Pakistan. For many years, J&K was under Presidential rule. Even as there was strong military presence there, from 1990 there have been frequent clashes between the army and the people who resisted Indian rule. Farooq Abdulla’s government also demanded greater autonomy. In 2002, there was another election. Instead of the National Conference, a PDP Coalition Government came to power.

Secession Movement And After:
The secessionist movement (1969) appeared in many shapes and it took different stances.

Independent Kashmir without joining either India or Pakistan.
A group demanding merger with Pakistan.
A group demanding greater autonomy.

The demand for greater autonomy attracted the people of Jammu and Ladakh in different ways. Often there were complaints against neglect and backwardness. The Central Government discussed the issue with different groups. The secessionists now say that even as they stay with India, they should be given more autonomy.

Question 16.
“The United Nations was not created to take humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell”. Dag Hammarsk Jold, The UN’s second secretary general. Based on the above quotation, Analyse the importance of UN as an indispensable world organisaton. (5)
Answer:
After WWII, the necessity for an international organization was recognized. Its purpose was to prevent wars, to settle international disputes amicably, and to bring about cooperation among nations. Therefore the UN can assist in times of war as well as peace. By improving the standard of living it can assist nations.

There are disputes and differences of opinion among nations. War is not the solution to all problems. There are problems like controlling and eradicating diseases or global warming. Although each nation can find solutions to such problems, a collective action would produce much better results. But often nations are not willing to work together.

Question 17.
In the midst of severe competition and conflicts, after the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, a consensus appears to have emerged among most of the parties. State the main ideas included in the consensus.You can use the following hints.

New economic policies
Political and social claims of backward castes.

Answer:
After 2004, we saw a situation where no party had majority and therefore many parties joined together on the basis of some common policies. There was some kind of political consensus in pursuing the new economic policies. Along with that the social demands of the backward classes also came up for serious consideration

Question 18.
Study the conversation given below:
Anagha : The contemporary US Power lies in the superiority of its military power.
Ronie : We can regard World Bank, International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organisation as the products of American hegemony.
Rani: It would be a mistake to see US hegemony in purely military and economic terms without considering the cultural dimension of US hegemony. Based on these dialogues prepare a detailed note on US hegemony. Find out two major constraints on American hegemony. (5)
Answer:
World nations try to gain and maintain dominance over others by using military, economic and cultural power. During the Cold War the fight was between the Soviet Union and America. With the disintegration of the Soviet, Union America remains the only Superpower. Dominance or hegemony is attained through three things:
a. Hard Power
b. Structural Power
c. Soft Power

Hard Power:
This includes military power and the relations between nations. Today America is in the forefront of military power. There is nobody to challenge its military might. It has the capacity to reach any corner of the world any moment. They spend a major part of their budget to maintain this position. They spend huge sums of money for research and technological developments. It is technology that keeps America in the forefront. With their military might they are even ready to police the world, and punish the culprits.

Structural Power:
This dominance is based on the economic structure. The global economic system relies on America. If America helps the global economic system, it is mainly for their benefits and profits. But America does a lot of good things for the world. For example, communication channels through the oceans. Merchant ships travel through sea routes and America has much authority on the water transport system. It is the American navy that keeps the sea-routes safe for ships.

The next is the Internet. In fact it was an American military project. It was started in 1950. Today the global network functions using satellites. Most of them belong to America. 28% of the world economy is controlled by America. 15% of the international trade is also done by them. In any economic sector, at least one of out of three biggest companies will be American. The world economic structure follows the Breton Woods style of America. The World Bank, I.M.F. and World Trade Organization etc. are examples of American supremacy in world business and finance.Now comes another example the MBA degree. It was America that made this course and the degree

Question 19.
After the collapse of Soviet Union the market capitalist forces of the west adopted a new strategy towards East-European countries through World Bank and IMF, Identify this strategy and prepare a brief note on it.(4)
Answer:
The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon Communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, Easer European countries etc were attracted towards organizations like the World Bank and IMF.

The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
Private capital would be very important.
Cooperative farming will give way to private farming.
Foreign investment, open market system and currency exchange would be possible.
The countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union will have the facility to have contact with Western countries and trade with them.
Using all these, the Western countries made the member countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union come closer to them.

Results:

Many big industries under government control collapsed.
90% industries were sold to individuals or private companies.
The Russian Currency Rouble was devalued.
Because of inflation people lost the value of their savings.
In Cooperative farming, people had food security. But now it was not there. Russia had to import food grains.
In Russia, the GDP in 1999 was less than that of 1989.
The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty.
Educational and intellectual human resources were scattered and many people emigrated.
Privatization made economic inequality among people.

Question 20.
Find odd man out:
a) Parvez Mush raff
b) E.M. Ershad
c) Zia-ul-Haq
d) Ayub-Khan (1)
Answer:
a) E:M. Ershad

Question 21.
Arrange the following in chronological order. (2)
a) Establishment of OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co-operation)
b) Establishment of EU (European Union)
c) Formation of ASEAN (Associaton for South East Asian Nations.
d) Formation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
Answer:
a) OEEC 1948
b) EU 1993
c) ASEAN 1967
d) NATO 1949

Question 22.
A discussion on “goals of I and II five year plans” has taken place in the class. The student omitted the following points in his discussion note.
i. Focused on land reforms
ii. Targeted socialistic pattern of society
Consider the above given hints and complete the discussion note.
Answer:
The 1st FYP gave importance to the agricultural sector. But the 2nd one stressed industrial development. This raised a question: for a country like India which is more important – agriculture or industry?

Those who supported the agricultural sector said that the 2nd FYP had no definite plan about the agricultural sector and industries might make things more difficult for the villagers. J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian economist, prepared a plan about industrialization. Mr. Choudhary Charan Singh wanted greater stress to be given to the agricultural sector. He said that industrialization brings progress only to business and cities by preventing farmers and villagers from making progress.

Supporters of industrialization had a different view. They claimed that only through industries and greater production the eradication of poverty would be possible. They also claimed that there was a definite agricultural policy for the development of food crops. Through land reforms, poor villagers got land. Funds were made available for social welfare and irrigation. But these policies could not be carried out as planned. The main reason was the objection from big landowners who had political and social power. They felt that even if more money is spent on agriculture, it would not improve the lot of the villagers.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2010

April 13, 2021September 10, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2010

Question 1.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is popularly known as the “Iron Man of India”. Give the reason by which he is famous by this name. Enumerate the role played by him in the integration of Indian Union.
Answer:
He is called the ‘Iron Man of India’ because of his major role in integrating all the Princely States after independence to make the Indian Union. As the Dy. Prime Minister and also Home Minister he made diplomatic but determined moves to make agreements with the rulers of the Princely States. V.P. Menon who was the Secretary of the Princely States, and Governor General Lord Mountbatten helped Patel greatly to carry out his historic responsibility.

Question 2.
Match the following.

Garibl Hatao	Nehru	National Emergency
Jai Jawan Jai Kisan	Mrs. Gandhi	Thashkent agreement
Hindi Chini Bhai	Shastri	First Prime Minister of India

Answer:
Garibi Hatao – Mrs. Gandhi – National Emergency Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan -Sastri-TashkentAgreement Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai – Nehru – the first Indian Prime Minister

Question 3.
In 1952 a Veteran Congress leader Potti Sriramalu died during a 56 days long hunger strike. This led to the formation of a commission. Identify the commission and its salient recommendation.
Answer:
The death of Potti Sriramulu caused a big turmoil in Andhra Pradesh. Then in December 1952, the Prime Minister declared the formation of a separate Andhra State based on language considerations. This declaration made the demand for the formation States on linguistic basis very strong and the people started clamouring for it. In 1953, the Central Government formed a State Reorganization Commission. The Commission recommended the formation of State on linguistic basis. On the recommendations of this report, in 1956 the State Reorganization Act was passed. Thus 14 States and 6 Union Territories came into existence.

Question 4.
“The dominance of Congress Party in Indian Politics was different from the one party dominance in China, Cuba and the erstwhile USSR”. Write your opinion about the above statement.
Answer:
In China, Cuba and the erstwhile Soviet Union there was one party dominance as only one party was allowed to function in those countries. But in India things were different. We had multi-party democracy. But staying within the bounds of democracy, Congress dominated in Indian politics. Many parties had contested the elections. But in consecutive elections, Congress won, maintaining its dominance.

Question 5.
Identify the Political Parties with which each leader mentioned below is associated.

C.Rajagopalachari	CPI(M)
Dr.Syamaprasad Mukarjee	Congress
A.K.Gopalan	Bharatiya Jana Sangh
Moulana Abdul Kalam Azad	Swathanthra party

Answer:
C. Rajagopaiachari- Swatantra Party
Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee – Bhartiya Jan Sangh
A.K. Gopalan – C.P.I, (M)
Moulana Abdul Kalam Azad – Congress

Question 6.
“The USSR was the largest state in the world. In 1991 the mammoth republic had spilt into 15 independent republics”. Analyse the reason for the disintegration of USSR.
Answer:
There are many reasons for the disintegration of the USSR:
a. Political reasons
b. Economic reasons
c. The reforms of Gorbachev
a. Political Reasons:

In the Soviet system there was bureaucratic misrule and misuse of authority. The life of ordinary people was not at all smooth.
Lack of democracy and lack of freedom of expression.
Although on paper Russia was just one of the 15 republics, it either suppressed or controlled the people of all other republics.

b. Economic reasons. To become equal with the US in weapons, USSR spent a lot of its money on weapons. USSR was behind the West in technology and internal structure. It had no ability to protect the political and economic interests of its people,
c. Reforms of Gorbachev: His two important reforms were Glasnost and Perestroika. They did not bring the expected results. They brought more troubles to the country leading to its disintegration.

Question 7.
From the following countries, four belong to NAM. Identify them.
France, Japan. USA
India, Zambia, China
Indonesia, Russia, Maldives
Answer:
India, Zambia, Indonesia and Maldives

Question 8.
Look at the following conversation :
A) USA’s intervention in Iraq is against all international conventions.
B) USA’s intervention in Yugoslovia is also against the international law.
C) It is ironically said that “USA is the World Police”. The above dialogues show the hegemony of USA in international politics. Analyse the different dimensions of US hegemony.
Answer:
The above statements show how USA dominates international politics after the fall of the Soviet Union. Hegemony means power is concentrated in one place. America’s hegemony can be seen at different levels:
a. Hegemony as a strong military power.
b. Hegemony in the economic structure.
c. Hegemony in cultural affairs.
a. Hegemony as a strong military power:
Today America is the strongest military power. It can reach even the remotest part of the world very quickly. To maintain this military power America spends a major portion of its budget for research and such things. It uses this power to conquer, to deter, to punish and to control. This was shown in America’s interference in Iraq and Yugoslavia.

b. Hegemony in the economic structure:
America has a big role in world economy. To a large extent world economy depends on American economy. It is for her own profit that she supports world economy. America controls world economy through her control over communications channels through the ocean and the internet. 28% of the world economy is America’s. 15% of world trade is done by them. In any sphere of world economy one of the three biggest companies will be American. The Breton Woods system adopted by America remains the basic system of world economy. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. show American dominance over world economy.

c. Hegemony in cultural affairs:
Even in ideological and cultural levels, we can see the dominance of America. For small countries America is the role model. Many countries want to copy American ideals and cultural values. America does whatever she can to attract small countries to her. The Breton Woods system adopted by America remains the basic system of world economy. Whether we like it or not America is seen by most countries as a role model for their dreams and life style.

Question 9.
“India protests Chinese intention to intrude in Arunachal Pradesh” Times of India The above news headline shows the recent tension between Indo-China border. Give your opinion about the resolution of tension between the two countries, is peaceful co-operation between the two countries useful for us?
Answer:
Initially the relations between the two countries were cordial. Nehru had a special liking for a neighbouring country which liberated itself from the clutches of a foreign country. He tried to follow the policy of “Panchsheel” with China. Panchsheel was a declaration of five principles of peaceful cooperation and mutual respect. It was signed the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and the Chinese Prime Minister Chou-en-Lai.

The purpose was to make the relations between the two neighbours stronger. In spite of the good relations, there were border disputes between two. China claimed the Aksai Chin and some places in Arunachal Pradesh to be theirs. India’s stand on the Tibetan Issue and the India’s giving refuge to Dalai Lama made China angry. As a result in 1962 China invaded India.

After the war, for quite some time, there were no diplomatic relations between the two countries: Relations were re-established in 1976. Recently there have been ups and down in our relations with China. Times of India had reported that Dalai Lama’s visit to Tibet made China unhappy. I feel that if the two countries follow the Panchsheel principles, their relations can be made smooth once again.

Question 10.
Find the odd one out.
EUROPEAN UNION, ASEAN, SAARC, IBRD
Answer:
IBRD

Question 11.
Listen to the following conversation
A) “Recent recession in the global economy did not much affect India like the rest of the world”.
B) This is because of the influence of public sector in Indian Economy.
Discuss how public sector and private sector go hand in hand in India. Is there any shift in this policy ?
Answer:
As a country which got its freedom newly, India had two models to choose from. They were the capitalist model and the socialist model. After a lot of thought, the leaders of India chose a mixed economy. Because of this we got the good things from both the models. We established essential and heavy industries in the public sector. But in other areas private sector was given due consideration.

It was possible for us to accommodate the two models and work for progress. The recession in the global economy adversely affected countries which followed capitalist economy. But since India had a mixed economy, the recession did not affect us so badly. The public sector and the economic control of the government helped us to be comparatively untouched by the recession. India’s policy now can be called LPG – Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. This policy gave greater importance to private sector. Even now our essential industries are under public sector.

Question 12.
Match the following.

1st Five year plan	P.C. Mahalanobis	Industrial development
2nd Five year plan	White revolution	Agriculture and Irrigation
Varghese Kurien	K.N. Raj	Anand

Answer:

1st Five year plan	K.N. Raj	Industrial development
2nd Five year plan	P.C. Mahalanobis	Agriculture and Irrigation
Varghese Kurien	White revolution	Anand

Question 13.
“Our general policy is to avoid entanglement in power politics and not to join any group of powers as against any other camp. The two leading blocs today are the Russian bloc and the anglo American bloc. We must be friendly to both and yet not join either….”
These are the words by Pandit Jawaharla Nehru, the architect of our foreign policy.Enumerate the basic ideas of India’s foreign policy. Is there any shift in our foreign policy today ?
Look at the following hints.
Non-aligned foreign policy
Afro-Asian unity
Panchasheel
Policy shifts
Answer:
Nehru is the architect of Indian foreign policy. In 1927, he worked as the spokesman for foreign affairs of the Indian National Congress. After independence he formulated India’s foreign policy. At that time the aims of the foreign policy were the following:

Be independent in the formulation of the foreign policy.
Maintain international peace.
Cooperate with the UN.
Disarmament.
Fight against colonialism, imperialism and racial discrimination.
Cooperate with the developing countries.

To achieve the above aims we followed the following policies:

Non-Aligned Policy
Panchsheel
Afro-Asian Unity

Non-Aligned Policy:
India’s foreign policy was formulated during the period of the Cold War. Under the prevailing circumstances we followed the policy of Non-Alignment. This policy means:

No military alliance with any country of either Bloc.
India has an independent foreign policy.
India wants to maintain friendly relations with all countries.

The indian leaders thought by following the policy of Non-Alignment, they could reduce the tension between the two Blocs and India and other non- aligned nations could pursue their own schemes for prosperity.

Panchsheel:
The ‘Panchsheel’ was signed on’ 29.4.1954 by the Indian PM Nehru and the Chinese PM Chou-en-Lai. They are five pillars of cooperation. These are the five pillars:

Respect the borders of both countries and the sovereignty of each other.
No war between the two countries.
Non-interference in the internal affairs of the other country.
Equality and mutual understanding.
Peaceful co-existence.

These were the five main ideas of Indian foreign policy.
Afro-Asian Unity: This was another important concept that led the Indian foreign policy. Nehru established relations with the newly independent African and Asian countries. In March 1947, India summoned the Asian Relations Conference. Through this India gave help to end colonialism and opposed the apartheid (racial discrimination) policy of South Africa. Then, the Afro-Asian Conference at Bandung also helped in the formation of Non-Aligned Movement.

After the Cold War period, India’s foreign policy underwent some changes. Now India follows the LPG policy. LPG means Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. Recently India entered into a nuclear deal with America. In the IAEA meeting India took an anti-iran stand. Now America is the world’s only Superpower. Naturally, India and other countries will have to make appropriate changes in their foreign policy.

Question 14.
“If there is a Global War in future it will be for drinking water”.
The statement shows the necessity of water protection. There are other ‘natural phenomena’ which directly affect global politics. Identify any one of them and describe how they affect our global politics.
Answer:
These days an important issue that is discussed in world politics is Global Warming. This changes the climate. Carbon dioxide, Methane, hydrofluoro carbons etc. cause global warming. So developing countries ask the developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Since global warming affects every country, some organizations have been formed for the protection of the environment. As a result there took place the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. In 2002 there was Kyoto Protocol and in 2009 there was the Copenhagen Summit.

Question 15.
Globalisation cannot be limited to the sphere of politics and economy. If affects us in our home, in what we eat, drink, wear and indeed what we think. Me Donaldisation is dangerous for the poor countries and for the humanity, because it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritages of the world. The above statements point out the cultural consequences of globalisation. What is your opinion about the effect of globalisation in the cultural sphere ?Is it good or bad ? Substantiate your answer.
Answer:
Globalization means the flow of ideas, goods and people from one country to another without much restriction. It is natural that the culture of a country may be affected by this kind of free flow. In my opinion, globalization opens the way for cultural uniformity. This does not mean that all the cultures will transform themselves into just one culture. What it means is that there is a possibility of Western Culture making inroads into the cultures of other countries. The cultures of the economically powerful countries influence the weaker countries. This can be called a kind of necolonism.

Question 16.
Chipko movement is recognised as one of the first environmental movements in the country.Identify the reason which led to the Chipko movement in U.P. in the early 1970’s.
Answer:
Chipko Movement is considered as one of the first environmental movement in the country. This was a Movement that became famous the world over. It was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarakhand. The Forest Department prevented the villagers from cutting down a certain kind of trees with which they made their working implements. But the same Forest Department gave permission to a Sports Equipment Manufacturing Company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This provoked the villagers. When the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. (Chipko means embrace).

This protest spread to many parts of Uttarakhand. The people raised their voice against the exploitation of nature. They asked the government not to let outsiders come and exploit their resources. They wanted the power to manage them to be given to the local people. They also asked for permission to start small scale industries, protecting Nature and the Environment. They also demanded minimum wages for the forest workers who had no land of their own.

Question 17.
Read the following paper news.
“Akali leader Sant Harchant Singh Longowal shot dead”.
The decade of the 1980s witnessed so many problems. in the state of Punjab. Identify the reasons behind this.
Answer:
In 1966 Punjab was formed as a State on language basis. The Akali Dal had made some agitations for ‘Punjabi Suba”. In 1966 Indira Gandhi approved the demand ofAkali Dal. Accordingly Punjab was divided into two States – Haryana and Punjab. Afterthat in 1967 and 1977, Akali Dal came to power in Punjab. But because of the following reasons he existence ofAkali Dal was in jeopardy.

The Centre dismissed the Akali Dal government before it completed its term.
Akali Dal did not have the support of Hindus.
There was division in the Sikh community itself based on caste and class.

Among the Dalits, Congress had greater support. In 1970, some Akal is demanded autonomy and a revision in the Centre-State relations and they started agitations. In 1973 in Anandpur Sahib they passed a resolution for this. They also demanded a “Sikh Kaum”. They said their aim was ‘Bolbala”. Only a few Sikh people approved this resolution. In 1980, the Akali government was dismissed. At this time some Sikh people wanted complete freedom from India as they wanted their own Khalistan. All this led to terrorist activities there which resulted in the “Operation Blue Star”. Finally it all ended in the murders of both Indira Gandhi and Sant Harchand Longoval.

Question 18.
“Politics in India has succeeded in accepting regionalism as the part and parcel of democratic politics. Do you agree with the above statement ? Substantiate your answer.
Answer:
I quite agree with the statement made above. India is a country of diversities. If we are to go forward democratically we ought to recognize these diversities. Our leaders and makers of the Constitution were aware of this problem. That is why we could survive the problems from Punjab, North-Eastern States, Tamil Nadu and Andhra. By giving the States some kind of regional self-rule, our democracy becomes more acceptable and strong.If we do not recognize regional demands, there will be serious troubles and they will prove a stain to our democracy.

Question 19.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union the nature of International System has undergone several trans-formations. Therefore, demand for restructuring of UN emerged from several quarters. Suggest the change in the structure and process of UN in the context of the realities in the post cold war period.
Answer:
Recently there have been demands to change the structure of the UN. Reforms are demanded in two spheres:

Changes in the structure and its functioning.
A rethinking of the problems that can come, should come, under the jurisdiction of the UN.

A big demand is that there should be changes in the structure and functions of the Security Council. There is demand for the increase of the Permanent and Non-Permanent members in the Security Council. Then contemporary political realities will be more reflected in its working. There is a demand to increase the number of Asian, African and Latin American countries.

There is also a demand from America and many Western countries to rethink about the budget and its management. Some experts and nations say that there should be some reforms in the areas of jurisdiction of the UNO. They think the UN should play more active roles to bring about peace and security. But others say UN must pay more attention to humanitarian and welfare schemes like health, education, environment, birth control, human rights, social justice etc.

Question 20.
Identify the founder and the leader of Misso National Front.
Answer:
Lai Denga

Question 21.
Traditional notions of security stress on military threats. But the non traditional notions of security include those wide range of threats and dangers affecting the condition of human existence. Write a brief note on human security and global security.
Answer:
1. Human security:
The security of people is more important than the security of countries. Nowadays the citizens are not safe in any country. In the last 100 years, governments have killed more of their own people than the enemies of the country have killed.

2. Global Security:
This concept came because of the coming of global warming, terrorism, AIDS, bird fever, etc. No country can solve these problems alone. It is in these circumstances the necessity and importance of global security was recognized. Recently there was the outbreak of swine flu which once again pointed to the importance of global security.

Question 22.
Look at the Clues.
i. On 25th June 1975, the government evoked Art. 352 of the Constitution and declared National Emergency.
ii. Large numbers of leaders and workers of the Opposition were arrested.
iii. Various Fundamental Rights of the citizens were impeded.
Answer:
According to the Constitution, during the Emergency, the Central Government has special powers. During the Emergency, the Government did the following:
a. Protests and agitations by government employees were banned.
b. Media was strictly controlled.
c. Fundamental Rights of the citizens were suspended Even the courts could not enforce article 32
d. A number of preventive arrests of leaders were made By doing all these things, the democratic set-up was seriously shaken. The media could publish only things the government approved. Protesting against this, Newspapers like Indian Express and Statesman published their papers leaving some columns blank. Many journalists were under preventive detention.

Many Opposition leaders were also kept in preventive custody. The argument for keeping them in jail was preventing any possible violence. Many leaders went underground. The suspension of article 32 was like closing the doors of justice on people. People could not even file ‘Habeas Corpus . Later article 42 was also amended. We can easily say that the Emergency adversely affected the people in many ways.
Through an advertisement. Times of India severely criticised democracy. The advertisement was: “Death of D.E.M. O’cracy, mourned by his wife T Ruth, his son L.l. Berty and his daughters Faith, Hope and Justice’.

Question 23.
Find the odd man out.
Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Indonesia, Pakistan
Answer:
Indonesia

Question 24.
LTTE Supremo Prabhakaran was killed by the Sri Lankan Army”.
Based on the above paper news write an article depicting “the futility of terrorist movement in the contemporary world”.
Answer:
Today the world has many terrorist organizations that work for the interests of certain sections of the people. The victims of terrorist acts are usually common people. Therefore no civilized society can approve terrorist acts. We can boldly say that terrorism is a threat against mankind. Whatever may be arguments put forward by the terrorists, their acts have no justification. The acts of Veluppillai Prabhakaran were also that like. Although he fought for serving the interest of the Tamils in Sri Lanka, his methods were not appropriate.

Before he started terrorist acts/he was supported by the Indian government. But when he embarked on violence, he lost our support and also the support of the international community. In the end he was killed by the Sri Lankan army. This should be a lesson to other terrorists. Our policies are based on Gandhian ideals. Our aims and methods should be free from blame. Only such efforts will succeed in the end.

Question 25.
“Storm over additional quota”. Govt, implemented Mandal Commission Report. Implementation of Mandal Commission Report evoked positive and negative reaction throughout the country.Give an appraisal of the Mandal Report in the light of the turbulence created in India.
Answer:
Since the 1960s, the South Indian States had made reservations for Other Backward Classes. But this was not done in the Northern Regions. In the 1977-79 period this demand became, very strong throughout the country. In 1978, the Janta Party appointed Mr Bindeswari Mandal to find out the groups which are socially and educationally backward and study about their condition. This Commission is known as the Second Backward Commission. This Commission was appointed with . the intention of solving the backwardness of certain sections of the society.

In 1980, this Commission presented its report. According to the Commission, the Backward Sections were to be Backward Classes. Apart from the Scheduled Tribes, there were many other classes which should be considered Backward. According to a survey conducted by this Commission, it was found out that their representation was very low in education and jobs. Therefore it recommended to give 27% reservation to these Backward Classes. With the coming of the land reforms, their condition . has become much better.

Question 26.
Read the following interview.
“Seven members of my family were killed My eighteen year old daughter Shabana was raped and killed in front of my wife. Only two of my sons and my wife are alive…,” (Report on the Godhra attack) .Based on the above interview prepare an editorial with a view to protect and promote secularism and democracy in India.
Answer:
India is a country of diversities. To accommodate these diversities, the architects of our constitution made it democratic and secular. All the governments are doing their best to maintain our rich cultural heritage and our unity. But many selfish and greedy people tried to bring in intolerance and-division and because of that there have been some troubles here and there. At the time of independence such divisive tendencies and intolerance were visible and there were many problems. Later there were anti Sikh protests in many parts of the country. There were riots in Mumbai. There were problems in Gujarat.These are the stains on our democracy. Therefore , governments, media, social workers and above all the citizens should work hard to bring tolerance and unity in our country. Bringing unity is the responsibility of each one of us.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2012

April 13, 2021September 10, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2012

Question 1.
Find the one which is not going along with others.
General Abdul Nassar
Nikital Khrushchev
Nikmmah
Josip Broz Tito (1)
Answer:
Nikita Khrushchev

Question 2.
After the Second World War, USA & USSR became Super Powers. Even in such position, both wanted small States to be their allies. Find three reasons for that. (3)
Answer:

To become a global power
To get political and economic strength
To ensure their influence in other countries and thus to be ready for another war.

Question 3.
‘Shock Therapy’ was a treatment for former Communist States to make them liberal, democratic and capitalist’. Examine the consequences of Shock Therapy. (2)
Answer:
The disintegration of the USSR led many of its member countries to accept democracy. Russia, Asia and Eastern European countries were attracted to the World Bank and IMF. This change is known as the shock treatment.
Results:

Many large scale industries under government control were closed.
90% industries were ready to be sold to individuals and companies.
Rouble, the Russian currency, lost its value. Inflation reduced the value of the saving of people.
In collective farming, people had food security. USSR had to import foodstuff.
The GDP of 1999 was less that of 1989.
The social welfare schemes had to be abandoned. As the subsidies were withdrawn, people became poor.
Educational and intellectual manpower was reduced and people left the country looking for jobs.
Privatization brought inequality among people.

Question 4.
Observe the following indicators.
(i) The US accounts for 15% of the world trade.
(ii) The presence of US is a reality in all sectors of world economy.
By examining the above said indicators explain the hegemony of US as a structural power. (3)
Answer:
This dominance is based on the economic structure. The global economic system relies on America. If America helps the global economic system, it is mainly for their benefits and profits. But America does a lot of good things for the world. For example, communication channels through the oceans. Merchant ships travel through sea routes and America has much authority on the water transport system. It is the American navy that keeps the sea- routes safe for ships.

The next is the Internet. In fact it was an American military project. It was started in 1950. Today the global network functions using satellites. Most of them belong to America. 28% of the world economy is controlled by America. 15% of the international trade is also done by them. In any economic sector, at least one of out of three biggest companies will be American. The world economic structure follows the Breton Woods style of America. The World Bank,I.M.F. and World Trade Organization etc. are examples of American supremacy in world business and finance.

Now comes another example – the MBA degree. It was America that made this course and the degree so popular. It was Americans who discovered that business is a profession that could be taught. The first Business School was established in Pennsylvania in 1881. Its name was Wharton School. Today in all countries MBA has become a prestigious degree.

Question 5.
India had a cordial relationship with the former USSR.
After the collapse of the USSR there is a shift in the Indo-US relationship.
Give a brief note on the Indo-US relationship. (3)
Answer:
The relations between India and America passed through a number of ups and downs. America thought that after independence India would join the American Bloc. But India, under Nehru, formulated the policy of NAM. This made America angry with India. India always opposed imperialism. Indian nuclear schemes, its refusal to sign the NPT, and the friendly relations between India and USSR were severely criticised by the US. On the other hand, India strongly condemned the military and economic help America was giving to Pakistan, which played a big role in spreading terrorism in India. Thus both countries criticised each other. This situation changed when Indira Gandhi visited the US President Ronald Reagan in October 1981. Then there was a rethinking about the relations between the two countries.

With the disintegration of the USSR, India became a friendless nation. It was around this time, India embarked on its Liberalization plan. The good progress India was making in the economic field prompted many countries to become India’s ally in the economic area. America also wants good relations with India. It is hoped that in the future there will be cordial relations between the two biggest democracies in the world.

Question 6.
Listen the following conversation.
Anu : After the collapse of USSR, many countries had given up their communist ideology.
Aron : But the largest populated State, China, still follow the Communist ideology.
Anu : In China, Communism is only in the colour of the flag. Chinese economy shows a clear lean towards capitalism.
From the above conversation, give a note on the rise of Chinese economy. Is it against the Communist ideals? Substantiate.(2)
Answer:
The new economic policy has helped China a lot to bring it out of the moribund economic state. Privatization in the agricultural sector made crop production increase considerably and the rural economic sector improved. Thus there was considerable increase in the rural industrial sector. Chinese economy became better as a result of the increase in industry and rural growth. In 2001, China entered the WTO and thus it was able to trade with outside countries. Its decision to work jointly with the world economic system will definitely affect its economic model. Although some of these things are against Communist ideologies, the Chinese development model has become the cornerstone of its development.

Question 7.
Match the following
1. European Union – Deng Xiao Ping
2. ASEAN Security Community – 1988 December
3. Rajiv Gandhi visited China – Euro
4. Open Door Policy – Prevention of war
Answer:

European Union – Euro
ASEAN Security Community – prevent war
Rajiv Gandhi’s Chinese visit-December 1988
Open Door Policy – Deng Xiaoping

Question 8.
In 1971, the war between India and Pakistan resulted the rise of a new State, namely Bangladesh. Analyse the things that led to the formation of Bangladesh. Write briefly the benefits of India from this incident.(3)
Answer:
From 1947 to 1971 Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan. Bangladesh was formed by taking sections of Bengal and Assam. The people of Bangladesh (before East Pakistan) did not like the West Pakistan government because of its dominating attitude. Pakistan also used force to impose Urdu on the Bangladeshis. Under Sheikh MujiburRehman, the people of Bangladesh protested against Pakistan and it policies. General Yahya Khan, the ruler of Pakistan, tried to suppress the democratic demands of the Bangladeshis. As a result thousands of people were killed.

There was a huge flood of refugees coming to India. This created a refugee problem here. India helped East Pakistan with money, man and material in its struggle for freedom. All this ended in a war with Pakistan in 1971. In the war, the Pakistani army was utterly defeated and Bangladesh became an independent country.

Question 9.
Find the odd one from the following :
Z.A. Bhutto, Zia-UI-Haq, Navaz Sharif, Banazir Bhuto (1)
Answer:
Nawaz Sheriff

Question 10.
India is continuously raising the demand that we must be included in the permanent membership of the Security Council of the UN. Critically examine on what grounds we should be included as a permanent member of the UN Security Council. (4)
Answer:
The demand of India to be a Permanent Member of the Security Council is quite a logical and legitimate one. India fulfills all the criteria to be a permanent member. It demands permanent membership on the following grounds:

It has the world’s second largest population.
It is the largest democracy in the world.
India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force.
India’s economic situation is improving.
India gives regularly to the UN budget. It has never defaulted on any payment.

Question 11.
The Present Secretary of UN Banki-Moon is from Asia. Name the other Asian who was in this position earlier. (1)
Answer:
U. Thant

Question 12
……………. is an international organization which sets the rules for global trade. (1)
Answer:
W.T.O.

Question 13.
Traditionally military threats were considered as the main security problem faced by a country. But nowadays there are new sources of threats that endanger the human survival. Find four such sources and explain about them briefly. (4)
Answer:
Terrorism:
Political attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The terrorists want the political circumstances to change. They try to bring about changes by threats and armed attacks. By unleashing violence, they make the people restless. They try to make the dislike and discontentment of the people their weapon against governments. Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing trains and markets arid other places where people assemble. They attacked and destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 September 2001. The government and the people are more cautious now against terrorists.

Human Rights:
We see that throughout the world there are human right violations. There is no unified thinking in any country about how to protect human rights. Recent incidents of human right violations are the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, the ethnic cleansing in Ruanda and the mass killings of the people of Eastern Timor by the Indonesian army. All these prompted world leaders to have a talk. The talk was about whether the UN should interfere in such matters. The matter is still unresolved.

Global Poverty:
This is another factor of security threat. It is believed that the population in the under¬developed countries will triple in 50 years. In countries where the population is low, the per capital income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries will grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South countries immigrate to the North countries for better life and earning. This also creates a threat forthe security of mankind.

Contagious Diseases:
Contagious diseases are another threat to mankind, AIDS, bird flu, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) etc. are dangerous contagious diseases. These spread quickly from one country to another. A country’s success or failure in controlling these diseases affects other countries also. Recently swineflu spread all over the world. It is when a problem becomes a threat to a nation and its people that it becomes an international security threat. Diseases spread from one place to another because of tourism, military activities and immigration.

Question 14.
You may have heard about the following movements:
i. Struggle in Plachimada against Ground Water exploitation. .
ii. Struggle in Silent Valley to protect the Bio-diversity.
iii. Struggle in Philippines against the Western Mining Company.
These struggles show that the environmental movemerits are the most vibrant, diverse and powerful social movements across the world. Enumerate your stand on the necessity of the environmental movements today. (3)
Answer:
Environmental damage is problem faced by all the countries of the world. Many organizations have come up all over the world to prevent the damage to our environment. In one sense, the environmental organizations are a necessity of the times. If the organizations working for bio-diversities are sincere, the threats to the environment could be prevented to a certain extent.

Question 15.
“Globalization affects us in our home, in what we eat, drink, wear and indeed in what we think.”The above statement reflects the cultural consequences of globalization. In what way does globalization affect in our daily life? (3)
Answer:
Globalization:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much, control, Looked at this way it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more.

Let us see how it works:
Political results:
Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Economic Results:
Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.There are arguments in favour and against economic globalization. Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on government only as a demerit of globalization. Those who are economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the demerits of globalization.

Some people believe that globalization makes the poor people poorer and so it must be stopped. But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. Moreover, culture is not something that sands still. Every culture accepts things from other cultures. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Question 16.
In 1956 Act was passed. This led to the creation of 14 States and 6 Union Territories in India. (1)
Answer:
State Re-Organization Law

Question 17.
Match the Following :
Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2012 1
Answer:
Sardar Patel – India’s Iron Man – Integrated the Princely States.
Potti Sriramulu – Congress Leader-Telugu State Bodha Chandrs Singh – King of Manipur – signed Instruction of Accession

Question 18.
“For the last few years the Congress Party is the leader of ruling coalition in India.” But in the first three general elections, India witnessed the dominance of the Congress Party. This domination never affected the democratic nature of our country.
Answer:
Dominance of the Congress Party in Indian Politics: The experience of the dominance of Congress in all the first s general elections after independence was a unique one in the world. In many other countries,(democracy was toppled. In China. Cuba and Syria only one party was allowed to exist. But in India there was multi party democracy and many parties contested the election. But Congress won with huge majority. It made the other parties lag much behind.

There were some reasons for the unusual success of Congress. It had.the leadership in the freedom struggle. Secondly, it was the leaders who fought for freedom that stood as the candidates for election. Thirdly only Congress had a good organizational set up at that time. Only Congress had its presence in all the States of India and all this helped in Congress having the upper hand.

Question 19.
The Five Year Plans in India laid the foundation stone of the nation’s development. Distinguish between the first and second five year ‘ plans in India. (3)
Answer:
The main difference was in the styles of thePlans, The first Plan envisaged development at a slow pace whereas the second plan wanted development to be fast. The first Plan gave priority to agricultural matters whereas the 2nd Plan gave preference to large scale heavy industries. The first Plan envisaged at eradicating poverty.

According to K.N. Raj, India needed a quick, but also gradual, development. Fast actions would jeopardise democracy itself. Therefore the first half of the Plan devoted attention to dams and irrigation. The inequality in the land distribution was harmful to agriculture. So it was thought necessary to make land reforms. The 2nd Plan stressed industrial development. It was under the leadership of PC. Mahalanobis.

The 2nd Plan wanted to implement schemes for the quick development of the industrial base. The Resolution passed at the Avadi Conference of the Congress aimed at social justice. The 2nd Plan reflects this. By imposing import duties, Indian industries were protected from foreign competition. The savings and investments of the people increased. It made it possible to bring about development in the public sector areas like electricity, railway, steel, heavy instruments, and communication.

Question 20.
Examine the circumstances which led to the split in the Congress Party in 1969.
Look the following hints;
i. Conflict between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate.
ii. President Election in 1969. (3)
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru had great influence in the party because of his dynamic personality. His death created a vacuum in the party. Gradually the central, group known as the Syndicate established itself in the Congress. In 1969 there arose a difference between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate. When Dr. Zakir Hussain died, the Presidential post was vacant, the Syndicate nominated Indira Gandhi’s long time rival and the then speaker Sanjiva Reddy to the post.

But Indira Gandhi preferred the then Vice-President V. V. Giri to be the next President. V.V. Giri was elected. The failure of the official candidate of the Syndicate caused the formal division of the Congress. The Congress President suspended Indira Gandhi from the Party. Indira claimed that her group was the real Congress. In 1969. the Congress led by the Syndicate was known as Congress (O) and the one led by Indira Gandhi was calied Congress (R).

Question 21.
Identify the person who is known as the ‘milk man’ of India. (2)
Answer:
Varghese Kurian

Question 22.
Write a short note on the‘Operation Flood.’ (2)
Answer:
From 1970, there was the rural development scheme called White Revolution. Through this milk producers’ cooperatives came into existence and they tried to increase the production of milk nationwide. They tried to avoid middlemen, connecting the producers and the consumers. They made it possible for the producers to have a regular income throughout the year. This was seen as a path of development, it also gave the village people work and removed their poverty.

Question 23.
India and China maintained a better relation till the . Chinese attack in 1962. Explain the situation which led to the Sino-lndian war in 1962. Analyse how the war affected India internally and externally. (7)
Answer:
In the beginning India and China had cordial relations. Our relations have a historical and cultural background. Nehru played a crucial role in making the relations better. India was the first country to recognize China after the Revolution. Nehru tried to help China in international matters. Because of these good relations, on the India-China border there were only paramilitary forces arid not regular armymen.

The Panchshee Agreement was a big landmark out India-China relations, it was signed on April 29 by the PMs of both countries. Nehru of India and Chou- en-Lai of China. Nehru visited China and Chou-en-Lai visited India getting the love and respect of people. Nehru had an open-hearted approach to China. But people like Patel thought China was not a country ‘ to be believed. Nehru never expected any attack from China. But in 1962. China did attack India.

The second issue was Tibet, in 1950, China annexed Tibet. It was a breach of faith, in the beginning India kept – quiet. But the Chinese started imposing their culture on the Tibetans. In 1959, the Tibetan Spiritual leader, Dalai Lama, sought refuge in India. China then accused India saying that India was acting against Qn. Paper March -2012 the interest of China. In October 1962 China infiltrated into Indian territories which she claimed to be hers. The first attack lasted a week. Chinese army occupied some places in Arunachai Pradesh. The next attack came a month later. But the Indian army stopped the Chinese in the western part of Ladakh. China declared a unilateral ceasefire and retreated from the places it had taken.

Results of the India-China War:
During the war, Russia kept her neutrality. India had to seek support from America and Britain. The war was shameful to the country. But it strengthened national feeling. Nehru’s close friend and the then defence minister V.K. Krishna Menon had to resign. Nehru was criticised for blindly believing China and for his lack of military preparation to prevent the attack. A non confidence confidence motion was brought against his government. In Lok Sabha there were a lot of discussions. In many bye-elections Congress lost. The Opposition was also affected by the war. In 1964 Communist Party split into two – Pro-Chinese and Pro-Russia. One was CPI (M) and the other was CPI.The War awakened the nation. The North Eastern region was backward. The Chinese war prompted the nation to keep its unity and to embark upon developmental projects.

Question 24.
On 25 June 1971 the Government of India declared Emergency throughout the country.
a. Do you think the Emergency was necessary at that time? Justify your argument. (7)
b. What are the lessons taught by the Emergency to Our democratic system? (3)
Answer:
On 25 June 1975, the President, on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, declared Emergency in India. It affected the working of the political parties in many ways. They are as follows:
a. Many of the opposition leaders were arrested and kept in jail. This adversely affected the functioning of the parties. The controls imposed on the media also affected their working. As a result the public opinion was turned against Congress. Jay Prakash Narayan became the symbol of democracy.
b. The Emergency and things that were done to implement it made the opposition leaders feel that the autocratic rule of Indira Gandhi would make them disappear one by one. Because of that the leaders of different parties kept in touch with one another and were ready to form a new political party. The result was Janta Party.
c. With the formation of the new party, it was strongly believed that the anti-Congress votes won’t get divided. The 1977 election was a referendum on the Emergency. Congress was badly defeated.

Question 25
……… was associated with the concept of Total Revolution. (1)
Answer:
Jay Prakash Narayan

Question 26.
Anti Arrack Movement initiated by women in the Nelloor District in Andhra Pradesh addressed the social, economic and political issues affected by the poor women – Explain. (4)
Answer:
In the 1990s, many women in Nellur in Andhra became literate. In the class, women spoke about the drinking habits of their men-folk. Drinking alcohol causes both physical and mental harm. It also adversely affects the economio situation of the family. Men do not go to work. The manufacturers of various kinds of alcoholic beverages make money by using all sorts of illegal means. It is the women that suffer because of the drinking habit of men.

The women in Nellur protested against alcoholism and forced a wine shop to close down. This news spread like wild fire into some 5000 villages. They heid meetings and passed resolutions and sent them to the Collectors. The arrack auction in Nellur had to be postponed 17 times. The protest in Nellur spread to the rest of the State.In short, where government s and political parties failed, such social movements won.

Question 27.
Identify the organizations associated with the following leaders:
Sant Harchand Singh Longowall –
Lai Danga –
Kazi Lhendup
Khangsarpa – (3)
Answer:
Sant Harchand Singh Longoval – Akali Dal
Lai Denga – Mizo National Front
Kazi Lhendup Khangsarpa – Sikkim

Question 28.
i. Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31st Oct 1984 by her Sikh body guards.
ii. This incident was a response to her ‘Operation
Blue Star’, army operation in the Golden Temple.
Give a brief explanation to the Punjab problem.
How the issue settled peacefully? (3)
Answer:
In the 1980s, many things happened in Punjab. With the division of India there were a lot of change in the social structure of Punjab, From Punjab later Haryana and Himachal Pradesh were created there were again problems. Punjab had to wait until 1966 to become a fully Punjabi speaking State. In 1967 and 1977 Akali Dal came to power. Then they started asking for greater political freedom. They passed the Anandpur Sahib resolution, and some leaders demanded autonomy.

Slowly it became the demand for an independent Khalistan. Slowly power moved from the hands of the moderates to the radicals and they were ready for armed resistance. The Sikh fundamentalists made the Golden Temple itself their centre for operation. Through the Operation Blue Star, the Central Government was able to drive the armed extremists out of the Golden Temple. But some damage was sustained by the Golden Temple during the operation and this wounded the religious sentiments of some Sikh people.

They looked at the Operation Blue Star as an attack on their faith. In retaliation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was killed by her own Sikh guards, it was a moment of great shock for the country. In Delhi and some North Indian States there was violence against the Sikhs. This violence lasted a week. In Delhi itself some 2000 Sikhs were killed. It took a long time to establish hormalcy in the country. The Sikhs felt that the murderers of their fellowmen were not appropriately punished. After 20 years of the incident, in 2005, the then Prime Minister, Man Mohan Singh, expressed regret at the mindless killing of the Sikh people

Question 29.
From 1989 General Election onwards, India witnessed a coalition rule at the Centre. Prepare a Seminar Paper on the working of coalition politics in India. (6)
Answer:
With the 1989 election, the Congress dominance ended here. Another problem was the Mandal Issue. The National Democratic Front tried to carry out the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. This led to protests and anti-Mandal agitations in many parts of the country.Another issue was change of economic policy which was different from the traditional policy India had followed. This was called ‘Structural Adjustment’ or ‘New Economic Reform’.

Rajiv Gandhi started it. In 1991, its result was obvious in India. After independence, there was considerable change in the Indian economic system. Another important issue was the demolition of Babri Masjid in December 1992. Then later, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated. This led to a change in the Congress leadership.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2013

April 13, 2021September 10, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2013

Question 1.
After Independence, India had to face three kinds of challenges, Write a note on these challenges. (4)
Answer:
Independent India faced three kinds of challenges.

Integrating India
Ensuring the welfare of the people and development
Establish the democratic system

Integrating India:
When India got freedom, it had more than 500 Princely States. The rulers of these places wanted to get back their sovereignty when the British left. The government approached the Princely States keeping three things in mind.

The majority of people of the Princely States wanted to join Indian Union.
Giving some kind of self-rule to some Princely States.
In the background of the division, we needed States with precision.

Integration:
Except Junagarh, Hyderabad. Kashmir and Manipur, all the Princely States signed in the Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian Union. Then through a referendum, Junagarh joined Indian Union. Because of popular uprising in Hyderabad against the Nizam, the Indian army took some action and got Hyderabad also into the Union. The Congress Group in Manipurwanted to join the Union, but other parties objected. However, the Manipur king was persuaded and he too joined the Union. Kashmir King also signed the Instruction of Accession to save himself from the attacks of Pakistan and thus Kashmirtoo became part of India.

The division of the country into States on linguistic basis showed that it could accommodate all the diversities. The people can accept the diversities and live in unity. This is the strength of a country. The Telungana protest and the martyrdom of Potti Sriramulu should be remembered here.

Ensuring the welfare of people:
India was a poor country. The country has included provisions in the Constitution to ensure protection to the socially backward people, to religious and cultural minorities and to give all the people equality. Through Directive Principles, the Constitution shows us the way to eradicate poverty and to make the marginalized people come into the mainstream society.

Five Year Plans:
The country has a development model based on socialist principles. We have adopted a mixed economy accommodating both public and private sector enterprises.

But by making a voters’ list based on our secular system and equality, we succeeded in conducting a fair election and we were successful in our democratic experiment Even after 70 years of Independence, we still face some challenges to our democracy. There are new demands for regional autonomy. There is the Maoist threat. There is intolerance, following the integration of Manipur. There is the Kashmir problem. In spite of all these we have been able to maintain our democratic tradition. After the 1975 Emergency, our rulers have been able to maintain the democratic order without any interruption.

Question 2.
Before the first General Election in Independent India, ‘Organisera magazine wrote that “Jawaharlal Nehru would live to confess the failure of Universal Adult Franchise in India”. Explain your views on this statement. (3)
Answer:
As per the Government of India Act 1935, adult franchise was recognized in India. After independence until the first election Nehru continued to be the Prime Minister of India.

Question 3.
In the first General Election of Independent India Indian National Congress won 364 out of 489 seats in Lok Sabha. Give the name of the party which occupied second position with 16 seats. (1)
Answer:
C.P.I.

Question 4.
Write the name of the first Indian to become the Governor General of India. (1)
Answer:
C. Rajagopalachari

Question 5.
The First Five Year Plan (1951-56) sought to get the country’s economy out of the cycle of poverty. Explain the priorities of First Five Year Plan (2)
Answer:
The first Plan envisaged the eradication of poverty. According to K.N. Raj, India needed a quick, but also gradual, development. Fast actions would jeopardise democracy itself. Therefore the first half of the Plan devoted attention to dams and irrigation. The inequality in the land distribution was harmful to agriculture. So it was thought necessary to make land reforms.

Question 6.
Famous economist P.C. Mahalanobis assisted the planning process in India. Give the name of the Five Year Plan drafted under his leadership (1)
Answer:
2nd Five Year Plan.

Question 7.
India adopted the pattern of ‘Mixed Economy combining capitalism and socialism. Examine the features of mixed economy existing in India. (3)
Answer:

In the economic system both Public Sector and Private Sector work together.
Private sector aims at profit, but the public sector aims at welfare.
Strategic industries like banking, energy, transport and communications, railway, and defence are under government control whereas other industries are under private control.

Question 8.
China launched a swift and massive invasion in October 1962. The China war dented India’s image at home and abroad. Write a note on the consequences of Chinese war in India. (4)
Answer:
In October 1962 China infiltrated into Indian territories which she claimed to be hers. The first attack lasted a week. Chinese army occupied some places in’ Arunachal Pradesh. The next attack came a month later. But the Indian army stopped the Chinese in the western part of Ladakh. China declared a unilateral ceasefire and retreated from the places it had taken.

During the war, Russia kept her neutrality. India had to seek support from America and Britain. The war was shameful to the country. But it strengthened national feeling. After the war, many top ranking officers of the military resigned. Nehru’s close friend and the then defence minister V.K. Krishna Menon had to resign. Nehru was criticised for blindly believing China and for his lack of military preparation to prevent the attack. A no-confidence motion was brought against his government. In Lok Sabha there were a lot of discussions. Later in many bye-elections Congress lost.

The Opposition was also affected by the war. In 1964 Communist Party split into two – Pro-Chinese and Pro-Russia. One was CPI (M) and the other was CPI. The War awakened the nation. The North Eastern region was backward. The Chinese war prompted the nation to keep its unity and to embark upon developmental projects.

Question 9.
At the time of Indian independence, there were two power-blocks in the world, one led by USA and the other by former USSR. India adopted a policy of Non¬Alignment in international relations. Write the main features of India’s policy of Non-Alignment. (3)
Answer:
The main features of the NAM:
NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) is an organization of countries which do not support any power bloc in the world. It has more than 100 members. After the UN, it has the highest number of members. According to the Havana declaration of 1979, the main aim of the NAM is ensuring the freedom, sovereignty and regional individuality of the member nations.

The organization was formed because of the untiring efforts of India’s PM Jawaharlal Nehru, Yugoslavia’s President Josif Tito and Egypt’s President Gamal Abdul Nasser. It is against imperialism, colonization, racial discrimination, tribal discrimination & Zionism. It works for world peace and security and to build a new international economic structure.

Question 10.
Indira Gandhi made this into a major election issue in 1971 and got a lot of public support. Following its massive victory in the 1971 election, the Constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for the enforcement of this policy.Write a note on the above policy and the measures adopted to implement. (2)
Answer:
Garibi Hatao : It was a policy envisaged at the eradication of poverty in India.

Question 11.
On June 25,1975 the Government of India declared a National Emergency under Article 352. Write the major consequences of the declaration of National Emergency. (4)
Answer:
Because of internal problems, Emergency was declared and the people were in trouble. According to the Constitution, during the Emergency, the Central Government has special powers. During the Emergency, the Government did the following:

Protests and agitations by government employees were banned.
Media were strictly controlled.
Fundamental Rights of the citizens were suspended. Even the courts could not enforce article 32.
A number of preventive arrests of leaders were made. By doing all these things, the democratic set-up was seriously shaken. The media could publish only things the government approved. Protesting against this. Newspapers like Indian Express and Statesman published their papers leaving some columns blank. Many journalists were under preventive detention. Many Opposition leaders were also kept in preventive custody. The argument for keeping them in jail was preventing any possible violence. Many leaders went underground. The suspension of article 32 was like closing the doors of justice on people. People could not even file ‘Habeas Corpus’. Later article 42 was also amended. We can easily say that the Emergency adversely affected the people in many ways.

Question 12.
Chipko movement was one of the world famous environmental movements in our country. Write a note on the result of the movement. (3)
Answer:
This was a Movement that became famous the world over. It was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarakhand. The Forest Department prevented the villagers from cutting down a certain kind of trees with which they made their working implements. But the same Forest Department gave permission to a Sports Equipment Manufacturing Company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This provoked the villagers.

When the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. (Chipko means embrace). This protest spread to many parts of Uttarakhand. The people raised their voice against the exploitation of nature.

They asked the government not to let outsiders come and exploit their resources. They wanted the power to manage them to be given to the local people. They also asked for permission to start small scale industries, protecting Nature and the Environment. They also demanded minimum wages for the forest workers who had no land of their own.

Question 13.
Medha Patkar is leading a social movement against Sardar Sarovar Project. Give the name of the movement with which she is associated. (1)
Answer:
Narmada BachaoAndolan

Question 14.
Prepare a seminar paper on Kashmir issue.
OR
Write an essary on the issue of demand for regional autonomy in the context of Jammu and Kashmir and North Eastern States. (6)
Answer:
When India got independence. Jammu-Kashmir was a Princely State. Initially, the King Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. The Pakistani leaders believed that since Jammu-Kashmir had a lot of Muslims, it would join Pakistan. The people there were known as Kashmiris. Under the leadership of Sheikh Abdulla there was an agitation to remove the King from power. But he also did not want to join Pakistan. National Conference was a secular organization. It was also pro-Congress. In October 1947 Pakistan encouraged some tribal groups to capture Pakistan. Then the King sought assistance from India.

External and Internal Squabbles:
Because of external and internal problems, J&K is always in the midst of crises. On one side there is Pakistan claiming the Kashmir Valley. After the 1947 War, a part of Kashmir came under Pakistani control. India calls it illegal occupation. Pakistan calls this area Azad Kashmir. Internally also the Kashmir problems is a headache for the Centre. According to Article 370, Kashmir is given greater autonomy than other States. This Article is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir. The special concession causes problems. Many beiieve that this autonomy given to Kashmir will adversely affect the unity and indivisibility of the country. They feel that Article 370 should be removed. But the Kashmiris feel that the autonomy they got by Article 370 is not enough. Some Kashmiris put forward 3 complaints.

No referendum has taken place so far.
The status promised by Article 370 is only on paper, not in practice. They need more autonomy.
They also say that the kind of democracy implemented in other States of India is not found in J&K.

Politics since 1948:
After Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister of Kashmir, many land reforms and other welfare measures were taken to help the masses. But there was a difference of opinion between him and the Central Government. He wanted Kashmir to be completely free. So the Central Government dismissed him and kept him in jail forsome time. His successors did not get popular support but they administered the region with Central support. The Kashmiris slowly started believing in democracy According to the agreement between India Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah, in 1974, he became the Prime Minister. He died in 1982.

Resistance And Later:
In the 1987 election the National Conference won with a huge majority. Farukh Abdulla became the Chief Minister. Many believed that he did some manipulations in the election. From 1980, there have been protests against weak governments there. Some people believed that it was the Centre which made this huge majority possible. It led to the Kashmiri crisis. There was resistance. In 1989, there was an armed struggle for making Kashmir independent The insurgents were assisted by Pakistan. For many years, J&K was under Presidential rule. Even as there was strong military presence there, from 1990 there have been frequent clashes between the army and the people who resisted Indian rule. Farooq Abdulla’s government also demanded greater autonomy. In 2002, there was another election. Instead of the National Conference, a PDP Coalition Government came to power.

Secession Movement And After:
The secessionist movement (1969) appeared in many shapes and it took different stance.

Independent Kashmir without joining either India or Pakistan.
A group demanding merger with Pakistan.
A group demanding greater autonomy.

Question 15.
After 1988 the country witnessed five developments having long lasting impact on our politics. Write three of these events. (3)
Answer:

In 1989 Congress was defeated In the elections. With that election ‘Congressism’ ended.
The Mandal Issue: Ip the 1990s, the Government tried to implement the job reservations recommended by the Mandal Commission. This resulted In many protests from different parts of the country.
In 1992, the Babri Masjid was demolished as a result of many things. It was an issue that threatened the secularism and unity of the country. It happened because of the Hindutva agenda brought forward by the BJP.

Question 16.
B.P. Mandal was the Chairman of the Second Back-ward Classes Commission that recommended res-ervation for Other Backward Classes. Write a note on the implementation of Mandal Com-mission Report. (3)
Answer:
Since the 1960s, the South Indian States had made reservations for Other Backward Classes. But this was not done in the Northern Regions. In the 1977¬79 period this demand became very strong throughout the country. In 1978, the Janta Party appointed Mr Bindeswari Mandal to find out the groups which are socially and educationally backward and study about their condition. This Commission is known as the Second Backward Commission. This Commission was appointed with the intention of solving the backwardness of certain sections of the society.

In 1980, this Commission presented its report. According to the Commission, the Backward Sections were to be Backward Classes. Apart from the Scheduled Tribes, there were many other classes which should be considered Backward. According to a survey conducted by this Commission, it was found out that their representation was very low in education and jobs. Therefore it recommended give 27% reservation to these Backward Classes. With the coming of the land reforms, their condition has become much better.

Question 17.
Write the name of American President at the time of Cuban Missile crisis. (1)
Answer:
John F.Kennedy

Question 18.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military alliance under the leadership of USA. Write a note on its formation and the reaction of the Soviet Union to the alliance. (3)
Answer:
NATO is military Pact and it was signed on 4 April 1949. Brussels in Belgium is its headquarters. NATO was formed to counter the Soviet Union. But the Soviet Union formed another counter military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact. It was signed on 14 May 1955.

Question 19.
The collapse of the Soviet Union had profound consequences on World Politics.Write two of these consequences. (2)
Answer:
The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon Communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, Easer European countries etc were attracted towards organizations like the World Bank and IMF.

The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
Private capital would be very important.
Cooperative farming will give way to private farming.
Foreign investment, open market system and currency exchange would be possible.
The countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union will have the facility to have contact with Western countries and trade with them.
Using all these, the Western countries made the member countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union come closer to them.

Result:

Many big industries under government control collapsed.
90% industries were sold to individuals or private companies.
The Russian Currency Rouble was devalued.
Because of inflation people lost the value of their savings.
In Cooperative farming, people had food security. But now it was not there. Russia had to import food grains.
In Russia, the GDP in 1999 was less than that of 1989.
The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty.
Educational and intellectual human resources were scattered and many people emigrated.
Privatization made economic inequality among people.

Question 20.
In terms of loss of life. 9/11 was the most severe attack on US soil since the founding of the country in 1776.Discuss the impact of 9/11 and US reaction to it.(4)
Answer:
On 11 September 2001, 19 terrorists hijacked 4 American planes and made them fly against some strategic buildings in America. Two of them hit the twin-towers of the World Trade Centre. One crash- landed on the Pentagon, which is the headquarters of American defence. The 401 one had to land in field in Pennsylvania. The American Congress Headquarters is nearby there. This attack is known as 9/11 (which means September 11). Some 3000 people died in the attacks. It was the biggest attack America ever faced after its formation in 1776. After this, America started its operation “Enduring Freedom”. It is aimed against the terrorists like the Al-Qaida and the Taliban of Afghanistan.

After the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre, America started making plans to eliminate terrorism from the entire world. This is the goal behind “Operation Enduring Freedom”. It was against the people who destroyed the World Trade Centre, mainly Al-Qaida and Taliban. Americans arrested the suspects even without the knowledge of the governments of the countries of which they were citizens. They were brought to America and kept in secret jails. Some were taken to the American Naval Base near the Bay of Guantanamo. Neither the American laws nor international laws came to the rescue of these suspects. Even members of the UN were not allowed to visit these prisoners.

Question 21.
We can identify three constraints on American Power. Write two of these. (2)
Answer:
In America, authority is divided. There the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary have powers. The President can’t use the military power the way he feels. Another restriction comes from the Mass media. Mass media frequently try to find out the views of the people. They try to evaluate the style of government and the politics of the country. American military actions also will be an important subject for discussion and evaluation. It is the mass media that plays a big role in the opinion formation.

Question 22.
The European Union has started to act more as a nationstate.’ Do you agree with the above statement? Give reasons for your argument. (4)
Answer:
Yes, I agree. EU is an organization that was formed after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. It came into existence after the Maastricht Treaty. It has 27 members. It is supposed to be an effort to unify the political and economic matters of Europe. Common currency and a common flag, European Commission and Central Bank etc. make the EU the greatest economic power in the world.

Question 23.
The Government of India and Bangladesh have difference over several issue. Write three such issues.(2)
Answer:

Indo-Bangladesh border problems.
Dispute about river waters.
Refugee problem – illegal emigration

Question 24.
SAARC members signed the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) in 2004.
Write the aim of SAFTA. (2)
Answer:

Reduce trade (commercial) tax up to 20%.
Ensure mutual cooperation and peace among member countries.

Question 25.
The UN is an imperfect body but without it the world would be worse off.
In the light of the above statement write an essay on the role of UN in maintaining world peace.
OR
Critically evaluate the structure and functioning of UN Security Council. (6)
Answer:
It was the realization that war would bring only ruin to mankind that prompted strong nations to think about peace. They realized that a 3rd world war would destroy humankind itself and they so they wanted lasting peace. In San Francisco in California, representatives from 50 countries met from 25 April to 26 June 1945 and formed the UN Charter. On October 24 1945, the UN formally came into existence.
The headquarters of the UN is situated in a 15-acre area in the Manhattan Island. This space was donated by John D. Rockefeller. The first meeting of the UN took place in London in 1946.

Veto Power:
Security Council has 5 permanent members. If any of these votes against a resolution, it would be cancelled. This special power given to the permanent members is called veto power.

Secretariat:
This carries out the day-today activities of the UN. Its head is the Secretary General, who will be in power for 5 years. He should be a person who does not have any special loyalty to, or interest in, any particular country. There are Under Secretary- Generals and Asstt. Secretary Generals and Deputy Secretary General.

General Assembly:
When all the members of the UN meet together it is called the World Parliament. Its first meeting was in London in 1964. At present the UN has 193 member countries. In 2002, Montenegro joined the UN as its the 192nd member and later South Sudan joined as the 193rd member. Each country can send 5 representatives to the General Assembly. But each country has only one vote. Once every yearthe General Assembly will meet.

Security Council:
Security Council decides on the administrative policies of the UN. Its main concerns are International peace and security. It is the Security Council that decides about the membership of any country. It has 15 members. America, China, Britain, Frances and Russia are the permanent members. India, Brazil, South Africa, Japan and Germany are 1 countries that are trying to get permanent membership.

Security Council has 5 permanent members and 10 members who are chosen for a period of 2 years. The Chairmanship of the Council will be on a rotating basis each month. Its responsibilities are settling disputes between nations, plan arms control activities, resist attacks and take military action against the attacker, recommend the appointment of the Secretary General, recommend the inclusion of new members in the UN, etc. To take decisions on any matter there should be at 9 votes in favour including the 5 votes of the permanent members.

Economic and Cultural Council:
This has 54 members. It channelizes the working of the main agencies of the UN.

International Court of Justice:
This solves the disputes between member nations. Its headquarters is Hague in Netherlands. It consists of 15 judges, who are appointed for a period of nine years. The first Indian to be appointed as a judge here is Justice Narenda Singh. BN Rao and RS Pathak also served as judges later.

Administrative Council:
This is a Council that administers regions that do not have their own governments. When the colonies of the European countries got their freedom, this Council administered them. It had 11 members. With the freedom of Palao, this Council has stopped working.

UN is the biggest organization in the world. It is nofa world government, it has no right to question the freedom and sovereignty of any country. Its main aim is the welfare of mankind. It is a common venue for settling disputes among member nations. Any free nation can become its member. It does not differentiate countries on the basis of size or wealth. Every country has equal right in the UN. Now the country has 193 members, the last member is South Sudan. In 1945, Fifty nations met in San Francisco and made the UN Charter. India was among the 50 nations. The working of the UN is based on this Charter. It has the status of the UN Constitution.

Question 26.
Write a note on terrorism as a threat to security in the world. (4)
Answer:
Political attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The terrorists want the political circumstances to change. They try to bring about changes by threats or armed attacks. By unleashing violence, they make the people restless. They try to make the dislike and discontentment of the people their weapon against governments. Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing trains and markets and other places where people assemble. They attacked and destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 September 2001, The government and the people are more cautious now against terrorists.

Question 27.
The Earth Summit in 1992 addressed the issue of Global Environmental Protection. Write the significance of this summit. (2)
Answer:
The environment is facing a lot of threats. The emission of carbon dioxide in huge quantities and pollution resulting from it, the greenhouse effect, the holes in the Ozone layer etc. are huge problems.. The 1992 Earth Summit took decisions to lessen the impact of all these on the environment by taking appropriate measures. It wants to preserve the earth and the environment for the future generations by embarking on schemes of sustainable development and not over exploitation of earth’s resources.

Question 28.
Globalisation has political economic and cultural con-sequences.Illustrate the above statement. (4)
Answer:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this.way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more. Let us see how it works: Political results: Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker.

It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Economic Results:
Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc, play big roles. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.

As a result of globalization, import controls are reduced or removed. The developed nations can now invest their capital in the developing nations. Investing in the developing nations is more profitable. Technologies develop without any limits of borders. But regarding the movement of people, the developed nations have made certain rules. Their countries are kept safe from foreign workers through the policy of Visa. Because of the visa rules, the jobs of their citizens are not taken away by emigrants.There are arguments in favour and against economic globalization.

Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on government only as a demerit of globalization. Those who are economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the demerits of globalization. Some people believe that globalization makes the poor people poorer and so it must be stopped. But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2014

April 13, 2021September 7, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2014

Question 1.
“The first Five Year Plan concentrated on the agrarian sector of our country” whether this step made any benefit on our economy? Express your view on this. (2)
Answer:
The first Five Year Plan aimed at improving agriculture. Here, stress was given to dams and irrigation. The land distribution was quite defective and so in the first Plan, stress was given to land reforms to rectify the situation.

Question 2.
Match the following : (2)
Sant Harchand – Mizo National Front
Singh Longowal
Indira Gandhi – Prime MinisterofKashmir
Lai Denga – Akali Dal
SheikAbdullah – Operation Bluestar
Answer:
Sant Harchand Singh Longoval – Akali Dal Indira Gandhi – Operation Blue Star
Lai Denga – Mizo National Front Sheikh Abdullah – Kashmir Prime Minister

Question 3.
Explain the Punjab issue in the light of Ananthapur Sahib Resolution. How the issue resolved? (4)
Answer:
The Indo-Pakistan division and the formation of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh caused the social situation in Punjab change. Punjab State came into existence in 1966 on linguistic basis. Akali Dal propa gated an idea called ‘Punjabi Suba’ and Indira Gandhi approved this demand. Thus Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana. Harýana was for the Hindi- speaking people and Punjab for the Punjabi speak ers. Even in the 1967 election, Akali Dal came to power in Punjab by making agreements first with Jan Sangh and later with Janta Party.

Because of certain reasons, the situation became bad for Akali Dal and before completing the term, the government was dismissed by the Centre. The Akali Dal could not get the support of the Hindus. The Sikh Com munityitself was divided on tribal and caste lines. The Dalits supported Congress. In 1970, a group of Akalis demanded political autonomy. They also said that there should be rethinking about Centre State relationship. In 1973, in Anandapur, they passed a resolution supporting this idea. They de manded a Sikh Kaum (Sikh Nation) through this resolution.

This resolution made only the Sikh community happy. In 1980 the Akali Government was dismissed. The Akali Dal leaders tried to prevent the sharing of river water. Some religious leaders also demanded freedom for the Sikh nation. The worst was the demand for an independent Khalistan.

Question 4.
Pakistan is not a stable democratic state. What are reasons for the failure of Pakistan in building a stable democracy? (2)
Answer:
Because of the following reasons Pakistan does not have a stable democracy:
a. Interference by the army, priests and landlords in the administration.
b. Because of the dispute between India and Pakistan, the Pakistani army acquired great power.
c. Lack of international support for the democratic governments often helped the military to come to power.
d. America and some other Western countries prefer a military government in Pakistan. They are afraid that democracy there would make Muslim extremism grow and the extremists might get control over the nuclear weapons in the possession of Pakistan. They think military rule is better for the safety of the Western and Southern Asian regions.

Question 5.
Name the member nations of SAARC. (2)
Answer:

Nepal
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
India
Maldives
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Afghanistan

Question 6.
Name the common currency of European Union. (1)
Answer:
Euro

Question 7.
ASEAN is developing as an alternative centre of power in the present-day world. Explain the objectives of ASEAN. (3)
Answer:
ASEAN is an organization of South East Asian Nations. It was formed after the declaration made at Bangkok. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Brunei are the embers of ASEAN. Its objectives are: quick progress in the economic condition of the member nations, social and cultural progress, protecting peace and stability in the region and settling disputes amicably among member countries.

Question 8.
‘On 25th June 1975 emergency declared throughout the country.’ Explain the circumstances which led to the declaration of emergency in the country. (4)
Answer:
By June 1975, the enmity between the ruling party and the opposition became very strong. Jay Prakash Narayan demanded the resignation of Mrs. Gandhi. On 25 June 1975 there was a big protest on the Ramlila Ground in Delhi. There also he demanded

Mrs Gandhi’s’ resignation. He declared he would start a satyagraha. He asked the police and government employees not to obey any rule that was not normal. Government felt it could not continue working. Many people were against Congress As a reaction to all this, on 25 June 1975, Indira Gandhi declared an Emergency saying that there was threat to the internal security of the country.

Question 9.
‘Anti Arrack Movement in Andhra Pradesh was not a mere strike against the liquor mafia of the region, but it had wider perspectives’. How did the Anti-Arrack Movement contribute a great deal in increasing social awareness on women’s questions? (4)
Answer:
In the 1990s, many women in Nellur in Andhra became literate. In the class, women spoke about the drinking habits of their men-folk. Drinking alcohol causes both physical and mental harm. It also adversely affects the economic situation of the family. Men do not go to work. The manufacturers of various kinds of alcoholic beverages make money by using all sorts of illegal means. It is the women that suffer because of the drinking habit of men. The women in Nellur protested against alcoholism and forced a wine shop to close down. This news spread like wild fire into some 5000 villages. They held meetings and passed resolutions and sent them to the Collectors. The arrack auction in Nellur had to be postponed 17 times. The protest in Nellur spread to the rest of the State.

Question 10.
Name the political leader who raised the popular slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’? (1)
Answer:
Medha Patkar

Question 11.
Enumerate the strategies adopted by Mrs. Indira Gandhi to increase her popular support and to win the 1971 Lok Sabha elections. (4)
Answer:
Raised the slogan “Garibi Hatao’.
Gave a boost to land reform measures.
Nationalized some major banks.
Got support from the regional parties striving for their development.

Question 12.
Match the following leaders listed in A with the parties in list B. (2)
A – B
Acharya Narendra Dey – Bharatiya Jan Sang h
EMS Namboodinpad – Swathantratha Party
C. Rajagopalachary – Communist Party
Syamaprasad Mukherjee – Socialist Party
Answer:
Acharya Narendra Dev – Socialist Party E.JVI.S. Namboodiripad – Communist Party C. Rajagopalachari – Swat’antra Party Shyamaprasad Mukherjee- Bhartiya Jan Sangh

Question 13.
USA is often symbolized as the ‘World Police’. This term is used to indicate the hegemony of America in world politics. Explain the different dimensions of American hegemony in international politics? (6)
Answer:
World nations try to gain and maintain dominance over others by using military, economic and cultural power. During the Cold War the fight was between the Soviet Union and America. With the disintegration of the Soviet, Union America remains the only Superpower. Dominance or hegemony is attained through three things:

Hard Power
Structural Power
Soft Power

Hard Power: This includes military power and the relations between nations. Today America is in the forefront of military power. There is nobody to challenge its military might. It has the capacity to reach any corner of the world any moment. They spend a major part of their budget to maintain this position. They spend huge sums of money for research and technological developments. It is technology that keeps America in the forefront. With their military might they are even ready to police the world, and punish the culprits.

Structural Power: This dominance is based on the economic structure. The1 global economic system relies on America. If America helps the global economic system, it is mainly for their benefits and profits. But America does a lot of good things for the world. For example, communication channels through the oceans. Merchant ships travel through sea routes and America has much authority on the water transport system. It is the American navy that keeps the sea-routes safe for ships.

The next is the Internet. In fact it was an American military project. It was started in 1950. Today the global network functions using satellites. Most of them belong to America. 28% of the world economy is controlled by America. 15% of the international trade is also done by them. In any economic sector, at least one of out of three biggest companies will be American. The world economic structure follows the Breton Woods style of America. The World Bank,
I. M.F. and World Trade Organization etc. are examples of American supremacy in world business and finance.

Soft Power: This is the ideological and cultural dominance. America has become the model for all other nations and they try to copy America. In weak countries, America is able to make the people like its culture.
We all speak highly of the American life style and personal success. America is number one in the world. By using ‘soft power, and not force, America is able to achieve this dominance over the world.

Question 14.
Gorbachev tried to democratise USSR. He implemented economic and political reforms in the country. Read the above indicators and explain the role of Gorbachev to disintegrate USSR. (4)
Answer:
The control exercised by the Soviet government on its citizens made their life difficult.

There was ho freedom of expression or democracy.
Many institutions needed reforms. But the Communist Party strictly controlled them and reforms were not possible.
The Party refused to give people their rights. The Soviet Union wds a Union of 15 Republics. They had their own cultures and problems.
Although on paper there were 15 Republics, only Russia was allowed to exercise control. Russia other republics were either ignored or suppressed.
Although the Soviet Union was able to maintain its equality with the US in arms race, it was very costly for them. Western technology was better than the Russian technology. The political and economic needs of the Soviet people were not taken, care of by the Soviet government.
Soviet Union used most of its resources to develop atomic weapons, to make arms, to increase military facilities and to develop its satellite East European countries.
The go-slow policy, refusal to correct mistakes and the closed door policy quickened the country’s downfall.

Question 15.
At the time of Independence India faced many challenges. Identify three important challenges faced by our country during independence and describe briefly on each of them. (4)
Answer:
Independent India faced three kinds of challenges.
a. Integrating India
b. Ensuring the welfare of the people and development
c. Establish a democratic system
a. Integrating India: When India got freedom, it had more than 500 Princely States. The rulers of these places wanted to get back their sovereignty when the British left. The government approached the Princely States keeping three things in mind.

a. The majority of people of the Princely States wanted to join the Indian Union.
b. Giving some kind of self-rule to some Princely States.
c. In the background of the division, we needed States with precision.

Integration: Except Junagarh, Hyderabad. Kashrnir and Manipur, all the Princely States signed in the Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian Union. Then through a referendum, Junagarh joined Indian Union. Because of popular uprising in Hyderabad against the Nizam, the Indian army took some action and got Hyderabad also into the Union The Congress Group in Manipurwanted to join thp Union, but other parties objected. However, the Manipur king was persuaded and he too joined the Union. Kashmir King also signed the Instruction of Accession to save himself from the attacks of Pakistan and thus Kashmirtoo became part of India.

The division of the country into States on linguistic basis showed that it could accommodate all the diversities. The people cart accept the diversities and live in unity. This is the strength of a country. The Telangana protest and the martyrdom of Potti Sriramulu should be remembered he? Ensuring the welfare of people: India Was a poor country. The country has included provisions in the Constitution to ensure protection to the socially backward people, to religious and cultural minorities and to give ail the people equality. Through Directive Principles, the Constitution shows us the way to eradicate poverty and to make the marginalized people come into mainstream society.

Five Year Plans: The country has a development model based on socialist principles. We have adopted a mixed economy accommodating both public and private sector enterprises.

Establishing democratic system: Democracy was a discovery of foreigners. But the big thing was that we chose democracy in spite of the fact that India is a poor country and there are many illiterates here. The first election was called the greatest gamble in history by foreign media. A British member of the Civil Service said that the future generations would condemn this democratic process as a foolish enterprise. The first Election Commission was formed with Dr. Sukumar Sen as the Commissioner. Illiterate Indians were supposed to think in terms of caste and creed. But by making a voters’ list based on our secular system and equality, we succeeded in conducting a fair election and we were successful in our democratic experiment Even after 70 years of independence, we still face some challenges to our democracy. There are new demands for regional autonomy. There is the Maoist threat. There is intolerance, following the integration of Manipur. There is the Kashmir problem. In spite of all these we have been able to maintain our democratic tradition. After the 1975 Emergency, our rulers have been able to maintain democratic order without any interruption.

Question 16.
Give a brief note on the Green Revolution and its contribution to the food security of our country. (3)
Answer:
Green Revolution is the name given to the policies of the government which aimed at maximum production in the minimum period in the agricultural sector. In the 1960s, the agricultural sector was in a very bad shape. Between 1965 and 67 there were huge droughts in many parts of India. This reduced food production and in many areas there was famine like condition.

Question 17.
Identify the person who is popularly known as the ‘Milkman of India’. (1)
Answer:
Varghese Kurian.

Question 18.
“Indo-China war of 1962 made many impacts in our domestic and in international politics”. On the light of the above statement briefly describe India-China relations. (7)
Answer:
Nehru had an open-hearted approach to China. But people like Pate! thought China was not a country to be believed. Nehru never expected any attack from China. But in 1962, China did attack India.

Two things spoiled tne relations between India and China. One was the Tibetan issue and the other was border disputes. Even in the 1950s when they were friends, India and China had border disputes. China was not ready to accept our suggestions regarding the border. China claimed Ladakh in Kashmir and some areas of Arunachal Pradesh to be theirs. During the period of 1957-59, they also took Aksai Chin sector and built the Karakoram Highway. The second issue was Tibet. In 1950, China annexed Tibet, it was a breach of faith. In the beginning India kept quiet. But the Chinese started imposing their culture on the Tibetans. In 1959, the Tibetan Spiritual leader, Dalai Lama, sought refuge in India. China then accused India saying that India was acting against the interest of China, in October 1962 China infiltrated into Indian territories which it claimed to be hers. The first attack lasted a week Chinese army occupied some place in Arunachal Pradesh. The next attack came a month iaier. But the Indian army stopped the Chinese in the western part of Ladakh. China declared a unilateral ceasefire and retreated from the places it had taken.

Results of the india-China War: During the war, Russia kept her neutrality. India had to seek support from America and Britain. The war was shameful to the country. But it strengthened national feeling Nehru’s close friend and the then defense minister V.K. Krishna Menon had o resign. Nehru was criticized for blinding believing China for his lack of military preparation to prevent the attack. A no-confidence motion was brought against his government. In Lok Sabha there were a lot of discussions. In many bye-elections Congress lost. The Opposition was also affected by the war. In 1964 Communist Part was divided into two – Pro-Chinese and Pro-Russia. One was CPI (M) and the other was CPI.

The War awakened the nation. The North-Eastern region was backward. The Chinese war prompted the nation to keep its unity and to embark upon developmental projects.

Question 19.
During the Cold War period the super powers made alliances with comparatively weaker states. Identify the significance of such alliances. (2)
Answer:
During the Cold War period, the Superpowers competed among themselves to assist the smaller powers. It was because the Superpowers needed the smaller
powers for the following:

To get oil and essential minerals.
To get areas to make military camps.
To spy on other countries.
Some of the expenses for the military would be borne by the smaller nations.

Question 20.
After 1989, India is witnessing a politics of coalition. Analyse the merits and demerits of coalition politics practiced in India. (3)
Answer:
Merits:
a. It is more democratic.
b. Local or regional problems could be handled more efficiently.
c. Makes the administration more transparent.
d. Gives continuity to governments.

Demerits:
a. Stability is not ensured.
b. Less efficient
c. It would be difficult bold and strategic decisions,

Question 21.
“Ayodhya issue created far-reaching consequences” on the light of the above statement, explain how the Ayodhya issue reflected in Indian politics after 1990’s. (3)
Answer:
a. Political parties could not get majority and ensure stable government.
b. There was criminalization of politics.
c. Religious fundamentalism came into politics.

Question 22.
UN is the world organization constituted after the Second World War for the promotion of international peace and security. After completing 65 years, UN needs basic reforms. Explain in your view about the restructuring of UN. What should be the position of India, in the restructured UN? (6)
Answer:
There is a need to reform UNO as per the need of the time. The circumstances today are different from those existing at the time of the formation of the UNO. There should be objective solutions to the problems of the world. No country should assume the role of world police.

There should be a structural change in the UN to enable it to eradicate terrorism. There should be proper representation of the developing nations in the UN. The demand of India to have permanent membership in the Security Council is a logical and just demand. India wants permanent membership because of the following reasons:

It has the world’s second-largest population.
It is the largest democracy in the world.
India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force. India’s economic situation is improving.
India gives regularly to the UN budget.
It has never defaulted on any payment.

The above reasons are good enough for India to get a permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Permanent membership has its own significance. India’s importance will increase in world matters. Our foreign policy will influence others.

Question 23.
Modern world faces new security threats. Identify four among them and give brief explanation to each of them. (4)
Answer:
a. Terrorism: Political attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The terrorists want the political circumstances to change. They try to bring about changes by threats or armed attacks. By unleashing violence, they make the people restless. They try to make the dislike and discontentment of the people their weapon against governments. Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing trains and markets and other places where people assemble. They attacked and destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 September 2001. The government and the people are more cautious now against terrorists.

b. Human Rights Violations: We see that throughout the world there are human right violations. There is no unified thinking in any country about how to protect human rights. Recent incidents of human right violations are the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, the ethnic cleansing in Ruanda and the mass killings of the people of Eastern Timor by the Indonesian army. All these prompted world leaders to have a talk. The talk was about whether the UN should interfere in such matters. The matter is still unresolved.

c. Global Poverty: This is another factor of security threat. It is believed that the population in the underdeveloped countries will triple in 50 years. In countries where the population is low, the per capita income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries will grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South countries immigrate to the North countries for better life and earning. This also creates a threat forthe security of mankind.

d. Contagious Diseases: Contagious diseases are another threat to mankind. AIDS, bird flu, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) etc. are dangerous contagious diseases. These spread quickly from one country to another. A country’s success or failure in controlling these diseases affects other countries also. Recently swine-flu spread all over the world. It is when a problem becomes a threat to a nation and its people that it becomes an international security threat.

Question 24.
Globalization has its cultural consequences. Globalization imposes Western Culture on the rest of the World. On the basis of the above statements explain the cultural consequences of globalization. (3)
Answer:
Globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more.

Let us see how it works. Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi-National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions.

Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles.

All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.

The effects of globalization are not limited to political and economic spheres. It affects our home, food, dress and even thoughts. There is a fear that it would lead to a single world culture. There is the dominance of Western Culture in globalization. There is a danger to traditional cultures. But some people say that culture is not something that sands still. Every culture accepts things from other cultures.

Question 25.
Protection of global commons is important for the existence of life in our Planet. Explain global commons and the efforts to preserve them. (3) .
Answer:
The earth’s atmosphere, Oceans, Antarctica, Space etc. are global commons. For the survival of mankind these have to be protected. There are many steps taken at global level for their protection.

The following are some of them:
Kyoto Protocol
Earth Summit
Rio Summit
Schemes for Sustainable Development.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2015

April 13, 2021September 7, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2015

Question 1.
Write a short note on Green Revolution. How this contributed to food security in India? (3)
Answer:
Green Revolution: Green Revolution is the name given to the policies of the government which aimed at maximum production in the minimum period in the agricultural sector. In the 1960s, the agricultural sector was in very bad shape. Between 1965 and 67 there were huge droughts in many parts of India. This reduced food production and in many areas there was famine-like condition.

To overcome this crisis, India was forced to seek assistance from countries like America. Following the American policies, we too started some new economic policies. The government wanted self- sufficiency in food and therefore a new agricultural policy was implemented. This policy included fanning all lands where irrigation was available, using high yield varieties of seeds and fertilizing the land. Subsidies were given for irrigation and insecticides, it was also decided that the government would purchase the product at a minimum price. All these changes together paved the way for what is known as the Green Revolution.

Question 2.
Match the following : (4)
HSSLive Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2015 1
Answer:

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee – Founder of BJS – Minister, Nehru Ministry.
Pattom Thanu Piliai – Socialist Leader – Chief Minister of Kerala.
A.K. Gopalan – Opposition Leader in the Lok Sabha – Communist Leader.
BR Ambedkar- Stood for Dalit Justice -Architect of Indian Constitution.

Question 3.
The failure of N. Sanjeeva Reddy, official Presidential candidate of the Congress Party, completed the split in the Congress Party. Expalin the circumstances that led to the split in the Congress Party in 1969. (3)
Answer:
The biggest challenge Indira Gandhi had to face after the 1967 election was not from the Opposition but from her own party. She had to a face a powerful Syndicate in the party itself working against her But soon she was able to take control and took strong measures. She did certain things showing her leaning towards the Left. In 1967, she formed a 10- point action plan. Banks were controlled, insurance was nationalized, and ceiling was set for urban property. She also carried out public distribution of food grains, land reforms, village housing schemes. Although the Syndicate agreed to these changes, it was not happy.

When Dr. Zakir Hussain died in 1969, there was election for the President. During this election the difference between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate came in the open.

Question 4.
After the establishment of UN, so many new states were evolved in the international arena. There are heated discussions on the re-structuring of UN. Discuss, how the UN should be restructured catering to the present international needs. What will be the ‘ role of India in the restructured UN? (6)
Answer:
There is a need to reform UNO as per the need of the time. The circumstances today are different from those existing at the time of the formation of the UNO. There should be objective solutions to the problems of the world. No country should assume the role of world police.

There should be structural change in the UN to enable it to eradicate terrorism. There should be proper representation of the developing nations in the UN.

The demand of India to have permanent membership in the Security Council is a logical and just demand, India wants permanent membership because of the following reasons:

it has the world’s second-largest population.
It is the largest democracy in the world.
India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force.
India’s economic situation is improving.
India gives regularly to the UN budget. It has never defaulted on any payment.

Question 5.
‘Terrorists never respect any international laws’. Hence terrorism is considered as a new threat to security. Explain any two other new sources of threats to security. (4)
Answer:
a. Human Rights Violations: We see that throughout the world there are human right violations. There is no unified thinking in any country about how to protect human rights. Recent incidents of human right violations are the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, the ethnic cleansing in Ruanda and the mass killings of the people of Eastern Timor by the Indonesian army. All these prompted world leaders to have a talk. The talk was about whether the UN should interfere in such matters. The matter is still unresolved.

Global Poverty: This is another factor of security threat, it is believed that the population in the underdeveloped countries will triple in 50 years. In countries where the population is low, the per capita income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries will grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South countries immigrate to the North countries for better life and earning. This also creates a threat for the security of mankind.

Question 6.
Discuss briefly the Anti-Arrack Movement. How is this movement related to other movements in India? (3)
Answer:
In the 1990s, many women in Nellur in Andhra became literate. In the class, women spoke about the drinking habits of their men-folk. Drinking alcohol causes both physical and mental harm. It also adversely affects the economic situation of the family. Men do not go to work. The manufacturers of various kinds of alcoholic beverages make money by using all sorts of illegal means. It is the women that suffer because of the drinking habit of men. The women in Nellur protested against alcoholism and forced a wine shop to close down. This news spread like wild fire into some 5000 villages. They

held meetings and passed resolutions and sent them to the Collectors. The arrack auction in Nellur had to be postponed 17 times. The protest in Nellur spread to the rest of the State.

Question 7.
Dravidian Movement is the oldest regional movement in India. Discuss the origin and development of the movement. ( (3)
Answer:
‘Vadakku Vaazhkirathu’Therkku Thaeikirathu”. This was the popular slogan raised by Dravidian movement. This Dravidian movement was one of the first regional movements in Indian Politics. Prepare. a short note about Dravidian movement.

Vadakku Vaazhkirathu. Thekku Thaeikirathu” was a slogan of the Dravidian Movement. This is first regional movement in India. Although the Movement wanted fo establish a Dravidian Nation, it never resorted to any armed struggle. Using the democratic methods of propaganda and election, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam became a strong power. Dravida Movement: Dravida Kazhakam (DK) was formed by E.V. Ramaswami, known as ‘Periyor’. This Organization was against Brahmin supremacy and the political and economic supremacy of the Northern States. It was split later and then DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam) came into existence, in 1953 and 54 it made 3 big agitations and they made DMK an influential party in Indian politics.

a. The first agitation was to change the name of a railway station. Kallakkudi railway station’s name was changed to Dalmiapuram. The DMK wanted to retain the name Kallakkudi.
b. The second agitation was to make Tamil Cultural history as an important part of the school curriculum.
c. The 3rd one was against the handicraft training in .the schools. The DMK said that it had a Brahmin touch. The DMK made huge agitations against the plan of making Hindi as the sole official language. The 1965 anti-Hindi protests made DMK very famous. Now there are many Dravidian parties – DMK, AIDMK, Marumalarchi DMK, Pattali Makkal Kakshi, Desiya Moorpoku Dravida Kazhakam and so on. Some of them are known even outside Tamil Nadu.

Question 8.
Corruption is the curse of contemporary India. In this context discuss the importance of Lok Pal in India. (2)
Answer:
Corruption is a curse in our modern politics. The tendency to divide the tax money between bureaucrats and politicians is increasing in India. It is essential to stop this tendency. Anna Hazare and the People’s Party are trying to get the Lok Pal Bill passed prevent corruption. It is high time that India passed Lok Pal Bill.

Question 9.
‘Demolition of the Babri Mazjid is considered as a blow to Indian Secularism.’ How the Ram Janma Bhumi-Babri Masjid issue influenced Indian politics? Discuss. (3)
Answer:
As the news of the demolition of the Masjid canieout there were heated arguments between Hindus’ and Muslims in many places. That State Gdyferhfnent was dismissed. In many States with

BJP governments, Presidential rule was imposed. A case was filed against the Chief Minister of UP in the Supreme Court. The case was for breaching the court verdict. BJP expressed its regret at the tragic incidents that took place. The Central Government appointed a Commission to study the circumstances which led to the demolition of the Mosque. Liberhan Commission submitted its report after 17 years of the incident.

Question 10.
Match the following :
Lai Danga – Aka Dal – Mizoram
Praphulla KumarMahanta- MNF – Assam
Longowal – AGP – Punjab
Answer:
Lai Denga — M.N.F. — Mizoram
Prafulia Kumar Mahantha —A, G.P. —Assam
Longoval —Akali Dal — Punjab

Question 11.
Today Environment Degradation is considered as the greatest threat to the world’s existence. (3)
Identify any three such environmental problems. How can we prevent such degradations?
Answer:
Environmental Issues:
a. Global Warming, b. Deforestation, c. Pollution of air and water.
Solutions: a Forestation
b. Disposal of plastic waste at source.
c. Controlling vehicle emissions.

Question 12.
The critics of Globalization argue that ‘Globalization is polarisation’. Do you agree with that argument? Discuss the economic consequences of globalization. (3)
Answer:
Globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense, it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more. Let us see how it works. Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi-National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions.

Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are.

The effects of globalization are not limited to political and economic spheres. It affects our home, food, dress and even thoughts. There is a fear that it would lead to single world culture: There is the dominance of Western Culture in globalization’! There is a danger to traditional cultures. But some people say that culture is not something that stands still. Every culture accepts things from other cultures.

Question 13.
Write a brief note on Indo-China relations. How the Indo-China War of 1962 affected India domestically and internationally? (7)
Answer:
In the beginning, India and China had cordial relations. Our relations have a historical and cultural background. Nehru played a crucial role in making relations better. India was the first country to recognize China after the Revolution. Nehru tried to help China in international matters. Because of these good relations, on the India-China border, there were only paramilitary forces and not regular armymen. The Panchsheel Agreement was a big landmark out of India-China relations. It was signed on April 29 by the PMs of both countries, Nehru of India and Chou- en-Lai of China. Nehru visited China and Chou-en-Lai visited India getting the love and respect of people. Nehru had an open-hearted approach to China. But people like Patel thought China was not a country to be believed. Nehru never expected any attack from China. But in 1962, China did attack India.

Two things spoiled the relations between India and China. One was the Tibetan Issue and the other was border disputes. Even in the 1950s when they were friends, India and China had border disputes. China was not ready to accept our suggestions regarding the border. China claimed Ladakh in Kashmir and some areas of Arunachal Pradesh to be theirs. During the period of 1957-59, they also took Aksai Chin sector and built the Karakoram Highway. The second issue was Tibet. In 1950, China annexed Tibet. It was a breach of faith. In the beginning India kept quiet. But the Chinese started imposing their culture on the Tibetans. In 1959, the Tibetan Spiritual leader, Dalai Lama, sought refuge in India. China then accused India saying that India was acting against the interest of China. In October 1962 China infiltrated into Indian territories which she claimed to be hers.

The first attack lasted a week. Chinese army occupied some places in Arunachal Pradesh. The next attack came a month later. But the Indian army stopped the Chinese in the western part of Ladakh. China declared a unilateral ceasefire and retreated from the places it had taken.

Results of the India-China War: During the war, Russia kept her neutrality. India had to seek support from America and Britain. The war was shameful to the country. But it strengthened national feeling. Nehru’s close friend and the then defence minister V.K. Krishna Menon had to resign. Nehru was criticised for blindly believing China and for his lack of military preparation to prevent the attack. A no-confidence motion was brought against his government. In Lok Sabha there were a lot of discussions. In many bye-elections Congress lost. The Opposition was also affected by the war. In 1964 Communist Party split into two – Pro-Chinese and Pro-Russia. One was CPI (M) and the other was CPI.

The War awakened the nation. The North Eastern region was backward. The Chinese war prompted the nation to keep its unity and to embark upon developmental projects.

Question 14.
Name the chief activist associated with Narmada Bachao Andolan. (1)
Answer:
Medha Patkar

Question 15.
Discuss the circumstances which led to the declaration of emergency in India. (4)
Answer:
After the 1971 election, Indira became a popular leader with a lot of support from the people. This time there were serious problems in the Party. There were three main reasons:
a. Economic Reasons
b. Gujarat & Bihar Movement
c. Dispute with the Judiciary

The main slogan in the 1971 election was ‘garibi hatao’. But when the government came to power it could not improve the economic condition of the country. There were a number of reasons for that. First of all there was the refuge problem. Then there was the Bangladesh Crisis, followed by the Indo- Pakistan War. All these things created financial problems. Secondly, after the War, America stopped its aids to India. Thirdly, there was a sharp increase in oil prices. The 4th reason was inflation which made the life of ordinary people very difficult. The 5m problem was negative growth in industrial output. Unemployment increased, especially in the rural sector. Sixthly, the salaries of government employees had to be reduced and even stopped. Seventhly, lack of rain caused serious shortfall in foodstuff.

All the above things created an economic crisis in the country. There was general discontentment in the country. This gave the Opposition Parties an opportunity to organise protests.

Gujarat and Bihar Movement: The second biggest problem was the students’ protest in Gujarat and Bihar which were Congress-ruled States. The main reason was the increase in the prices of essential commodities. Shortage of food, unemployment and corruption made the students angry. In both these States the Opposition Parties supported the students. In Gujarat, Presidential Rule was imposed. At this time the main opponent of Indira Gandhi and the leader of Congress (O), Morarji Desai, decided to go on an indefinite hunger strike. He did that for demanding elections in Gujarat. In June 1975, because of heavy pressure from various sources, election was conducted.

Congress lost the election. In Bihar the students invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead their protest. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protest must be non-violent. He asked for the dismissal of the Bihar government. He argued that there was a need for a revolution in social, economic and political spheres. But the Bihar government refused to resign. The entire country discussed the issue. Jay Prakash Narayan wanted to spread the protest to all parts of the country. In the meantime, the railway workers went on strike.

It would make the entire country come to a standstill. In 1975, Jay Prakash Narayan organized a march to the Parliament. It was the biggest rally the capital had ever seen. The Opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Both the protests were anti-Congress. Voices also rose against the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. She believed that all this was done to take revenge on her.

Dispute with the Judiciary: Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the Judiciary. The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the Constitution. Congress argued that the Supreme Court judgment was against democracy and the authority of the Parliament. The Party said that the Court was standing against some welfare measures taken to help the poor people. The dispute was mainly in three things. Firstly, Can the Parliament change the Fundamental Rights? The Court said no. Secondly, Can the Parliament change ownership of land? Again the Court said no. Thirdly, the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. It amended the Constitution. But the Supreme Court objected. All these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and the Supreme Court.

There were two more reasons. In the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court judged that the Parliament can’t change the basic structure of the Constitution. Soon the post of the Chief Justice became vacant. Normally the senior-most judge is appointed as the Chief Justice. But keeping aside 3 eligible Judges, the government-appointed A.N. Roy as the Chief Justice. This appointment became controversial. Besides, the Uttar Pradesh High Court declared the election of Indira Gandhi as null and void. All these were the reasons for Mrs Gandhi to declare Emergency in June 1975.

Question 16.
Complete the following chart: (2)
* India
* ………………………
* Nepal
* ………………………
* Bhutan
* ………………………
* Maldives
* ………………………
Answer:
SAARC COUNTRIES: India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, Maldives, Sri Lanka.

Question 17.
Which are the pillars of ASEAN community? What are théir common objectives? (4)
Answer:
ASEAN. The South Eastern Asian countries had to suffer the economic and political consequences of, ‘‘ the colonialism by turope and Japan. After WW II, poverty and economic backwardness forced these countries to join one of the superpowers. Then there was the Bandung Conference and Non-Aligned Movement came into existence. Even then problems were not solved. Therefore these countries joined together and formed an organization called ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations).

It was formed in1967. Five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand – signed the Bangkok Declaration. Later Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam (1985), Myanmar (1997) and Cambodia (1999) became members of ASEAN.

Aims: Quickening economic growth, bring about social and cultural development. Bring about regional peace according to the UN laws, and establish stability.

Question 18.
Give a brief note on Shock therapy. (2)
Answer:
The Communist system in the Soviet Union and East European Countries collapsed and those countries started moving along paths of change. This change from Communism to capitalism is what is known as ‘shock therapy’.

Question 19.
Cold War was not limited to power rivalry alone but it extended to ideological conflict. Explain on the basis of Cuban Missile crisis. (4)
Answer:
Most North-Western countries became capitalist, anti-communist nations. A big power like America could not easily tolerate a neighbouring country becoming a close ally of Communist Russia. As Cuba got financial and diplomatic support from Russia, it became a strong country, although it was small in size. It faced America without fear. In 1962, the Russian leader Khrushchev wanted to deploy missiles and other armaments in Cube. Most American cities then would come under threat from Russia. Later this was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Question 20.
Write a brief note on the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. (2)
Answer:
The Sinhala nationalists were against giving any concessions to the Tamils there. In their view Sri Lanka is the motherland only for them. It was this enmity that forced the Tamils to rise in revolt against the Sinhalese. The Tamils organised the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eazham). From 1983, the LTTE began armed struggle against the Sinhalese. This racial problem became a headache to India as well. The Tamil people of India exerted great pressure on the Central Government to help the Tamils in Sri Lanka. In 1987 India signed an agreement with Sri Lanka. According to that there should be cordial relations between the Tamils and the Sri Lankan government. But the Indian government had to fight against LTTE, Sri Lanka thought India was interfering in its internal affairs. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force had to come back to India without achieving any result.

Sri Lankan problem became very violent. Scandinavian countries like Norway and Iceland tried to bring peace, but they failed. In May 2009, the Sri Lankan army attacked the LTTE army and killed Veluppilla Prabhakaran and his associates. In spite of all these internal problems, Sri Lanka was making economic progress. It reduced its population and brought economic liberalization. Their per capita income increased. After the Civil War, the Sri Lankan Government announced that they would protect their Tamil population. The world hopes that democracy will further strengthen in Sri Lanka.

Question 21.
“The scars of Indian partition still exist even after sixty years of independence.” From the above statement explain the consequences of Indian partition. (4)
Answer:
The division of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan was a very tragic incident in history. In the border areas many people on both sides were killed because of their religion and caste. Huge cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Calcutta became religious areas. Muslims avoided going to areas of Hindus and Sikhs. Similarly Hindus and Sikhs did not want to go near the Muslim areas. People were forced to flee their homes, suffering a lot of difficulties on their way. Many of the people in the minorities in the bonder areas had to live in refugee camps. The governments and the police were not there to help them. People had to walk or ride in some vehicles from their homes to their new places. During the journey, many were attacked and killed; women were raped. Many were forced to accept the majority religion and marry people against their will. In many homes women were killed by their own relatives in the name of honour. Children were separated from their parents and guardians. People who came to the new land had no houses and they had to live in refugee camps. Not only the land, but even moveable properties like tables and chairs were divided. The government and railway workers were divided. People who were living like brethren were divided. It is believed that between 5 to 10 lakh people lost their lives in this tragic division of the country.

Question 22.
The First Year Plan stressed agriculture and the Second Five Year Plan stressed rapid industrialization. There is always heated controversy over agriculture and industry for a nation’s development. Examine different dimensions of this controversy. (4)
Answer:
The main difference was in the styles of the Plans. The first Plan envisaged development at a slow pace whereas the second plan wanted development to be fast. The first Plan gave priority to agricultural matters whereas the 2nd Plan gave preference to large scale heavy industries.

The first Plan envisaged at eradicating poverty. Ac-cording to K.N. Raj, India needed a quick, but also gradual, development. Fast actions would jeopardise democracy itself. Therefore the first haTfliffffe Plan devoted attention to dams and irrigation. The inequality in the land distribution was harmful to agriculture. So it was thought necessary to make land reforms. The 2nd Plan stressed industrial development. It was under the leadership of P.C.

Mahalanobis. The 2nd Plan wanted to implement schemes for the quick development of the industrial base. The Resolution passed at the Avadi Conference of the Congress aimed at social justice. The 2nd Plan reflects this. By imposing import duties, Indian industries were protected from foreign competition. The savings and investments of the people increased. It made it possible to bring about development in the public sector areas like electricity, railway, steel, heavy instruments, and communication.

Question 23.
President Obama is the Chief Guest of the Republic Day celebrations of 2015. Examine India’s relation with US after the Cold War. (6)
Answer:
Barak Obama was the Chief Guest on the Republic Day celebrations and he went back after three days of visit in India. It was the first time that an American President came to India as the Chief Guest to watch the Republic Day Parade in India.

Although America is still the greatest industrial and military power in the world, it is not able to maintain the same strong position it had in the 20th century. There are many reasons for that. The main reason is that countries likp Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa are growing in population, economic power, scientific and technological achievements and America can no more keep them in her control. These countries want to form a fellowship called ‘BR1CS’, but America is against such an idea. America is trying to prevent that fellowship from being formed and so she is trying to get India on her side. The American Grbupthat came to India had a number of important Agreements in mind. In the Nuclear Liability Act, America wants India to support American companies. She wants India to be less strict with Carbon Emission Agreement. She wants to sign different Defence agreements with India and she wants to come to some understanding in trade matters. The Group discussed security, anti-terrorist schemes, and the explosive situations in India’s neighbors like Afghanistan and Iran, According to the Nuclear Liability Act, American companies can’t open plants in India. American wants this situation to change. The Indian Law says that if a nuclear accident takes place, the responsibility will lie with the company that1 Supplied the plant and nuclear material.

Both countries aim at better trade relations. After the Republic Day Parade, Modi and Obarili had a meeting with the top businessmen in India. Both 4 countries regarded this Business Summit as very important.

In the last 10 years India-America trade relation increased 5 times, reaching more than 10,000 crore dollars. In the next 5 years, the American Ambassador Richard Rahul Varma said that it would reach 50,000 crore. Richard Varma further said America would help Modi to realise his dream of full-time electricity for all Indians and to cooperate in the making of nuclear power for civil purposes. India wants to make use America’s capital, technology, pure energy, anti-terrorist power, superior knowledge, space and cyber security. India also wants American support in her quest for a permanent seat in the Security Council. Obama had included a few people whom Indians like in his group, showing the importance he gave to the visit and the discussions.

The White House thinks that there will be a ten-fold increase in the cordial relations between India and America because of Obama’s visit. The Senior Director of the National Security Council Philip Reiner said that Obama’s visit as the Chief Guest of the Republic Day Parade will strengthen the ties between the two countries. The Spokesman for the Indian Foreign Affairs Office, Mr. Said Akbaruddin, said that Obama’s visit was the most important diplomatic visit in recent times.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2016

April 13, 2021September 7, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2016

Question 1.
Which among the following is a Bangaladesh political party?
a) Seven Party Alliance
b) Awami League
c) Muslim League
d) Republican Party
Answers:
Awami League

Question 2.
Nation-building was a real challenge to the rulers of India immediately after independence. Find out the major challenges and prepare a note on it.
Answers:
independent India faced three kinds of challenges.
a. Integrating India
b. Ensuring the welfare of the people and development
c. Establish the democratic system

a. Integrating India: When India got freedom, it had more than 500 Princely States, The rulers of these places wanted to get back their sovereignty when the British left. The government approached the Princely States keeping three things in mind

a. The majority of people of the Princely States wanted to join Indian Union.
b. Giving some kind of self-rule to some Princely States.
c. In the background of the division, we needed States with precision.

Integration: Except Junagarh, Hyderabad. Kashmir and Manipur, all the Princely States signed in the Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian Union. Then through a referendum, Junagarh joined Indian Union. Because of popular uprising in Hyderabad against the Nizam, the Indian army took some action and got Hyderabad also into the Union. The Congress Group in Manipurwanted to join the Union, but other parties objected. However, the Manipur king was persuaded and he too joined the Union. Kashmir King also signed the Instruction of Accession to save himself from the attacks of Pakistan and thus Kashmirtoo became part of India.

Ensuring the welfare of people: India was a poor country. The country has included provisions in the Constitution to ensure protection to the socially backward people, to religious and cultural minorities and to give all the people equality. Through Directive Principles, the Constitution shows us the way to eradicate poverty and to make the marginalized people come into mainstream society.

Five Year Plans: The country has a development model based on socialist principles. We have adopted a mixed economy accommodating both public and private sector enterprises.

Establishing democratic system: Democracy was a discovery of foreigners. But the big thing was that we chose democracy in spite of the fact that India is a poor country and there are many illiterates here. The first election was called the greatest gamble in history by foreign media. A British member of the Civil Service said that the future generations would condemn this democratic process as a foolish enterprise. The first Election Commission was formed with Dr. Sukumar Sen as the Commissioner. Illiterate Indians were supposed to think in terms of caste and creed. But by making a voters’ list based on our secular system and equality, we succeeded in conducting a fair election and we were successful in our democratic experiment Even after 70 years of Independence, we still face some challenges to our democracy. There are new demands for regional autonomy. There is the Maoist threat. There is intolerance, following the integration of Manipur. There is the Kashmir problem. In spite of all these we have been able to maintain our democratic tradition. After the 1975 Emergency, our rulers have been able to maintain the democratic order without any interruption.

Question 3.
The Cold War was not simply a matter of the balance of power between the superpowers. These were accompanied by a real ideological conflict.’ Examine the ideological conflict. (4)
Answers:

Cold War was not merely mattered of balance of power struggle between the Super Powers. It was also a clear conflict of ideologies.

After WW II, America and Russia became the world’s two super powers. Their ideologies were different. Russia supported Communist Socialist ideology whereas America backed Liberalism and Capitalism. Both had stockpiled destructive nuclear weapons. They could have shown their power anywhere in the world. But their rivalry was limited to the Cold War. Without actually going into any active war, they both tried to extend their spheres of influence. After WWII they became bitter rivals and were poles apart.

Question 4.
Name the first Election Commission of Independent India. (1)
Answers:
Sukumar Sen

Question 5.
The first General Election in India was the first big test of democracy.’ Why is it said so? Identify any three major reasons behind this. (4)
Answers:
a) The first election on the basis of Constituencies, after the Constitution came into effect, was the first experiment in a country which had different regions, language, and religions.
b) It was the election after India’s division and the Hindu Muslim riots.
c) It was an election that would determine the relevance and validity of parliamentary democracy. Because of all this, the first election was really a test of Indian democracy.

Question 6.
The disintegration of Soviet Union had profound con-sequences over world politics. Make a summary of the consequences. (4)
Answers:
The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon Communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, Easer European countries etc were attracted to wards organizations like the World Bank and IMF.

The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
Private capital would be very important.
Cooperative farming will give way to private farming.
Foreign investment, open market system, and currency exchange would be possible,
The countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union will have the facility to have contact with Western countries and trade with them.
Using all these, the Western countries made the member countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union come close to them.

Results:

Many big industries under government control collapsed.
90% industries were sold to individuals or private companies.
The Russian Currency Rouble was devalued.
Because of inflation people lost the value of their savings.
In Cooperative farming, people had food security. But now it was not there. Russia had to import food grains,
In Russia, the GDP in 1999 was less than that of 1989.
The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty.
Educational and intellectual human resources were scattered and many people emigrated.
Privatization made economic’inequality among people.

Question 7.
The opposition parties in India criticize “our Prime Minister is a frequent visitor of America and is making friendship with America. It is a strong deviation of India’s independent foreign policy”. What do you feel about the criticism? Do you accept it or not? Express your views.
Answers:
India had always followed an independent, neutral foreign policy. It was such a stand that Nehru started by giving leadership to the Non-Aligned Group of Nations. But slowly this attitude got changed, and our foreign policy began to lean in favour of America. There yvere also instances of criticism against this. Showing preference to a particular Nation is against our neutral stand. The best policy is to keep equidistance from all.

Question 8.
Name the following:
a) The new name of Planning Commission in India,
b) The strategy adopted by the Government of India to ensure food sufficiency. (1)
Answers:
a. Niti Ayog
b. Food Safety Scheme

Question 9.
China has been the fastest-growing economy and is the driver of the East Asian growth’. Analyse the statement and find out the policies adopted for this. (8)
Answers:
China became the fastest growing economy in the world. It is the development model in China’s planning that helped it to succeed. Heavy investment in the area of production made China grow. The biggest consumer market in the world today is China. In 2001, China became a member of the WTO. China has independent trade treaties with Australia, South Korea, ASEAN, Switzerland and Pakistan.

Question 10.
Do you think that land reforms are essential in Indian conditions? Why or why not? Express your views. (4)
Answers:
I think so. Although India tried to introduce land reforms, only in very States like Kerala, they became successful. In the North Indian States, the ownership of the land is still with the rich landlords. This condition must change. The agriculturist and those who actually work on the land should own the land. The landlord-tenant system must go. The land of those who have excess beyond a certain limit should be taken away from them and distributed among the poor for agriculture. To make this happen, land reforms are a must.

Question 11.
Recently our Prime Minister Sri. Narendra Modi de-manded the restructuring of UN and India’s permanent membership in the Security Council. Based on this demand examine India’sstrengh and weakness for the membership. (5)
Answers:
The demand of India to be a Permanent Member of the Security Council is quite a logical and legitimate one. India fulfills all the criteria to be a permanent member. It demands permanent membership on the following grounds:

It has the world’s second-largest population.
It is the largest democracy in the world.
India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force.
India’s economic situation is improving.
India gives regularly to the UN budget. It has never defaulted cn any payment.

Question 12.
Nehru has been treated as the ‘Architect of Modern India’. Examine his vision in the formation of India’s foreign policy. (4)
Answers:
The world was going through very difficult circumstances when India got her freedom. This situation has influenced our foreign policy. Five factors have influenced our foreign policy in a greater measure.

The II World War and the rebuilding after that.
The efforts to form an international organization.
The emergence of many small nations at the end of colonialism.
The challenges the new Nations faced for democracy and welfare.
The Cold War between America and Russia because of ideological differences.

Question 13.
Contemporary world faces new sources of security threats in diversified forms. Identify any two of them and describe the features. (2)
Answers:
Security threats are of a different kind now. They can be categorized as follows:
1. Terrorism: Political attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The terrorists want the political circumstances to change. They try to bring about changes by threats or armed attacks. By unleashing violence, they make the people restless. They try to make the dislike and discontentment of the people their weapon against governments. Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing trains and markets and other places where people assemble. They attacked and destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 September 2001. The government and the people are more cautious now against terrorists.

Human Rights: We see that throughout the world there are human right violations. There is no unified thinking in any country about how to protect human rights. Recent incidents of human right violations are the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, the ethnic cleansing in Ruanda and the mass killings of the people of Eastern Timor by the Indonesian army. All these prompted world leaders to have a talk. The talk was about whether the UN should interfere in such matters. The matter is still unresolved.

3. Global Poverty: This is another factor of security threat. It is believed that the population in the underdeveloped countries will triple in 50 years In countries where the population is low, the per capita income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries will grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South countries immigrate to the North countries for better life and earning. This also creates a threat for the security of mankind.

4. Contagious Diseases: Contagious diseases are another threat to mankind. AIDS, bird flu, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) etc. are dangerous contagious diseases. These spread quickly from one country to another. A country’s success or failure in controlling these diseases affects other countries also. Recently swine-flu spread all over the world. It is when a problem becomes a threat to a nation and its people that it becomes an international security threat.

Question 14.
Some of the political leaders and their ideas are given below. Match them correctly;
a) Lai Bahadur Sasthri – Non – Congress
b) Ram Manohar Lohia – Syndicate
c) Indira Gandhi – Jai Jawan Jai Kissan Garibi Hatao (3)
Answers:
a. Lai Bahadur Sastri – Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
b. Ram Manohar Lohia -Non-Congressism
c. Indira Gandhi – Garibi Hatao

Question 15.
The last decade of 2CF Century witnessed some developments that were to make a long-lasting impact on Indian Politics Locate any two of them and examine its impact. (4)
Answers:
Babri Masjid was demolished. This caused religious riots and division. There was administrative instability in the country.
Nuclear Test and the bickering with Pakistan.

Question 16.
The national emergency at once brought out both the strength and weakness of Indian democracy.’ Narrate the strength and weaknesses that you noticed. (4)
Answers:
The following things will show the strength of Indian democracy. First, it was proved that democracy can’t be destroyed in India. Second, the vagueness or ambiguity of this article in the Constitution was removed. Internal Emergency could be declared by the President with the approval of the Cabinet only when there was an armed revolution in the country. Third, it evaluated the freedom of a citizen. After the Emergency, the Court took measures to ensure the fundamental rights of the citizens. Finally many citizens’ right groups were formed.

The Emergency also shows some weaknesses of our Constitution. First, the tensions that happen between the vested interests of the political parties and the running of the government. It was the police and the bureaucrats that implemented the Emergency. They were not able to function independently. Often they had to function as the yes-men of the ruling parties. Even now this problem is persisting.

Question 17.
Now-a days globalisation affected almost all spheres of our daily life. Do you think that it affected the ‘welfare state concept and state sovereignty’? Substantiate your views. (3)
Answers:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more. Let us see how it works: Political results: Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes, instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi-National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

As a result of globalization, import controls are reduced or removed. The developed nations can now invest their capital in the developing nations. Investing in developing nations is more profitable. Technologies develop without any limits of borders. But regarding the movement of people, the developed nations have made certain rules. Their countries are kept safe from foreign workers through the policy of Visa. Because of the visa rules, the jobs of their citizens are not taken away by emigrants.

There are arguments in favor and against economic globalization. Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on government only as a demerit of globalization. Those who economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the demerits of globalization. Some people believe that globalization makes poor people poorer and so it must be stopped. But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more. Let us see how it works. Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes. Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi-National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions.

The effects of globalization are not limited to political and economic spheres. It affects our home, food, dress and even thoughts. There is a fear that it would lead to a single world culture. There is the dominance of Western Culture in globalization. There is a danger to traditional cultures. But some people say that culture is not something that stands still. Every culture accepts things from other cultures.

Question 18.
Some of the popular movements in India are given below, Pick out the suitable places from the bracket and match them correctly.

Chipko Movement
Anti-arrack Movement
Bharathiya Kissan Union (Meerut, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarkhand, Madhya Pradesh)

Answers:

Uttarakhand
Meerut
Andhra Pradesh

Question 19.
Kashmir issue is not just a dispute between lndia& Pakistan. The issue has external and internal dimensions. Identify these dimensions and analyse its role.
Answers:
When India got independence, Jammu-Kashmir was a Princely State. Initially, King Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. The Pakistani leaders believed that since Jammu-Kashmir had a lot of Muslims, it would join Pakistan. The people there were known as Kashmiris. Under the leadership of Sheikh Abdulla there was an agitation to remove the King from power. •But he also did not want to join Pakistan. National Conference was a secular organization. It was also pro-Congress. In October 1947 Pakistan encouraged some tribal groups to capture Pakistan. Then the King sought assistance from India.

Many believe that this autonomy given to Kashmir will adversely affect the unity and indivisibility of the country. They feel that Article 370 should be removed. But the Kashmiris feel that the autonomy they got by Article 370 is not enough. Some Kashmiris put forward 3 complaints.

No referendum has taken place so far.
The status promised by Article 370 is only on paper, not in practice. They need more autonomy.
They also say that the kind of democracy implemented in other States of India is not found in J&K.

Politics since 1948: After Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister of Kashmir, many land reforms and other welfare measures were taken to help the masses. But there was a difference of opinion between him and the Central Government. He wanted Kashmir to be completely free. So the Central Government dismissed him and kept him in jail for some time. His successors did not get popular support but they administered the region with Central support. The Kashmiris slowly started believing in democracy. According to the agreement between India Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah, in 1974, he became the Prime Minister. He died in 1982.

RESISTANCE AND LATER: In the 1987 election the National Conference won with a huge majority. Farukh Abdulla became the Chief Minister. Many believed that he did some manipulations in the election. From 1980, there have been protests against weak governments there. Some people believed that it was the Centre which made this huge majority possible. It led to the Kashmiri crisis. There was resistance. In 1989, there was an armed struggle for making Kashmir independent. The insurgents were assisted by Pakistan. For many years, J&K was under Presidential rule. Even as there was strong military presence there, from 1990 there have been frequent clashes between the army and the people who resisted Indian rule. Farooq Abdulla’s government also demanded greater autonomy. In 2002, there was another election. Instead of the National Conference, a PDP Coalition Government came to power. Secession Movement And After:

The secessionist movement (1969) appeared in many shapes and it took different stances. Independent Kashmir without joining either India or Pakistan. A group demanding merger with Pakistan. A group demanding greater autonomy.

Question 20.
Both India and Pakistan became independent nations in the same year. But Pakistan failed to build a stable democracy like India. Describe any three major factors for such failure. (3)
Answers:
Until 1971, Pakistan and Bangf^desh were one country and their experiences were the same. When Pakistan made its first constitution, General Ayub Khan assumed power and through election he became the President. As the people were unhappy, he had to leave office. Again there was military rule under Yahya Khan. It was during his rule that Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis. In 1971, after Pakistan’s war with India, Bangladesh was separated and it became an independent country. After the independence of Bangladesh, democracy was restored in Pakistan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the PM. Democracy continued until 1977 when Bhutto was overthrown by Zia-ul-Haq.

In 1988, under Benazir Bhutto democracy came back. Until 1999, democracy existed in Pakistan under the Pakistan People’s Party. Then there was Muslim league rule under Nawaz Sheriff. Again the military under General Musharaf removed Sheriff and Musharaf became the President. He continued until 2008. In 2008, Sheriff and Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan. During an election rally, Benazir Bhutto was killed by an extremist. Then a Ministry was formed by a coalition of the Muslim League and PPP. Yusuf Raza Gilani was the PM. Soon they elected Asif Ali Zardari as the President. Now Pakistan has a democratic government.

It is because of the following reasons that Pakistan does not have a stable democracy:

Interference by the army, priests and landlords in the administration.
Because of the dispute between India and Pakistan, the Pakistani army acquired great power.
Lack of international support for the democratic governments often helped the military to come to power.
America and some other Western countries prefer a military government in Pakistan. They are afraid that democracy there would make Muslim extremism grow and the extremists might get control over the nuclear weapons in the possession of Pakistan. They think military rule is better for the safety of the Western and Southern Asian regions.

Experience of Bangladesh in Democracy: Until 1971, it was part of Pakistan. During the British rule, Bangladesh was part of Bengal and Assam. Because of the following reasons, they were dissatisfied with West Pakistan:

Supremacy of West Pakistan and imposing Urdu ‘ on them.
Neglect of Bengali culture and looking at it as inferior.
East Pakistan was not given proper representation in the administration and politics.

All these things caused Sheikh Mujibur Rehman to lead a protest against Pakistan. His Party was the Awami League. It won all the seats in East Pakistan. It won majority in the whole of Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly, but West Pakistan was not willing to approve it. Mujibur Rehman was arrested. West Pakistan sowed fear in the minds of East Pakistanis. But in 1971, with the help of India, Bangladesh was freed.

Bangladesh accepted a secular, democratic, socialist constitution. In 1975, Mujibur Rehman brought Presidential rule. He banned all political parties except the Awami League. This caused many disputes and tensions. As a result the army gained power and Mujibur Rehman was assassinated. Under the new army commander Zia-ur-Rehman, a national party was formed. In 1979 that party won the election. But Zia-ur-Rehman was killed. Then military rule came under Lt. General H.M. Ershad. Because of students’ protests, he had to allow some politics. Then he was elected as the President for 5 years. In 1990, because of the opposition of the people, Ershad had to quit office. In 1991, there was election. From then democracy is continuing there in a multi-party system.

Question 21.
Match the following:
a) Global commons – First World
b) Rio Summit – Atlantic Treaty
c) Global South – Agenda 21
Third World
Answers:
a. Global Commons-Atlantic Treaty
b. Rio Summit-Agenda 21
c. Global South – Third World

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2017

April 13, 2021September 7, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2017

Maximum Score: 80 Scores
Time: 2 1/2 Hours
Cool- Off Time : 15 Minutes

Question 1.
The collapse of the Soviet Union had profound consequences on world politics. Describe the factors responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. (4)
Answer:

The control exercised by the Soviet government on its citizens made their life difficult.
There was no freedom of expression or democracy.
Many institutions needed reforms. But the Communist Party strictly controlled them and reforms were not possible.
The Party refused to give people their rights. The Soviet Union was a Union of 15 Republics. They had their own cultures and problems.
Although on paper there were 15 Republics, only Russia was allowed to exercise control. Russia dominated the other republics and the people of the other republics were either ignored or suppressed.
Although the Soviet Union was able to maintain its equality with the US in an arms race, it was very costly for them. Western technology was better than the Russian technology. The political and economic needs of the Soviet people were not taken care of by the Soviet government.
The Soviet Union used most of its resources to develop atomic weapons, to make arms, to increase military facilities and to develop its satellite East European countries,
The go-slow policy, refusal to correct mistakes and the closed-door policy quickened the country’s downfall.

Question 2.
Name the political leader who captured the power in Cuba during 1959 and died in November 2016.
Answer:
Fidel Castro

Question 3.
Names of some countries are given below. Arrange them properly in the given table.
Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2017 1

Answer:

Capitalist Block Movement	Communist Block	Non-Aligned
The USA	The Soviet Union	India
Britain	China	Bangladesh

Question 4.
Define the concept of Globalization. Discuss different arguments in its economic aspect. (4)
Answer:
Globalization is the process by which the entire world 7 becomes one small village without any boundary restrictions and controls. The basic concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human labour. Looked that way, it as political, economic, and cultural implications at different levels. in this sense, it has positive and negative results.

Question 5.
Alliance and counter alliance destructed the world security system in the past. Suggest two traditional conceptions of security and give a brief explanation on them. (4)
Answer:
Security is of two kinds – internal and external. A country may face security threats from inside or ‘ outside the country. Traditionally we think threats from outside are the greater ones. It will affect the sovereignty of the nation. It will affect its freedom
and border security. It will affect the lives of the people.

Such a threat is external. There are many ways for a government to face such treats:

Surrender
Increase defence expenditure and prevent others from attacking.
Once the war starts, defend the country.

Some governments prefer the option of surrender when there is a war. But they will never declare it as a policy. For security there are 4 traditional ways:

Prevent the war-this is the first factor.
Defence – control the war or end it.
Balance of Power

This is a traditional way of ensuring security. Making alliances and counter-alliances, maintaining the country’s strength, intervening and not intervening, leaving a no man’s land between countries, dividing and ruling, etc. are of the traditional ways.

Sign Treaties: Nations often form joint alliances.

This is done to prevent any external attack and ’ defend in case of attacks. Almost all alliances are formed by signing written agreements. The member countries will have a clear understanding as to who is the common enemy. Nations are more concerned with external threats than internal ones. Internal security is also essential. Prior to the World War, the internal security of many powerful nations was much less because they did not give it much importance. Because of the Cold War, nations gave preference to external threats. It was in the colonies that there were more internal security problems. It was because of people’s desire for freedom. The newly formed Asian and African countries had to face a lot of internal and external threats. Military attacks by neighbouring countries, army revolts, moves for secession etc. were common. Whenever a nation desires for freedom, such things are common there.

Question 6.
Choose the first Secretary-General of UNO from the following: (1)
a) Kofi A. Annan
b) U Thant
c) Trygve Lie
d) Ban Ki-moon
Answer:
Trygve Lie

Question 7.
UNO stands for International Peace and Security. Name the principal organs of UNO. (3)
Answer:

General Assembly
SecurityCounc.il
Economic and Social Council
Secretariat
Trusteeship Council

Question 8.
Identify any two objectives of SAARC and list out any four member nations of SAARC. (4)
Answer:
Aims:

Ensure the welfare 0 the South Asian Nations/
Strengthen cooperation

Member Countries
India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives

Question 9.
Define the concept ‘Global Commons’. Differentiate the approach of North and South on it. (3)
Answer:
Some places or areas do not fall under the sovereignty of any country. In this condition, the UN had to come forward to protect them. These are collectively known as Global Commons. The earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the bottom of the seas, space, etc. come in this category.

Global North (Countries of the Northern Hemisphere) represents the developed nations. The Global South represents the developing nations. The approach of both these groups regarding the environment is very different. They are:

a) The Global North says that ail countries are equally responsible for the protection of the environment.
b) But the Global South has a different view. They say that it is the industrial development of the Global North that caused and is causing environmental damage.
c) Developing nations are, on the path of progress. Therefore the restrictions placed on the developed nations should not be made binding on the developing nations.

The developing nations say that keeping their needs in mind, there should be new laws and interpretations This argument was approved in the Earth Summit in 1992. This new principle is called “Common but different responsibility”.

Question 10.
The Indian Independent Act in 1947 divided India into two nations, but the division was very difficult to implement. Try to find out the difficulties of partition. (6)
Answer:
The division of India was carried out on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory put forward by the Muslim League. According to that theory, in India there were two nations – the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore the Muslim League demanded a separate nation, Pakistan, for the Muslims. The formation of Pakistan was based on the majority of the population of an area. Thus the areas which had Muslim majority became Pakistan and the remaining areas remained as Indian Territory. It was not easy to implement such a division. There were three reasons forthat. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims. There were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the West and the other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between them there were large areas of Indian Territory.

Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslim population wanted to become part of Pakistan. Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, who was the leader of the North-Western Province, had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the North West Province was included in Pakistan.

The third problem was that British India’s Punjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. But in these huge provinces there were very many non-Muslims. Therefore the Provinces were divided into Districts and Panchayats depending on the religious majority of the population there. The result was that on the day of Independence many people did not know to which country they belonged – India or Pakistan. It deeply wounded the people. The problem of the minorities in each country was the worst of all. The Hindus and Sikhs in the Pakistani areas and the Muslims in Punjab and Bengal were unfortunate preys to this division of the country. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

Question 11.
‘Second Five Year Plan was the turning point in the industrial history of India.’ Discuss the above statement. (4)
Answer:
Following Independence, India embarked on Five Year Plans, following the model of the Soviet Union. In 1950, the Planning Commission was established. In 1951, the first Five Year Plan was started. The first Five Year Plan gave stress to the Agricultural sector. But the 2nd FYP stressed the industrial sector. The 2nd FYP period was from 1956 to 1961. During this period many industrial undertakings were started in India. Electricity, Railway, Steel Industry, Communication facilities etc. received special attention. The 2nd FYP was capable of letting India make a big fi&p in the industrial sector. The basis of this 2nd Plaiyyas the ideas of P.C. Mahala no b is.

Question 12.
Match the following. (4)
Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2017 3
Answer:
a) Lai Bahadur Sastri-Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
b) Ram Manohar Lohia – Congress-Socialist Party
c) V.V. Giri – Former President of India
d) Indira Gandhi-GaribiHatao

Question 13.
The Mandal Commission report implemented by V.P. Singh Govt was an important landmark in the political rise of Other Backward Classes. Find out the important recommendations of the report. (3)
Answer:
Since the 1960s, the South Indian States had made reservations for Other Backward Classes. But this was not done in the Northern Regions. In the 197779 periods, this demand became very strong throughout the country. In 1978, the Janta Party appointed Mr Bindeswari Mandal to find out the groups which are socially and educationally backward and study about their condition. This Commission is known as the Second Backward Commission. This Commission was appointed with the intention of solving the backwardness of certain sections of the society.

In 1980, this Commission presented its report. According to the Commission, the Backward Sections were to be Backward Classes. Apart from the Scheduled Tribes, there were many other classes which should be considered Backward. According to a survey conducted by this Commission, it was found out that their representation was very low in education and jobs. Therefore it recommended t give 27% reservation to these Backward Classes. With the coming of the land reforms, their condition has become much better.

Question 14.
Jawaharlal Nehru played a key role in making the Foreign Policy of India. Examine the basic principles of the Foreign Policy of India. (6)
Answer:
The role of Nehru: Nehru was the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of India from 1946 to 1964. He had a big role in the formulation of our foreign policies. He followed a policy which was conducive to the maintenance of our sovereignty, protection of our boundaries, our unity and our economic growth. It was with all these in his mind, he became one of the chief architects of the Non-Aligned Policy.

Keeping equidistance from both the superpowers. As the Cold War was going between the superpowers, we wanted world peace.

For that we:

continued with our non-aligned policy.
tried to reduce the tension of the Cold War.
supplied manpower for the peaceful missions of the United Nations.

As a newly independent country, India could not claim any big political power. Therefore India decided to keep away from the on-going Cold War between the superpowers. The Non-Aligned Policy helped us to do that. It was difficult for India to maintain this non-aligned stance always. When the British attacked Egypt and Russia attacked Hungary, we could not stick with our non-aligned stand. But in many . international problems India maintained an independent stand. India received help both from the „ USA and also Russia on different occasions.

Question 15.
Indian National Congress established its domination in the first three general elections in India. Evaluate the performance of Congress Party in 1952, 1957 and 1962 elections. (4)
Answer:
In all the 3 general elections after independence, the Congress won brutal majorities. There were some reasons for that.
1) Congress had led the Independence to struggle.
2) Congress was the only party which had spread all across India.
3) The popularity of Jawaharlal Nehru Because of all these reasons, Congress had expected victory. When the final results came, the astounding success of the Congress Party surprised everyone. It made all other parties lag much behind. It won 364 out of the 489 seats. The same was the case in the States. The exceptions to this were Travancore-Cochin, Madras and Orissa.

In the later two elections (1957,1962) also Congress repeated its success. Some people thought the victory of the Congress Party was because of the system of our election. This system was progress. Although 3 out of 4 seats were won by the Congress, it did not have even the support of 50% of the voters. The votes polled by other parties were more than the votes polled by Congress. Now in this seminar, we examine how the votes and dominance of Congress became a landmark in the history of the country.

The dominant nature of Congress: The dominance of Congress in India was an unusual event in world history. In many other countries, democracy was not allowed to take roots. In countries like China, Cuba and Syria the Constitution envisaged a one-party rule. But in India, the Congress stood firm on the democratic principles and was able to form governments. Although different parties competed in the free and fair elections, Congress came out first. There were some reasons for the unusual success of Congress. It had the leadership in the freedom struggle. Secondly, it was the leaders who fought for freedom that stood as the candidates for election. Thirdly only Congress had a good organizational set up at that time. Only Congress had its presence in all the States of India and all this helped in Congress having the upper hand.

Question 16.
Regionalism is against the unity and integrity of a nation. Find out the factors responsible for the emergence of Regional Parties in India. (4)
Answer:
a) Strengthening of regional demands.
b) Lack of faith in the National Parties.
c) The lack of enthusiasm of the Central Government to solve regional problems.
d) The charisma of the local leaders who led the regional parties.

Question 17.
Explain briefly about the beginning of U.S. hegemony. Analyze the three different notions of U.S.hegemony relate them to contemporary international policies. (6)
Answer:
We know that no country today can match the power of America. But through certain policies we can overcome the hegemony of America, a) China, India and Russia should make a military pact.
b) To resist American hegemony, even as we acknowledge their superiority, get as many benefits from them as possible, c) Keep a safe distance from them. A kind of hide-and-seek will do us good.

Question 18.
First time in India a nor congress government came to power at the centre in 1977 election. Find out the reasons for the development of such a situation. (4)
Answer:
The 1977 election was a referendum after the Emergency. Even before the Emergency, public opinion had turned against the Congress government. Emergency made the people turn against the Party. The people made a slogan asking the Opposition to save democracy. The Opposition Parties joined together and became the Janata Party. They rallied under the leadership of Jay Prakash Narayan.

The Janata Party made the 1977 election a referendum. Their propaganda focused on the violation of people’s fundamental rights, the arrest of thousands of people and censorship imposed on the media. Jay Prakash Narayan became the symbol of democracy. With the coming of the Janata Party, the opposition votes would not get scattered among different parties. Because of these reasons, Congress lost in the election.

Question 19.
Anti Arrack Movement is recognized as one of the women movement in the country identify the issues which led to Anti Arrack Movement. (3)
Answer:
In the 1990s, many women in Nellur in Andhra became literate. In the class, women spoke about the drinking habits of their men-folk. Drinking alcohol causes both physical and mental harm. It also adversely affects the economic situation of the family. Men do not go to work. The manufacturers of various kinds of alcoholic beverages make money by using all sorts of illegal means. It is the women that suffer because of the drinking habit of men.

The women in Nellur protested against alcoholism and forced a wine shop to close down. This news spread like wildfire into some 5000 villages. They held meetings and passed resolutions and sent them to the Collectors. The arrack auction in Nellur had to be postponed 17 times. The protest in Nellur spread to the rest of the State.

Question 20.
ASEAN is one of the prominent regional organizations in South East Asia. Name the three pillars and main objectives of ASEAN. (4)
Answer:
a) ASEAN Security Community.
b) ASEAN Economic Community
c) ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community

Question 21.
Match the following.
Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2017 4
Answer:
a) Varghese Kurian
b) Anti Defection
c) Lai Denga
d) Nam Deo Dasal

Question 22.
Name the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) from the following: (1)
a) B.P. Mandal
b) V.P. Singh
c) Kanshi Ram
d) Mulayam Singh Yadav
Answer:
c) Kanshi Ram

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2011

April 13, 2021September 6, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2011

Question 1.
From the list given below identify the factors that influenced India to frame the foreign policy ideal “peaceful co-existence.” (2)

Influence of Buddhism
Fear of military strength of neighboring countries.
Not to join power blocs.
Influence of Gandhian non-violence.

Answer:

The influence of Buddhism.
Influence Gandhi’s principle of non-violence.

Question 2.
Expand the abbreviations given below: (3)

SALT
START
CTBT

Answer:

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.
StrategicArms Reduction Treaty
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

Question 3.
From the table given below, name the States from which they were carved out. (3)

Chhattisgarh – Maharashtra
Uttaranchal – Andhra Pradesh
Jharkhand – Bihar – Uttar Pradesh – Madya Pradesh

Answer:

Chattisgarh – Madhya Pradesh
Uttaranchal – Uttar Pradesh
Jharkhand – Bihar

Question 4.
If we examine the State Politics in Kerala, Kerala has been practicing Coalition Form of Government successfully since its formation. Find out the factors for the success of a Coalition Government. Do you think that a Coalition is a good Government? Substantiate your arguments. (6)
Answer:
Coalition governments started in Kerala in 1960. In 1957 (CPI) and 1962 (Congress), there were single-party governments. Here are the features of the coalition governments of Kerala:

There is no political party that maintains permanent enmity with any another political party. At one time, Muslim League had worked with Communist groups. Kerala Congress is a regional party. It has many groups and all of them have aligned themselves with both the Left and Right Fronts. It was the Achutha Menon Ministry that completed its fuil term for the first time. Even when some highly useful bills are enacted some parties create problems Tor the majority ruling party making the government collapse. In the 1960s and 70s, there were Ton- political, but influential organizations like the SNDP and NSS trying to help bring stability in the governments. The golden period of Kerala’s coalition governments is the Achutha Menon Ministry of 1970. The various political parties of Kerala do not have a stable and fixed ideological base. The best example of this instable ideological base is the Kerala Congress Groups which come in and go out of Ministries, both Left and Right. Sometimes they are here and sometimes they are there.

Question 5.
“A new balance between environmental concern and industrial needs is needed.”
“Sustainable development is not possible without protecting the environment.”
In light of the above statements, state your arguments for sustainable development without compromising environmental protection. (4)
Answer:
In modern times, ‘development’ should be seen as sustainable development. The traditional concepts of development were based on the growth of industries,, in the statistics about per capita income. But in the 1992 Rio Summit, the UN presented before the world “Agenda-21 ” which is a different development mode!. It is sustainable development Let us see how sustainable development is possible without harming our environment.

a. Give priority to non-traditional energy sources. Here we give stress to wind, waves and solar power to produce energy.
b. Avoid plastic waste and things like plastic bags. Make use of things that can be used again and again.
c. if deforestation is done for the development of roads and industries, plant trees in more places to compensate for the deforested land.
d. Ensure that the marshes and watersheds are maintained and protected.
e. Make sure that common resources of the world like; air and water are not polluted. Enforce anti-pollution laws.

People must realize that this earth belongs to future generations also and therefore steps must be taken to insure that it is not polluted. There should- be awareness programs on the part of the governments.

Question 6.
After the Second World War, nations are grouped under two power blocs – one under USA and other under USSR. List out the factors responsible for this Bipolarity. (4)
Answer:
After the Second World War, nations joined either the Soviet Bloc or the American Bloc. Beyond an ideological grouping, this polarization could be seen as a means of strengthening the economic and military power of the Superpowers, Let us see in which areas they tried to make their supremacy felt:

(a) Taking control of the natural resources: America and Soviet Union competed among themselves to keep developing countries with oil, natural gas, rare minerals and other resources in their group.

(b) The Superpowers wanted venues to store their arms and strategic spots from which they could use them against enemy countries.

(d) In a war-like atmosphere, the Superpowers wanted to make huge profits by selling the destructive weapons they manufactured to various countries. All these were the reasons for the polarization,

Question 7.
From the list given below, find out the institutions which are not the principal organs of U.N.O (3)
(1) General Assembly
(2) World Health Organisation
(3) Security Council
(4) Economic and Social Council
(5) United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
(6) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
Answer:
(a) World Health Organization.
(b) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(c) United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund

Question 8.
Interstate relations in the Post-Cold War era have been subjected to many changes in power relations. Examine them on the basis of the hints below. (4)
(1) Imperialism
(2) Disintegration of Communist Bloc
(3) American Hegemony
(4) Weak ness of Non-Alignment Movement
Answer:
With the end of the Cold War, the dangerous power struggle between the Superpowers ended. Both Paper March – 2011 America and Soviet Union desisted from their desire to bring third-world nations under their control. An internal economic crisis rocked the Soviet Union, In his efforts to find solutions to the pressing problem, Gorbachev tried some reforms known as Glasnost and Perestroika. In fact, these policies led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the isolation of Russia as an economic power. The disintegration of the USSR began in March 1885 and by 1991, it was complete. Now it is the American hegemony. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania came out of the Soviet Union and joined NATO. America has been eyeing at the rich hydrocarbon resources of some Asian countries and it is trying to build its army bases in some of these countries on a lease basis.

America now has three kinds of hegemony or dominance:
1. Dominance as a military power: American military presence is felt almost everywhere In the world and they sell military hardware to many developing nations.

2. Structural dominance: America has its omnipresence in the world through the Internet, the Breton Woods system that controls global economy and non-traditional educational disciplines like MBA and Fashion Technology. 15% of the world trade is done by America.

3. Dominance as a Soft Power: Ideological and cultural dominance is what is meant by soft power. America has been able to westernize consumerism in many countries. Today’s generation that prefers coca-cola to tender coconut water is in the grip of this Western soft power. With the collapse of the Soviet Union many people doubt the relevance of the NAM (Non- Aligned Movement) which was formed under the leadership of Nehru. Tito and Nasser. Today NAM is trying hard to become an economic power, it can make positive contributions in areas like global warming, production of carbon, poverty in Africa, proper utilization of international resources, terrorism and so on.

Question 9.
Identify the Commission which was appointed by the Government to enquire into Emergency Excess in 1977. (1)
Answer:
Shah Commission

Question 10.
Match the Country with the Leaders who are associated with Non-Alignment Movement. (2)
A – B
Ghana – Nehru
India – Nassar
Egypt – Nkrumah
Yugoslavia – Tito, Sukarno
Answer:
1. Ghana – Nkrumah
2. India – Nehru.
3. Egypt – Nasser
4. Yugoslavia – Tito

Question 11.
Independent India faced many challenges in nation-building process. Do you think that we have overcome ail these challenges? You can use the following hints to develop your answer. (7)
(1) Ensure the accommodation of Diversity
(2) Ensure Democracy
(3) Ensure Equality
(4) Ensure Development
Answer:
independent India faced three kinds of challenges.
(a) Integrating India
(b) Ensuring the welfare of the people and development
(c) Establish the democratic system

(a) Integrating India: When India got freedom, it had more than 500 Princely States. The rulers of these places wanted to get back their sovereignty when the British left. The government approached the Princely States keeping three things in mind.

The majority of people of the Princely States wanted to join Indian Union.
Giving some kind of self-rule to some Princely States.
In the background of the division, we needed States with precision.

Integration:
Except for Junagarh, Hyderabad. Kashmir and Manipur, all the Princely States signed in the Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian Union. Then through a referendum, Junagarh joined Indian Union. Because of popular uprising in Hyderabad against the Nizam, the Indian army took some action and got Hyderabad also into the Union. The Congress Group in Manipur wanted to join the Union, but other parties objected. However, the Manipur king was persuaded and he too joined the Union. Kashmir King also signed the Instruction of Accession to save himself from the attacks of Pakistan and thus Kashmirtoo became part of India.

The division of the country into States on linguistic basis showed that it could accommodate all the diversities. The people can accept the diversities and live in unity. This is the strength of a country. The Telangana protest and the martyrdom of Potti Sriramuiu should be remembered here.

Five Year Plans:
The country has a development model based on socialist principles. We have adopted a mixed economy accommodating both public and private sector enterprises.

Establishing democratic system:
Democracy was a discovery of foreigners. But the big thing was that we chose democracy in spite of the fact that India is a poor country and there are many illiterates here. The first election was called the greatest gamble in history by foreign media. A British member of the Civil Service said that the future generations would condemn this democratic process as a foolish enterprise. The first Election Commission was formed with Dr. SukumarSen as the Commissioner. Illiterate Indians were supposed to think in terms of caste and creed. But by making a voters’ list based on our secular system and equality, we succeeded in conducting a fair election and we were successful in our democratic experiment Even after 70 years of Independence, we still face some challenges to our democracy. There are new demands for regional autonomy. There is the Maoist threat. There is intolerance, following the integration of Manipur. There is the Kashmir problem. In spite of all these we have been able to maintain our democratic tradition. After the 1975 Emergency, our rulers have been able to maintain democratic order without any interruption.

Question 12.
Ban Ki-Moon is the present Secretary-General of the United Nations. Identify the nation to which he belongs. (1)
(1) America
(2) South Korea
(3) Japan
(4) North Korea
Answer:
South Korea

Question 13.
From the list given below, find out the ultimate aim of the United Nations Organization. (1)

Ensure international peace and security
To avoid armament race
Ensure economic stability

Answer:

Ensuring international peace and security.

Question 14.
Nations face security threats. They may be traditional and non-traditional. Find out any five major security threats and prepare a brief note. (5)
Answer:
The concept of global security came in the 1990s. Based on this idea, the challenges countries and people face are called non-traditional treats. First, let us see the most important traditional threats:
a. Military attacks and annexations.
b. The presence of nuclear weapons, their testing and possible misuse.
c. Colonialism.

Non-traditional threats challenge even the existence of mankind and their living. Here are some of the important threats of this kind:
a. terrorism
b. contagious diseases
c. human rights violations
d. global warming
e. challenges that global resources face.

Question 15.
“History makes man wise”. Based on the above statement, bring out the lessons we learn from the National Emergency of 1975.
Answer:
The historical events help us to get greater insights. India got her freedom after constant agitations and sacrifices. Our Constitution stresses human rights. But we saw during the Emergency of 1975 that there were some provisions in the Constitution that could make the rights null and void. It was in this period that the people thought of the challenges to democracy and the precautions we should take to preserve our rights.

Question 16.
Match the following. (4)
A – B
1. Chipko Movement – Agrarian struggles
2. Dalit Movement – Social Justice
3. Kissah Movement – Gender equality
4. Women Movement – Environmental Issues, Educational Issues
Answer:
a. Chipko Movement – Environmental Problems
b. Dalit Movement – social justice
c. Kisan Movement – agriculture protests
d. Women Movement – Gender equality

Question 17.
We have experienced several agitations for social justice by the marginalized sections. Do you think these agitations can ensure social justice? Express your opinion. (4)
Answer:
The protests of the marginalized people become relevant in light of the demands they make. Problems that are not
high lighted or rejected by the mainstream political organizations are often brought up by organizations of the marginalized people. Overcoming the narrow vote-bank politics, there have been some movements working for various needs of the people. These organizations work for environmental protection (Chipko Movement), for ensuring social justice (Dalit Panthers) and for gender equality (Women Movements). There was the Plachimada Protest (against exploitation of water resources). The Chengara Protest was against the situation in which people had to live on their own land as aliens.

All the above movements were for common public interests. Long before the Rio Summit took place for Environmental Protection, the illiterate women in the Himalayan villages had organized the Chipko Movement for the protection of their environment. It shows the importance of such movements.

It is not protests and movements that should bring social justice, but the government. The protests by various groups have highlighted the problems and governments have been made aware of their significance forcing them to make laws to ensure social justice.

Question 18.
In a class-room discussion, teacher pointed out that new forms of regionalism are emerging in India. Do you agree with this comment? Substantiate your arguments with suitable examples. (3)
Answer:

India, some new kinds of regionalism are coming up. In the name of “Son of the soil some movements have come up in Maharashtra and Coorg (Kutak) area. The statement of Sachin Tendulkar that Mumbai is the city of all Indians should be taken as a fitting reply to all such region-minded people.

The regional demands that took place in Punjab and the North-Eastern States sometimes degenerated into armed struggle and revolts. The Operation Blue Star of June 1984 and the consequent assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards can be pointed out in this context.

The long-standing satyagraha protest by Irom Urmila for recalling the soldiers from Manipur is also a proof of regional demands. (Very recently she stopped her satyagraha)

Question 19.
What can we do for the preservation of beautiful Earth for future generations? Suggest measures. (3)
Answer:
We should know that this beautiful earth belongs to future generations, too. The following suggestions may help:
a. Don’t overuse water. Protect the water sources from pollution.
b. Governments should stress sustainable development for prosperity.
c. Create the awareness that social justice is applicable to the environment also.
d. Let the intelligent man realize that just like him the flora and fauna of this earth have a right to survive here. .
e. Never forget that the earth’s resources will one day finish up. This awareness should come to those who exploit them and those who consume them.

Question 20.
After the disintegration of USSR, America became a power to dominate world politics. Examine the reasons for American Hegemony. (3)
Answer:
The most important points that helped American hegemony are:
a. Disintegration of the USSR and the rise of the Baltic countries.
b: The global interests and power of the Breton Woods system.
c. The military moves and attacks America makes to counter-terrorism.

Question 21.
Given below are certain regional groupings. State the purpose for which they are established. (4)
(1) NATO
(2) ASEAN
(3) SEATO
(4) European Union
Answer:
NATO: It is a military alliance that America formed to reduce the power of the Soviet Union and to prevent the spread of Communism.

ASEAN: This is a fellowship of the South East Asian nations. It started with the declaration in Bangkok in 1967. The members of ASEAN are: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, Lao PDR and Brunei. The aims of ASEAN are: trying to bring about quick economic growth among member countries, progress in social and cultural matters, peace and stability in the region and making opportunities for the members to solve their mutual problems in an amicable manner.

CEATO: This was started in 1954 under the leadership of America with the intention of preventing Communism from spreading. Its headquarters were in Bangkok. On 31 June 1977, this organization was dispersed. Its members were France. Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand.

European Union: After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, this organization was started through the Maastricht Treaty. There are 27 members in it. It is considered as an effort to unify the economic and political matters of Europe. It has common currency, common flag, European Commission and European Central Bank, It thus becomes the biggest economic power in the world.

Question 22.
Though there are many regional groupings in the world, European Union is the most powerful one.’ Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate your arguments. (3)
Answer:
It is true that the strongest regional group in the world is the European Union (EU). Here are the reasons:
a. It is the biggest economic power in the world. It has a greater GDP than America. Euro is more valuable in the international currency than the US dollar.
b. Two of the EU members have veto power in the UN Security Council.
c. Britain and France are nuclear powers. After the USA, EU spends the maximum amount of money for defense. At one these countries were in enmity, leading to even World Wars, but now they are on the path of unity and growth.

Question 23.
Globalisation has reached every nook and corner of our society. We are experiencing its merits and demerits. Identify any three evil effects of globalization. (3)
Answer:
Globalization has mainly 3 demerits:

It weakens the traditional concept of sovereignty of nations. The governments that ought to work for social justice withdraw from their responsibilities and this is a defect of globalization.
As soft power, we see how Western Culture is making inroads into traditional cultures of nations. There is a tendency for consumerism to grow and the poor and marginalized people continue to remain so.
The MNCs are ready to trade anything for the growing market. The resources of the earth are mindlessly exploited. As result global warming and the excessive melting of glaciers threaten the very existence of mankind.

Question 24.
Observe the following statements on South East Asia and prepare a seminar paper on ‘Politics of South East Asia’ (4)
(1) Influence of military is very high. Hence the soil of many nations is fertile for military coup.
(2) Economic backwardness of people is not suitable for the success of democracy.
(3) Ethnic issue makes the problem’more complex.
(4) The lack of charismatic leaders accelerates the threat to democracy.
Answer:
South-Eastern Asia has always been a venue of political polarization. This area includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

In Pakistan and Bangladesh democracy comes and goes. Often, there democracy has led to military rule. Ganeral Yahya Khan, Zia-ul-Haq and Parvez Musharaf were military leaders who overthrew democracy and assumed power. Lack of stable political parties and parties working only for selfish interests are the main reasons for the lack of stable democracy in these countries. The 18 constitutions Amend Act was signed by President Asif Ali Zardari on 19 April 2014. It is hoped that the reduction of Presidential power, the increased powers of the PM and the Parliament might make democracy more stable in Pakistan. on Paper March – 2011 The problems in the Sind and Punjab provinces of Pakistan and the question of survival by the Tamils in Sri Lanka have made South East Asia have turmoil. People think it is the lack of leaders like Nehru that brings troubles to democracy in other countries.

The situation in Bangladesh is not different. It has a Constitution upholding secularism and democracy. The bad days for democracy here started in 1975 with the restructuring of its Constitution. From Parliamentary democracy, it went to Presidential rule. This change helped Sheikh Mujibur Rehman to rule the country in an undemocratic manner. In 1975 itself he was killed. Later Zia-ur-Rehman formed the Bangladesh National Party which won the election in 1979. He was also killed. Then the military leader General Ershad came to power. Later he was elected President. The military rulers of Bangladesh used political parties as a camouflage for their military dictatorship. They were afraid of the democratic rights and desires of the people.

In Nepal, we see the dominance of Maoists organizations. The Maldives is slowly coming towards democracy. Rajapakse of Sri Lanka thinks that the racial problem there could be solved with the fall of the LTTE. Economic backwardness does not become a reason for the collapse of democracy. When India got its freedom it was a very poor country. But it has not adversely affected our democracy.

The problems in the Sind and Punjab provinces of Pakistan and the question of survival by the Tamils in Sri Lanka have made South East Asia to have turmoil. People think it is the lack of leaders like Nehru that brings troubles to democracy in other countries.

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018

April 13, 2021September 6, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018

Time: 2 1/2 A Hours
Total Score: 80

Answer all questions from questions 1 to 15 (Total Scores 28)

Question 1.
Identify from the given below the first Summit Conference of Non-Aligned Movement. (1)
a) Yalta Conference
b) Belgrade Conference
c) Bandung Conference
d) Bangkok Conference
Answer:
b) Belgrade Conference

Question 2.
WTO is serving as the successor to which of the following organization?
HSSLive Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018 4
Answer:

Question 3.
Identify the economist who proposed an alternative blue print that put greater emphasis on rural industrialization.
(а) J.C. Kumarappa
(b) PC. Mahalanobis
(c) K.N. Raj
d) M S. Swaminathan
Answer:
(а) J.C. Kumarappa

Question 4.
Who is the President of Soviet Union at the time of its disintegration?
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 5.
Identify the wrong from the given statements:
a) Chipko Movement was an environmental movement to prevent cutting down of trees.
b) Dalit Panthers was formed in Maharashtra in 1972.
c) The activity of the Mahendra Singh Tikait is related with BKU.
d) The organisation MKSS is related with Narmada BachaoAandolan
Answer:
d) The organisation MKSS is related with Narmada BachaoAandolan

Question 6.
Expand the following abbreviations:
a) NDA
b) UPA
Answer:
a) NDA- National Democratic Alliance
b) UPA-United Progressive Alliance

Question 7.
Fill in the blanks :
a) Tashkent agreement was signed between Lai Bahadur Shastri and
b) The exponents of the slogan Garibi Hatao was
Answer:
a) Mohammed Ayub Khan
b) Indira Gandhi

Question 8.
Identify the name of the leader and party, that led the popular struggle against West Pakistani domination in East Pakistan.
Answer:
a) Shaikh MujiburRehman
b) Awami League

Question 9.
Co-operation is an important aspect of traditional security. Point out two forms of co-operation, (2)
Answer:
a) Disarmament
b) Arms Control

Question 10.
Write a note on Bandwagon strategy. (2)
Answer:
Bandwagon Strategy is a tactic by which instead of opposing the dominant power cooperating with it and getting some gains.

Question 11.
Write any two political consequences of Globalization. (2)
Answer:
Globalization weakens the strength of the nation. It prevents the government from taking action of its own choice. Globalization colonizes the mind and thoughts of the people. It is through the media that this kind of cultural domination is implemented.

Question 12.
List out any two factors that contributed to the dominance of Congress Party’ in the first three General elections in India. (2)
Answer:
(1) The Congress Party had the tradition of the Nationalist Movement. Since that Party led the fight against the British for independence, the voters naturally voted them into power.
(2) Only the Congress Party had a strong organizational chain throughout the country.
(3) The people in the leadership of Congress were famous people like Nehru. He traveled all over India and led the election campaign and thus he played a big role in the success of the Party.

Question 13.
The democracy in Pakistan is not stable like in India. Identify the factors that contributed to Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy. (3)
Answer:
There are many reasons why democracy has not; been always successful in Pakistan. Elected governments have been overthrown and military I governments take over power because of the domination of the army, clergy and the nobles who own large areas of landed property. the fights with India made pro-army groups to supported army rule, Although democracy has not completely succeeded there, there is a powerful democratic feeling existing in the country. Bold and comparative free journalism and a powerful human rights organization function in Pakistan.

No strong international support has been received by Pakistan to maintain democracy there. This helped the army to grab power. America and some other western countries encourage military government there. They take such an attitude because there is the global Islamic terrorist threat, and there is the danger of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons reaching the hands of the terrorists. Western countries think that the military government in Pakistan will protest their interests in West and South Asia.

Question 14.
Mandal Commission Report was a milestone in the development of Other backward Classes in India. Evaluate the impact of Mandal Commission Report in strengthening the politics of backward classes in India. (3)
Answer:
Since the 1960s, the South Indian States had made reservations for Other Backward Classes. But this was not done in the Northern Regions. I n the 1977-79 period this demand became very strong throughout the country. In 1978, the Janta Party appointed Mr Bindeswari Mandal to find out the groups which are socially and educationally backward and study about their condition. This Commission is known as the Second Backward Commission. This Commission was appointed with the intention of solving the backwardness of certain sections of the society.

In 1980, this Commission presented its report. According to the Commission, the Backward Sections were to be Backward Classes. Apart from the Scheduled Tribes, there were many other classes which should be considered Backward. According to a survey conducted by this Commission, it was found out that their representation was very low in education and jobs. Therefore it recommended t give 27% .. reservation to these Backward Classes. With the coming of the land reforms, their condition has be come much better.

Question 15.
Match the column A with b and C
HSSLive Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018 1
Answer:

A	B	C
Operation Desert Storm	UN military operation in Iraq in 1991	First Gulf war
Operation Enduring freedom	US response to attack of 9/11.	Global war on Terror
Operation infinite reach	Missile attack in Sudan	US response to the attack of US embassies.

Write any four questions 16 to 20. Each question carries 4 scores. (4 x 4 = 16)

Question 16.
Bring out the major difference in the objectives of the First and Second five-year plans.
Answer:
The main difference was in the styles of the Plans. The first Plan envisaged development at a slow pace whereas the second plan wanted development to be fast. The first Plan gave priority to agricultural matters whereas the 2nd Plan gave preference to large scale heavy industries.

The first Plan envisaged at eradicating poverty. According to K.N. Raj, India needed a quick, but also gradual, development. Fast actions would jeopardize democracy itself. Therefore the first half of the Plan devoted attention to dams and irrigation. The inequality in land distribution was harmful to agriculture. So it was thought necessary to make ‘ land reforms. The 2nd Plan stressed industrial development. It was under the leadership of PC.

Mahalanobis The 2nd Plan wanted to implement schemes for the quick development of the industrial base. The Resolution passed at the Avadi Conference of the Congress aimed at social justice. The 2nd Plan reflects this. By imposing import duties, Indian industries were protected from foreign competition. The savings and investments of the people increased.

It made it possible to bring about development in the public sector areas like electricity, railway, steel, heavy instruments, and communication.

Question 17.
Prepare a short note on the concept of Non- Congress’ and Defection’.
Answer:
Before the 4th General Elections, the Indira Gandhi Government had to face many challenges from the Opposition Parties. They were in the forefront in organising protests and to put pressure on the government.

The non-Congress Parties realized that Congress was winning because the non-Congress vote got divided. As they realized that the non-unity among them was the real cause of the success o the Congress, the Opposition parties tried to fight the election by making a common front against the Congress. In some States, some parties made United Fronts against Congress. In other States, they made some adjustments in dividing the Seats.

The Opposition Parties realized that the inexperience of Indira Gandhi and groups in the Congress gave them an opportunity to remove Congress from power. This unified move by the Opposition was called “Non-Congress” by the Socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia. He also put forward a theoretical argument. He argued that Congress’s rule was undemocratic and against, the interests of the common people. He argued that to bring back democracy to the country there was a need for the non-Congress Parties to unite.

Defection
After the 1967 Elections Defection became an important thing in Indian politics. In the formation of the government and in removing the government from power, defection played a major role.

Defection is the name given to an MLA or MP joining another party after winning the election on the ticket of his original party. Just like party candidates, independent candidates also defect.
The MLA or M P joins another party just because he is offered either money or the post of a minister or some other kind of bribe. Instead of punishing such selfish people, the voters went on electing such unscrupulous candidates. Therefore defection and ‘horse-trading’ became common in Indian politics.

Question 18.
Resistance to globalization in India has come from different sources. Evaluate the nature arid style of resistance of social groups and political parties in India against globalization.
Answer:
Resistance against globalization is seen in many parts of India. Entry of the MNCs, foreign TV channels, Night Clubs, Valentine’s Day, Western dresses, especially among girls in schools and colleges, etc. are part of globalization.

The Left parties object globalization. The Indian Social Forum is also against it. Trade Union workers oppose MNCs. The acquisition of the patent for trees like Neem by the Americans and Europeans brought a lot of vehement protests.

Great protest was made against the ground water exploitation by foreign monopolies. In Plachimada there was a huge protest against Coca Cola Company and this attracted world attention.

Not only Left parties but also some people in the right-wing political parties also raise their voice against globalization. They are mainly protesting against cultural encroachment. The foreign TV

channels available through cable networks, a celebration of Valentine’s Day, and the great interest is shown especially by our young girls in copying western dresses are the things these people strongly object to.

Question 19.
Find out any two militaries allianced formed during the Cold War. Why did the super powers make alliance with smaller countries?
Answer:
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was established for the security of the West European countries. It came into existence in April 1949. It was a military organization of 12 countries. NATO declared that any attack on any member country or North America would be considered an attack on all of them. The members were required to help one : another in case of a military need. Brussels was its capital.

SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization): This * is an organization formed by America to prevent the influence of the Soviet Union and Communism in the South East Asian countries and the nearby Pacific regions. It was the progress that Communism was making in South East Asian countries that prompted America to form such an organization. It was formed in September 1954 and its headquarters is in Bangkok.

The question of why these superpowers had nuclear weapons and strong standing armies formed alliances with small countries around the world is very relevant. Even if all the small countries of Asia and Africa stood against the superpowers, they would not prove a threat to them. Even then they made alliances with the smaller countries for the following reasons:

The small countries were rich in things like oil, minerals and raw materials. An alliance with them would allow the superpowers to get these things.
The superpowers used smaller countries to make them their military bases. They also used them as centers for carrying out spy work.
The small countries would be useful to the superpowers even economically. They collected money from smaller countries for military expenses.

Question 20.
A transition from communism to capitalism was not an easy one.’ In light of this statement examine the meaning and consequence of ‘shock therapy’.
Answer:
The failure of the Soviet Union made many of its constituent countries abandon Communism and follow democratic ways. Russia, Asian countries, Easer European countries etc were attracted towards organizations like the World Bank and IMF.

The main purpose was to make communist countries follow the capitalist model.
Private capital would be very important.
Cooperative farming will give way to private farming.
Foreign investment, open market system and currency exchange would be possible
The countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union will have the facility to have contact with Western countries and trade with them.
Using all these, the Western countries made the member countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union come closer to them.

Results:

Many big industries under government control collapsed.
90% industries were soldto individuals or private SL – companies.
The Russian Currency Rouble was devalued.
Because of inflation people lostthe value of their savings,
in Cooperative farming, people.had food security. But now it was not there. Russia had to import food grains.
In Russia, the GDP in 1999 was less than that of 1989.
The social welfare schemes were abandoned.
As subsidies were withdrawn, many people experienced poverty,
Educational and intellectual human resources were scattered and many people emigrated.
Privatization made economic inequality among

Write any four from the questions 21 to 26. Each question carries 5 scores. (4 x 5 = 20)

Question 21.
The Non- Traditional conceptions of security focus on the changing nature of threats to security. Point out any five new sources of threats and give a brief explanation of each.
Answer:
Security threats are of a different kind now. They can be categorized as follows:

1. Terrorism: Political attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The terrorists want the political circumstances to change. They try to bring about changes by threats or armed attacks. By unleashing violence, they make the people restless. They try to make the dislike and discontentment of the people their weapon against governments. Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing trains and markets and other places where people assemble. They attacked and destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York’ on 11 September 2001. The government and the people are more cautious now against terrorists.

2. Human Rights: We see that throughout the world there are human rights violations. There is no unified thinking in any country about how to protect human rights. Recent incidents of human rights violations are the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, the ethnic cleansing in Ruanda and the mass killings of the people of Eastern Timor by the Indonesian army. All these prompted world leaders to have a talk. The talk was about whether the UN should interfere in such matters. The matter is still unresolved.

3. Global Poverty: This is another factor of security threat. It is believed that the population in the under-developed countries will triple in 50 years. In countries where the population is low, the per capita income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries wit! grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South ‘ countries immigrate to the North countries for a better life and earning This also creates a threat for the security of mankind.

4. Contagious Diseases: Contagious diseases are another threat to mankind. AIDS, bird flu, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) etc. are dangerous contagious diseases. These spread quickly from one country to another. A country’s success or failure in controlling these diseases affects other countries also. Recently swine-flu spread all over the world it is when a problem becomes a threat to a nation and its people that it becomes an international security threat.

5. Migration: The poverty in the Southern countries led to large scale migrations to the Northern countries. Seeking better life and economic opportunities many people crossed the borders and went to the Northern countries. This created international struggles. International Laws specifically separate refugees and migrants. Migrants are those who live their motherland on their own. But refugees are those who are forced to leave their countries because of war. natural disasters or political persecutions. The norma! understanding is that every country should accept the immigrants. But it is not compulsory that every country should accept them.

Question 22.
Nehru played a crucial role in framing India’s foreign policy. Identify the major objectives of India’s foreign policy and explain the role of Nehru in shaping it.
Answer:
The architect of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is Nehru, the first PM of India. As the PM. he also handled the Foreign Ministry portfolio. He played a major part in formulating and implementing the foreign policy of India from 1946 to 1964. There were 3 aims for his foreign policy:

Maintain and protect the freedom that was got with hard struggle.
Maintain the territorial unity of the country.
Ensure a quick economic growth.

Nehru expected that ali these goals could be realized through the Non-Aligned Policy. Many people wanted India to become friendly with the Power Group led by the US. They argued that US-supported democracy. There were people like Ambedkarwho had such a view. Groups like Bhartiya Jan Sangh and the Swatantra Party, both of which had anti-communist views, also supported a pro-US policy. But Nehru ignored their demands and formulated quite an independent and practically foreign policy.

Question 23.
What was the reason for the emergence of Anti Arrack movement? How did it contribute in increasing overall social awareness about the issues that affect women?
Answer:
It was in a village in Dubagunda in Nellur district in Andhra Pradesh that the Anti-Arrack Movement started. Many women took part in the adult education classes and became literate. In the classroom discussions, they talked about the increasing addition of their men-folk to local arrack. The habit of drinking arrack was widespread in the village. This addiction destroyed the mental and physical abilities of people.

The drinking habit of the people adversely affected the economic well-being of the region. Many families got into the debt trap. Men stopped going to work. There were also clashes between the arrack contractors to get a monopoly over the sales. Their goondas made peaceful life in the village difficult. The real victims of arrack addiction were women. The drinking habit of the men ruined the relations and economic wellbeing of the family Women were often beaten by their men-folk.

Women of Nellur got together to protest against the sale of arrack. They forced some arrack outlets to close down. This news spread like wildfire. Influenced by these actions, women from some 5000 villages held meetings and passed resolutions demanding the ban of arrack. They sent these resolutions to the collector. The arrack auction in Nellur had to be postponed 17 times. This Movement slowly spread to the other areas of the State.

Question 24.
’The process of partition was very difficult to implement and its consequence was painful’. Based on this statement explain the process of partition and its consequences.
Answer:
The division of India was carried out on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory put forward by the Muslim League. According to that theory, in India there were two nations-the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore the Muslim League demanded a separate nation and Pakistan, for the Muslims The formation of Pakistan was based on the majority of the population of an area. Thus the areas which had Muslim majority became Pakistan and the remaining areas remained as Indian territory. It was not easy to implement such a division. There were three reasons for that. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims. There were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the West and the other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between them there were large areas of Indian territory.

Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslim population wanted to become part of Pakistan. Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, who was the leader of the North-Western Province had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the North-West Province was included in Pakistan.

The third problem was that British India’s Punjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. But in these huge provinces, there were very many non-Muslims. Therefore the provinces were divided into Districts and Panchayats depending on the religious majority of the population there. The result was that on the day of Independence many people did not know to which country they belonged – India or Pakistan, It deeply wounded the people. The problem of the minorities in each country was the worst of all. The Hindus and Sikhs in the Pakistani areas and the Muslims in Punjab and Bengal were unfortunate preys to this division of the country. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

Question 25.
‘Reforms and improvement are fundamental to any organisation to serve the needs of changing environment. In light of the above statement examine the need for the reforms in UN structure and processes.
Answer:
There has been a lot of support for the proposal to reform the structure and processes of the UN. The main demand is the expansion of the Security Council. In 1992, the UN General Assembly approved a resolution for this. The resolutions showed three reasons:

The Security Council does not reflect contemporary political realities.
The decisions of the Security Council reflect only the values and interests of the Western nations. A few nations control it.
Countries don’t have adequate representation in the Security Council.

on 1 January 1997, Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary-General, started an inquiry into the need for a reorganization of the UN. Issues of election to the Security Council and reforming it was looked into. In later years also suggestions were given regarding the selection of Permanent members and non-Permanent Members to the Security Council. According to these suggestions, a new member nation should have the following criteria.

An important economic power.
An important military power.
It should contribute significantly to the UN budget.
It should be a country with a large population.
It should be a country that has due respect for democracy and human rights.
It should be a country that should be capable of representing the diversities of the world with regard to geography, economic systems and culture.

there’s a demand to increase the number of members from Asia, Africa and South America. America and other Western countries also demand some progress in the matter of budget and other administrative processes.

Some scholars and countries say that there should also be some reforms with regard to the jurisdiction of the UN. They want the UN to have a greater role in keeping peace and security. But others say the UN should give greater attention to things like humanitarian activities, health, education, environment, birth control, human rights and social justice.

Question 26.
There is difference in the approach to environmental issues between the countries of North and South, Under these circumstances, examine the meaning and the possibility of the implementation of the principle ‘Common but differentiated responsibility’.
Answer:
There are differences in the approach between the Northern and Southern countries regarding the environment. The countries of the North say that environment problems Should be discussed as they are today and everyone should have equal responsibility. But the non-developed nations do not agree with this view.

They differ because:

Most of the damage to the environment was caused by developed nations because of their industrial development.
Since they are more responsible for the harm to the environment, the developed nations should bear more responsibility.
moreover, the developing nations are passing through a stage of development. It is not right to impose the same restrictions on them as imposed on the developed nations.

They argued that whenever the conditions of the international environment laws are made and implemented their special requirements should be taken into consideration. The “Rio Declaration” of the 1992 Earth Summit approved these demands. It is called Common but Differentiated Responsibilities. The Rio Declaration says that all the countries must work together for the restoration of the wellbeing of the environment. When the part each nation has in damaging the environment is taken into consideration, it has common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed nations should recognize that they have a responsibility to help the efforts of the developing nations for sustainable development. The Rio Report points out that the developing nations can’t escape from that responsibility considering the pressure they put on global environment and the resources they have in their custody.

Write any two from the questions 27 to 29. Each question carries 8 scores. (2 x 8 = 16)

Question 27.
‘The Chinese economy has undergone several transformations.’ Identify the developmental strategy adopted by China and explain how it helped to be-‘ come an alternative centre of power.
Answer:
The Growth of Chinese Economy China is the 3rd Centre of Power. In the current political scenario, an important event is the growth of China as an economic power. The success of China was the result of the reforms the Chinese Government started in’the 1970s. After the start of the reforms the growth of that country was fast and surprising. The last decades saw how the world markets were captured by Chinese manufactured goods. It is believed that by 2040, China will become the No 1 economy in the world even leaving the USA behind.

Let us see what the sources of strength are in China’s growth. Amain reason is the-collaboration with other Asian regions. This helped China to become a driving force of the East Asian growth and also a power to exert influence in regional affairs. The strength of the economy, population, large areas of land, resources, and strategic location and the political influence etc. add to the strength of China. However, the main reason for the current growth is the new liberal reforms that China enforced.

Following the 1949 Revolution, the Mao Government of the People’s Republic of China followed economic policies similar to those of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had an extremely centralized economy, it was called Command System China accepted this one. China worked with the help and guidance from the Soviet Union and broke all ties with the capitalist world. Naturally, China had.to depend on its own resources t go forward. China followed the policy of using the profit made from agriculture for building heavy industries. China did not have foreign money to buy the machines and technology from the world market. In the. circumstances instead of importing goods from other countries, China depended on its own sources. The Soviet Model helped China to make a base for industrial economy using only local things. It ensured jobs and social” welfare to all the citizens. In giving education and health services to all concerned China reached in the primary position amongst the developing countries. The economy was growing 5-6% annually. To overcome the crises the economy was facing, China took some decisions in the 1970s. China ended its political and economic isolation. In 1972 China established relations with the USA. In 1973, Prime Minister Chou-en-Lai suggested Four Modernizations. They were suggestions to renew agriculture, industry, science and technology and army.

Revolutionary changes happened in China with the coming of Deng Xiaoping as the head of Chinese government. He tried to renew the economy without harming the authority o the Communist Party, in 1978 Deng declared an Open Door policy and economic reforms. Reforms like the liberalization of the economy, changes in the production of goods, market economy, private ownership etc. were included in them The policy aimed at increased production with the help of foreign capital and latest technology.

To bring about the market system, China followed its own policy. Deng and his team were not ready for shock treatment to the Chinese economic system, instead they made the economy slowly and slowly market-friendly. In 1982 agriculture was privatized. In 1998, industries. Trade restrictions and limitations were removed from Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Foreign investors were allowed to start industries there The State played a major role in building a market economy.

The “Market-Friendly Socialism” brought miraculous changes in China. The new economic policies rescued the economy from stagnation. The privatization of agriculture brought significant increases in the production and in agricultural Income. It caused unprecedented growth of village industries. The Chinese economy grew rapidly.

The new trade laws and SEZs led the country to increase its foreign trade greatly. China became the world’s most important venue for foreign investment. China increased its foreign reserves to such an extent that it could invest in other countries. Its foreign exchange reserve also increased. In 2001 China got membership of the World Trade Organization. It was a step in opening the doors of China to foreign traders. It helped China in boosting the collaboration with world economy and to make schemes to be a party to formulate the world economic system.

Thus China became an economic power that cannot be ignored in the regional as well as global level. Its economic relations with other countries developed mutual reliance. Relations with China became inevitable to the outside world. It helped China to exert influence on her trade partners. These economic. considerations have helped in reducing problems China had with Japan, the USA, ASEAN and Russia. The leadership thinks that the problems with Taiwan will be solved by welding its economy with its own. following the 1997 economic crisis, China contributed a lot to help the ASEAN economy. The fears that were created by the growth and supremacy were removed by this gesture. Her goodwill policies towards Latin America and Africa have made China a global power on the side of the third world.

Question 28.
Issues of regional aspirations are varied and complex in the politics of North East. Identify and explain the various issues of North East region,
Answer:
The North-Eastern States have some geographical peculiarities. It was a region that was not closely linked to the rest of the country. It has long international orders, but communications facilities were less there. Its development was neglected to an extent and the problem was made complex by the emigrants that came from other places. In this complex situation, some complex demands were made:

Demand for autonomy.
Demand for independent nations.
Enmity towards people from other places.

1. Demand for Autonomy: At the time of independence, except Manipur and Tripura, the entire North-Eastern region was just one State. After independence, the non-Assamese felt that Assamese language was imposed on them. Therefore they demanded political self-rule. The Adivasi leaders wanted to keep away from Assam. They formed “Eastern India Tribal Union”. Later it was known as “All Party Hill Leaders Conference”. They demanded one Adivasi State, but more Adivasi States like Meghalaya and Mizoram were formed. Even with this, their demand for self-rule did not end. The Bodos, Karbis and Dimasas etc. demanded their own States, The same area was demanded by more than one community. Because of that the only solution was forming tiny States. Some stayed in Assam and gained their right for self-rule. The Karbis and Dimasas were given self-rule at the District levef The Bodos were given their self-rule council very recently.

2. Secessionist Movement: India faced demands for secession from two North-Eastern States-Mizoram and Nagaland. After independence, Mizoram region within Assam itself was enjoying self-rule. But many of them thought that they were not part of British India and so there was no reason for them to join India. In 1959therewasaser30usfamjneinthe Mizo Hills. But the Assam government could not take appropriate measures to help.the suffering people there. This caused the formation of Mizo National march to the Parliament. It was the biggest rally the capital had ever seen. The Opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Both the protests were anti-Congress. Voices also rose against the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. She believed that all this was done to take revenge on her.

Dispute with the Judiciary; Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the Judiciary. The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the Constitution. Congress argued that the Supreme Court judgment was against democracy and the authority of the Parliament. The Party said that the Court was standing against some welfare measures taken to help the poor people. The dispute was mainly in three things. Firstly, Can the Parliament change-the Fundamental Rights? The Court said no. Secondly, Can the Parliament change ownership of land’ Again the Court said no. Thirdly, the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. It amended the Constitution. But the Supreme Court objected. All these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and the Supreme Court.

There were FAD more reasons, in the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court judged that the Parliament can’t change the basic structure of the Constitution. Soon the post of the Chief Justice became vacant. Normally the senior-most judge is appointed as the Chief Justice. But keeping aside 3 eligible Judges, the government-appointed A.N. Roy as the Chief Justice. This appointment became controversial. Besides, the Uttar Pradesh High Court declared the election of Indira Gandhi as null and void All these were the reasons for Mrs Gandhi to declare Emergency in June 1975.

Question 29.
Critically evaluate the various reasons for the declaration of National Emergency of 1975.
Hints :
– Economic context
– Gujarat and Bihar movement
– Conflict with Judiciary
– Allahabad High Court verdict and protest from opposition

HSSLive Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Paper 2018 3

Plus Two Political Science Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus One Computer Application Model Question Paper 3

April 13, 2021September 4, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus One Computer Application Model Question Paper 3

Time: 2 Hours
Cool off time: 15 Minutes
Maximum: 60 Scores

General Instructions to candidates

There is a ‘cool off time’ of 15 minutes in addition to the writing time of 2 hrs.
Use the ‘cool off time’ to get familiar with the questions and to plan your answers.
Read questions carefully before you answering.
Read the instructions carefully.
Calculations, figures, and graphs should be shown in the answer sheet itself.
Malayalam version of the questions is also provided.
Give equations wherever necessary.
Electronic devices except non-programmable calculators are not allowed in the Examination Hall.

Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 33

Part A

Answer all questions from 1 to 5

Question 1.
The Least Significant Digit (LSD) of (1234.56)₁₀ is …………

Question 2.
The process of detecting and correcting errors in a program is called …………….
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 3

Question 3.
Name any two keywords in C+ +.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 4

Question 4.
The memory size required for the void data type is ……………

Question 5.
Rewrite the expression a = a + 1 using an arithmetic assignment operator.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 6

Part B

Answer any nine questions from 6 to 16
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 7

Question 6.
Find the octal and hexadecimal equivalent of (111101 )₂.

Question 7.
Write a short note on any two utility software.

Question 8.
Redraw the following flowchart by correcting mistakes.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 10

Question 9.
Classify the followings into valid and invalid literals and give a reason for invalid literals.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 11
33,000 +410. 5.6E 82

Question 10.
Consider a = 5 and b = 2 and find the result of the following expressions.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 12

a > b
a !=b && b > a

Question 11.
Write a short note on any two statements in C+ +
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 13

Question 12.
Briefly, explain type promotion with suitable example.

Question 13.
Write the equivalent switch statement for the following.

Question 14.
Define the terms given below.

a. Bandwidth
b. Noise,

Question 15.
Name any four basic elements for data communication.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 17

Question 16.
Write two advantages of Electronic Payment System (EPS).

Part C

Answer any nine questions from 17 to 27
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 19

Question 17.
If (X)₁₆ = (Y)₁₀ = (Z)₈ = (11111111)₂. find the values of X, Y and Z.

Question 18.
What is e-waste? Explain any two e-waste disposal methods.

Question 19.
Write an algorithm to find the sum of numbers from 1 to 10.

Question 20.
Explain any two types of programming errors.

Question 21.
Consider the following diagram and answer the question.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 24
Write the base address (Lvalue), content (Rvalue) and Name of variables,

Question 22.
Write short notes on.

a. Preprocessor directive
b. Header file
c. Main() function

Question 23.
What is the use of type modifiers in C++? List any four type modifiers.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 27

Question 24.
Write a C++ program to input an integer and check whether it is positive, negative or zero.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 28

Question 25.
Compare Dialup connection and wired broadband connection.

Question 26.
a. Consider the following email address and write the username and domain name of it.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 30
b. List any four advantages of email.

Question 27.
Explain any three IT-enabled services.

Part D

Answer any two questions from 28 to 30
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 33

Question 28.
“Open source software are getting more popular all over the world today”.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 34
a. Write the full form of FSF.

b. Briefly elaborate four freedoms of open source software.

c. Give four examples of open source softwares.

Question 29.
a. List the four different parts of a loop in C++.

b. Compare while loop and do-while loop with suitable example.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 3 39

Question 30.
a. Define topology,

b. Explain any two topologies.

c. Differentiate HUB and SWITCH.

Answers

Answer 1.
6

Answer 2.
debugging’

Answer 3.
continue, float

Answer 4.
zero. It does not require any memory space.

Answer 5.
a+ = 1

Answer 6.
(111101)₂= 111 → 7, 101 → 5 = (75)₈
(111101)₂= 0011 → 3, 1101 → D
= (3D)₁₆

Answer 7.
a. Compression tools. Large files can be compressed so that they take less storage area. Compression of files is known as zipping and decompression is called unzipping, eg., WinZip, WinRAR.
b. Disk Defragmenter. It is a program that rearranges files on a computer hard disk. This enables the computer to work faster and more efficiently.

Answer 8.

Answer 9.
33,000: Invalid, Use of special character
(.)
+410. : Invalid. Use of special character
(.)
5.6E: Invalid. No exponent part
82: Valid

Answer 10.

True
False

Answer 11.
1. Declaration statement. Variables are identifiers of memory locations add are used in programs to refer to data. They should be declared prior to their use in the program and data types are required for this. The syntax of variable declaration is:

data type <variable1>
[, <variable2>, <variable3 >,...];
eg., int rollno, age;

2. Assignment statement. A specific data is stored in memory locations (variables) using an assignment operator (=). The statement that contains = is known as assign.. ment statement. It is also a binary operator and the operand to the left of = should be a variable. The operand after = may be a numeric constant, a variable or an expression of numeric type.

Answer 12.
In implicit type conversion, compiler is responsible for the conversion. It always converts a lower type into, higher one and hence it is also known as type promotion,
eg., For example, the expression 5 / 2 * 3 + 2.5 which gives the result 8.5. The evaluation steps are as follows:
Step 1: 5/2 gives 2 (Integer division) Step 2: 2 * 3 gives 6 (Integer multiplication)
Step 3: 6 + 2.5 gives 8.5 (Boating point addition, 6 is converted into 6.0)

Answer 13.

switch (ch)
{
case ‘P’: cout<<“Pass”;
break;
case ‘F: cout<<“Failed”;
break;
default: cout<<“No result";
}

Answer 14.
a. Bandwidth. It is the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted by the medium. It can be measured in Hertz.
b. Noise. It is the unwanted electrical or electromagnetic interference that adversely affects the transmitted data signals.

Answer 15.
Message. It is the data/information to be transmitted from one computer to another.
Sender. It is a computer or a device that sends data. It is also called source or transmitter.
Receiver. It is a computer or a device that receives data.
Protocol. The rules and conventions for transmitting data.
Medium. It is the path through which message travels from sender to receiver.

Answer 16.
A system of financial exchange between buyers and sellers in an online environment is called an Electronic Payment System (EPS). The financial exchange is facilitated by a digital financial instrument (such as a credit/debit card, electronic cheque or digital cash) backed by a bank and/or an Intermediary.

Answer 17.
1111 → F, 1111 → F
(11111111)₂ = (FF)₁₆ = (X)₁₆
011 → 3, 111 → 7, 111 → 7
(11111111), = (377)_e = (Z)₈
(11111111 )₂ = 1 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 1 × 2s + 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 2°
= 128 + 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 155
,(155)₁₀ = (Y)₁₀

Answer 18.
It is defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device, mobile phones, television sets, and refrigerators. This global mountain of waste is expected to continue growing at 8% per year.

Reuse: It refers to secondhand use or usage after the equipment has been upgraded or modified.
Incineration: It is a controlled and complete combustion process in which the waste is burned in specialty designed incinerators at a high temperature in the range of 900 to 1000 degree Celsius.
Recycling: It is the process of making or manufacturing new products from a product that has originally served its purpose.
Landfilling: In this method, soil is excavated from the trenches made and waste material is buried in it, which is covered by a thick layer of soil.

Answer 19.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: a = 1, s = 0
Step 3: s = s + a
Step 4: a = a + 1
Step 5: Repeat steps 3 to 4 while a<=10
Step 6: Print M
Step 7: Stop

Answer 20.
1. Syntax errors result when the rules or syntax of the programming language are not followed. Such program errors typically involve incorrect punctuation, incorrect word sequence, undefined term, or illegal use of terms or constructs. In the case of interpreters, the syntax errors will be detected and displayed during execution,

2. The logical error is due to the improper planning of the program’s logic. The language processor successfully translates the source code into machine code if there are no syntax errors. The computer actually follows the program instructions and gives the output as per the instructions. But the output may not be correct. This is known as logical errors. In order to determine whether or not there is a logical error, the program must be tested.

Answer 21.
Base address (Lvalue) 3000
Content (Rvalue) 105
Name of variables NUM

Answer 22.
a. Preprocessor directives. A C++ program starts with preprocessor directives. Preprocessors are the compiler directive
‘ statements which give instruction to the compiler to process the information provided before actual compilation starts. The # include is used to link the header files available in the C++ library. There are some other preprocessor directives such as # define, # undef, etc.

b. Header files. It contains the information about functions, objects and predefined derived data types and they are available along with compiler. The header file ios team contains the information about the objects cin and cout.

c. The main() function. The execution starts at main() and ends within main(). If we use any other function in the program, it is called (or invoked) from main(). The function header main() is followed by its body, which is a set of one or more statements within a pair of braces {}. This structure is known as the definition of the main() function. Each statement is delimited by a semicolon (;).

Answer 23.
C++ provides data type modifiers which help us to alter the size, range or precision. It alters the range of values permitted to a data type by altering the memory size and/or sign of values. Important modifiers are signed, unsigned, long and short.

Name	Description	Size
char	Character or a small integer	1 byte
short int (short)	Short Integer	2 bytes
int	Integer	4 bytes
long int (long)	Long integer	4 bytes
float	Floating point number	4 bytes
double	Double precision floating-point number	8 bytes
long double	Long double-precision floating-point number	10 bytes

Answer 24.

# include <iostream> 
using namespace std; 
int main()
{
int a;
cout<<“Enter an integer:”; 
cin >> a;
if (a > 0) .
cout<<“The number is positive”;
else if (a < 0) *
cout<<“The number is negative”;
else
cout<<“The number is zero”; return 0;
}

Answer 25.
Dial-up connection. The internet connection is established by dialing into an ISP’s computer. If ISP is not busy they verify the username and password if it is valid they will connect our computer to the internet. It uses Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or Points to Point Protocol (PPP). It is slower and has a higher er rotate.

Wired Broadband Connectivity. In these, there is a permanent wire connection, between your computer and ISP. So it’s an “always on” connection. It uses a broadband modem and we can use telephone lines while using the internet.

Answer 26.
a. Username my school
b. Domain name gmail.com b. The advantages of email are:

Speed is high.
It is cheap.
We can send email to multiple recipients.
Incoming messages can be saved locally.
It reduces the usage of paper.
We can access mailbox anytime and from anywhere. „

Answer 27.
1. Medical equipment. Most of the modern medical equipment work with the help of computers. Scanners like CT, MRI depends on computers to process their data. Computer-guided lasers are used in surgery, even in the removal of brain tumors etc.

2. Electronic Medical Records (EMR). It is possible to store all patient’s records in digital format. This is known as EMR. EMR is used by doctors for diagnostics and treatment.

3. Web-based support/diagnosis. There are a lot of treatments, therapies, medical journals are available on the internet, which can be referred to by patients. Some websites provide facility f&r identifying their diseases without consulting a doctor. This prediction may not be correct in some time.

Answer 28.
a. Free Software Foundation
b. Freedom 0: The freedom to run a program for any purpose.
Freedom 1: The freedom to study how the program works and adapt it to your needs. Access to source code should be provided.
Freedom 2: The freedom to distribute copies of the software.
Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits.
c.

GNU / Linux is a computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution.
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation’Program) is an image editing software.
Mozilla Firefox is one of the most popular web browsers. It provides added security features for safe browsing.
OpenOffice.org is a complete office software which contains word processor, spreadsheet and presentations.

Answer 29.
a. A looping statement has four components: initialization expression, test expression, update expression, loop body. The loop body is the set of statements for repeated execution. The execution is continued as long as the test expression (condition) is true. The variable used in the test expression, called a loop control variable, gets its initial value through the initialization expression (or statement). Update expression changes the value of the loop control variable. Usually, it takes place after each execution of the loop body.

b. while loop. The condition is checked first and if it is found, True the body of the loop will be executed. That is the body will be executed as long as the condition is True. The syntax of a while loop is, initialization of loop control variable;

while (test expression)
{
body of the loop;
updation of Ipop control variable;
}
eg., int k= 1; while(k<=3)
{
cout << k << `\t’;
++k;
}

do while loop. The condition is checked only after executing the loop body. So it is certain that the loop body will be executed at least once in the case of do while loop.

Syntax is:
initialization of loop control variable; 
do
body of the loop;
updation of loop control variable;
}
while (test expression); 
eg., int k = 1; do {
cout << k << At’;
++k;
}
while (k<=3);

Answer 30.
a. The physical or logical arrangement of computers on a network is called structure or topology. It is the geometrical arrangement of computers in a network,
b.
1. Ring topology. All the computers are connected in the shape of a ring and it is a closed-loop. Here also there is no central computer. Here a computer transmits a message, which is tagged along with its destination computer’s Address. The message travels in one direction and each node checks whether the message is for them. If not, it passes to the next node. It requires only short cable length. Its advantages are no signal amplification required because each node do this and requires less cable, so cost-effective. The main disadvantage is if a node fails, the entire network will fail.

2. Bus topology. All the computers are attached to a single cable, called the bus. If anyone node has to send data to another node, it will send the data to the bus. In the bus, the data travels in both directions. The node that needs the data copies it. A small device called terminator connected at both end of the bus removes the data and frees the bus for next transmission. Advantages are added or remove computer is very easy. It requires less cable length and the installation cost is less. A disadvantage is fault detection is very difficult because of no central computer,

c. Hub. It is a small, simple and inexpensive device used to connect computers (devices) to a network. If a computer wants to transmit data to another computer, first it sends to the hub, the hub retransmits this data to all other computers. Each and every computer gets the data and check whether it is for them or not. It increases the network traffic and hence the transmission speed is low.

Switch. It is an expensive device used to connect computers (device) to a network. Unlike a hub, switch transmit data, not to all computers, it retransmits data only to the intended computer. So the traffic is less and the speed is high.

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus One Computer Application Model Question Paper 2

April 13, 2021September 4, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus One Computer Application Model Question Paper 2

Time: 2 Hours
Cool off time: 15 Minutes
Maximum: 60 Scores

General Instructions to candidates

There is a ‘cool off-time’ of 15 minutes in addition to the writing time of 2 hrs.
Use the ‘cool off time’ to get familiar with the questions and to plan your answers.
Read questions carefully before you answering.
Read the instructions carefully.
Calculations, figures, and graphs should be shown in the answer sheet itself.
Malayalam version of the questions is also provided.
Give equations wherever necessary.
Electronic devices except non-programmable calculators are not allowed in the Examination Hall.

Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 33

Part A

Answer all questions from 1 to 5

Question 1.
JPEG stands for

Question 2.
The process of making or manufacturing new products from the product that has originally served its purpose is called
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 3

Question 3.
Program errors are known as

Question 4.
Its value does not change during execution. What is it?

Question 5.
The act of breaking into a secure network to destroy data is called hacking.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 6

Part B

Answer any nine questions from 6 to 16
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 7

Question 6.
If (x)₈ = (101011)₂, then find x.

Question 7.
Explain the benefits of a blue-violet laser in BluRay DVD.

Question 8.
When do we use ROM?

Question 9.
What is the runtime error? Explain.

Question 10.
Identify the errors in the following code segments:

a. 
int main()
{
cout<<“Enter two numbers”
cin >> num >> auto
float area = Length * breadth ;
}
b. 
# include <iostream>
using namespace std
void Main()
{
int a, b 
cin<<a <<b 
max=(a > b) a:b 
cout>max
}

Question 11.
Write the working of arithmetic assignment operator? Explain all arithmetic assignment operators with the help of examples.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 13

Question 12.
Checks whether a given character is an alphabet or a digit.

Question 13.
Define resource sharing.

Question 14.
Define network topology.

Question 15.
What are the disadvantages of email?

Question 16.
What are the facilities provided by the IRCTC website?

Part C

Answer any nine questions from 17 to 27
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 19

Question 17.
What are the methods of representing integers in computer memory?

Question 18.
What is the role of a computer in problem-solving?

Question 19.
What is a computer program? How do algorithms help to write programs?
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 22

Question 20.
Distinguish between identifiers and keywords.

Question 21.
Explain the different types of logical operators in C++.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 24

Question 22.
Explain the memory representation of a variable with the help of an example.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 25

Question 23.
How do the type modifiers affect the size and range of int and char data types?
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 26

Question 24.
Write a C++ program to find the biggest number from 3 given numbers.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 27

Question 25.
Briefly explain the working of a for loop along with its syntax. Give an example of for loop to support your answer.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 28

Question 26.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of social media?

Question 27.
Discuss in detail various uses of IT in health care field.

Part D

Answer any two questions from 28 to 30
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 31

Question 28.
List and explain various categories of software.

Question 29.
In the following program, some lines are missing. Fill the missing lines and complete it.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 33

# include<iostream.h>
....................................
{ 
int num1, num2, sum; 
cout<< “Enter two numbers:”;
......................................
......................................
cout<< “Sum of numbers are = "<<sum;
}

Question 30.
Which is/are communication channels suitable for the following situations?
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 34
a. Setting up a LAN.

b. Transfer of data from a laptop to a mobile phone.

c. Transfer of data from one mobile phone to another.

d. Creating a remote control that can control multiple devices in a home.

e. Very fast communication between two offices in two different countries.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 39
f. Communication in hilly area.

g. Communication within a city and its vicinity where a coast of cabling is too high.

Answers

Answer 1.
Joint Picture Experts Group

Answer 2.
recycling

Answer 3.
bugs

Answer 4.
constant

Answer 5.
unethical

Answer 6.
101 → 5,
011 → 3
x = 53

Answer 7.
The benefit of using a blue-violet laser is that it has a shorter wavelength which makes it possible to focus the laser spot with greater precision. This allows data to be packed more tightly. Therefore it is possible to store more data on the disk. Can hold up to 25 GB on a single-layer disc and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc. ‘

Answer 8.
ROM is nonvolatile; the contents are retained even after the power is switched off. It is used to hold boot up a program known as Basic Input Output System (BIOS). This software runs when the computer is switched on or ‘boots up’. It checks the computer’s hardware and then loads the operating system.

Answer 9.
The error messages may be displayed by the error handling function of the language. These errors are known as a runtime error. These errors can be rectified by providing instruction for checking, the validity of the data before it gets processed by the subsequent instructions in the program.

Answer 10.
a. No header file, no semicolon is used at the end of a second and third statement. Variables did not declare a return value not specified, auto cannot be used here.
b. M is upper case in main(), no semicolon used in any statements. Operators of sin and cout are wrong. Missing in conditional operator?

Answer 11.
A simple arithmetic statement can be expressed in a more condensed form using arithmetic assignment operators.
eg., a=a+10 can be represented as a+=10. Here += is arithmetic assign* meant operator. The arithmetic assignment operators in C++ are +=, =,*=,/=, %=. These are also known as C++ shorthands. These are all binary operators and the first operand should be a variable. The use of these operators makes the two operations (arithmetic and assignment) faster than the usual method.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 42

Answer 12.

# include<iostream> 
using namespace std; 
int main()
{
char ch;
cout << “Enter the character(only small letter): "; 
cin » ch;
if (ch >= ‘a’ && ch <= 'z) 
cout<<“You entered an alphabet”; 
if (ch >= ‘0’ && ch <= ‘9’) 
cout<<“You entered a digit\n”; 
return 0;
}

Answer 13.
It is defined as the sharing of available hardware and software resources in a computer network.

Answer 14.
The physical or logical arrangement of computers on a network is called structure or topology. It is the geometrical arrangement of computers in a network.

Answer 15.
1. It requires a computer, a modem, software, and internet connection to check mail.
2. Some emails may contain viruses.
3. Mailboxes are filled with junk mail. So very difficult to find the relevant mail.

Answer 16.
IRCTC provides online booking facilities of railway tickets and offers other services like checking reservation status, train timing, reservation of hotels for the tourists across the country.

Answer 17.
There are three methods for representing an integer number in computer memory. They are:
a. Sign and magnitude representation
b. 1’s complement representation
c. 2’s complement representation

Answer 18.
A computer can solve problems only when we give instructions to it. If it understands the tasks contained in the instructions, it will work accordingly. An instruction is an action-oriented statement. It tells the computer what operation it should perform. A computer can execute (carry out the task contained in) an instruction only if the task is specified precisely and accurately.

Answer 19.
A sequence of instructions written in a language that is understood by a computer is called a computer program.
The algorithm is a step by step procedure to solve a problem. Each step represents a specific task. These steps help the programmer to write instructions in a programming language.

Answer 20.
Identifiers are the user-defined words that are used to name different program elements such as memory locations, statements, functions, objects, classes etc.

The words (tokens) that convey a specific meaning to the language compiler are called keywords. These are also known as reserved words as they are reserved by the language for special purposes and cannot be redefined for any other purposes.

Answer 21.
1. && (logical AND). If two relational expressions E1 and E2 are combined using this ‘operator, the result will be 1 (True) only if both E1 and E2 have values 1 (True). In all other cases, the result will be 0 (False).
2. 11 (logical OR). If two relational expressions E2 and E2 are combined using logical OR (| |) operator, the result will be 0 (False) only if both E1 and E2 are having a value 0 (False), In all other cases, the result will be 1 (True).
3. (logical NOT). This operator is used to negate the result of a relational express

Answer 22.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 2 43
Memory representation of a variable The variable name is num and it consumes 4 bytes of memory at memory addresses 101, 102, 103 and 104. The content of this variable is 18. That is the Lvalue of num is 101 and the Rvalue is 18.

Name	Description	Size
char	Character or a small integer	1 byte
short int (short)	Short Integer	2 bytes
int	Integer	4 bytes
long int (long)	Long integer	4 bytes

Answer 24.

# include<iostream> 
using namespace std; 
int main()
{
int colour;
cout<<“Enter a number between 1 and 4:”;
cin>>colour; 
if (colour==1) 
cout<<“Red”; 
else if (colour==2)
cout<<“Green”; 
else if (colour—3) 
cout<<“Blue”; else
cout<<“Wrong input”; 
return 0;
}

Answer 25.
for loop is an entry controlled loop. All the three loop elements (initialization, test expression, and update statement) are placed together in for a statement. So it Snakes the program compact. The syntax is:

for (initialization; test expression; update statement)
body-of-the-loop;
}
These three steps (test, body, update) are continued until the test expression

is evaluated to False, 
eg., for (n=1; n<= 10; ++n)
{
cout<< “hello”;
}

Answer 26.
Advantages are:

Bring people together; It allows people to maintain the friendship.
Ran and organize events: It allows users to plan and organize events.
Business promotion: It helps the firms to promote their sales.
Social skills: There is a key role in the formation of society.

Disadvantages are:

Intrusiontoprivacy. The personal information (photo, email id, phone number, name, address etc.) posted in such sites can be used for illegal activities.
Addiction. Addiction to such sites wastes our valuable time.
Spread rumors. Social media will spread the news quickly.

Answer 27.
Some of the areas where ICT used in health are the following:
1. Medical equipment. Most of the modern medical equipment work with the help of computers. Scanners like CT, MRI depends on computers to process their data. Computer-guided lasers are used in surgery, even in the removal of brain tumors etc.

2. Electronic Medical Records (EMR). It is possible to store all patient’s records in digital format. This is known as EMR. EMR is used by doctors for diagnostics and treatment.

3. Web-based support/diagnosis. There are a lot of treatments, therapies, medical journals are available on the internet, which can be referred to by patients. Some websites provide a facility for identifying their diseases without consulting a doctor. This predictions, may not be correct in some time.

4. Telemedicine. It helps to monitor and share a patients conditions like body temperature, blood pressure, heartbeats, ECG etc. from a distant place by a doctor. A surgeon in one place of the world can contact an expert from another part of the world while performing a surgery. It reduces cost and time.

5. Research and Development. Various researches are going on to discover new medicines. Use of IT in biotechnology have reduced the cost of drug discovery. Drugs for a specific purpose can be developed with the use of advanced computers.

Answer 28.
The software is a general term used to denote a set of programs that help us to use a computer system and other electronic devices efficiently and effectively. The two types of software are:
1. System software: It is a set of one or more programs designed to control the operations of a computer.

Operating system: It is a set of programs that act as an interface between the user and computer hardware.
Language processors: The instructions to the computer are written in different languages. Various language processors are:
- Assembler: It converts languages written in assembly language into machine language.
- Interpreter: It converts a high-level language into machine language by-line by line.
- Compiler: It translates a high-level language into machine language by converting all the lines at a time.
Utility software: A set of programs which help users in system maintenance tasks and in performing tasks of routine nature. Utility programs are compression tools (WinZip, Win RAR), disk defragmenter (rearranges files on a computer hard disk), backup software.

2. Application software: It is the software developed for a specific application. It includes general purpose software (Word Processing software, spreadsheet software, presentation software, database, multimedia), specific purpose software (designed to handle particular tasks).

Answer 29.

# include<iostream.h> 
void main()
{
int num1, num2, sum;
cout<< “Enter two numbers:”;
cin»num1>>num2;
sum = num1 + num2;
cout<< “Sum of numbers are = ”
<<sum;
}

Answer 30.
a. STP/UTP (Twisted pair cable)
b. Bluetooth or WiFi
c. Bluetooth or infrared
d. Infrared
e. Satellite communication
f. Microwaves
g. WiMax

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus One Computer Application Model Question Paper 1

April 13, 2021September 4, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus One Computer Application Model Question Paper 1

Time: 2 Hours
Cool off time: 15 Minutes
Maximum: 60 Scores

General Instructions to candidates

There is a ‘cool off-time’ of 15 minutes in addition to the writing time of 2 hrs.
Use the ‘cool off time’ to get familiar with the questions and to plan your answers.
Read questions carefully before you answering.
Read the instructions carefully.
Calculations, figures, and graphs should be shown in the answer sheet itself.
Malayalam version of the questions is also provided.
Give equations wherever necessary.
Electronic devices except non-programmable calculators are not allowed in the Examination Hall.

Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 33

Part A

Answer all questions from 1 to 5

Question 1.
Information may act as data. State True or False.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 2

Question 2.
…………….. register holds the address of the next instruction to be executed by the processor.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 3

Question 3.
A program written in HLL is known as ………..

Question 4.
The unpredictable value assigned to a variable at the time of its declaration is known as
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 5

Question 5.
The small text files used by browsers to remember our email IDs, usernames etc. are known as ……………..
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 6

Part B

Answer any nine questions from 6 to 16

Question 6.
Find decimal equivalent of (10001)₂

Question 7.
What are the advantages of a hard disk?

Question 8.
Differentiate hardcopy and softcopy.

Question 9.
Write the names of two phases that are included in debugging.

Question 10.
What would happen if main () is not present in a program?

Question 11.
Comments are useful to enhance readability and understandability of a program. Justify this statement with examples.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 14

Question 12.
What are the are the requirements to implement a multi-branching using a switch statement?
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 15

Question 13.
What is the peer-to-peer network? Peertopeer

Question 14.
Switch and hub are two devices associated with networking. Differentiate them.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 17

Question 15.
Compare intranet and extranet.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 18

Question 16.
What are the advantages of EMR?

Part C

Answer any nine questions from 17 to 27
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 20

Question 17.
And the smallest number in the list.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 21
a. (1101 )₂
b. (A)₁₆
c. (13)₈
d. (15)₁₀

Question 18.
Write an algorithm to find a sum of first 100 odd numbers.

Question 19.
Draw a flowchart to display the first 100 natural numbers.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 23

Question 20.
What is a floating point constant? What are the different ways to represent a floating point constant?
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 24

Question 21.
What are the three aspects of variables?

Question 22.
Find out the errors, if any, in the following C++ statements:
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 26

cout<< “a=” a;
m=5, n=12; 015
cout << “x” ; <<x;
cin >> y
cout>>\n “abc”
a = b + c
break = x

Question 23.
The following program finds the sum of three numbers. Modify the program to find the average. (Average should display fractional part also).
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 27

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
int x, y, z, result;
cout<<“Enter values for x, y, z”;
cin>>x>>y>>z;
result = x + y + z; .
cout<< “The answer is =”<<result; 
return 0;
}

Question 24.
Rewrite the following statement using while and do while loops.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 28
for(i=1; i<=10; i++) cout<<i;

Question 25.
Write the significance of break statement in the switch statement. What is the effect of the absence of a break in a switch statement?
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 29

Question 26.
What are the methods for preventing network attacks?

Question 27.
What are the major challenges faced in the implementation of e-Learning?

Part D

Answer any two questions from 28 to 30
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 32

Question 28.
Explain any five commonly used secondary or (auxiliary) memory devices.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 33

Question 29.
WHte a C++ program to find the total and percentage of a student in six subjects.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 35

Question 30.
What is network protocol? Explain.

Answers

Answer 1.
True

Answer 2.
Program Counter (PC)

Answer 3.
source code

Answer 4.
garbage value

Answer 5.
cookies

Answer 6.
(10001)₂ = 1 × 2⁴ + 0 × 2³ + 0 × 2² + 0 × 2¹ + 1 × 2°
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 17
(10001 )₂ = (17)₁₀

Answer 7.
Hard disks have very high storage capacity, high data transfer rates, and low access time, it is more durable and less error-prone.

Answer 8.
Hardcopy outputs are permanent outputs which can be used at a later date or when required.
Softcopy outputs are electronic and are available on the screen in a digital form.

Answer 9.
Two phases that included in debugging are debugging of syntax errors during translation and debugging of logical errors during execution.

Answer 10.
The execution starts at main() and ends within main(). If we use any other function in the program, it is called (or invoked) from main().

Answer 11.
Comments are lines in the code that are added to describe the program. They are ignored by the compiler.
i. Single line comment: The characters // (two slashes) is used. The text appearing after II in a line is treated as a comment by the C++ compiler.
ii. Multiline comments: Anything written within /* and */ is treated as a comment so that the comment can take any number of lines.
eg., /* This program displays the message “Smoking is injurious to health” on the monitor */

# include <iostream.h> // To use the cout object
using namespace std; // To access cout 
int main() // program begins here 
{ // The following output statement displays a message
cout << “Smoking is injurious to health"; return 0;
} // end of the program

Answer 12.
The following are the requirements to implement a multi-branching using a switch statement:

Conditions involve only equality checking. In other cases, it should be converted into equality expression.
The first operand in all the equality expressions should be the same variable or expression.
The second operand in these expressions should be integer or character constants.

Answer 13.
In this configuration, all the computers have equal priority. That means each computer can function as both a client and a server. There is no dedicated server.

Answer 14.
A switch is an expensive device used to connect computers (device) to a network. Unlike a hub, switch transmit data, not to all computers, it retransmits data only to the intended computer. So the traffic is less and the speed is high.

Answer 15.
Intranet: A private network inside a company or organization is called intranet.
Extranet: It allows vendors and business partners to access the company resources.

Answer 16.
It is a more economical way of storing data. Medical history of patients will be accessible to patients easier and quicker. Transfer of records’ of patients between doctors/hospitals is much easier. A medical condition of a patient can be examined.

Answer 17.
a: (1101)₂= 1 × 2³ + 1 × 2² + 0 × 2¹ + 1 × 2°
= 8 + 4 + 1
= 13
b. (A)₁₆= 10
c. (13)₈ = 1 × 81 + 3 × 8°
= 8 + 3 = 11
d. (15)₁₀ = 15
The smallest value is (A)₁₆ = 10

Answer 18.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Sum = 0, count = 1
Step 3: If count/2==1 then go to Step 4
Step 4: Sum = Sum + count
Step 5: count = count + 1
Step 6: If count<=100 then go to Step 3
Step 7: Print Sum
Step 8: Stop

Answer 19.
Plus One Computer Application Model Question Papers Paper 1 37

Answer 20.
Rotating point literals or real constants are numbers having fractional parts. These can be written in one of the two forms called fractional form or exponential form. A fractional form consists of signed or unsigned digits including a decimal point between digits. A real constant in exponent form has two parts: a mantissa and an exponent.

Answer 21.

Variable name. It is a symbolic name (identifier) given to the memory location through which the content of the location is referred to.
Memory address. Every cell (or byte) in RAM will be assigned a unique address to refer it. The address is also called the Lvalue of a variable.
Content. It is the value stored in the location. This is also called the Rvalue of the variable. Type and size of the content depending on the data type of the variable.

Answer 22.

After “a=” an operator << is missing.
The data type is missing, the variable name of 015 is missing.
The first semicolon is an error.
The semicolon is missing at the end.
The semicolon is missing at the end. << should be used after cout. \n must be in double quote.
The semicolon is missing at the end. A data type is missing.
The semicolon is missing at the end. a break is a keyword.

Answer 23.

# include<iostream> 
using namespace std;
int main ( )
int x, y, z; float result;
cout<< “Enter values for x, y, z”; 
cin>>x>>y>>z; 
result = (x + y + z)/3.0; 
cout<< “The answer is =”<<result; 
return 0;
}

Answer 24.

while: 
i = 1;
while (i<= 10)
{
cout<<i;
i++;
}
do while: 
i = 1; 
do 
{
cout<<i;
i++;
}
while (i<= 10);

Answer 25.
When a break statement is encountered, the program control goes to the statements following the switch statement.
If the break statement is absent, even after finding a match other cases following are also checked. If no match is found, statements in the default block get executed.

Answer 26.
1. Firewall. A firewall is a combination of computer hardware and software that provide security to the computer/network. A firewall checks all the incoming and outgoing data from your computer and determines whether they are allowed or not.

2. Antivirus scanner. Antivirus software scans the files in the computer and removes viruses if they found. When an antivirus found malware in a file, the antivirus stops the file from running and put it into quarantine. Quarantine is a special area for storing files that are infected by a virus.

3. Cookies. These are small text files created when we use a browser to visit a website. Cookies store information like usernames, email address, websites visited, products purchased etc. Cookies help for efficient browsing. Cookies are not viruses, but it is possible for a hacker to use cookies as spyware. Most browsers provide facility to delete cookies.

Answer 27.

Face to face contact between students adds teachers is not possible.
Proper interaction among teachers and students are often limited due to the lack of infrastructural facilities.
Equipment and technology (computer and high speed Internet) requirement restrict the adoption of e-Learning.
Learners who require constant motivation may not be serviced adequately.
Handson on real laboratory scenario is also a constraint in eLearning.

Answer 28.
1. Hard disk. It consists of metal disks coated with magnetic material concealed in dust free containers. Hard disks have very high storage capacity, high data transfer rates and low access time. It is more durable and less error prone. A hard disk may contain one or more platters. Each platter requires two read/write heads, one for each surface.

2. Compact Disc (CD). It is an optical storage medium capable of storing upto 700 MB of data. A CD drive uses red laser beams for reading from and writing data into CD. Two types of CDs are CDR (recordable) and CDRW (Rewritable).

3. USB flash drive. It is a small external storage device which consists of flash memory. These are portable and rewritable. The storage capacity of a USB drive currently varies from 2 GB to 32 GB.

4. Digital Versatile Disk (DVD). In these higher storage capacity is achieved by using smaller spots to record data. Recording and reading of data is done using DVD drive. The capacity of a DVD varies from 4.37 GB to 15.9 GB. There are three major types of DVDs: DVDROM, DVDRW and DVDRAM.

5. Magnetic tape. It is a backup device that can store huge volume of data. The cost per unit volume of a magnetic tape is less compared to other magnetic storage devices. It is a recording medium consisting of a thin tape with a coating of fine magnetic material. It can be used for recording analog or digital data. Data is stored in frames across the width of the
‘tape with a read/ write head.

Answer 29.

# include <iostream> 
using namespace std; 
int main()
{
int i, mark, sum = 0, max; 
float per;
for (i = 0; i<6; i++)
{
cout<<“ Enter the mark: ”;
cin>>mark;
sum = sum + mark; 
}
cout<<“Enter the maximum mark: ”; 
cin>>max;
per = (sum/max)* 100; 
cout<<“Sum of the entered marks:” << sum;
cout<<“ Percentage of the marks in six subjects:” << per; 
return 0;
}

Answer 30.
A protocol is a collection of rules and regulations to transfer data from one location to another. Different types of protocols are:

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): It uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other internet points at the information packet level.
Internet Protocol (IP): It uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the internet address level.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It is used for transferring files between computers connected to local network or internet.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): It is a protocol used for WWW for enabling the web browse to access web server and request HTML documents.

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Paper 2017

April 13, 2021September 4, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Paper 2017

Time: 2 Hours
Cool off time: 15 Minutes
Maximum: 60 Scores

General Instructions to candidates

There is a ‘cool off-time’ of 15 minutes in addition to the writing time of 2 hrs.
Use the ‘cool off time’ to get familiar with the questions and to plan your answers.
Read questions carefully before you answering.
Read the instructions carefully.
Calculations, figures, and graphs should be shown in the answer sheet itself.
Malayalam version of the questions is also provided.
Give equations wherever necessary.
Electronic devices except non-programmable calculators are not allowed in the Examination Hall.

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 33

Question 1.
Processed data is known as ………….
a. facts
b. figures
c. information
d. raw material

Question 2.
USB port stands for ……………..

a. Uniform Serial Bus
b. Universal Serial Bus
c. Uninterruptable Serial Bus
d. Updatable Serial Bus

Question 3.
Fill the missing block.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 3

Question 4.
Which one of the following is NOT a search engine?
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 4
a. Google
b. Bing
c. Facebook
d. Ask

Question 5.
In ICT enabled services BPO stands for

Question 6.
for, while do while are the three looping statements in C+ +. From these three loops which loop will execute the loop body at least once even though the condition is false?
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 6

a. for loop
b. while loop
c. do while loop
d. do for loops

Question 7.
HTTP stands for a ………………. protocol.

Question 8.
IDE stands for …………..

a. Integrated Development Environment
b. Information Development Environment
c. Inheritance Development Environment
d. Interactive Development Environment

Question 9.
Let X and Y are two variables of int data type, then correct the following input statement.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 10

Question 10.
In a flowchart, the terminal (an ellipse) symbol is used to indicate the ……………… and …………… in the program logic.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 11

Question 11.
A ……………….. is a computer peripheral that allows you to connect and communicate with other computers via telephone lines.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 12

Question 12.
Differentiate or define the terms Hardware (h/w) and software (s/w) in a computer system. Give one example for each.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 13

Question 13.
a. Convert (1010.11)₂ to decimal.
b. Find the missing terms in the following series. (18)₁₆, (1A)₁₆, (1C)₁₆ ………………., ……………….

Question 14.
Predict the output of the following operations. x = – 5 and y = 3 initially,
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 15
Consider the following statement.

int Length;
Then what is the difference between (a) and (b)?

a. Length = 50
b. Length ==50

Question 15.
Arrange the following memory or storage devices on the base of their operation speed in ascending order.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 18
a. Hard disk
b. Cache
c. RAM
d. Registers

Question 16.
List the different stages in programming.

Question 17.
Classify the following identifiers valid or invalid. If invalid, give a reason.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 20
a. Length_l
b. _Lengthl
c. Length 1
d. 1 Length

Question 18.
A part of biodata of a student is given. Identify the data types which we can use to store and process these data.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 21
RolIJMumber : 34
Age : 17
Sex : M
Mob_Number : 8181818181
Height_in_Cm : 152.8
Rncode : 690601

Question 19.
State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, give a reason.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 22
a. break statement is essential in a switch.
b. for loop is an entry controlled loop.
c. do while loop is an entry controlled loop.
d. the switch is a selection statement.

Question 20.
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. Every resource on the internet has a unique URL. Then classify the following URL on the basis of
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 23
http://www.dhsekerala.gov.in/index.html
a. Network protocol
b. Domain name
c. Filename

Question 21.
How is a WAN different from a LAN?

Question 22.
If a = 5, b = 4, c = 3, d = 4, then what is the result in X after the following operation ?
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 25

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 26

Is there any difference between (a) and (b) by considering the following statement?
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 27
a. Gender = ‘M’;
b. Gender = ‘M’;

Question 23.
Your friend Ravi purchased a new PC for his personal use. Mention the components required to connect this PC to the internet.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 28

Question 24.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of implementing eBusiness.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 29

Question 25.
Compare Dot Matrix Printer (DMP), inkjet printer, laser printer, and thermal printer on the basis of their working speed, quality of printing and expense for printing.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 30
Dot Matrix Printer (DMP), inkjet printer, laser printer, thermal printer.

Question 26.
Rewrite the following code using else if ladder.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 30

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2017 32

# include<iostream> 
using namespace std; 
int main()
{
int colour;
cout«“Enter a number between 1 and 4 : ";
cin»colour;
switch(colour)
{
case 1:
cout<<“Red”; 
break; case 2:
cout<<“ Green"; 
break; case 3:
cout<<“Blue”;
break;
default:
cout<<“Wrong input”;
}
}

Write a C++ program to find the biggest number from 3 given numbers.

Answers

Answer 1.
c. Information

Answer 2.
b. Universal Serial Bus

Answer 3.
Compiler / interpreter / assembler /language processors

Answer 4.
c. Facebook

Answer 5.
Business Process Outsourcing

Answer 6.
c. do while loop

Answer 7.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Answer 8.
a. Integrated Development Environment

Answer 9.

cin>>X>>Y;

Answer 10.
Start and Stop

Answer 11.
MODEM

Answer 12.
Hardware is the tangible and visible parts of a computer, which consists of some electromechanical components, eg., keyboard, mouse. The software is a set of programs that help us to use the computer system for our needs, eg., Operating system, language processors.

Answer 13.
a. (1010.11)₂ = 1 × 2³ + 0 × 2² + 1 × 2¹
+ 0 × 2°+ 1 x 2¹ + 1 × 2²
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 1/2 + 1/4
= 10 + 0.75
= 10.75
b (1E)₁₆, (20)₁₆

Answer 14.
a. 5
b.1
c.2
d. 2

a. The value 50 will be stored in the variable Length (ie., assignment operation).
b. The value 50 and the value of Length will be compared.

Answer 15.
Hard disk, RAM, Cache, Registers

Answer 16.

Problem identification: During this phase, you will be able to identify the data involved in processing, its type and quality, a formula to be used, activities involved and the output to be obtained.
Preparing algorithms and flowcharts: Once the problem is identified, it is necessary to develop a precise step-by-step procedure to solve the problem.
Coding the program: The process of writing program instructions to solve a problem is called coding. The program written in any HLL is known as source code.
Translation: It is the process of converting a program written in the high-level language into its equivalent version in machine language. The compiler or interpreter is used for this purpose.
Debugging: In this stage, programming errors are discovered and corrected. Programming errors are known as ‘bugs’ and the process of detecting and correcting these errors is called debugging.

Answer 17.
a. Valid
b. Valid
c. Invalid; White space is used.
d. Invalid; the First letter is a digit.

Answer 18.
Roll_Number: int
Age: int
Sex: char
Mob_Number: long int
Height_in_Cm: float
Pincode: int/long int

Answer 19.
a. True
b. True
c. False; do while loop is an exit controlled loop
d. True

Answer 20.
a. http
b. dhsekerala.gov.in
c. index.html

Answer 21.
Wide Area Network (WAN). This is used to connect computers over a large geographical area. It is a network\of network. Here the computers are connected using telephone lines or microwave station or satellites. The error rate in data transmission is high, eg., internet. Local Area Network (LAN). This is used to connect computers in a single room or buildings of one location by using twisted pair wire or coaxial cable. Data transfer rate is high and an error rate is less.

Answer 22.
-3
OR
a. It is true. The variable is a type of char and the value assigned is a character value.
b. This statement is wrong. The variable is a type of char and the value assigned is a string.

Answer 23.
The following are the requirements for connecting a computer to the Internet:
1. (NIC) and an operating system that supports TCP/IP.
2. Modem
3. Telephone connection
4. Internet account of any ISP (Internet Service Provider)
5. Software for browsing.

Answer 24.
The major advantages of using e-Business applications are:

With e-Business, you can buy and sell products from anywhere.
eBusiness reduces the operational cost.
It minimizes travel time and cost. Challenges to eBusiness:
Most of the people are unaware of online business and its possibilities or they do not know how to conduct this.
Most of the people from rural areas do not have plastic money (debit card, credit card) which is necessary for eBusiness.
If not used with caution your valuable information like credit card no., password etc. may lose.

Answer 25.

Dot matrix printers use small electromagnetically activated pins in the print head and an inked, to produce images by an impact. These printers are slow and noisy.
Inkjet printers form the image on the page by spraying tiny droplets of ink from the printed head. The printer needs several colors of ink. These are inexpensive, but the cost of ink cartridge makes it a costly.
Laser printer produces good quality output. The image to be printed is transferred to a drum using a laser beam. The toner powder from the toner cartridge is then sprayed on the drum. The toner powder sticks onto the portions traced the drum by the laser beam. It is transferred to a paper by rolling the paper on the drum. Through heating, the powder is fused on to the paper. Laser printers are faster and their speed is in page per minute (ppm).
The thermal printer produces a printed image by selectively heating heat-sensitive when it passes over the thermal print head.

Answer 26.

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int colour;
cout<<“Enter a number between 1 and 4:";
cin»colour; if (colour==1)
cout<<“Red”;
else if (colour==2)
cout<<“Green”; 
else if (colour==3) cout«“Blue";
else
cout«“Wronginput”; 
return o;
}

OR

#include<iostream> using namespace std; 
int main() 
{
int a, b, c;
cout<<“Enter three different numbers:”; 
cin >> a >> b >> c ; 
if (a > b)
{
if (a > c)
cout<<“The largest number is:”« a; 
else
cout<<“The largest number is:”<<c;
}
else
{
if (b > c)
cout<<“The largest number is:”«b; 
else
cout<<“The largest number is: ”<<c;
}
return O;
}

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Paper 2018

April 13, 2021September 4, 2019 by Prasanna

Kerala Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Paper 2018

Time: 2 Hours
Cool off time: 15 Minutes
Maximum: 60 Scores

General Instructions to candidates

There is a ‘cool off time’ of 15 minutes in addition to the writing time of 2 hrs.
Use the ‘cool off time’ to get familiar with the questions and to plan your answers.
Read questions carefully before you answering.
Read the instructions carefully.
Calculations, figures, and graphs should be shown in the answer sheet itself.
Malayalam version of the questions is also provided.
Give equations wherever necessary.
Electronic devices except non-programmable calculators are not allowed in the Examination Hall.

Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 33

Part A
Answer all questions from 1 to 5

Question 1.
The meaningful and processed form of data is known as ……………….

Question 2.
Write the full form of USB.

Question 3.
…………….. is a step by step procedure to solve a problem.

Question 4.
What is the name of files created to support C++ programs and kept in the standard library?
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 4

Question 5.
Find out the odd one from the following:

a. DOS
c. ISDN
b. DSL
d. FTTH

Answer any nine questions from 6 to 16
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 6

Question 6.
Despite the high speed and accuracy, computers are said to be the slaves of human beings. Why?

Question 7.
Name the four waste disposal methods.

Question 8.
What are the features of RAM?

Question 9.
Problem-solving by computer proceeds through different stages. Name the stages in the correct order.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 11

Question 10.
Write the output of the following C++ expressions.

Let a = 7, b = 2 ’
a. a + b * 3 / ++b;
b. a < = 7 && b > 1;

Question 11.
Detect and correct the errors in the following C++ code.

# include<iostream> 
using name space std; 
int main ( );
int a, b;
cout<< “Enter two numbers”; 
cin>>a and b; a + b = c;
cout<< “Sum =”<<c; 
return 0;
}

Question 12.
Rewrite the following code using a switch case statement.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 14

if(Lan==‘M’)
cout<<‘i prefer Malayalam”;
else if (Lan == ‘E’)
cout<<“l prefer English”;
else cout<<“l prefer neither Malayalam
nor English”;

Question 13.
There are many advantages of using networked computers instead of standalone computers. Write any four advantages of them.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 15

Question 14.
What is the importance of the TCP/IP protocol in computer networks?
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 16

Question 15.
Write any two drawbacks in using social media.

Question 16.
eBusiness has many possibilities in the business world, but it faces some challenges. Write about any two challenges in e-Business.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 18

Answer any nine questions from 17 to 27
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 19

Question 17.
If (M)₈ = (96)₁₀ = (N)₂ , find M and M.
(M)₈ = (96)₁₀ = (N)₂

Question 18.
Following is a flowchart to find the sum of the first 50 natural numbers.
a. Correct the flowchart if there are errors.
b. Redraw the flowchart to find the sum of even numbers between 1 and 50.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 22

Question 19.
What is debugging? Which are the different types of errors that may occur in a program?
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 24

Question 20.
a. What is a token in C++?

b. Distinguish between keywords and identifiers.

Question 21.
Data types are necessary to declare variables in C++.
a. What is a data type?
b. Write the classification of fundamental data types in C++.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 27

Question 22.
Write a short note on arithmetic and logical operators in C++.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 28

Question 23.
a. Write the equivalent arithmetic operations for the given C++ shorthands.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 29
b. What is the difference between a=20 and a==20?

Question 24.
Write a C++ program to find the sim pie interest of an amount (P) deposited with a rate of interest (R) for a period of years (N). A rate of interest = 7% if deposit amount P is less than 1 lakh. A rate of interest = 8% if deposit amount P is between 1 lakh and 5 lakhs. A rate of interest = 9% if the deposit amount P is above 5 lakhs. (Hint: Simple interest = P × N × R/100)
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 31

Question 25.
a. Give the output of the following code.

for(i= 10; i<30; i+ = 3)
{
cout<<i<<“\t”;
}

b. Rewrite the code using while loop, while

Question 26.
Explain briefly about the wireless broadband connectivity methods used for internet connection.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 34

Question 27.
e-Leaming allows us to overcome many limitations of the conventional teaching-learning process.
a. Name any three eLearning tools for enhancing the e-Learning process.
b. Write any three advantages of eLearning.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 35

Answer any two questions from 28 to 30
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 36

Question 28.
a. Write a detailed classification of software.
b. Some programming languages use compiler whereas some use interpreter. What makes them different?
c. What do you mean by free software?
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 37

Question 29.
a. What is a type conversion ? Which are the two ways of type conversion?

b. Define type casting.

c. Consider the C++ code.

p = 7, q = 2; float a, b;
a = p/q;
b = (a+q)/q;
Find the values of’a and b.

Question 30.
a. Define the term topology.
b. Consider that, your principal has decided to network your computer lab. Which topology will you suggest? Justify your answer.
c. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 41

Answers

Answer 1.
information

Answer 2.
Universal Serial Bus

Answer 3.
Algorithm

Answer 4.
Header files

Answer 5.
a. DOS

Answer 6.
Yes. Many people think that the computer has superhuman capabilities. However, this is not true. A computer does not have natural intelligence as humans have. A computer cannot decide on its own.

Answer 7.

Reuse: It refers to second-hand use or usage after the equipment has been upgraded or modified.
Incineration: It is a controlled and complete combustion process in which the waste is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high temperature in the range of 900 to 1000 degree Celsius.
Recycling: It is the process of making or manufacturing new products from a product that has originally served its purpose.
Landfilling: In this method, the soil is excavated from the trenches made and waste material is buried in it, which is covered by a thick layer of soil.

Answer 8.
The microprocessor can read from and write to RAM. Data can be stored and retrieved at random from anywhere within the RAM, no matter where the data is. The contents of RAM are lost when power is switched off. Therefore, RAM is a volatile memory. The speed of a RAM refers to how fast the data in memory is accessed and expressed in MegaHertz (MHz).

Answer 9.
Problem identification, preparing algorithms and flowcharts, coding the program, translation, debugging.

Answer 10.
a. 9
b. True / 1

Answer 11.

# include<iostream> 
using namespace std; 
int main ()
int a, b, c;
cout<< “Enter two numbers"; 
cin>>a>>b; c = a + b;
cout<< “Sum =”<<c; return 0;
}

Answer 12.

switch (Lan)
{
case‘M’: cout<<“I prefer Malayalam";
break;
case ‘E’: cout<<“l prefer English”; break;
default:cout<<“l prefer neither Malayalam nor English";
}

Answer 13.
The advantages of networks are:

Resource sharing: All the computers in a network can share software.
Reliability: If one computer fails, the other computer can perform the work without any delay.
Price Vs Performance: Instead of a main frame 10 personal computers are used with less cost and same performance.
Communication medium: It has a powerful communication medium. We can exchange information between computers in a network.
Scalable: System performance can be increased by adding computers to a network.

Answer 14.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a set of rules to exchange\messages with other internet points at time information packet level. When data is to be sent from one computer to another over the internet, it is first broken into smaller packets by TCP and then sends. When these packets are received by the receiving computer, TCP submits a request for retransmission else packets are assembled into the original message according to the rules specified in the TCP protocol. Delivery of each packet to the right destination is done by Internet Protocol (IP).

Answer 15.

Intrusiontoprivacy.The personal information (photo, e-mail id, phone number, name, address etc.) posted on such sites can be used for illegal activities.
Addiction to such sites wastes our valuable time.
Spread rumors. Social media will spread the news quickly.

Answer 16.

A good percentage of the population is unaware of IT applications and its uses. Most of the regular Internet users also lack knowledge about online business and its possibilities.
Most of the customers, especially to the rural population, do not possess plastic money such as credit card, debit card and net banking system, which is necessary for e-Business.
If not Used with caution, customers may lose valuable information like their credit card number, passwords, etc.
Products like apparel, handicrafts, jewelry, etc are often purchased after examining physically. But in online shopping, customers don’t have this touch and feel advantage.
For the success of e-Business of any organization or company perfect and efficient shipment service is a necessity.

Answer 17.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 42

Answer 18.
Plus One Computer Application Previous Year Question Papers and Answers 2018 44

Answer 19.
It is the stage where programming errors are discovered and corrected, programming errors are known as ‘bugs’and the process of detecting and correcting these errors is called debugging.

The error messages may be displayed by the error-handling function of the language. These errors are known as a runtime error. These errors can be rectified by providing instruction for checking the validity of the data before it gets processed by the subsequent instructions in the program.

The logical error is due to the improper planning of the program’s logic. The language processor successfully translates the source code into machine code if there are no syntax errors. The computer actually follows the program instructions and gives the output as per the instructions. But the output may not be correct. This is known as logical errors.

Answer 20.
a. Tokens or lexical units are the fundamental building blocks of the program. C++ has five types of tokens. They are keywords, identifiers, literals, punctuators, and operators.
b. Identifiers are the user-defined words that are used to name different program elements such as memory locations, statements, functions, objects, classes etc.
The words (tokens) that convey a specific meaning to the language compiler are called keywords. These are also known as reserved words as they are reserved by the language for special purposes and cannot be redefined for any other purposes.

Answer 21.
a. The data type specifies the nature of
data we have to store, the set of operations that can be performed on the data. Predefined data types in C++ are char, int, float, double and void, b. int data types; Integers are whole numbers without a fractional part: They can be positive, zero or negative. The keyword int represents integer numbers. It allows 4 bytes of memory.

char data types. All letters, digits, special symbols, punctuations, etc. come under this category. When these characters are used as data they are considered as char type data in C+ +. The keyword char represents character type data, void data type. The data type void is a keyword and it indicates an empty set of data. It does not require any memory space, float data types.

Numbers with a fractional part are called floating point numbers. The keyword float is used to denote such numbers. It allows 4 bytes of memory, double data type. It is used to store large real numbers. It uses 8 bytes of memory. It can be represented as double.

Answer 22.
Arithmetic operators: These are defined to perform basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The symbols used for this are +,* and / respectively. It provides a special operator, % (modulus operator) for getting remainder during division.
Logical operators: Used to combine relational operations and it gives either true or false.

Answer 23.
a. i. x = x % 20;
ii. a = a + 2;
iii. p = p/5;
b. A specific data is stored in memory lo-cations (variables) using assignment op-erator (=). Here the value 20 is stored in the variable
a. == (equal to) is a relational operator used for comparing numeric data. Here the value 20 is compared with the value stored in the variable a.

Answer 24.

# include <iostream>'
using namespace std; 
int main()
{ 
int P, N, R; 
float SI;
cout << “Enter the values of P and N:”; cin >> P>>N; 
if (P< 100000)
{
SI = (P*N*7)/100;
cout << “Simple Interest is”<<SI;
}
else if (P>100000 && P<500000)
{
SI = (P*N*8)/100;
cout << “Simple Interest is”<<SI;
}
else if (P>500000)
{
SI = (P*N*9)/100;
cout << “Simple Interest is"<<SI;
}
return 0;
}

Answer 25.
a. 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 b. i = 10;

while (i<30)
{
cout<<i<<“\t”;
i+=3;
} '

Answer 26.
Satellite Broadband. Here the internet connectivity is provided through a satellite. A VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) dish antenna and a transceiver (transmitter-receiver) required at the user’s side. Speed up to 1 Gbps. Used in banks, stock exchange etc.

Mobile broadband is wireless internet access using mobile phones, tablets, USB modems etc. The modems are built inside the mobile phones, tablets. You can use the internet when you are in traveling. The mobile technologies use here are 2G, 3G, and 4G.

Wimax (World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access). The whole area of a city can be provided with wireless internet using WiMax. It uses the base station for transmitting WiMAX signals and Wimax receivers for receiving the signal. Speed ‘ up to 70 Mbps.

Answer 27.
a. Online chat, Educational TV channels, Electronic books reader (e-Books) b. 1. eLearning has the ability to offer courses on a variety of subjects to a large number of students from a distant location.
2. In e-Learning, a cost for learning is much less. It saves journey time and money, instructor fees, etc.
3. People with limited financial resources are very much supported by the lower cost of e-Learning.

Answer 28.
a. Software is a general term used to denote a set of programs that help us to use a computer system and other electronic devices efficiently and effectively. The two types of softwares are:
1. System software: It is a set of one or more programs designed to control the operations of a computer.

Operating system: It is a set of programs that acts as an interface between the user and computer hard ware.
Language processors: The instructions to the computer are written in different languages. Various language processors are:

a. Assembler: It converts languages written in assembly language into machine language.
b. Interpreter: It converts a high-level language into machine language by-line by line.
c. Compiler: It translate a high level language into machine language by converting all the lines at a time.

Utility software: A set of programs which help users in system maintenance tasks and in performing tasks of routine nature. Utility programs are compression tools (WinZip, Win RAR), disk defragmenter (rearranges files on a computer hard disk), backup software.

2. Application software: It is tHe software developed for a specific application. It ineludes general purpose software\(Word Processing software, spreadsheet sbftware, presentation software, database, multimedia), specific purpose software (designed to handle particular tasks).
b. Compiler: It translate a high level lan-guage into machine language by converting all the lines at a time. The errors are provided at the end of the compilation. The programming language that have a compiler are C, C++, Pascal, etc.

Interpreter: It converts a high level language into machine language by line by line. If there is an error in one line, it reports and the execution is terminated. It will continue the translation only after the correction of the error, eg., BASIC is an inter-preted language.
c. It gives the user the freedom to use, copy, distribute, examine, change and improve the software.

Answer 29.
a. Type conversion is the process of con-verting the current data type of a value into another type. It may be implicitly and explicitly converted.
It can be done in two ways:
1. Implicit type conversion: It is performed by C++ compiler internally. In expressions where different types of data are involved, C++ converts the lower sized operands to the data type of the highest sized operand. Since the conversion is always from lower type to higher, it is also known as type promotion.

2. Explicit type conversion: Sometimes the programmer may decide the data type of the result of an evaluation. This is done by the programmer by specifying the data type within parentheses to the left of the operand. Since the programmer explicitly casts a data to the desired type, it is also known as type casting. Usually, type casting is applied on the variables in the expressions.
b. Sometimes the programmer may decide the data type of the result of an evaluation.

This is done by the programmer by sSpecitying the data type within parentheses to the left of the operand. Since the programmer explicitly casts a data to the desired type, it is also known as type casting.
c. a = 3.0 or 3
b = 2.5

Answer 30.
a. Physical or logical arrangement of computers on a network is called structure or topology.
b. Bus topology. All the computers are at-tached to a single cable called the bus. Here one computer transmits all other computers listen. Therefore it is called the broadcast bus. The transmission from any station will travel in both the direction. The connected computers can hear the message and check whether it is for them or not. Advantages are add or remows computer is very easy. It requires less cable length and the installation cost is less,
c. Local Are Network (LAN): This is used to connect computers in a single room or buildings of one location by using twisted pair wire or coaxial cable. Data transfer rate is high and an error rate is less.

Wide Area Network (WAN): This is used to connect computers over a large geographical area. It is a network of networks. Here the computers are connected using telephone lines or Microwave station or satellites. The error rate in rate in data transmission is high, eg., internet.