Class 10

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 7 India: The Land of Diversities

Answer the following. Score 1 each

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Which of the following neighbouring countries does not share land frontier with India?
Afghanistan
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Answer:
Sri Lanka

Question 2.
The mountain range which is part of the Himalayas
Karakoram
Siwalik
Ladakh
Answer:
Siwalik

Question 3.
Godwin Austin, the highest peak in India is located in the
Karakoram ranges
Himalayan ranges
Lushai hills
Answer:
Karakoram ranges

Question 4.
The highest Himalayan peak in India.
Godwin Austin
Kanchenjunga
Nanga Parbat
Answer:
Kanchenjunga

Question 5.
The highest Himalayan range
Himadri
Himachal
Answer:
Himadri

Question 6.
River Indus originates from
Manasarovar lake.
Gaimukh cave
Chemayungdung glacier
Answer:
Manasarovar lake

Question 7.
Which of the following is a tributary of the Brahmaputra?
Vista
Jhelum
Beas
Answer:
Vista

Question 8.
Peninsular river that joins with the Arabian sea
Mahanadi
Godavari
Narmada
Answer:
Narmada

Question 9.
The oldest and the extensive physiographic division of India
Northern Great Plains
Northern mountains
Peninsular Plateau
Answer:
Peninsular Plateau

Question 10.
A north-flowing Peninsular river
Mahanadi
Chambal
Tapti
Answer:
Chambal

Question 11.
The longest Peninsular river
Mahanadi
Godavari
Narmada
Answer:
Godavari

Question 12.
Choose the wrong statement about Eastern Coast plain
Backwaters and estuaries are seen
Southern part is called Coromandel Coast
Delta formation
Answer:
Backwaters and estuaries are seen

Question 13.
The capital of Lakshadweep
Port Blair
Kavaratti
Indira Point
Answer:
Kavaratti

Question 14.
The main reason for the occurrence of winter rainfall in Punjab region.
Northeast monsoon wind
Cyclones originating in the Mediterranean sea shift towards east
Cyclone originating in the Arabia Sea.
Answer: ‘
Cyclones originating in the Mediterranean sea shift towards east

Question 15.
The rainfall beneficial for winter crops.
Rainfall due to western disturbance
Southwest monsoon rain
Northeast monsoon rain
Answer:
Rainfall due to western disturbance

Question 16.
When the sun is over the northern hemisphere, North Indian regions experience intense low pressure. Which atmospheric phenomenon is its result?
Northeast monsoon wind
Southwest monsoon wind
Cyclone
Answer:
Southwest monsoon wind

Question 17.
A feature of mountain soil found in northern mountain system.
Generally fertile
High salt content
Comparatively low fertility
Answer:
Generally fertile

Question 18.
The physiographic division of India known as the ‘Granary of India ’.
Northern Great Plains
Coastal Plains
Peninsular India
Answer:
Northern Great Plains

Question 19.
What is the reason for the scarce rainfall along the western parts of Northern Great Plains?
Southwest monsoon branch blows parallel to the Aravalli mountain ranges.
By the time southwest monsoon branch reaches Rajasthan, loses much of its moisture content.
Both of the above reasons.
Answer:
Both of the above reasons.

Question 20.
North India experiences high temperature during summer season than the coastal regions. This is because of
Distance from ocean
Nearness to ocean
Sun is over the Southern Hemisphere
Answer:
Distance from ocean

Question 21.
The Coromandel Coast of India receives heavy rainfall in the months of November – December due to the influence of
Southwest monsoon
Northeast monsoon
Southeast monsoon
Answer:
Northeast monsoon

Question 22.
Identify the regions where laterite soils are formed.
Regions made of igneous rocks named basalt.
Regions with monsoon rains and intermittent hot seasons.
Desert regions.
Plains formed by the river deposition.
Answer:
Regions with monsoon rains and intermittent hot seasons.

Question 23.
Identify the mountain region from which both Narmada and Mahanadi’ rivers originate
Maikala ranges
Mahabaleswar hills
Western Ghats –
Answer:
Maikala ranges

Question 24.
In which Himalayan range are hill stations like Shimla and Darjeeling situated?
Himadri
Himachal
Siwalik
Answer:
Himachal

Question 25.
Choose the wrong statement about river Indus.
Source is Manasarovar lake in Tibet
Merges with the Bay of Bengal.
Length is about 2880 km.
Answer:
Merges with the Bay of Bengal

Question 26.
Identify the correct statement about river Ganga.
Merges with the Arabian Sea.
Jhelum and Chenab are tributaries % The main tributary is Yamuna.
Source is Chemayungdung glacier in Tibet.
Answer:
The main tributary is Yamuna

Question 27.
Choose the correct statement about Peninsular rivers
Intensive erosion
Intensity of erosion is less
Extensive catchment area
High irrigation potential
Answer:
Intensity of erosion is less

Question 28.
Find out the correct pair.
Godavari – Sabari
Kaveri – Bhima
Narmada – Indravati
Mahanadi – Thungabhadra
Answer:
Godavari – Sabari

Question 29.
Kabani is the tributary of
Krishna
Kaveri
Mahanadi
Godavari
Answer:
Kaveri

Question 30.
Choose the wrong statement about Himalayan rivers
Do not create deep valleys
Extensive catchment area
High irrigation potential
Intensive erosion
Answer:
Do not create deep valleys

Question 31.
Which of the following is not included in Eastern Highlands?
Khasi
Garo
Jayanti
Karakoram
Answer:
Karakoram

Question 32.
Which of the following is not included in Trans Himalayas?
Karakoram
Siwalik
Ladakh
Zaskar
Answer:
Siwalik

Question 33.
Which of the following is not a Himalayan river?
Indus
Godavari
Ganga
Yamuna
Answer:
Godavari

Question 34.
The physiographic division which is not a part of Peninsular plateau.
Aravalli range.
Deccan plateau
Thar desert
Western Ghats
Answer:
Thar desert

Question 35.
The soil found in Northern Great Plains and coastal plains
Red soil
Alluvial soil
Black soil
Laterite soil
Answer:
Alluvial soil

Complete the statement suitably.

1. The highest peak in India is ………………………
2. In India, the highest temperature of summer is felt at ………………………
3. The river ……………………… originates from the Maikala ranges in Madhya Pradesh.
4. Agra is on the bank of the river ………………………
5. The strong upper air currents in the troposphere are called ………………………
Answer:
1. Godwin Austin/Mount K2
2. Barmer
3.Mahanadi
4. Yamuna
5. Jet streams

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What are dunes?
Answer:
Broad flat valleys seen across the Siwalik ranges.

Question 2.
How are Northern Great Plains formed?
Answer:
Northern Great Plains are formed by the continuous alluvial deposits of Himalayan rivers for thousands of years.

Question 3.
How is Marusthali Bagar plain formed?
Answer:
The Marusthali Bagar plain in Rajasthan is formed by the deposits of rivers Luni and Saraswathi.

Question 4.
Most Peninsular rivers carry less water during summer. Why?
Answer:
Most Peninsular rivers are rain-fed.

Question 5.
How are Peninsular rivers classified based on the direction of flow?
Answer:

• West flowing rivers
• East flowing rivers
• North flowing rivers

Question 6.
Which is the highest waterfall in India?
Answer:
Jog falls in Saravathi river in Karnataka.

Question 7.
What are the peculiarities of Lakshadweep?
Answer:
Presence of lagoons, sandy beaches and coral reefs.

Question 8.
What are Kalbaisakhi?
Answer:
Thundershowers in West Bengal during summer.

Question 9.
Rajas tan gets only scanty rainfall. Why?
Answer:
Aravalli mountains are in Rajasthan. The Arabian sea branch of southwest monsoon passes parallel to these mountains. These mountains cannot obstruct the moisture-laden monsoon winds.

Question 10.
Which is the second-highest range in the Himalayas? What is its average altitude?
Answer:

• Himachal
• Average altitude is 3000 meters

Question 11.
The northern mountains are the paradise of tourists. Why? Name the famous hill stations here.
Answer:

• Due to its natural beauty
• Hill stations are
• Shimla
• Kulu
• Darjeeling
• Manali

Question 12.
Which soil is formed by the disintegration of black lava rocks?
Answer:
Black soil

Question 13.
Which are the islands of India located in the Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal?
Answer:

• Arabian Sea – Lakshadweep
• Bay of Bengal- Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
Write the features of desert soil.
Answer:

• Very little moisture content
• Rich salt content

Question 2.
Aravalli is a mountain in Peninsular plateau. Which are the other mountains in the Peninsular plateau?
Or
Complete the sun diagram on the mountains of Peninsular plateau.
Answer:

• Vindhya range
• Satpura range
• Eastern Ghats
• Western Ghats

Question 3.
Where is laterite soil formed in India?
Answer:
Laterite soil is formed in the regions with monsoon rains and intermittent hot seasons. It is found mainly in some parts of Peninsular plateau.

Question 4.
Besides laterite soil, which are the soils found in Peninsular plateau. Write one feature of each.
Answer:
Black soil: Suitable for cotton cultivation, high fertility.
Red soil: Red in colour because of the presence of iron content.

Question 5.
Why is Peninsular plateau called the store-house of minerals?
Answer:

• Peninsular plateau holds numerous deposits of diverse minerals.
• Iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite, limestone, etc. are found.

Question 6.
Which are the river basins in eastern coastal plain where paddy is cultivated extensively?
Answer:
River basins of Kaveri, Krishna, Godavari and Mahanadi

Question 7.
What is western disturbance? Write its benefit.
Or
Write the reason for the winter rainfall in Punjab region. What is the agricultural importance of this rainfall?
Answer:
During the cold-weather season of India, cyclones originating in the Mediterranean sea shift towards east under the influence of jet streams and enter India. This causes winter rainfall in North plains, especially in Punjab. This is known as western disturbance. This is much beneficial for the cultivation of rabi crops like wheat and barley.

Question 8.
Explain ‘October heat’.
Answer:
The northeast monsoon season is a transition period between rainy season and the forthcoming winter season. This season experienced in the months of October and November makes the days unbearable due to high temperature and humidity.

The high temperature and humidity experienced all over India during this time make the daytime very uncomfortable or sultry. This phenomenon is called October heat.

Question 9.
Though northeast monsoon winds are dry, they cause heavy rainfall along the Coromandel coast of India. Write the reason.
Or
Coromandal coast receives rainfall during northeast monsoon. Why? In which months are these seasons experienced?
Answer:
Northeast monsoon winds blowing from land to sea due to the attraction of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal takes a northeast to southwest direction.

It absorbs moisture from the Bay of Bengal and causes heavy rainfall along the Coromandel coast. This rainfall occurs in the months of October and November.

Question 10.
The coastal plains to India are subdivided into five. Classify them suitably.
a. Konkan Coast plain
b. North Circar Coastal plain
c. Gujarat Coastal plain
d. Coromandal Coastal plain
e. Malabar Coastal plain

Answer:

Question 11.
Most parts of Rajasthan are desert and the amount of rainfall received is less there. Biju is of the opinion that Aravalli mountain is responsible for this.
a. Do you agree with him?
b. Why?
Answer:
a. I agree
b. The reasons are given below.
It is because of the Aravalli ranges that Rajasthan receives only scanty rainfall. Lying parallel to the monsoon winds from the Arabian sea, it cannot obstruct the moisture-laden monsoon winds. Moreover, by the time the Arabian sea branch reaches Rajasthan, it loses much of its moisture content.

Question 12.
Using the indicators, complete the columns to compare the Himalayan and Peninsular rivers.

Answer:

Question 13.
Chirapunji and Mawsynram are regarded as the rainiest spots in the world. Find out the topographical factors that enable these places to retain this name.
Answer:
The Bay of Bengal branch of south west monsoon advances northward by absorbing more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. On reaching West Bengal, crossing the Sundarban delta, it bifurcates into two branches. One branch reaches the Brahmaputra plains and causes heavy rainfall there. The Khasi- Jaintia hills of Meghalaya obstruct these winds and cause heavy rainfall in these regions. Chirapunji and Mawsynram are in this region.

Question 14.
Some of the rivers of India are marked as a, b, c, d, e and f in the given map. Identify those rivers and classify them as Himalayan and Peninsular rivers.

Answer:
a – Kaveri
C – Yamuna
e – Brahmaputhra
b – Tungabhadra
d – Narmada
f- indus

Question 15.
Given below are the characteristic features of one of the physical divisions of India. Based on the indicators, find out the physical division and add to the list.
Storehouse of minerals
Built of hard Crystalline rocks
Answer:
The physiographic division is Peninsular plateau. Characteristic features
i. It has an area of about 15 lakh sq. km.

ii. Has a diverse topography of mountains, plateaus and valleys.

iii. Anamudi is the highest peak in this zone, iv. The main vegetations here are tropical deciduous and tropical rain forests.

Question 16.
The names of the subdivisions of the Great Plains are given. Write the names of the rivers causing their formation.
(ganga plain, Punjab – Haryana plan Marusrhali – Bagar plain. Brahmaputra plan)
Answer:

Question 17.
classify the Peninsular rivers as those flowing into Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal
Answer:

Question 18.
The Northern Great Indian plain is densely populated. Why?
Or
The Northern Great Indian plain is known as the granary of India. Why’
Answer:
The Northern Great Indian plain is formed by the continuous deposition of sediments brought by the Himalayan rivers for thousands of years. It is one of the most fertile and extensive alluvial plains of the world. It extends over 7 lakh sq.kms with kilometres of thick sediments.

Since this plain is formed by the deposition of fertile alluvium, this has become the most important agricultural region in the country and sois called the granary of India. Naturally this is densely populated.

Question 19.
Alluvial soil is dominant in most parts of Northern plains. Why?
Answer:
The Northern plains are formed by the deposits of alluvium brought down by rivers Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra and their tributaries flowing down the Himalayas for thousands of years.

Question 20.
Which soil is suitable for cotton cultivation? Where is it found in India?
Answer:
Black soil is suitable
Black soil is extensively found in Deccan plateau, which is the southern part of Peninsular plateau. A major portion of Deccan plateau has been formed by the cooling of lava that spread over the region millions of years ago. Thus the region is made of igneous rocks, namely basalt.

Question 21.
The Northern mountain system influences the climate of India. Substantiate.
Answer:

• Blocks the monsoon winds blowing from the south and causes rainfall throughout North India.
• Prevents the dry cold winds blowing from the north from entering India during winter.

Question 22.
Complete the table.

Answer:
a. Arabian Sea
b. Narmada

Question 23.
Because of the peculiar shape of the Indian peninsula, the southwest monsoon winds bifurcate into two branches before entering the land. Which are the two branches?
Answer:
Arabian Sea branch
Bay of Bengal branch

Question 24.
Bajra and jowar are the main crops cultivated in Rajasthan. Why?
Answer:
Crops like bajra and jowar require very little amount of water to grow.
Rainfall is very less in Rajasthan

Question 25.
Why does, the temperature decrease from south to north during winter season in India?
Answer:
India experiences winter when the position of the sun is over the southern hemisphere. So the southern parts of India receive more sun rays than the northern parts.
The southern parts which lie close to the sea experience high temperature.

Question 26.
Which type of soil is mainly found in the following states?
a. Himachal Pradesh
b. Uttar Pradesh
c. Rajasthan
d. Maharashtra
Answer:
a. Mountain soil
b. Alluvial soil
c. Desert soil
d. Black soil

Question 27.
Using the hints, write the names of Himalayan ranges.
a. Broad and flat valleys called Duns are seen.
b. Hill stations like Shimla and Darjeeling are seen.
c. Average altitude is 6000 metres.
d. Peaks like Kanchenjunga and Nandadevi are seen.
Answer:
a. Siwaliks
b. Himachal
c. Himadri
d. Himadri

Question 28.
The statements given below are related to the rivers in India.
Statement A: Catchment area is comparatively smaller.
Statement B: Creates gorges.
Based on these statements, identify the correct one from among the following.
a. Both statements indicate Himalayan rivers.
b. Both statements indicate Peninsular rivers.
c. Statement A is related to Himalayan river and statement B is related to Peninsular rivers.
d. Statement A is related to Peninsular rivers and statement B is related to Himalayan rivers.
Answer:
d. Statement A is related to Peninsular rivers and statement B is related to Himalayan rivers.

Answer the following. Score 3 each

Question 1.
Complete the diagram on some of the rivers of India, their tributaries and the states through which they flow based on the hints.
Hints:

• Hiran
• Kaveri
• Narmada
• Andhra Pradesh
• Tungabhadra
• Tamil Nadu

Answer:
a. Andhra Pradesh
b. Tamil Nadu
c. Narmada
d. Kaveri
e. Hiran
f. Thungabhadra

Question 2.
Which are the physical divisions located between Arabian sea and Western Ghats and Bay of Bengal and Eastern Ghats? Write their. features also.
Or
Compare the west coast and east coast plains of India based on the given hints.

• Location
• Landform created
• Length
• Influence of monsoon
• Width

Answer:
West coast plain, East coast plain

Question 3.
The tributaries of some Indian rivers are given in the picture: Complete the picture by adding the names of their major rivers.

Answer:
a. Ganga
b. Brahmaputra
c. Indus
d. Godavari
e. Krishna
f. Mahanadi

Question 4.
Make a comparison between Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers.
Answer:

Question 5.
Complete the following table suitably Rivers

Answer:

Question 6.
Mention the characteristic features of the Peninsular plateau.
Or
The Peninsular Plateau is a phýsiographic division with some unique characteristics. What are these characteristics?
Answer:
i. Made of hard crystalline rocks.
ii Flas&nareaofabouti5lakhsq.km
iii. it has diverse topography of mountains, plateaus and valleys.
iv. The vegetation here includes tropical deciduous type and tropical rain forests.
v. Anamudi with a height of 2695m is the highest peak of this zone.
vi. Has black soil and red soil.
vii. Holds numerous deposits of diverse minerals and so known as storehouse of a minerals.
viii.Deccan plateau which is formed by the cooling of lava lies to the south of Peninsular Plateau.

Question 7.
The names of the tributaries of sonic rivers are given below. Write the name of the main river against each.

Answer:

Question 7.
Table the Himalayan rivers on the basis of sources, tributaries, states through which they flow and the sea which they join.
Answer:

Question 8.
From which state do the following rivers originate?
Narmada, Mahanadi, Tapti, Kaveri, Krishna, Godavari
Answer:

Question 9.
The names of some rivers are given. List them as originating from the Himalayas and from the Western Ghats.
Jhehrn, Kaveri, Yamuna, Krishna, Kosi, Godavari.
Answer:

Question 10.
Identify the soil type from the hints given
a. Generally fertile and dark brown or black in colour
b. Seen on river banks and coastal plains.
c. Dry and salty
d. Formed by the disintegration of igneous rocks called basalt.
e. Soil with iron content
f. Soil formed in monsoon climatic region.
Answer:
a. Mountain soil
b. Alluvial soil
c. Desert soil
d. Black soil
e. Red soil
f. Laterite soil

Question 11.
Answer the following questions based on, Northern Great plains of India.
a. Rivers that caused the formation of Northern Great Plains.
b. From which physiographic division do these rivers originate?
c. How does the peculiarity of the soil here influence human life?

Answer:
a. Northern Great Plains are formed by the continuous depositional work of the Himalayan’ rivers Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra and their tributaries.
b. These rivers originate from northern mountain
c. The alluvial soil formed by the Himalayan rivers is highly fertile. So this region is the backbone of Indian agriculture and so known as the granary of India. This is one of the most densely populated regions also.

Question 12.
Just as in physiography, India has climatic variation too. Examine the reasons for the variations of climate in India.
Answer:

• Latitudinal location
• Topography
• Nearness to oceans
• Altitude above sea level
• Himalayan mountains
• Distance from oceans

Question 13.
There is regional variation in the distribution of rainfall in India. What are the reasons?
Answer:

• Topography
• Nearness to oceans
• Distance from oceans
• Location of mountain ranges
• Direction of wind
• Extent of land

Question 14.
Choose the correct pairs from the columns

A. a→q, b→p, c→r
B. a→r, b→p, c→q
C. a→r, b → q, c→p
D. a → q, b→p, c→r
Answer:
B. a→ r, b→p, c→q

Question 15.
Identity the rivers hinted below and write any two features of them.
a. River originating from the Manasarovar lake in Tibet.
b. River originating from the Gaumukh caves in the Gangotri glacier:
Answer:
a. River Indus

• About 2880 km long
• Jhelum, Chenab and Beas are tributaries
• Joins the Arabian Sea

b. Ganga

• About 2500 km long .
• Yamuna and Kosi are tributaries
• Joins the Bay of Bengal

Question 16.
Just as the diversity in the physiography of India, there is diversity in climate also.
a. Write an example for the diversity in climate
b. Write any two reasons for the diversity in climate.
c. The south west and north eastern parts of India receive heavy rainfall during the south west monsoon period. Why?
Answer:
a. Kerala receives more rainfall within a day than the annual rainfall received in Rajasthan.
b. Nearness to ocean Latitude
c. The Western Ghats block the Arabian Sea branch of south west monsoon and cause heavy rainfall in the south west parts of India. One branch of the Bay of Bengal branch of south west monsoon reaches the north eastern states through the Brahmaputra plains and causes heavy rainfall there. The Khasi and Garo hills block the winds and cause rainfall.

Question 17.
Explain the terms
Himalayan rivers
Peninsular rivers
Answer:
The snow-clad peaks and glaciers in the Himalayas are rich sources of freshwater. Numerous great rivers take birth through the confluence of streams originating from the melting snow. These rivers are known as Himalayan rivers.The rivers originating from the elevated regions of the Peninsular plateau are known as Peninsular rivers.

Question 18.
What are the peculiar features of Eastern Highlands?
Answer:

• Lie at an’altitude of 500 to 3000 metres.
• Known as Purvachal
• Khasi, Garo, Jaintia and Mizo hills are here.
• Cherrapunji, the place receiving the highest rainfall in the world is situated here.
• This region is covered by dense tropical forests.
• Fertile mountain soil is found here.

Question 19.
Write the name of the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas and match them with the following.

1. Dunc
2. Kanchenjunga
3. Darjeeling

Answer:

1. Duns – Siwaliks – Southernmost Himalayan range.
2. Kanchenjunga – Himadri – the highest Himalayan range.
3. Darjeeling – Himachal – the middle range

Question 20.
Certain geoinformation f Peninsular plateau are given. Classify them as mountains and plateaus.

• Malwa
• Vindhya
• Western
• Chota Nagpur
• Satpura
• Deccan

Answer:

Question 21.
Analyse the following statements and write the reasons for them.
a. While Mangalore receives rainfall from June to September, Chennai usually receives rainfall in November – December.
b. Rajasthan receives very little rainfall.
Answer:
a. Southwest monsoon season is experienced from June to September. The western parts of Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat receive rainfall during this period. Mangalore is situated to the west of Karnataka. The north east monsoon season is experienced in the months of November and December along the eastern coast of India. Chennai is situated on the eastern coast of Tamil Nadu and so receives rainfall in November and December.

b. Rainfall is scarce in Rajasthan because the monsoon branch entering through Gujarat blows para lei to the Arrival Ii mountain ranges.

Question 22.
Write the reasons for the following.
a. The Western portion of Northern plains are least populated.
b. Bajra and jowar are the ,main crops cultivated here.
Answer:
a. The Western portion of Northern ptains is the Thar desert in Rajasthan. Rainfall is scarce here. The highest temperature of India is experienced here.

b. Dry and salty desert soil is found in this region. Bajra and jowar require very little amount of water to grow.

Question 23.
Choose the correct column from the following.

A. a.i and c. iii
B. b. ii and d. iv
C. a.i and d. iv
D. b. ii and a. iii
Answer:
C. a.i and d. iv

Question 24.
The following table is on the Himalayan rivers. Identify the mistakes if any and correct accordingly.

Answer:

Question 25.
The role of Northern plains is decisive in the agricultural economy of India. Explain.
Answer:
Northern plains are the backbone of Indian agriculture. Fertile soil, water availability and favourable climate, etc. are conducive for agriculture. ,
This region is known as the granary of India.
Wheat, maize, rice, sugarcane, cotton, pulses, etc. are largely cultivated here.

Question 26.
The names of a few mountain ranges are given.
Categorize them suitably.
a. Karakoram
b. Jaintia
c. Himachal
d. Siwalik
e. Ladak
f. Naga hills

Answer:

Question 27.
Identity the physiographic division from where the following rivers originate. Classify these rivers as east flowing and west flowing rivers.

• Narmada
• Godavari
• Tapti
• Kaveri
• Mahanadi
• Krishna

Answer:

• These Peninsular rivers originate from Peninsular plateau
• East flowing rivers – Godavari, Kaveri, Mahanadi, Krishna
• West flowing rivers – Narmada, Tapti

Question 28.
Write a description on the human life in the northern mountain region.
Answer:

• Animal rearing is the major means of livelihood.
  Sheep are commercially reared in Jammu- Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh. ,
• Agriculture: Potato, barley, saffron, apple, orange and tea are cultivated.
• Tourism – Scenic beauty of the mountains attract tourists. Hill stations like Shimla, .. Darjeeling, Kulu and Manali are situated here.

Question 29.
Identify the rivers hinted below and write any two of their features.
a. River originating from the Chema-Yung- dung glacier in the Kaila’s ranges.
b. Longest Peninsular river.
Answer:
a. Brahmaputra:

• Has a length of about 2900 km.
• Joins the Bay of Bengal.

b. Godavari:

• Originates from Western Ghats – Nasik district of Maharashtra
• Flows through Maharashtra, Telengana and Andhra.

Question 30.
Give reasons for the following:
a. Continuity of Siwaliks breaks at many places.
b. Punjab region receives winter rainfall.
c. Coromandal coast receives north east monsoon rain.
Answer:
a. The Himalayan rivers cut across the Siwalik range, its continuity breaks at many places.

b. Punjab region receives winter rainfall due to the phenomenon of western disturbance. The cyclones originating in the Mediterranean Sea during winter gradually shift towards east, reach India and cause rainfall in the northern plains, especially in the Punjab region. This is known as western disturbance.

c. The northeast monsoon winds blowing over the Bay of Bengal absorb moisture and pass through the Coromandel coast, causing rainfall along this coast.

Question 31.
Write a note on the advancement of Arabian Sea branch of monsoon winds.
Answer:
Arabian Sea branch of monsoon winds:
Because of the particular shape of the Indian peninsula, the south west monsoon winds bifurcate into two branches before entering the land. One branch is the Arabian Sea branch. It reaches the coast of Kerala by early June and causes heavy rainfall there.

Then it advances to the states of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat and causes rainfall in the western parts. Rainfall is scarce in the Rajasthan region because the monsoon branch entering through Gujarat blows parallel to the Aravalli mountain ranges. The Arabian Sea branch merges with the other branch of the Bay of Bengal branch in the Punjab plains, advances north further and causes heavy rainfall along the foothills of the Himalayas.

Question 32.
Explain the features of west coastal plain in India.
Answer:
Features of West Coastal Plain:

• Between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats
• From the Rann of Kutchh to Kanyakumari
• Comparatively narrow
• Can be divided into Gujarat coast, Konkan coast and Malabar coast.
• Lakes and backwaters can be found.

Question 33.
Write a note on the north east monsoon season in India.
Answer:
Northeast monsoon season
By the end of September, as the sun shifts towards the southern hemisphere, intense high pressure develops over the Northern plains. Comparatively low pressure over the Indian” ocean causes wind to blow from the northern part of India towards the south. These are the northeast monsoon winds. These winds are dry and do not cause rain in India.

This season is a transition period between the rainy season and the forthcoming winter. This season experienced during the months of October and November makes the days unbearable due to high temperature and humidity. This phenomenon is known as October heat.

The winds blowing from land to sea due to the attraction of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal takes; a northeast to southwest direction. It absorbs moisture from the Bay of Bengal and causes rainfall along the Coromandal coast, especially the Tamil Nadu coast. Kerala and some parts of Karnataka also receive northeast monsoon.

Question 34.
Write a short note on Trans Himalayas.
Answer:
Trans Himalayas: Trans Himalayas are a part of northern mountain ranges. Trans Himalayas include Karakoram, Ladakh and Zaskar mountain ranges. Mount K₂ or Godwin Austin (8661 m), the highest peak in India, is in the Karakoram range. The average height of the Trans Himalayas is 6000m.

Question 35.
Which are the types of soils found in Peninsular plateau? Write their features also.
Answer:
The soils found in Peninsular plateau are black soil, red soil and laterite soil.

Black soil

• Formed by the cooling of lava.
• Suitable for cotton cultivation.

Red soil

• Formed by the weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
• Presence of iron gives red colour.

Laterite soil
Formed in the regions with monsoon rains and intermittent hot seasons.

Question 36.
Write a note on human life in the Peninsular plateau.
Answer:

• Agriculture: Cotton, pulses, groundnut, sugarcane, maize, ragi, chilli, etc. are the major agricultural crops of this region. –
• Mining: Iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite, limestone, etc. are the major minerals found here.
• Industries: Agro-based industries and mineral-based industries are found.

Question 37.
Write a note on human life along coastal plains of India.
Answer:

• Fishing is the main occupation of the people.
• Tourism has great possibilities here.
• Agriculture: Rice and coconut are the major agricultural crops along the west coast.

Question 38.
Write a note on the Lakshadweep island and human life there.
Answer:

• The Lakshadweep islands are situated in the Arabian Sea, There are 36 islands in this island group, of which only 11 are inhabited.
• Lagoons, sandy beaches and coral reefs are the specialities of the Lakshadweep island group.
• People depend largely on sea for their sustenance as agriculture is sparse. Fishing and tourism are the major sources of income.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
Mark the answers to the following geoinformation in the outline map India.
a. The southernmost Himalayan range
b. Major type of soil in Marusthali Bagar plain
c. Coromandel Coast
d. The southern endpoint of India ‘
Answer:
a. Siwalik
b. Desert soil
c. Coromandel Coast
d. Indira Point

Question 2.
Mark the answers to the following geoinformation in the outline map of India.
Answer:
a. Peninsular river with lb as tributary
b. River which originates from Gaimukh caves
c. Himalayan river which joins the Arabian Sea
d. River which originates from Madhya Pradesh flows through Gujarat and Maharashtra and joins the Arabian sea.
Answer:
a. Mahanadi
b. Ganga
c. Indus
d. Tapti

Question 3.
Statements A and B deal with the island groups of India. Which are they? Write their features also.
Statement A: Situated in the Arabian Sea
Statement B: Port Blair is the capital of this island group.
Answer:
Statement A: Lakshadweep

• Causes the emergence of diverse flora and fauna
• Forms the source of many perennial rivers.
• The region has a remarkable role in the formation of the Northern Great Plains, which is the food bowl of India.
• Agriculture is sparse and people mainly depend on sea for sustenance.
• Fishing and tourism are the main sources of income. ,

Statement B : Andaman & Nicobar Islands

• Situated in the Bay of Bengal.
• Consist of two groups of islands – Andaman with 200 islands and Nicobar with 19 islands.
• Most of the islands are uninhabited.
• Many of them have dense forests.
• The only volcano of India is situated in the Barren island here.
• Indira Point which is the southernmost tip of Nicobar islands is considered as the southern end of India.

Question 4.
Explain the ròle of the Northern mountain system in influencing the physiography, climate and human life of India.
Answer:

• Protects from foreign invasions from the north since ancient time onwards.
• Obstructs the monsoon winds and causes rainfall throughout North India.
• Prevents the dry cold wind blowing from north from entering India during winter.
• Causes the emergence of diverse flora and fauna
• Forms the source of many perennial rivers.
• The region has a remarkable role in the formation of the Northern Great Plains. which is the food bowl of India.
• Attracts tourists and mountaineers. Tourism is ail Important source of income of this region.
• Supports an indigenous culture.

Question 5.
The south-west monsoon winds provide about 70% of the rainfall received in India. Which are the two branches of this monsoon? Explain their role in giving rainfall throughout India.
Answer:
Arabian Sea Branch
The Arabian sea branch which reaches Kerala coast by the beginning of June gives heavy rainfall here. Then it advances to the states of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat and causes rainfall in the western parts.

Bay of Bengal branch
The Bay of Bengal branch advances north by absorbing moisture from Bay of Bengal. On reaching West Bengal, crossing the Sundarban delta, it bifurcates into two branches. One branch enters the Brahmaputra plains and gives heavy rainfall in the north eastern states. Khasi, Garo hills obstruct the winds to cause rainfall.

Question 6.
The sketch of river Ganga is given. &amine the information given and complete the table.


Answer:
a. Gaimukh caves in the Gangotri glacier, Uttarakhand
b. About 2500 km
c. Yamuna
d. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar
e. Hooghly
f. Bay of Bengal

Question 7.
India is largely influenced by the peculiarities of the Himalayas. Complete the Sun diagram by writing two examples each.

Answer:
A : Kulu, Manali, Shimla, Darjeeling, Nainital, Mussoorie
B : Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra
C : Ganga plain, Brahmaputra plain, Punjab – Haryana plain, Marusthali – Bagar plain.
D: Himadri, Himachal, Siwalik
E: Major means of livelihood is animal rearing. Potato, barley, apple and tea are cultivated in the fertile Siwalik valley.

Question 8.
Match the items in columns A, B and C.

Answer:

Question 9.
The following are some of the features related to the physiographic divisions of India. Find out to which physiographic division each is related. Write two features of these divisions also.
a. The region where Mount K₂ is located.
b. The region of numerous deposits of minerals.
c. The region influenced by northeast monsoon.
Answer:
a. Mount K₂ is located in Northern mountain region.
b. Region of numerous deposits of minerals is Peninsular plateau.
c. Eastern coastal plain is influenced by northeast monsoon.

Features of the physiographic divisions

• Northern mountain region Functions as a great wall starting from north west of Kashmir and extends upto eastern border.
• The region of highest rainfall in the world is located in the east of this mountain.

Peninsular plateau

• Has an area of about 15 lakh km²
• Has a diverse topography of mountains, plateaus and valleys.

Eastern coastal plain

• Located between Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal.
• Deltas are formed in this coastal stretch.

Question 10.
The map depicting the physical divisions of India are given. Write the name of physical divisions represented by the English alphabets. Also write the type of soil found in each and the major crops cultivated.

Answer:
A – Peninsular plateau
B – Western coastal plain
C – Northern Great Plains
D – Northern mountains

• Peninsular plateau – black soil, red soil – cotton, sugar cane, maize
• Coastal plains – Alluvial soil-paddy, coconut
• Northern Great Plains – Alluvial soil, desert soil- wheat, maize, paddy, cotton
• Northern mountain – mountain soil – saffron, potato, apple, tea.

Question 11.
Complete the columns based on the Peninsular rivers

Answer:
a. Munthai plateau
b. Anar
c. Krishna
d. 1400 km
e. Brahmagiri hills
f. Kabani
g. Narmada
h. Hiran

Question 12.
The list of mountain passes of Northern mountain system are given. Write the places connected by them.

Answer:
A. Srinagar-Kargil
B. Jammu-Srinagar
C. Himachal Pradesh-Tibet
D. Sikkim-Lhasa

Question 13.
Given map shows the direction of monsoon winds. Observe the map and prepare a description based on the hints given.

Monsoon Season : Southwest monsoon season,
Nature of winds: Since North Indian regions experience intense low pressure and Indian Ocean region high pressure, winds blow from Indian Ocean to the Indian subcontinent. The winds deflect to right due to Coriolis effect and reach India as south west monsoon winds. Because of the peculiar shape of the Indian peninsula, the south west monsoon winds bifurcate into two branches – Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch- before entering the land.

Question 14.
What are the regional variations in the distribution of rainfall in India? Write the reasons also.
Answer:

• Reasons for the regional variations in rainfall.
• Nearness to sea
• Distance from sea
• Location of mountains
• Direction of winds
• Extent of land

Regional variations in the distribution of rainfall include places receiving more than 200cm rainfall, places receiving rainfall between 100 cm and 200 cm, places receiving rainfall between 60 cm and 100 cm and those less than 60 cm.
Location of mountain is the reason for rainfall of more than 200 cm. Heavy’ rainfall is received on the west of Western Ghats and north east of Khasi and Garo hills. Nearness to sea and Himalayan mountains are the reasons for rainfall between 100 cm and 200 cm. Distance from sea is the reason for rainfall between 60 cm and 100 cm. Distance from Sea and location of mountain are the reasons for rainfall less than 60 cm. Eg. Location of Aravalli.

Question 15.
Is the atmospheric condition of New Delhi and Trivandrum the same during summer and winter? Why? Explain.
Answer:
The atmospheric condition is not the same.
During summer season, the atmospheric temperature of Trivandrum is low and that of New Delhi is high. But during winter season, the atmospheric temperature of Trivandrum is high and that of New Delhi is low.

Reasons;
i. Migration of Sun: India experiences summer when the sun is over the northern hemisphere. So the temperature will be high over northern parts of India including New Delhi. Temperature will be low over southern parts of India including Trivandrum. India experiences winter when the sun is over the southern hemisphere. Temperature will be high over the southern parts of India including Trivandrum which lies near to southern hemisphere. Delhi which lies away experiences low temperature.

ii. Nearness to Sea: Regions located close to sea experience moderate climate. But regions located far from sea experience extreme climate-intense cold during winter and intense heat during summer. Trivandrum lies close to sea and so has moderate climate. Since Delhi lies away from sea, it experiences extreme climate during summer and winter.

Question 16.
Give reasons for the regional variations in the distribution of south west monsoon rain.
Answer:
Location of mountains: Rainfall is maximum along the windward slopes of the mountains. The western side of the Western Ghats, the Eastern Highlands and southern slopes of the Himalayas get heavy rainfall during south west monsoon. The Western Ghats obstruct the south west monsoon winds and cause heavy rainfall on the western side. The eastern slope of Western Ghats is rainshadow region. Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills obstruct the Bay of Bengal branch of south west monsoon and cause heavy rainfall in the north eastern India. The Himalayas obstruct the monsoon winds and cause heavy rainfall in the southern slopes. Rajasthan receives scanty rainfall due to the location of Aravalli hills.

Distance from sea: As the amount of moisture decreases with the advancement of Arabian Sea branch and Bay of Benga l branch, the amount of rainfall decreases from the coast towards interior. By the time the Arabian Sea branch reaches Rajasthan, the amount of moisture content in it will be less. That iS why most parts of Rajasthan are deserts.

Question 17.
Write notes on the major soil types and major crops cultivated in the Northern mountain region, Northern plains, Peninsular plateau and coastal plains.
Answer:
Northern mountain :
Soil: Mountain soil
Crops : Potato, barley, saffron, apple, orange

Northern Plains :

• Soil: Alluvial soil ‘
• Crops: Wheat, maize, rice, sugarcane

Peninsular plateau :

• Soil: Black soil
• Crops: Cotton, maize, sugarcane

Coastal plains :
Soil: Alluvial soil Crops: Paddy, coconut

Answer the following. Score 5 each

Question 1.
Which are the two branches of south west monsoon winds? Identify the regions where they cause rainfall.
Answer:
Due to the peculiar shape of the Indian peninsula, the south west monsoon winds bifurcate into two branches – Arabian Sea branch and Bay of Bengal branch before entering the land. ‘

Arabian Sea branch
The Arabian Sea branch that reaches Kerala coast by the beginning of June gives heavy rainfall there. Then it advances to the states of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat and causes rainfall in the western parts.

Bay of Bengal branch
The Bay of Bengal branch which absorbs moisture from Bay of Bengal advances through Sundarban delta and enters West Bengal and bifurcates into two. One branch enters the Brahmaputra plains and gives heavy rainfall in the north eastern states. Khasi, Garo hills obstruct the winds to cause rainfall.

The other branch enters the Ganga plains and gives rainfall in the states of West Bengal, Bihar and Utter Pradesh. This branch joins with the Arabian Sea branch in the Punjab plain, moves northward and gives heavy rainfall in the foothills of the Himalayas.

Question 2.
Write the features of winter season in India.
Answer:
Winter season is experienced in India from December to February. India experiences winter season when the sun is in the southern hemisphere. North India experiences severe cold during this time. This is because temperature decreases from south to north.
During this season, days are generally warm and nights are severely cold in North India. Snowfall is a common phenomenon in hill stations like Manali and Shimla.

The phenomenon of western disturbance is another feature of the cold season; Cyclones originating in the Mediterranean Sea in winter travel eastwards and enter India. This causes winter rainfall in North Indian plains, especially in Punjab region. This is known as western disturbance. This rainfall is very beneficial for rabi crops. Jet streams bring western disturbance to India.

Question 3.
Write the features of the summer season in India based on the hints.
Duration
Intensity of heat
Local storms
Answer:
summer season in India is experienced from March to May. India experiences summer when the sun is in the northern hemisphere. There is a steady increase in temperature from south to north. North India has high temperature compared to the southern regions located close to sea.

The highest temperature in India during summer season is experienced at Barmer (55°C) in the western part of Rajasthan. The low pressure that develops over North India results in the formation of dry, hot wind called Loo. The local wind known as Mangoshowers causes rainfall in Kerala during this time. Kalbaisakhi is a local wind in West Bengal causing thundershowers and hailstorms.

Question 4.
Classify the Peninsular rivers based on origin, direction of flow, length, tributaries, states through which they flow and the sea to which they join.
Answer:
Mahanadi: Maikala ranges of Madhya Pradesh – east-flowing – 857 km – lb, Tel, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha- Bay of Bengal.

Godavari: Nasik district of Maharashtra – east-flowing – 1465 km – Indravathi, Sabari – Maharashtra, Telengana, Andhra Pradesh- Bay of Bengal.

Krishna: Mahabaleswar hills in Maharashtra- east flowing – 1400km, – Bhima, Tungabhadra- Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telengana, Andhra Pradesh – Bay of Bengal.

Kaveri: Brahmagiri hills is Karnataka – east flowing – 800km – Kabani, Amaravathi – Karnataka, Tamil Nadu – Bay of Bengal.

Narmada : Maikala ranges of Chhattisgarh – west flowing – 1312km – Hiran, Banjan- Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat-Arabian Sea.

Tapti: Muntai plateau in Madhya Pradesh – west flowing – 724 km – Anar, Gima- Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat – Arabian Sea.

Question 5.
The names of tributaries of some rivers are given. Answer the questions based on them. –
Chambal
Gomati
Tungabhadra
Sutlej
a. Which are the tributaries of Himalayan rivers?
b. Which are the tributaries of Peninsular rivers?
c. Which river originates from Peninsular plateau and joins Ganga?
d. Which river originates from Himalayas and joins Ganga?
e. Complete the table

Answer:
a. Chambal, Gomati, Sutlej, Ravi, Manas, Tista
b. Thungabhadra, Gima, lb
c. Chambal
d. Gomati
e.

Answer the following. Score 6 each

Question 1.
The Himalayas consist of three parallel ranges. Write their features.
OR
Arrange the mountain ranges Himachal, Siwalik and Himadri in accordance with altitude and write their features.
Answer:
The Himalayan mountain range forms an arc shaped physical division extending between north-
west Trans Himalayas and the south east Eastern Highlands. These mountain ranges have a length of about 2400 km. It consists of three parallel ranges namely Himadri, Himachal and Siwalik.
Himadri: 6000 m
Siwalik:1220 m
Himachal:3000 m

Himadri

• Highest mountain ranges in the Himalayas.
• Average altitude is about 6000 m.
• The source of Ganga and Brahmaputra
• Mountain peaks with a height of more than 8000 m are situated in this range!
  Eg: Kanchenjunga, Nanda Devi .
• Snow covered throughout the year.

Himachal

• Situated to the south of the Himadri
• Average altitude is above 3000 m.
• Hill stations like Shimla, Dajjeeling are situated on the southern slope of this range. “

Siwalik

• Situated to the south of the Himachal and is . the southernmost range.
• Average altitude is about 1220 m.
• As the Himalayan rivers cut across the range, its continuity breaks at many places.
• Broad flat valleys called Duns are seen along these ranges.
  Eg. Dehradun.

Question 2.
What are the different types of soils found in India? Write their features.
Answer:

Question 3.
India is a land of diverse topography, climate and- drainage. Substantiate with example. •
Answer:
India presents a diverse topography with lofty mountains, broad plateaus, extensive plains and long coast line. She is a land of long rivers, local and seasonal climatic difference and diverse natural vegetation. The following is a description of the diversity seen in the above mentioned factors.

Topography: Physiographically India can be classified into four divisions.

• Northern mountain region
• Great plains of the north
• Peninsular plateau
• Coastal plains and islands

The Northern mountain ranges are subdivided into Trans Himalayas, Himalayas and Eastern Highlands. The highest peak in India Mount K₂ or Godwin Austin is in the Karakoram range of Trans Himalayas. Himadri is the highestmountain range in the Himalayas. Himachal range is located south of Himadri and Siwalik range to further south. The world’s rainiest spot Cherrapunji is located in the thickly forested Khasi, Jaintia and Garo Hills of Eastern Highlands.

Climate: The climate is not the same in all the months in all places of India. Though there is much local diversity in climate, India in general, has a monsoon climate. Based on temperature and rainfall, the seasons of India are divided into four – winter season, summer season, south west monsoon season and north east monsoon season. In India there are places like Cherrapunji with more than 1080 cm of annual rainfall and places like Jaisalmer with less than 12 cm of annual rainfall.

While the western coastal plains and the north east regions receive an annual rainfall greater than 400 cm, Western Rajastan, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab have less than 60 cm. The Himalayan peaks experiencing intense cold conditions throughout the year and the place Banner that recorded the highest temperature (55°C) are also in India. In this way, India experiences diverse climatic conditions.

Drainage (Rivers): Indian rivers are classified into Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers. Floods occur in the Himalayan rivers due to rainfall in the rainy season and the melting of ice in summer. But the Peninsular rivers overflow during the rainy season and cause floods and dry up during summer causing destruction to crops. The Himalayan rivers that carry large volume of water are suitable for inland navigation. They have a number of tributaries. Peninsular rivers are not ‘ very long and do not have many tributaries. Thus India has a diverse drainage system.

Question 4.
Compare the two monsoon seasons of India and state the influence they exert on different parts of India. ,
Answer:
The rainy season of India is known as monsoon season. The two monsoon seasons namely south west monsoon and north east monsoon exert great influence all over India.

South west monsoon season
The period of south west monsoon season in India is from June to September. This is the main rainy season in India because the country receives about 60% rainfall during this period.
When the sun is in the northern hemisphere, North Indian regions experience intense low pressure. Owing to high pressure over the oceans, winds blow from high pressure to low pressure, ie, from the Indian Ocean to the , Indian subcontinent. As the winds deflect towards right due to Coriolis effect, they reach India as south west monsoon winds.
Because of the peculiar shape of the Indian Peninsula, the south west monsoon winds bifurcate into two branches before entering the land – the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.

The Arabian Sea branch
The Arabian Sea branch which reaches Kerala coast by early June gives heavy rainfall there. Then it advances to the states of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat and causes rainfall in the western parts. This is because the Western Ghats obstruct the moisture-laden monsoon winds. But the eastern slopes of Western Ghats receive very little rainfall and have become a rain shadow region. This branch then enters Rajasthan through Gujarat and passes parallel to the Aravalli ranges. As a result, Rajasthan gets only scanty rainfall.

Bay of Bengal branch
The Bay of Bengal branch advances northward and absorbs moisture from the Bay of Bengal and enters West Bengal and bifurcates into two. One branch enters the Brahmaputra valley and gives heavy rainfall in the north eastern states. This is because Khasi and Garo hills obstruct this wind. The other branch enters the Ganga plains and gives rainfall in Wcst Bengal. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. It joins with the Arabian Sea branch in the Punjab plain, moves northward and gives heavy rainfall in the foothills of the Himalayas.

North east monsoon season
The months of October and November are the period of north east monsoon. Intense high pressure develops over North Indian plains and winds are retreating. High temperature and humidity make the days unbearable. The sun is in the southern hemisphere after September and so North Indian plains experience high pressure. But the Indian Ocean regions experience low pressure. So winds blow from the north of India to the Indian Ocean. These are the north east monsoon winds. As they are dry, they do not cause rainfall.

These winds attracted to the low-pressure regions of Bay of Bengal absorb moisture from Bay of Bengal and move in the north east to south east direction. As a result, heavy rainfall is caused on the Coromandal Coast, especially in Tamil Nadu. Kerala and some parts of Karnataka also receive north east monsoon rain.

Question 5.
The distribution of rainfall in India is not uniform. Why? On the basis of rainfall. classfy India into djfferent rainfall regions.
Answer:
Though the whole of India experiences the influence of monsoon rainfall, there is regional variation in the amount of rainfall received. In India there are places like Cherrapunji with more than 1080 cm of rainfall and places like Jaisalmer with less than 12 cm rainfall. Similarly when Kerala gets heavy rainfall during the south west monsoon season, the neighbouring Tamil Nadu gets very less rainfall during this period.

Reasons for tlie disparity in the distribution of rainfall
i. Nearness to sea
ii. Distance from the sea
iii. Location of the mountains
iv. Direction of winds
v. Area of land regions

Rainfall zones in India
i. Heavy rainfall regions and reasons (above 200 cms): West coast plains (region between Kerala and Maharashtra), some places in North-Eastern regions, north – eastern parts of North Indian plains come under this zone. The annual rainfall here is more than 200 cms. The reasons for the heavy rainfall here are Western Ghats, North Eastern Hills and the Himalayas.

ii. High rainfall regions and reasons (between 100 and 200 cms): This zone includes Western Ghat regions, most parts of North Indian plains, north – eastern paits of Peninsular India and North Eastern regions. The reasons are nearness to sea and the Himalayas.

iii. Moderate rainfall regions (between 60 and 100 cms): This zone includes the south and south-west of Kashmir, Malwa Plateau, Deccan plateau and central parts of Tamil Nadu. The reason for the moderate rainfall is the distance from the sea.

iv. Low rainfall regions (below 60 cms) :
Rajasthan, western parts of Gujarat, central parts of Deccan plateau and northern parts of Kashmir come under this zone. The reasons for low rainfall are distance from the sea and the location of regional land forms like mountains (eg. Aravalli mountains).

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 10 Consumer: Satisfaction and Protection

We all are consumers. Variety in products, personal interest, increasing demands, influence of market force, etc. have complicated and widened the scope of consumption. So the chances for exploiting the consumers are also more. Consumers must be able to consume with ease and without being exploited. The unit explains the laws, administrative mechanism and consumer education necessary for this.

→ Consumption: Consumption is the satisfaction of human wants using goods and services.

→ Consumer : The person who purchases and uses goods and services by paying or agreeing to pay a price.

→ Consumer satisfaction : The act of fulfilling the wants of the consumer through the consumption of goods and services.

→ Consumer Protection Act, 1986 : The first major Act passed in India for the protection of the rights of consumers. It clearly defines the comsumer’s rights and sets up special judiciary mechanisms for consumer protection in India.

→ Consumer Courts : The situations in which the consumers are not satisfied with the dealings of the producers and distributors, they can approach the consumer courts which are mechanisms for helping them as per the law.

→ District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum : Consumer court at the district level.

→ State C°nsuiner Disputes Redressal Commission : Consumer court at the state level.

→ National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission : Consumer court at the national level.

→ BIS : Bureau of Indian Standard gives the ISI mark to ensure a fixed quality of products.

→ ISI mark : Indian Standard Institute mark is a certification mark for industrial products in India.
The ISI mark is mandatory for certifying products to be sold in India.

→ ISO : International Organization for Standardisation certifies the quality of goods and services.
Hallmark: Indicates the purity of gold jewellery.

The word is derived from .the Goldsmith’s Company ‘hall’ in London where the purity of these were attested.

→ Agmark: Symbol used to ensure the quality of agricultural and forest products in India.

→ FPO : Food Products Order is a certification ; mark on the safety and quality products/ processed from fruits and vegetables.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 9 Financial Institutions and Services

You have seen the currency notes used in India. Do you know the institution that has the legal right to issue these notes? Look at this picture.

You can see this on all the notes used in India. This is the symbol of the Reserve Bank of India which has the sole legal right to issue currency notes in India. Let us learn about the Reserve Bank of India and the other financial institutions and their services in this unit.

→ Reserve Bank of India : Reserve Bank is the Central Bank of India. It was established in 193 5. Its headquarters is in Mumbai. It is the apex bank which controls all the other banks in India.

→ Financial Institutions : The institutions where financial transactions like deposits and loans take place.

→ Banks : Banks are those institutions which accept deposits from the public and grant loans to the needy subject to conditions.

→ Commercial Banks : The banks which accept deposits and lend money for commercial purposes, industrial and agricultural purposes.

→ Regional Rural Banks : The banks established in 1975 to provide banking services in the rural areas in different states.

→ Savings deposit: A scheme that helps the public to deposit their savings. It helps to promote saving habit. It offers low rate of interest.

→ Fixed deposit: A scheme for depositing money for a specific period of time by individuals and institutions. It gives high rate of interest.

→ Current deposit : A scheme that allows depositors to deposit and withdraw money many times in a day. It is meant for traders and industrialists and does not offer any interest.

→ Recurring deposit : A scheme of depositing money at fixed intervals for a fixed period.

→ Cash credit: Loans given to individuals and institutions by banks on the basis of collateral securities like physical assets, gold, salary certificate, etc. .

→ Overdraft : Facility given to permanent and reliable customers to withdraw money over and above the credit balance.

→ Electronic banking: A method of banking that carries out transactions through net banking and tele banking.

→ Core banking: (Centralised Online Real Time Electronic (CORE) banking is a facility under which all the branches of the banks are brought under a central server to enable transaction from one bank to another.

→ Development banks : Banks that provide long term credit for agricultural, industrial and commercial purposes.

→ Specialized banks : The institutions that provide financial help for the development of certain specific sectors.

→ NABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development is the apex bank operating for agricultural and rural development.

→ Bharatiya Mahila Bank: The financial institution started in 2013, exclusively for women and lending predominantly to women. Its slogan, was “Women empowerment is India’s empowerment”. Merged with SBI in 2017.

→ Payment Banks : Banks that have been established to help low income groups, small scale industrialists and migrant labourers.

→ MUDRA Bank: Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Bank is a bank for providing short term loans to small scale entrepreneurs and micro finances.

→ Non – banking Financial Institutions : The institutions which operate in the financial sector but not rendering all the banking services.

→ Micro Finance : A system that extends financial services to low income groups for self employment activities.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 8 Resource Wealth of India

Natural resources are development of any country. India is blessed with diverse and abundant natural resources. Only the judicious use of resources will help the development of any country. The unit examines the role of agriculture, industry and transport in India’s economic progress.

→ Millets : Small grains like ragi, jowar, etc.

→ Golden fibre : Jute is called golden fibre.

→ Metallic minerals : Minerals with metallic content.

→ Non metallic minerals : Minerals without metallic content.

→ Food crops : Crops which can be directly consumed as food.

→ Cash crops : Crops having industrial and commercial significance.

→ Kharif crops : Crops that are cultivated at the onset of monsoon and harvested by the end of monsoon. Eg. rice, cotton.

→ Rabi crops : Crops that are cultivated by the beginning of winter season and harvested by the beginning of summer. Eg. Wheat.

→ Zaid crops : Crops that are cultivated by the beginning of summer and harvested by the beginning of monsoon. Eg. Fruits, vegetables.

→ Universal fibre : Cotton is called universal fibre. Cotton is used world wide as the raw material for textile industry. Hence it is known as ‘Universal fibre’.

→ Fibre crops : Crops that yield yam or fibre for making textiles and other things. Eg. Cotton, jute.

→ Conventional energy sources : Resources available in nature and depleted when they are used. Eg. Coal.

→ Non conventional energy sources : Resources that are depleted after use, but renew again. Eg. Solar power.

→ Agro-based industries : Industries that use agricultural products as raw materials. Eg. Sugar industry.

→ Mineral based industries : Industries that use minerals as raw materials. Eg. Iron and steel industry.

→ National Highways” The major roads in the country linking state capitals, major cities and ports.

→ State Highways : State’s major roads linking state capitals with district headquarters.

→ Super Highways : The six lane super highways connecting the four major cities of India.

→ Konkan Railway : The railway line extending from Roha in Maharashtra to Mangalore in Karnataka.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 7 India: The Land of Diversities

India is a land of diversity. India’s topography is diverse with lofty mountains, huge rivers, extensive plateaus, broad plains and long coastline. India also experiences regional and seasonal, climatic variations. Though a part of the Asian continent, India is distinct from other parts of Asia. The Himalayas and the Indian Ocean have helped India to have a culture and climate distinct from other countries. The basis of the growth and development of India, an agrarian country, are diverse topography, climate, soil and rivers. The chapter helps to get a glimpse of these facts.

India Topography

→ Physiographically India can be classified into five divisions:

• The Northern Mountain region
• The Northern Great Plains
• The Peninsular Plateau – iv. Coastal Plains
• Islands

→ Northern Mountain region : This stretches from Kashmir in the north west to the Indian border in the east.

→ This mountain belt is divided into three-Trans Himalayas, Himalayas and Eastern Highlands.

→ The Trans Himalayas comprises the Karakoram, Ladakh and Zaskar mountain ranges.

→ The highest peak in India, Mount K2 or Godwin Austin (861 f m) is in the Karakoram range.

→ Pamir Knot is called the roof of the world.

→ The Himalayas which tend in north west- south east direction for a length of2400 km is an arc shaped mountain range.

→ The three parallel ranges of the Himalayas are Himadri, Himachal and Siwalik.

→ Himadri : Northernmost and the highest Himalayan range. The mountain peaks Mount Everest (Sagarmatha), Kanchenjunga, Nandadevi and Dhaulagiri are in Himadri.

→ Mount Everest is in Nepal.

→ The valleys of Kulu, Manali, Shimla, Darjeeling, Nainital and Mussoorie are in
Himachal.

→ The Purvachal or the Eastern Highlands are in the north east of India. The thickly forested Khasi-Jaintia hills in this region are the world’s rainiest spots.

The Northern Great Plain : This zone lies between northern mountain region and peninsular plateau. This extensive plain took shape as a result of the continuous deposition by the rivers flowing down from the Himalayas for thousands of years. This is the most fertile region in India and so is densely populated. Known as the granary of India. The major divisions of this plain are Punjab – Haryana plain, Marusthali – Bagar plain, Gangetic plain and Brahmaputra plain.

→ Thar desert is in Rajasthan. It lies to the west of Northern plains. Aravalli ranges are responsible for the formation of Thar desert.

Peninsular Plateau : This is the oldest and the most extensive physiographic division in India.

→ The nine subdivisions of peninsular plateau are Aravalli range, Malwa plateau, Vindhya range, Satpura range, Chotanagpur plateau, Deccan plateau, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Kathiawar-Kachch regions.

Coastal Plains extend from the Rann of Kachch in Gujarat to the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta in West Bengal.

→ Coastal plains are divided into west coast plains and east coast plains.

→ The three divisions of west coast plains are Gujarat coastal plain (Rann of Kachch to Daman), Konkan coast (Daman to Goa) and Malabar coast (Goa to Kanyakumari).

→ The two subdivisions of east coast plains are Coromandel coast (Kanyakumari to Nellore in Andhra Pradesh) and North Sircar coast (Nellore to Sunderban in West Bengal).

→ Islands : Lakshadweep islands are in the Arabian sea. These are coral islands. The main islands are Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive.

→ Known as Bay Islands, the Andaman and Nicobar islands are located in the Bay of Bengal. These islands are divided into Andaman group and Nicobar group. The only volcano in India, the Barren is situated in the Barren island of Mid Andaman.

INDIA – Rivers

→ The two river systems of India are Himalayan river system and Peninsular river system.

→ The main Himalayan rivers are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

→ The east flowing peninsular rivers are Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri. .

→ The west flowing peninsular rivers are Narmada and Tapti.

INDIA- Climate

→ India experiences monsoon climate. The four seasons of India are:

• Winter season – December to February
• Summer season – March to May
• South west monsoon season – June to September
• North east monsoon season – October to November

→ Land of Rising sun : Arunachal Pradesh is called the land of rising sun. This is because it is the easternmost part of India where the rays of the rising sun fall first in India.

→ Passes : The natural gaps in the mountain ranges which help to traverse the mountain without much difficulty.

→ Siachen Glacier : The second longest glacier in the world outside the polar regions is located jn the eastern side of the Karakoram Ranges. It is also known as ‘Third Pole’.

→ Western disturbance : Rainfall in north west India in the winter season due to the low pressure system originating in the Mediterranean sea.

→ Mangoshowers : Local winds that blow over South India during summer and give rainfall in Kerala and coastal Karnataka.

→ Kalbaisakhi : Dry local wind in West Bengal and Assam during summer causing thundershowers and hail storms.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Consumer: Satisfaction and Protection

Answer the following. Score 1 each

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Which among the following is not included in consumer court?
District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum
State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
Bureau of Indian Standard
Answer:
Bureau of Indian Standard

Question 2.
Which of the following is the first Act for Consumer Protection?
Sale of Goods Act
Agriculture Produce (Grading and Marketing) Act
Essential Commodities Act
Answer:
Sale of Goods Act

Question 3.
Hallmark symbol shows the purity of
Vegetable food products
Gold ornaments
Fruit products
Answer:
Gold ornaments

Complete the statements suitably.

Question 1.
…………….. is the satisfaction of human wants using goods and services.
Answer:
Consumption

Question 2.
The act of fulfilling the wants of the consumer through the consumption of goods and services is called …………………
Answer:
consumer satisfaction

Question 3.
Consumer courts were set up in India as per the ………………. Act of 1986.
Answer:
Consumer Protection

Question 4
……………….. controls the price of medicines in India.
Answer:
Central Drugs Price Control Committee

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who is a consumer?
Answer:
A consumer is a person who purchases and uses goods and services by paying or agreeing to pay a price.

Question 2.
What is meant by consumer satisfaction?
Answer:
The act of fulfilling the wants of the consumer through the consumption of goods and services is called consumer satisfaction.

Question 3.
What are Consumer courts?
Answer:
Consumer courts are mechanisms for helping the consumers as per the law when they are not satisfied with the dealings of the producers and distributors.

Question 4.
How does Legal Metrology Department help the interest of consumers?
Answer:
Legal Metrology Department ensures the weights and measures standards.

Question 5.

What does this symbol represent?
Answer:
The symbol used internationally to certify the safety of electronic and electrical appliances.

Question 6.
Why is the symbol ‘Agmark’ used?
Answer:
Agmark symbol is used to ensure the quality of agricultural and forest products.

Question 7.
What does FPO stand for?
Answer:
FPO certifies the safety and quality of products processed from fruits and vegetables.

Question 8.
How does the Essential Commodities Act of 1955 protect the consumers?
Answer:
The Essential Commodities Act of 195 5 protects the consumers from supernormal profit, hoarding and black marketing.

Question 9.
Which government department ensures the quality of food products at various stages like production, distribution, storage, sale and import?
Answer:
Food Safety and Standard Authority of India.

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
Distinguish between consumption and consumer.
Answer:

• Consumption is the satisfaction of human wants – using goods and services.
• Consumer is the one who purchases and uses goods and services by paying or agreeing to pay a price.

Question 2.
Different economic activities are inter related. Prepare a flowchart using the following.

Distribution
Consumption
Production
Answer:

Question 3.
‘Fast assurance of justice’ is a feature of consumer courts. What are the other
Answer:

• Simple procedure
• Less court expenses

Question 4.
Today we have to pay for all items including water. Why?
Answer:

• Scarcity of resources
• Increase in wants

Question 5.
What does the consumer expect when he purchases goods and uses services?
Answer:

• Get goods at reasonable/fair price
• Quality
• Reliability
• After sale services

Question 6.
Who gives ISI symbol? On which products is this symbol seen?
Answer:

• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) gives ISI symbol to ensure a fixed quality of products.
• ISI symbol can be seen in products such as electrical appliances, cement, paper, paint, gas cylinder, etc.

Question 7.
What is the service of ISO?
Answer:

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO) certifies the quality of goods and services of more than 120 countries including India.
• ISO gives certification to different products and service institutions like hospitals, banks, etc.

Question 8.
Which are the factors that have complicated and widened the scope of consumption?
Answer:

• Variety in products
• Personal interest
• Increasing demands
• Influence of market force

Question 9.
Which are the departments that fulfill the following functions to protect the interests of consumers?
a. Ensuring the quality and safety of medicines
b. Controls price of medicines.
Answer:
a. Drugs Control Department
b. Central Drugs Price Control Committee

Question 10.
What does the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 ensure? Name the services that come under this Act.
Answer:

• The Act ensures that the prescribed conditions of sale are met while purchasing products.
• Violation of guarantee, warranty and after sale services come under this Act.

Answer the following. Score 3 each

Question 1.
How far are the consumer courts helpful in ensuring justice to consumers and to create confidence in them?
Answer:
Consumer courts are judicial mechanisms for assisting the consumers when they are not satisfied with the dealings of the producers and distributors. They settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring compensation for the consumers. They play an important role in ensuring justice to the consumers. They are able to create confidence in them and bring about a qualitative change in their lives.

For the redressal of consumer
grievances, a three-tier system of courts at the district level, state level and national level has been set up. They are referred to as the ‘District Forum’, ‘State Commission’ and the ‘National Commission’. While the National Commission is set up by the central government, the state commissions and the district forums are set up by the state governments.

The courts give verdict for

• Replacing the products.
• Direction to rectify defects in services.
• Repayment of cash paid or excess amount appropriated.
• Monetary compensation for the loss.

Question 2.
What are the consumer habits formed as a result of consumer education?
Answer:

• Ask for the bill for eveiy purchase made.
• Make sure that the weights and measures are accurate.
• Make sure while purchasing packed items, that the name of the product, date of packing, expiiy date, weight, price, etc. are stated.
• Note the symbols representing the standard of the products.

Question 3.
Which are the courts set up in India for the protection of consumer rights?
Answer:
A three tier system of courts are set up in India as per the Consumer Protection Act of 1986.

• District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forum functions at district level set up by the state government.
• State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission functions at the state level, set up by the state government.
• National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission at the national level, set up by the central government.

Question 4.
The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 has set up a three level advisory councils, besides consumer courts. Which are they?
Answer:

• District Consumer Protection Council
• State Consumer Protection Council
• National Consumer Protection Council
  These councils advise the respective governments on consumer rights.

Question 5.
Write the methods to be adopted for consumer education.
Answer:

• Conduct awareness programmes
• Inclusion in the curriculum
• Observance of National Consumer Day
• Publish pamphlets, booklets and magazines to make the consumers aware of their rights
• Conduct seminars, workshops, etc. about consumer’s problems
• Give legal assistance to file complaints in consumer courts

Question 6.
Write the structure of the three level consumer courts in India.
Answer:

• District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum: President and two members. At least one woman member.
• State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission: President and two members. At least one woman member.
• National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission: President and not less than four members.

Question 7.
Which are the institutions or departments that can take actions in the following situations?
a. To control price of medicines
b. Manipulation in weights and measures
c. Adulteration of food items.
Answer:
a. Central Drugs Price Control Committee
b. Legal Metrology Department
c. Food Safety Department

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
Prakash bought 5 shirts from a textile shop for ₹ 5000. He found them defective after one week The textile shop owner refused to replace new shirts or pay back the money. So Prakash decided to submit a complaint to the District Consumer Court. Write similar situations when complaints about consumer disputes can be made.
Or
Write any four situations where complaints about consumer disputes can be filed.
Answer:

• Violation of the prevention of adulteration law.
• Defective services received from government or private institutions.
• Appropriation of prices over and above the amount legally fixed or marked on the outer casing.
• Sale of products which are harmful to life and safety.
• Loss due to trading methods which lead to unfair trade practices and limited consumer freedom.

Question 2.
What is the importance of the Consumer Protection Act of 1986? What are the rights guaranteed by the Act?
Answer:
The Consumer Protection Act 1986 clearly defines the consumer’s rights and sets up special judiciary mechanisms for consumer protection in India.

Rights guaranteed:

• The right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property.
• The right to be informed about the quality, quantity, standard and prices of goods and services.
• The right to have access to a variety of goods and services at a reasonable price.
• The right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or in case the product or service falls short of the expectations of the consumer.
• The right to consumer education,

Question 3.
Apart from the Consumer Protection Act of1986, there are many other Acts passed in India for consumer protection. Write any four of them.
Or
What are some of the legal protection to consumers in India?
Answer:

• The Sale of Goods Act 1930 : The Act ensures that the prescribed conditions of sale are met while purchasing goods. Violation of guarantee, warranty, after sale services, etc. come under this Act.
• The Agriculture Produce (Grading and Marketing) Act 1937 : The Act is meant for determining the standard of agricultural products.
• The Essential Commodities Act 1955 : The Act protects the consumers from super normal profit, hoarding, black marketing, etc.
• The Weights and Measures Act 1976 : The Act is helpful in preventing cheating in weights and measures.

Question 4.
Many departments and institutions function at the administrative level for the protection of the right of consumers. Write a note on this administrative mechanism.
Answer:

• Legal Metrology Department : Ensures weights and measures standards.
• Food Safety Department: Ensures the quality of food products.
• Central Drugs Price Control Committee: Controls price of medicines.
• Drugs Control Department : Ensures the quality and safety of medicines.
• Food Safety and Standard Authority of India : Ensures the quality of food products at the various stages like production, distribution, storage, sale and import.

Question 5.
Consumer education is inevitable today. Why?
Answer:

• Variety in products, personal interest, increasing demands, influence of market force etc. have complicated and widened the scope of consumption.
• Consumer education is necessary for the acquisition of right habits by the consumers.
• Widespread exploitation of consumers by unscrupulous and exploitative trade practices like defective and unsafe products, adulteration, false and misleading advertisements, hoarding and black-marketing. Consumer education enables the consumer to identify these.
• Consumer education helps-consumers to get their grievances redressed.
• Widespread ignorance of consumers.
• To form consumer organisations to take care of the interests of the consumer.

Question 6.
Consumer education empowers the consumer in different ways. Explain.
Answer:

• Helps to consume sensibly as per the wants.
• Helps to acquire information about the products and services.
• Enables the consumer to make the right choices.
• Makes the consumer aware of his rights.
• Makes them capable of intervening in consumer disputes.
• Takes suitable action when faced with a problem.
• Develops the ability to demand safe, reliable and good quality products at a reasonable price.
• Becomes well informed and vigilant against corrupt practices in the market.

Question 7.
What are the problems faced by the consumers today?
Answer:

• Extracting excess price than legally fixed by unscrupulous traders and sellers.
• Violation of the prevention of adulteration law.
• Manipulation in weights and measures.
• Sale of products harmful to life and safety.
• Lack of standardised products.
• Delay in providing services.
• Misleading advertisement

Question 8.
Write examples for compensations for consumer disputes obtained through consumer courts.
Or

The news item is an example for settling disputes and issuing compensation by consumer courts.
Which are the other ways of compensation issued by courts?
Answer:

• Replacing the product
• Repayment of cash paid or excess amount appropriated.
• Monetary compensation for the loss.
• Stopping harmful trade practices.
• Prohibition of the sale of harmful food items.
• Reimbursement of the expenses incurred in lodging the complaint.
• Direction to rectify the defects in services.

Question 9.
Which are the institutions set up to advise the governments on consumer rights? How have they come into existence? What is their main responsibility?
Answer:

• Three-level advisory councils are:
  • District Consumer Protection Council
  • State Consumer Protection Council
  • National Consumer Protection Council
• These have come into existence as per the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
• The main responsibility of these councils is to advise the respective governments on consumer rights.

Question 10.
Symbols are given on the basis of assessing the standard of products and institutions. Identify the symbols and choose the correct order.


I. a. ii, b. i, c. iv, d. iii

Question 11.
Intervention of vigilant society will ensure protection of consumer. Substantiate the statement.
Answer:
Society can intervene in

• Functioning of consumer organisations.
• Public interest litigation
• Consumer education

Question 12.
What are the circumstances where the consumers are exploited? What can consumers do if they are cheated?
Answer:

• Charging excess prices
• Selling low quality products
• Adulteration
• Manipulation in weights and measures
• Delay in making services available
• Unsatisfactory after sale services

In circumstances in which the consumers are not satisfied with the dealings of the producers and distributors, they can approach the consumer courts which are mechanisms for helping them as per the law. Consumer courts play an important role in ensuring justice to the consumers. They settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring compensation for the consumers. The consumer courts are able to create confidence in the consumers and bring about a qualitative change in their lives. So they are called the guardians of the rights of consumers.

Question 13.
What are the habits you have to develop as a good consumer?
Answer:
Good habits to be developed by consumers

• Ask for bill for every purchase made.
• Make sure that the weights and measures are accurate.
• Make sure while purchasing packed items that the name Of the product, date of packing, expiry date, weight, prize, etc. are stated.
• Note the symbols representing the standard of the products.

Question 14.
Describe the structure of National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. Write any three compensations obtained through consumer courts.
Answer:

• Structure of NCDRC
  National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission functions at national level. It consists of President and not less than four members. Central government has the right to appoint more members.
• Examples for compensations obtained through Consumer Courts
  • Replacing the product
  • Repayment of cash paid or excess amount appropriated
  • Monetary compensation for the loss.
  • Prohibition of the sale of harmful food items.

Question 15.
Explain the structure and jurisdiction of the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum.
Answer:
District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum

• Structure : Functions at the district level. It consists of a President and two other members, one of whom should be a woman.
• Jurisdiction : After collecting the evidence based on the complaint filed by the consumer, verdicts are given where the compensation claimed does hot exceed ₹20 lakhs.

Question 16.
What are consumer courts? List out their features.
Answer:
Consumer Courts:
There are situations in which the consumers are not satisfied with the dealings of the producers and distributors. Under such circumstances, they can approach the consumer courts which are mechanisms for assisting or helping them as per law.

Features of consumers courts:

• Consumer courts play an important role in ensuring justice to consumers..
• They settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring compensation for the consumers.
• The consumer courts are able to create confidence in the consumers and bring about a qualitative change in their lives.

Answer the following. Score ‘5’, ‘6’ each

Question 1.
Complete the table.

Answer:

Question 2.
Describe the structure and powers of the consumer courts in India.
Answer:
The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 seeks to protect and promote the interests of consumers. The Act provides for the setting up of courts operating at three levels – district, state and national.
District Forum
Structure:
The District Consumer
Disputes Redressel Forum functions at the district level. It consists of a President and two other members, one of whom should be a woman. They are all appointed by the stategovemment.

Power:
A complaint can be made to the District Forum when the value of the goods or services in question, along with the compensation claimed, does not exceed ₹20 lakhs. On receiving the complaint, the District Forum shall refer the complaint to the party against whom the complaint is filled. If required, the goods shall be sent for testing ¡n a laboratory. The District Forum shall pass an order fier considering the test report. If the aggrieved party is not satisfied with the verdict of the District Forum, he can appeal before the State Commission within 30 days of the passing of the order.

State Commission
Structure:
The state Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission functions at the state
level. It consists of a President and not less than two other members, one of whom should be a woman. They are all appointed by the state government.

Power:
A complaint can be made to the State Commission when the value of the goods or services in question, along with the compensation claimed, exceeds ₹20 lakhs, but does not exceed ₹1 crore. The Commission shall pass an order after considering the test report from the laboratory and hearing to the party against whom the complaint is filed. In case the aggrieved party is not satisfied with the order of the State Commission, he can appeal before the National Commission within 30 days of the passing of the order.

National Forum
Structure:
The National Consumer . Disputes Redressal Commission functions
at the national level. It consists of a President and atleast 4 other members, one of whom should be a woman. They are all appointed by the Central Government.

Power :
A complaint can be made to the National Commission when the value of the goods and services in question, along with the compensation claimed, exceeds ₹1 crore. The Commission passes the order after following the necessary procedures.

Question 3.
Symbols that help the consumer to ensure the quality of goods and institutions are given below. Identify them and write their services.

Answer:

Question 4.
Write a note on the legal safegaurds for consumer protection in India.
Answer:
The Indian legal framework consists of a number of laws and regulations which provide protection to consumers.

The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 :
The Act seeks to promote and protect the interests of consumers. It provides safeguards to consumers against defective goods, deficient services, unfair trade practices and other forms of their exploitation. The Act provides for the setting up of consumer courts at the district levels, state levels and national level. It also provides for the formation of consumer protection councils in every district and state and at the apex level.

The Sale of Goods Act 1930 : The Act ensures that the prescribed conditions of sale are met while purchasing products. Violation of guarantee, warranty, after sale services, etc. come under this Act.

The Agriculture Produce (Grading and Marketing) Act 1937 : The Act is meant for determining the standard of agricultura products.

The Essential Commodities Act 1955 : The Act protects the consumers from super normal profit, hoarding, black marketing, etc.

Weights and Measures Act 1976 : The Act is helpful in preventing cheating in weights and measures. The Act prevents the use of nonstandard weights and measures.

FOR EXTRA READING
Consumer Rights

The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 provides for 6 rights of consumers.

• Right to Safety : This right protects the consumers from the marketing of goods and services which are dangerous to life and property like adulterated food, unsafe electrical appliances, etc.
• Right to be Informed : This gives the consumer to be informed about the quality, quantity, price, etc. of goods and services. Hence all the products must have a label and this information must be mentioned on the label.
• Right to Choose : This right gives the consumer to have access to a variety of goods and services to satisfactory quality at a reasonable price.
• Right to be Heard : This gives the consumer the right to file a compliant against the malpractice of the traders and the oppressive government policies and to be heard. It is because of this that many business firms have set up their own customer service and grievance cells.
• Right to Seek Redressal : This ensures the consumer to a fair settlement and compensation for genuine and just complaints against faulty goods and services. This includes replacement of the product, removal of defect in the product and compensation paid for any loss or injury suffered by the consumer.
• Right to Consumer Education : The consumer has a right to acquire knowledge and to be a well informed consumer throughout life. He should be aware of his rights and the reliefs available to him in case of a product or service falling short of his expectations.

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (BIS) ACT

Under this Act, the quality certification mark ISI is given to those products which meet the specifications and standard set by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The BIS gives specification for products in terms of materials used, method of production, labelling, packing, storage and sale.

ECOMARK

This has been launched by BIS. It is given to those products which not only meet ISI standards but are also recyclable and save energy. They are environment friendly and help in reducing environmental pollution.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 11 Sociology: What? Why?

Answer the following. Score 1 each.

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Who authored the hook ‘Nalukettu’ which depicted the changes in the customs’ of joint family system which existed in certain communities in Kerala?
M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Takazhi
Kovilan
Answer:
M.T. Vasudevan Nair

Question 2.
The social scientist who analysed the ‘The Decline of Nair Dominance’
Auguste Comte
Robin Jeffrey
Karl Marx
Answer:
Robin Jeffrey

Question 3.
The Father of Sociology
Auguste Comte
Max Weber
Karl Marx
Answer:
Auguste Comte

Question 4.
The thinker who utilised the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin for the study of society.
Emile Durkheim
Herbert Spencer
Max Weber
Answer:
Herbert Spencer

Question 5.
Which University in India started the Department of Sociology for the first time in India?
University of Calcutta
University of Bombay
University of Madras
Answer:
University of Bombay

Question 6.
A set of questions used by researchers for data collection.
Interview
Case study
Questionnaire
Answer:
Questionnaire

Question 7.
The detailed study of a case is
Observation
Interview
Case study
Answer:
Case study

Question 8.
The basic method of study in Sociology
Observation
Interview
Case study
Answer:
Observation

Question 9.
The conversation between the interviewer and the interviewee
Case study
Interview
Social survey
Answer:
Interview

Question 10.
The scientific study on the social aspects of human life.
Anthropology
History
Sociology
Answer:
Sociology

B. Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
Which is study of the origin and racial evolution of man?
Answer:
Anthropology

Question 2.
What led to the rise of Sociology?
Answer:
The social issues following the French Revolution in France.

Question 3.
Where did Sociology originate?
Answer:
In the 19^th century in Western Europe.

Question 4.
Who laid the foundation for the study of Sociology?
Answer:
Auguste Comte

Question 5.
Why is Sociology regarded as a comprehensive study of society?
Answer:
Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his social environment. So Sociology is regarded as a comprehensive study of society.

Question 6.
What is survey? Why is it considered as the most suitable method to study Sociology?
Answer:
Survey is the most suitable method for the study of Sociology. It helps to formulate a comprehensive view of the topic based on the data collected from a group of selected people.

Question 7.
Who are respondents?
Answer:
Respondents are groups that study questionnaire. The study is carried out using repondents’ responses in the questionnaire.

Question 8.
What is interview?
Answer:
Interview is an important technique or method used to collect information in Sociology. It is the talk between the interviewer and the interviewee.

Question 9.
There are two types of observation. Which are they?
Answer:

1. Participant observation
2. Non-participant observation

Question 10.
What is the speciality of Case study?
Answer:
Case study is used to make an in-depth study on rare and different social phenomena and problems.

Question 11.
What is observation?
Answer:
Observation as a method of study records truth-fully what is seen, heard and experienced.

Answer the following. Score 2 each.

Question 1.
Creative writing is different from the study of Sociology. What are the features of creative writing?
Or
Analyse how creating writing approach a social issue.
Answer:

• Writing is based on creativity and imagination.
• Goal of creative writing is at appreciation.
• Social events are depicted on aesthetic realms.
• Includes emotional reactions and individual experiences.

Question 2.
Sociology originated in Western Europe. Why?
Answer:
The three revolutions that paved the way for the emergence of Sociology took place in Western Europe. They were Renaissance, French Revolution and Industrial Revolution. The social issues in France after the Revolution led to the rise of Sociology.

Question 3.
Why is Auguste Comte regarded as the Father of Sociology?
Answer:
The thoughts and ideas of the French thinker Auguste Comte paved the study of Sociology. He called the discipline which he developed as Social Physics first and later as Sociology. Thus Auguste Comte is regarded as the Father of Sociology because of his contributions to the study of Sociology.

Question 4.
What are the contributions of Herbert Spencer for the study of Sociology?
Answer:

• Herbert Spencer was the thinker who utilised the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin for the study of society.
• He clarified that just as biological evolution, human society has passed through different stages and reached the present stage.
• In his book ‘Study of Sociology’, Spencer explains the different stages in the progress of human species.

Question 5.
Who were the western thinkers to contribute to the development of Sociology?
Answer:

• Auguste Comte
• Karl Marx
• Emile Durkheim
• Max Weber

Question 6.
Which are the other branches of Social Science related to Sociology?
Answer:

• Anthropology
• Economics
• History
• Geography
• Psychology
• Political Science

Question 7.
Write the features of Sample survey as a method of study?
Answer:
Sample survey is the collection of information from a selected group of people. Questionnaires are used to collect data. Questionnaires are given to respondents from whom data is collected. Study is carried out using respondents’ responses in questionnaire.

Question 8.
What is Non- participant observation?
Answer:

• In Non-participant observation, the researcher does not collect data directly from the area under study.
• In this, the researcher does not stay with the group under study.
• Instead, he observes the group from outside.
• In this method, the observer adopts an impartial stand.

Question 9.
Case study is used for data collection in Sociology. Write the features of this method of study.
Answer:

• Case study is the detailed study of the case.
• Such studies will be exact and comprehensive.
• The topic under study using this method is called a Case.
• Case study is used to make an in-depth study on rare and different social phenomena and problems.

Question 10.
Analyse the method in which a Sociologist approaches a social issue.
Answer:

• Social issues analysed scientifically.
• Social conditions are analysed on the basis of cause-effect relationship.

Question 11.
What are the methods used for studying Sociology?
Answer:

• Social survey
• Interview
• Observation
• Case study

Question 12.
How interview helps the study of Sociology?
Answer:
Interview helps to know and analyse the attitudes, views, beliefs and habits.

Answer the following. Score 3 each.

Question 1.
Write the dfference betwcen creative writing and Sociological study.
Answer:

Question 2.
Name the thinkers who contributed for the study of Sociology in India.
Answer:

• G S. Khurey
• A. R. Desai
• S. C. Dubey
• D. R Mukherjee
• M. N. Srinivas

Question 3.
Name the three revolutions that paved the way for the emergence of Sociology.
Answer:

1. Renaissance or Scientific Revolution
2. French Revolution
3. Industrial Revolution

Question 4.
The scope of Sociology is vast. Explain.
Answer:
The scope of Sociology is vast. Sociology analyses the interrelationship between individuals and events. It is not only the study of inter relationship between individuals and events but also the problems like unemployment, communal conflicts, problems of the villagers, poverty etc. Social institutions, social organizations, social relations, socialisation and social control also come under the scope of Sociology.

Question 5.
Interview is an important method used to collect information in Sociology. What are the important things to be taken care of in an interview?
Answer:

• Identifying the apt persons
• Formulating an idea of the information to be collected
• Preparing suitable questions
• Effective communication
• Time management
• Proper organization of the information collected and preparing the report.

Question 6.
Participant observation is a popular method of collecting information in Sociology. Write its features.
Or
Explain the method of study of participant observation.
Answer:

• Participant observation is a popular method of data collection in Sociology.
• Researcher himself collects data directly from the group or area under study.
• The social scientist stays with the group under study and learns directly about their life in participant observation.
• The researcher learns their language and culture and becomes part of their daily life.
• Behaviour patterns which are not explicit can be studied through this method.
• Participant observation is also called Fieldwork.

Question 7.
What are the methods of study normally applied in Sociology? Give a brief description of any one of them.
Answer:
Sociology employs a variety of methods for its study. They are:

• social survey
• interview
• observation
• case study.

Social Survey:
Survey is the most suitable method for the study of Sociology. Survey helps to formulate a comprehensive view on the topic under study based on the data collected from a group of selected people. Data is collected from a selected number of people chosen from a large group. Such studies are called sample surveys. Questionnaires prepared beforehand are used to collect data in social survey. Questionnaires are given to respondents from whom data is collected. Respondents are the groups under study. The study is carried out using the respondents’ responses in the questionnaire.

Question 8.
Explain observation method of study employed in Sociology. Specify the type of observation method largely used in the study of early human societies.
Answer:
Observation is the basic method of the study in Sociology. It is the truthful recording of things seen, heard and experienced. Participant observation and Non-participant observation are the two types of observation.
Participant observation is a popular method of study in Sociology.

Question 9.
What is meant by observation method of study? Mention the two types of observations applied in the study of sociology?
Answer:

• Observation method:
  Observation is a method by which whatever is seen, heard and experienced is recorded truthfully. Information thus collected directly helps in correct assessment. Thus it is a method of study in Sociology.
• The two types of observations applied in the study of Sociology are participant observation and nonparticipant observation.
• When the researcher himself collects information directly from the area under study, it is called participant observation. In nonparticipant observation, the researcher does not stay with the group under study.

Question 10.
Define Sociology and bring out the utilities of its study.
Answer:
Sociology is the scientific study of the social aspects of human life. It is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his environment.

Utilities of Sociological study:

• Helps to formulate the right perspective of society.
• Helps to get an objective knowledge of one’s society and societies.
• Helps to know the relation between individual and social institutions.
• Studies social problems precisely.
• Helps to find solutions for social problems.
• Benefits social planning and development.

Question 11.
Interview and social survey are the two methods of study in Sociology. Write a note by comparing them.
Answer:
Interview:
Interview is a method by which information is collected orally. Interview is the talk between the interviewer and the interviewee. As a method of study, interview helps to know and Analyse the attitudes, views, beliefs, habits, etc. of the individuals.

Social survey:
Survey helps to formulate a comprehensive point of view of the topics, based on the data collected from a group of selected people. Survey is used when data is to be collected from a larger population. Questionnaires are used in social surveys. A questionnaire is a set of questions that researchers use to collect data. Questionnaires are given to responds from whom data is collected. Study is carried out using the respondent’s responses in the questionnaire.

In interview, information is collected orally. In social survey using questionnaire, information . is given in writing. In interview, the researcher records the information. In social survey, the respondent provides information.

Answer the following. Score 4 each.

Question 1.
Identify the name of the branch of social science from the hints given below:

Answer:

• Economics
• History
• Political Science
• Anthropology
• Psychology

Question 2.
Write the differences between interview and questionnaire.
Answer:

Question 3.
What are the features of Social survey?
Answer:

• Survey is the most suitable method for the study of social subjects or disciplines.
• Survey helps to formulate a comprehensive view of the topic based on the data collected from a selected group of people.
• Data are collected from a selected number of people chosen from a large group. Such studies are called sample survey.
• Questionnaires prepared in advance are used to collect data in social survey.
• Questionnaires are given to respondents from whom data is collected.

Question 4.
Differentiate between Participant observation and Non-participant observation.
Answer:

Question 5.
What is the need for the study of Sociology?
Answer:

• Helps to formulate the right perspective of society.
• Helps to get an objective knowledge of one’s society and societies.
• Helps to know the relation between individual and social institutions.
• Studies social problems precisely.
• Helps to find solutions for social problems.
• Benefits social planning and development.

Question 6.
How does Case study differ from other methods of study of Sociology?
Answer:
Case study is used to make an in-depth study on rare and different social phenomena and issues.
Such studies will be exact and comprehensive. The topic under study using case study is called Case. Case study is the detailed study of the case. A precise and perfect case study has scientific value.

Answer the following. Score ‘5’, ‘6’ each.

Question 1.
Describe the different methods of study in Sociology. Write their features and application.
Answer:
Sociological studies are conducted all over the world today for educational and practical purposes. Sociology uses different methods or techniques of study for this.
Social Survey :
Survey is the most suitable method for the study of sociology. Survey helps to formulate a comprehensive view on the topic under study based on the data collected from a group of selected people. Data is collected from a selected number of people chosen from a large group. Such studies are called sample surveys. Questionnaires prepared beforehand are used to collect data in social survey. Questionnaires are given to respondents from whom data is collected. Respondents are the groups under study. The study is carried out using the respondents’ responses in the questionnaire.

Interview:
Interview is the most frequently used method to collect data in Sociology. This is a method by which data are collected orally. Interview is the talk between the interviewer and the interviewee. It helps to know and analyse the attitudes, views, beliefs and habits of the individuals

The things to be taken care of in interview:

• Identifying the apt persons.
• Formulating an idea about the data to be collected
• Preparing suitable questions
• Effective communication
• Time management
• Proper organization of the information collected and preparing the report.

Observation :
Observation is the basic method of the study in Sociology. It is the truthful recording of things seen, heard and experienced. Participant observation and Non-participant observation are the two types of observation.

• Participant observation is a popular method of study in Sociology.
• Researcher collects data directly from the group or area of study.
• The sociologist stays with the group under study and learns directly about their life.
• The researcher learns their language and culture and becomes part of their daily life.
• Behaviour patterns not explicit can be subjected to study.
• Participant observation is also called Field work.
• In Non-participant observation, the observer does not collect data directly from the area of study or target group.
• In this, the sociologist does not stay with the group under study.
• Instead, he observes the group from outside.
• In this method, the observer adopts an impartial stand.

Case Study :
Case study is used to make an in-depth study of rare and different social phenomena and problems. Such studies will be exact and comprehensive. The topic under study using case study is called Case. Case study is the detailed study of the case. A precise and perfect case study has scientific value.

Question 2.
Arrange the table suitably.

Answer:

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Civic Consciousness

Answer the following. Score 1 each

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The famous environmentalist who worked for the protection of mangroves.
Kallen Pokkudan
Medha Patkar
Sunderlal Bahuguna
Answer:
Kallen Pokkudan

Question 2.
The orange seller who started a Panchayat School at New Padupu village near Mangalore
Hanumanthappa
Hajabba
Dashrath Manjhi
Answer:
Hajabba

Question 3.
The former President of India, also known as ‘Missile Man’.
Hamid Ansari
Dr. A.P.j. Abdul Kalam
Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma
Answer:
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Question 4.
Leader of Plachimada struggle
Mayilamma
Sugathakumari
C. K. Janu
Answer:
Mayilamma

Question 5.
Who is known as ‘The man who moved a mountain’
Dashrath Manjhi
Kallen Pokkudan
Answer:
Dashrath Manjhi

Question 6.
The branch of study that deals with man and society
Social Science
Ethics
Demography
Answer:
Social Science

Question 7.
Example for highest civic consciousness
Rain water harvesting
Felling trees
Promote corruption
Answer:
Rain water harvesting

Question 8.
The primary social institution.
Family
School
Religion
Answer:
Family

Question 9.
The social institution that teaches to respect the elders and to foster a sense of responsibility
Educational institution
Family
Media
Answer:
Family

Question 10.
The social institution that helps to develop value consciousness, tolerance and leadership quality.
Educational institution
Family
Media
Answer:
Educational institution

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What is meant by civic consciousness?
Answer:
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interests of the citizen.

Question 2.
What are some of the problems that the society faces today?
Answer:

• Corruption
• Scarcity of water.
• Pollution of the surrounding

Question 3.
What is the basis of civic consciousness?
Answer:
It is the recognition that if the activities of each individual are for the well being of the society, social problems can be solved.

Question 4.
What is the primary aim of education?
Answer:
The primary aim of education is to equip the individual to effectively utilise the knowledge that he acquired from the study of different subjects for the betterment of the society.

Question 5.
Which is the most effective way to foster civic consciousness?
Answer:
Creation of moral consciousness in all walks of life is the most effective way.

Question 6.
Which is the most important challenge faced by civic consciousness?
Answer:
The mindset to do anything for the sake of one’s Own personal interest by negating public interest.

Question 7.
With what objective do governments formulate educational policies?
Answer:
Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people.

Question 8.
What is meant by morality?
Answer:
Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility.

Question 9.
Who was Kallen Pokkudan?
Answer:
Kallen Pokkudan was a famous environmentalist from Kerala. He dedicated his life for the protection of mangroves. He has planted more than one lakh mangroves across Kerala.

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
What is the message conveyed by the life of Kallen Pokkudan and Hajabba?
Answer:

• Even an ordinary individual can undertake activities of vital importance to the society. They proved that nothing is impossible to achieve.
• Divergent thinking, selfless work, awareness about the problems of society and fellow beings and willingness to serve led these men to great actions.

Question 2.
Name the factors that help to formulate civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Family
• Education
• Associations
• Media

Question 3.
What is the aim of education? Which are the values that can be fostered in individuals through education?
Answer:
The aim of education is to equip the individual to effectively utilise the knowledge gained through the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society. The values fostered through education are:

• Leadership quality
• Value consciousness
• Tolerance
• Environmental awareness
• Scientific temper.

Question 4.
How can we foster civic consciousness in individuals?
Answer:

• Deliberate efforts are needed to foster civic consciousness.
• Civic consciousness can be fostered in people only through creative intervention in society.

Question 5.
In which areas are voluntary associations working? How do they help individuals?
Answer:

• Human right protection
• Humanitarian works
• Environmental protection
• Eradication of illiteracy

These associations can create awareness among individuals about environment and human rights.

Question 6.
What are the qualities that one acquires from family?
Answer:

• Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice, etiquette and civic consciousness.
• It is from the family that one learns to respect elders and engage in social service.
• Fosters and maintains sense of responsibility.
• Promotes the idea that each individual is for the family and the family is for the society.

Question 7.
What is the contribution of Hajabba for the well being of the society?
Answer:

• Hajabba is an orange seller who established a Panchayat school at Newpadupu village near Mangalore for poor children.
• Hajabba who is an illiterate wants to give the facilities of education to his fellow men which was denied to him.
• His endeavour provides opportunity for thousands of children to pursue studies.
• He is an exemplary personality.

Question 8.
All the countries and societies give great importance in the fostering of civic consciousness. Why?
Answer:

• For ensuring the welfare of all and the reconstruction of the society civic consciousness has to be developed.
• It will help national progress and unity.

Question 9.
What is the role of political associations in fostering civic consciousness?
Answer:

• Political associations play an important role in empowering people by giving power and rights to them.
• The selfless activities of political associations help to impart civic consciousness and political consciousness in the individual.

Question 10.
How should media behave in the exchange of news and information?
Answer:
Media should be impartial and independent.

Question 11.
Those who try to foster civic consciousness face many challenges. Write two measures to overcome them.
Answer:

• Act without denying public interest.
• Act democratically with tolerance.

Question 12.
List the problems faced by people due to lack of civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Selfishness
• Absence of peace and security

Answer the following. Score 3 each

Question 1.
What is the importance of civic consciousness? Explain the need for civic consciousness.
Or
Civic consciousness influences the progress of the society. Substantiate the statement by writing the importance of civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Civic consciousness greatly influences the progress of the society and the state.
• In the absence of civic consciousness, individual becomes selfish and all his activities will be only for his own achievements. This will affect social life adversely.
• A society with no civic consciousness will not have peace and security.
• Civic consciousness has to be nurtured for the welfare of all and for the reconstruction of the society. This will help national progress and unity.

Question 2.
Explain the role of media in fostering civic consciousness.
Answer:
Media play a major role in the formulation of civic consciousness. Printed media and electronic media influence the society tremendously. Media convey news and information to the people. Media propagate cultural values. Media also help to respect national values like democracy, socialism, fraternity and secularism and to dedicate one’s life for the unity and integrity of the nation.

They can create public opinion against illiteracy, ignorance, communalism, alcoholism, drug addiction, racialism, etc. Judicial and objective information will lead to creative idea formation. Media should be impartial and independent.

Question 3.
Kallen Pokkudan became a role model to society through his selfless service for the well being of the society. Substantiate this based on his contributions.
Answer:

• Kallen Pokkudan was a famous environmentalist from Kerala who devoted his life for the protection of mangroves.
• He was bom in the village of Pazhayangadi in Kannur district.
• He planted more than one lakh mangroves across the state. He became an excellent model in creating environmental awareness in the society.

Question 4.
Students with civic consciousness can undertake many model programmes. Give examples for this.
Answer:

• Participate in the activities of NCC, SPC, Scouts and Guide, Nature Club, etc.
• Giving first aid to victims of accidents.
• Giving consent letter for organ donation.
• Helping the old and differently abled.
• Giving consent for blood donation.
• Keeping public places clean.

Question 5.
Write examples for moral and immoral activities taking place in our society.
Answer:

Question 6.
Evaluate the role of education in formulating civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Education helps to develop qualities like value consciousness, tolerance, leadership quality, environmental awareness and scientific temper.
• Helps to use science and technology effectively for the benefit of the society.
• Equips the individual to use the knowledge that he acquired from the study of different subjects for the betterment of the society.

Question 7.
Democracy is a way of life more than a form of government. Explain.
Answer:

• Democracy is the basis for all other components that help to develop civic consciousness.
• We should have a democratic approach in all our activities.
• Our thoughts and words should reflect the spirit of democracy and democratic decorum should be adhered to while talking to others, taking food, using pubic pathway and utilizing natural resources.
• Living in co-operation is essential for a democratic society. Giving back the co-operation and support received from others is a great sign of democratic consciousness.
• Democracy prompts individuals to think about j fellow beings and to work for the protection of j their freedom, equality and rights.
• Democracy believes in rule of law. It means all are equal before law.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
Write three problems in society due to lack of civic consciousness. Suggest measures to rectify them.
Answer:

Question 2.
Write a note on the role of-associations in formulating civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Political, social, economic and cultural associations equip the individuals to work voluntarily with service mind.
• Political associations play an important role in empowering people by giving power and rights to them.
• The selfless activities of associations help to impart civic and political consciousness in the individuals.
• Different associations and their ideologies influence the moulding of the thoughts and acts of individuals. They also play an important role in fostering national and civic consciousness.
• Voluntary associations are working for environmental protection, human right protection and charity. These associations can create awareness among individuals about environment and human rights.

Question 3.
The following are some statements with civic consciousness and without civic consciousness. Put a tick (✓) mark against statements with civic consciousness and a cross (✗) mark against those without civic consciousness.
Answer:

Question 4.
Evaluate the role of democratic system in fostering civic consciousness.
Answer:
Democracy is the basis for all other components that help to develop civic consciousness.

• In a democracy we should keep a democratic approach in all our activities.
• Our thoughts and words should reflect the spirit of democracy and democratic decorum should be adhered to while talking to others, taking food, using public pathway and utilizing natural resources.
• Helps to give back the co-operation and support received from Others.
• Democracy prompts individuals to th ink about fellow beings and to work for the protection of their freedom, equality and rights.
• Democracy believes in rule of law. It means all are equal before law.
• Democracy is empowerment and liberation of people.
• Democracy ensures that the freedom and democratic rights of others are not hindered by our activities. ,

Question 5.
What was Gandhiji’s view on morality?
Answer:

• Politics without principles.
• Wealth without work.
• Science without humanity.
• Commerce without morality (ethics).
• Education without character.
• Worship without sacrifice.
• Pleasure without conscience.

Question 6.
The following are the pictures of role models (paragons) of civic consciousness. Substantiate this based on their area of activity and contributions.

Answer:
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam :
Dr. Kalam, known as the ‘Missile Man of India’ was a scientist and the former President of India. His contribution in the development of ballistic missile and launching vehicle technology was significant. His other areas of activity were education, writing and public service. In his book ‘India 2020’, Kalam advocated an action plan to develop India into a ‘Knowledge Super Power’ and a developed nation by the year 2020. He travelled through the length and breadth of the country, giving lectures and orations, to’instill scientific awareness and civic consciousness in the youth of India.

Mother Teresa:
Mother Teresa was a humanitarian who dedicated her life for the poor, destitutes, orphans, lepers and the crippled. She is known as the ‘Saint of Gutters’ for her acts of service to the poor of Calcutta. Mother Teresa founded the ‘Missionaries of Charity’, a Roman Catholic religious congregation which is active in 133 countries, running hospitals, homes for people with AIDS, leprosy, etc. The world honoured her humanitarian acts by bestowing the Nobel Prize for Peace on her in 1979.

Mayilamma:
The tribal woman from Perumatty Panchayat who compaigned against the Coca – Cola company at Plachiniada in Palakkad district for water shortage and pollution. Due to the over-exploitation of water by Coca – Cola company in Plachimada, the people of Perumatty Panchayat in Palakkad district had to face water shortage. The agitation against the company under the leadership of Mayilamma began in 2002 and the Coca – Cola company was forced to close down.

Dashrath Manjhi :
Also known as ‘Mountain Man’. Manjhi was bom in Atri block of Gaya in Bihar. Death due to lack of treatment facility in his village was common in the absence of transport facility. His wife also became a victim of this. So he tried to bring transport facility in his village through a hillock. He carved a path 110 m long and 9.1 m wide through a hillock-using only hammer and chisel. After 22 years of work, Dashrath shortened travel between Atri and Wazirganji blocks of Gaya town from 55 km to 15 km.

Question 7.
Write short notes on any two factors which influence the formation of civic consciousness.
Answer:
Some of the factors that influence the formation of civic consciousness are family, education, association, media, etc.

Family:
Man’s social relationships begin with the family. It is from the primary social institution of family that one learns to respect the elders and to engage in social service. Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice and etiquette. Family plays an important role in fostering and maintaining a sense of responsibility among its members.

It is from the family that one gets the training to live in the society following the behaviour patterns and mores that arc acceptable to it. Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness in its members. The concept that each individual is for the family and family is for the society should be developed in the family atmosphere.

Education:
The primary aim of education is to equip a person to effectively utilise the knowledge gained by the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society. Through education, a student understands how his country is governed, what are the rights and duties of a citizen and thereby becomes a democratically conscious citizen in the society. Education helps to practise qualities like mutual dependence, civic consciousness, punctuality, discipline and obedience.

Education also helps to develop qualities like value consciousness, environmental awareness, scientific temper, tolerance and leadership qualities. Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilised in a useful manner to the society. Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people. Governments formulate educational policies with this aim.

Question 8.
State the main challenge faced by individuals to become role models of civic consciousness. Suggest three methods to overcome it.
Answer:

• Challenge to civic consciousness :
  The mindset to do anything for the sake of one’s own personal interest by neglecting public interest is the main challenge of civic consciousness.
• Methods to overcome :
  • Work for one’s interest without going against the public interests.
  • Individuals should act democratically and with tolerance.
  • Each should critically evaluate his activity.
  • Give equal importance to duties along with rights.
  • Be the change which you expect from others.

Question 9.
State the significance of education in creating and maintaining civic consciousness.
Answer:
Role of education in fostering civic consciousness :
The primary aim of education is to equip a person to effectively utilise the knowledge gained by the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society. Through education/a student understands how his country is governed, what are the rights and duties of a citizen and thereby becomes a democratically conscious citizen in the society.

Education helps to practise qualities like mutual dependence, civic consciousness, punctuality, discipline and obedience. Education also helps to develop qualities like value consciousness, environmental awareness, scientific temper, tolerance and leadership qualities. Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilised in a useful manner to the society. Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people. Governments formulate educational policies with this aim.

Question 10.
Explain the concept of civic consciousness. Write any two examples of activities with civic consciousness.
Answer:
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interests of the citizen. Those who have civic consciousness will always be ready to work for the society. Civic consciousness influences the progress of the state and society. In the absence of civic consciousness, human beings will become selfish and all the activities
will be for his own achievements. This will adversely affect social life.

Examples for activities with civic consciousness:

• Water shortage can be solved by rainwater harvesting and the effective use of water.
• Environmental pollution can be solved by garbage treatment at source and planting of trees.

Question 11.
Explain the meaning and significance of civic consciousness.
Answer:
Civic consciousness :
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interest of the citizen. Those who have civic consciousness will always be ready to work for the society. The basis of civic consciousness is the recognition that if the activities of each individual are for the well being of the society, social problems can be solved.

Significance of civic consciousness

• Civic consciousness greatly influences the progress of the society and the state.
• In the absence of civic consciousness, individual becomes selfish and all his activities will be only for his own achievements. This will affect social life adversely.
• A society with no civic consciousness will not have peace and security.
• Civic consciousness has to be nurtured for the welfare of all and for the reconstruction of the society. This will help national progress and unity.

Question 12.
Explain the relationship between morality and civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility. It is the moral responsibility of each individual to perform the duty towards the society and the state.
• Morality helps civic consciousness, whereas immorality destroys it. Creation of moral consciousness in all walks of life is the most effective way to foster civic consciousness. Civic consciousness is a creative state of mind.

Question 13.
Elucidate the role of family in the formation of civic consciousness.
Answer:
Role of family in the formation of Civic Consciousness

• Family is the primary social institution.
• One learns to respect elders and to engage in social service from family.
• Family fosters and maintains sense of responsibility among its members.
• Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness.
• The family nurtures the concept that each individual is for the family and the family is for the society.

Question 14.
Write any two problems faced by society and suggest its solutions.
Answer:

Question 15.
What is morality? Write examples for moral activities in our society.
Answer:
Morality
Morlaity means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility. It is the moral responsibility of each individual to perform the duty towards the society and the state.

Examples for moral activities in our society

• Earn money by working
• Protect public property
• Help fellow beings

Answer the following. Score ‘5’,’6’ each

Question 1.
What are the important factors that determine civic consciousness?
Or
Discuss the role of family, education, associations, media and democratic system in formulating civic consciousness.
Answer:
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each ; citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interest of the citizen. It is j very essential to foster and maintain civic consciousness. All the societies adopt positive j measures to foster civic consciousness. The I following are the important factors that help to foster civic consciousness.

Family: Man’s social relationships begin with the family. It is from the primary social institution of family that one learns to respect the elders and to engage in social service, Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice and etiquette. Family plays an important role in fostering and maintaining a sense of responsibility among its members. Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness in its members. The concept that each individual is for the family and family is for the society should be developed in the family atmosphere.

Education :
The primary aim of education is to equip a person to effectively utilise the knowledge gained by the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society, Education helps to develop qualities like value j consciousness, environmental awareness, scientific temper, tolerance and leadership qualities. Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilised in a useful manner to the society. Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people. Governments formulate educational policies with this aim.

Associations :
Political, Social, economic and cultural associations equip the individuals to work voluntarity with service mind. Different associations and their ideologies influence the moulding of the thoughts and acts of individuals. They also play an important role in fostering national and civic consciousness. Voluntary associations are working for environmental protection, human right protection and charity. These associations can create awareness among individuals about environment and human rights.

Media :
Media play a major role in the formulation of civic consciousness. Printed media and electronic media influence the society tremendously. Media convey news and information to the people. Judicial and objective information will lead to creative idea formation. Media should be impartial and independent.

Democratic system :
Democracy is an inevitable component of civic consciousness. Democracy is the basis of all other components which help to develop civic consciousness. All our activities should have a democratic approach. Living in co-operation is essential for a democratic society. Democracy prompts individuals to think about fellow beings and to work for the protection of their freedom, equality and rights. Democracy believes in rule of law. It means all are equal before law.

Question 2.
What is civic consciousness? What is its importance? Write the solutions of challenges to civic consciousness also.
Answer:
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interests of citizen. People with civic consciousness are allegiant and responsible to themselves, to the society and to humanity.
Importance of civic consciousness:

• Civic consciousness greatly influences the progress of the society and the nation.
• In the absence of civic consciousness, individual becomes selfish and all his activities will be only for his own achievements. This will affect social life adversely.
• A society with no civic consciousness will not have peace and security.
• For ensuring the welfare of all and the reconstruction of the society, civic consciousness has to be developed. It will help to the progress and unity of the state.

Challenges to civic consciousness and solutions:
The mindset to do anything for the sake of one’s own personal interest by neglecting public interest is the main challenge of civic sense.

• Work for one’s interest without going against public interests.
• Individuals should act democratically and with tolerance.
• Each should critically evaluate his activity.
• Give equal weight to both duties and rights.
• Be the change which you expect from others.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Eyes in the Sky and Data Analysis

Answer the following. Score 1 each

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Remote sensing generally used to gather clear – information about comparatively small areas.
Terrestrial photography
Aerial remote sensing
Satellite remote sensing
Answer:
Aerial remote sensing

Question 2.
Which of the following is related to sun-synchronous satellites?
Helps in continuous data collection.
Move-in accordance with earth’s rotation.
Repetitive data collection is possible.
Answer:
Repetitive data collection is possible.

Question 3.
Which of the following indicates high spatial resolution? ,
5 m spatial resolution
1 km spatial resolution
1 m spatial resolution
Answer:
1 m spatial resolution

Question 4.
The system developed by USA to understand about the latitude, longitude and elevation of objects on earth’s surface.
GIS
GPS
IRNSS
Answer:
GPS

Question 5.
Analytical capability used for analyzing the activities around a point feature or at a definite distance along a linear feature.
Network analysis
Buffer analysis
Overlay analysis
Answer:
Buffer analysis

Question 6.
A sensor with high spatial resolution can distinguish
features of land and sea
multistoreyed buildings
small vehicles
Answer:
small vehicles

Question 7.
The Social Science Club of your school has decided to prepare a sketch of your school and to give it to the Panchayat authorities. Which instrument can be used to display the latitude of the school used for telecommunication?
Global Positioning System
Scanner
Satellite
Answer:
Global Positioning System

Question 8.
Which among the following is not related to Geographic Information System?
Overlay analysis
Buffer analysis
Overlap
Answer:
Overlap

Question 9.
The size of the smallest object on the earth’s surface that a satellite sensor can distinguish is called sensor’s .
Spectral signature
Spatial resolution
Temporal resolution
Answer:
Spatial resolution

Question 10.
The instrument used to obtain the three-dimensional view of aerial photographs
Telescope
Stereoscope
Kalidoscope
Answer:
Stereoscope

Question 11.
Which is more suitable for repetitive data collection?
Aerial remote sensing
Terrestrial photography
Satellite remote sensing
Answer:
Satellite remote sensing

Question 12.
The geostationary satellites of India are included in the series of
INSAT
IRS
Challenger
Answer:
INSAT

Question 13.
Write the name of a pair of aerial photos with overlap.
Answer:
Stereo pair

Question 14.
Name the two types of data essential for analysis in GIS.
Answer:

1. Spatial date
2. Attributes

Question 15.
Which type of analysis in GIS can be used for identifying the roads with least traffic as part of town planning?
Answer:
Network analysis

Question 16.
Identify the type of analysis in GIS used for studying the relationship between different spatial information of an area.
Answer:
Overlay analysis

Question 17.
Name the system which helps in sensing the latitudinal and longitudinal location and elevation of objects on the earth’s surface with corresponding time.
Answer:
Global Positioning System

Question 18.
Which among the following is the most suitable method for understanding the seasonal growth rate of crops in an extensive agricultural land?
Aerial remote sensing
Satellite remote sensing
Field survey
Answer:
Satellite remote sensing

Institutions with responsibility for aerial survey
National Remote Sensing Centre Hyderabad
Indian Aerospace Company – Kolkata

B. Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
From which year onwards was data collection using satellite remote sensing started?
Answer:
1960

Question 2.
Name the invention which paved the way for a great change in data collection in the 19th century.
Answer:
Photography

Question 3.
Which is the platform used to place the camera to take pictures from great heights?
Answer:
Aircrafts

Question 4.
The remote sensing not suitable to take photographs of regions on earth that are vast and extensive.
Answer: ‘
Aerial remote sensing

Question 5.
Which is the satellite that orbits along with the rotation of the earth?
Answer:
Geostationary satellites

Question 6.
Which is the satellite suitable for data collection about natural resources and land use pattern?
Answer:
Sun-synchronous satellites

Question 7.
Which is the indigenously developed satellite-based navigation system of India?
Answer:
IRNSS – Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

Question 8.
Which is the satellite used for understanding about weather conditions?
Answer:
Geostationary satellites

Question 9.
What are sensors?
Answer:
Instruments used for data collection through remote sensing are called sensors.

Oases easily distinguished by
Sensors record the reflection of electromagnetic radiation of objects. The spectral signature of sand is different from that of plants. So the oases in deserts can be easily distinguished by remote sensing.

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
What is remote sensing? By which name are the instruments for this known?
Answer:
The method of collecting information about an object, or a phenomenon with the help of place satellites without actual physical contact is known as remote sensing.

The instruments used for data collection about the earth’s surface are known as sensors.

Question 2.
Answer the following.
a. Remote sensing carried out with the help of solar energy.
b. Remote sensing made with the help of artificial source of energy.
Answer:
a. Passive remote sensing
b. Active remote sensing

Question 3.
Which type of satellites are INSAT, IRS and Landsat of India?
Answer:

• IRS and Landsat are sun-synchronous satellites.
• INSAT satellites are geostationary satellites.

Question 4.
If that is satellite remote sensing? By what name is the sensor known in this?
Answer:

• The process of collecting information using sensors fitted on artificial satellites is called satellite remote sensing.
• Sensors in artificial satellites are known as ‘scanner’.

Question 5.
Which are the geographical regions coming under the surveillance of IRNSS? ‘
Answer:
IRNSS is India’s indigenously developed satellite-based navigation system. It has a radius of 1500 km around including India, Pakistan-, China and the Indian Ocean.

Question 6.
GPS developed by USA determines position with the help of many satellites. Explain.
Answer:
GPS is America’s satellite-based navigation system. A group of 24 satellites placed at different orbit between the altitudes 20000 and 20200 km above the earth’s surface locate objects. We can locate places with the help of the signals received from the satellites in our handheld device.

Question 7.
Write any two uses of GIS
Answer:

1. To conduct thematic studies.
2. To represent geographical features spatially.

Question 8.
What are the possibilities of remote sensing technology in agricultural sector?
Answer:

• For collecting data about the extent of crops and spread of pest attacks.
• For understanding land use of an area.
• To locate places with greater ground water potential.
• For monitoring of drought and flood.

Question 9.
A study tour is planned from your school. Can network analysis of GIS be made use here? Which of your needs related to study tour can be solved using this analysis? Write any three.
Answer:
Network analysis of GIS can be made use for the study tour.
Network analysis can be useful for planning study tour in the following ways.
i. To identify the route with hospitals, hotels and petrol pumps on the way.
ii. To identify the easiest and less congested roads from one place to another.
iii. Plan maximum number of attractive destinations in the available time.
iv. Help to bring accident victim to a suitable hospital through less congested roads.

Question 10.
Do all objects have similar spectral signatures? Why?
Answer:

• No. The amount of electromagnetic radiation that is reflected by an object is called spectral signature.
• Spectral signatures vary for different objects depending upon their physical characters.

Question 11.
What is overlap in aerial photographs? Mention the advantage of the photographs having overlap.
Answer:
In each aerial photograph 60 percent of the places depicted in the adjacent photo is included. This is termed as the overlap in aerial photos. This is done for ensuring continuity and to obtain three-dimensional vision using a stereoscope.

Question 12.
Write four instances in which the possibility of the technology of remote sensing can be used in Kerala.
Answer:
i. For estimating the area of paddy cultivation.
ii. Detecting forest fire, as they are common in Kerala during summer.
iii Identifying a drought-affected area.
iv. Exploring groundwater.
v. Identify areas prone to flood and to prepare flood predicting model.

Question 13.
What are the characteristics of sensors?
Answer:

• Spectral signature
• Spatial resolution

Question 14.
Complete the flow chart.

Answer:
a. Aerial remote sensing
b. Satellite remote sensing

Question 15.
The given information are concerned with two methods of remote sensing. Name these two methods.
Answer:
a. Captures continuous photographs of the places over which the aircraft passes.
b. Gathers information using sensors fitted in artijicial satellites.

Question 16.
Explain the importance of stereoscopes in aerial remote sensing?
Answer:

• Helps in obtaining three-dimensional view from aerial photos with overlap.
• To get the synoptic view of an area and to identify the undulations of the terrain.

Question 17.
Both spatial data and attributes are essential for analysis in GIS. Write any four attributes regarding your school.
Answer:

• Number of students
• Number of teachers
• Number of classrooms
• School building is single or multi-storied.

Answer the following; Score 3 each

Question 1.
What are sensors? How do they work? Write example for sensors.
Answer:

• The instruments used for data collection through remote sensing are called sensors.
• Sensors work with the help of electromagnetic radiations. Sensors record the electromagnetic radiations emitted or reflected by objects.
• Examples are camera and scanner.

Question 2.
How is remote sensing classified based on the source of energy? Why?
Answer:

Based on the source of energy, remote sensing can be classified into active remote sensing and passive remote sensing.

Active remote sensing: Remote sensing made with the aid of artificial source of energy radiating from the sensor is known as active remote sensing.
Eg: flash in camera Passive remote sensing: Remote sensing made with the help of solar energy is known as passive remote sensing. In this, the sensors do not emit energy by it self.

Question 3.
Two kinds of data are necessary for data analysis in GIS. Which are they?
Answer:

1. Spatial data
2. Attributes

Question 4.
What is a platform? Write examples for different types of platforms.
Answer:

• The carrier on which sensors are fixed for data collection is known as platform.
• The platforms where cameras are placed: aircraft, bai loons, cranes.
• The platform where sensors are placed: satellites.

Question 5.
How is remote sensing classified based on the platform used? Explain.

Answer:
Based on the type of platform used, remote sensing is classified into three: They are

1. Terrestrial photography
2. Aerial remote sensing
3. Satellite remote sensing

Terrestrial photography: The method of obtaining the earth’s photography using cameras from the ground is called terrestrial photography. Eg: photography we take using cameras.

Aerial remote sensing: The method of obtaining photographs of the earth’s surface continuously from the sky by using cameras mounted on aircraft is known as aerial remote sensing.

Satellite remote sensing: The process of gathering information using sensors fitted on artificial satellites is known as satellite remote sensing.

Question 6.
Identify from the pictures, the platforms used to collect information. Also write the name of sensors placed in these.

Answer:
Platform in Fig. A. Earth. Sensor used is camera.
Platform in Fig. B. Aircraft. Sensor used is camera.
Platform in Fig. C. Satellite. Sensor used is scanner.

Question 7.
What are the merits of aerial remote sensing?
Answer:

• Useful to gather clear information about comparatively smaller areas.
• Stereoscopic vision will give a synoptic view of the area.
• Highly useful for obtaining photographs with three-dimensional view.
• Three dimensional view enables in understanding the undulations of the terrain.
• Information on any region can be gathered in accordance with our requirements.

Question 8.
What is overlap in aerial photographs? Mention its advantage.
Answer:
In each aerial photograph, nearly 60% of the places depicted in the adjacent photo is included. This is done to ensure continuity and to obtain three dimensional view. This is termed as the overlap in aerial photos. Only photos with overlap can give three dimensional views.
Its advantages are :

• To ensure continuity of aerial photographs.
• To obtain three dimensional view
• For a synoptic view of the area.
• Help in understanding the undulations of the terrain.

Question 9.
Why are geostationary satellites called so? What are its uses?
Answer:
Geostationary satellites are the satellites that move in equal velocity with the earth’s rotation, As the movement of these satellites corresponds to the speed of rotation of the earth, it stays constantly above a specific place on earth. As it stays constantly above a specific place on earth, they are called geostationary satellites.
Uses:

• Helps in continuous data collection of an area.
• Used in Telecommunication and weather studies.

Question 10.
What is spectral signature? Write the reason for difference in the amount of spectral signature.
Answer:
The amount of reflected energy by each object is called spectral signature. Each object on the earth’s surface reflects electromagnetic radiation differently.

The difference in the amount of reflection is because of the variations in the physical properties of objects.
For eg: The spectral signature of sand is different from that of vegetation.

Question 11.
What is spatial resolution? How does it influence the study of the surface of the earth?
Answer:
Spatial resolution of a sensor is the size of the smallest object on the earth’s surface that it can recognize.
The sensors fitted on state 11 items cannot recognize objects of all sizes on the surface of the earth. Earlier sensors were able to distinguish only large objects and they had less resolution (Eg, 1 km). Today there are sensors that can even represent information of less than one meter. Houses, vehicles and trees can be recognized by such high-resolution sensors.

Question 12.
What is Geographic Information System? What are the possibilities of GIS softwares?
Answer:
Geographic Information System is a computer-based information management system by which the data collected from the sources of information like maps, aerial photographs, satellite imageries, tables, surveys, etc. are incorporated into the computer using softwares, which are retrieved, analyzed and displayed in the form of maps, tables and graphs.
Uses

• Exhibit the maps
• Renew/update the maps
• Produce new maps
• Analysis and preparation of maps and graphs based on data acquired.

Question 13.
What is the importance of preparing layers in GIS? Write an example.
Answer:
With the help of GIS softwares, spatial data can be converted into different layers. The thematic maps prepared and stored in Geographic Information System for analytical purpose are called layers. When the features of the surface of the earth are converted into layers, we can easily make maps or tables for our preference from this. The spatial relationship among the features on the surface of the earth can easily be understood by analyzing the appropriate layers.

Example: using, GIS software, different data about India can be depicted as separate layers. Different layers to show the states in India, natural resources, mountains, cotton cultivated regions and jute cultivated regions can be depicted. Maps obtained as different layers in this manner can be used for different analyses.

Question 14.
Network analysis is very useful to travellers. Substantiate.
Answer:

• Helps to find out the easiest and less congested roads from one place to another.
• Helps tourists to plan maximum number of attractive destinations in the available time.
• Helps to find routes without tolls.
• Helps to identity the petrol pumps, hotels and hospitals on the way.
• Helps to bring accident victims to a suitable hospital through less congested roads.

Question 15.
Which country’s satellite-based navigation system is GPS? Write its uses.
Answer:

• USA has developed GPS for defense.
• Useful in map making and transport.
• Displays the latitude, longitude, height, and time of a place.

Question 16.
What is overlay analysis? Write its uses.
Answer:
Overlay analysis is used to identify the mutual relationships among the various surface features on earth and the periodic changes undergone by them.
Uses

• To know the changes in the area of crops.
• To know the changes in land-use patterns.
• To know the changes in the agricultural crops.

Question 17.
What is the name of the satellite based navigation system developed by India? Write its peculiarities.
Answer:
IRNSS is the satellite based navigation system of India as an alternative to GPS. Apart from India, a radius of 1500 kms including the Indian Ocean and the countries like Pakistan and China come under its surveillance.

Question 18.
The water level in the reservoir increased beyond the limit. The authorities decided to open the shutter of dam and let the water flow into the river. To know how much-area will be flooded due to the overflowing river,
a. Which analytical capability of Geographic Information System can be made use here?
b. Write another example for this analytical capability.
Answer:
a. Buffer analysis of a linear feature. In this, the detailed information regarding the area and the people living on the banks of the river can be collected. A parallel zone can be created aside a linear feature like river. It shows the area of
land that will get flooded.
b. Example:

• The width of a road in a region is increased from 5 m to 8 m. Using buffer analysis, it can be easily determined as to how much land belonging to local people has to be acquired and how many people will become homeless.
• If the width of the road is increased by 5 m on either side, how many people would lose land.
• If the width of the road is increased only on the left side by 10 m, how much land has to be acquired and how many will become homeless.

Question 19.
How do spatial data and attributes differ? Explain with example.
Answer:
Each feature on the earth’s surface has a location of its own. Such features of the earth’s surface having a specific location are known as spatial data. For eg: among the countries of the world, the location of India is between north latitudes 8°4′ and 37°6′ and east longitudes 68°7′ and 97°25′.

The additional information about the characteristics of each data on the earth’s surface are called attributes. The characteristics of spatial data can be recorded with the help of their attributes. For eg: when we find out the location of well in our house, it forms spatial data. When we collect information about the characteristics of the well like its depth, whether it has a platform or retaining wall, these are its attributes.

Question 20.
Suppose our government plans to build a Highway in our state. ‘
a. Which technique in geography can be used for its planning? .
b. Which technique can be used to assess the extent of land lost?
c. Which technique can be used to assess the compensation and to estimate the land holdings of similar size?
Answer:
a. Geographic Information System
b. Buffer analysis
c. Overlay analysis

Question 21.
Suppose you are analysing the satellite imageries of two strategically important locations A and B. The spatial resolutions of the imageries are 1km x 7km and lm x 1m respectively.
i. Which of these imageries are of high spatial resolution?
ii. Which of these imageries cannot be utilized for microlevel studies?
iii. What do you mean by the term spatial resolution?
Answer:
i. Imagery B has high, spatial resolution.
ii. Imagery A cannot be utilized for micro-level studies.
iii. The size of the smallest object on earth that can be recognized by the sensor is the spatial resolution of that sensor.

Question 22.
In each aerial photograph, nearly 60% of the places depicted in the adjacent photo is included.
i. What is the significance in doing so?
ii. Mention the name by which it is known.
Answer:
i.
For the continuity of photographs.
To obtain three-dimensional view
ii. Overlap

Question 23.
As a result of the landslide in Kavalappara in Malappuram district, a large area was destroyed and many became homeless. The Government decided to estimate the extent of land area destructed and to identify the real land owners using GIS. Which analytical capabilities of GIS can be made use of for each purpose? Explain.
Answer:
To estimate the area of land destructed, buffer analysis can be used. The spatial data of the area of landslide are subjected to buffer analysis, and a special circular zone is created. This helps to estimate the houses and agricultural lands of the area.

To find the real landowners, overlay analysis can be used. Overlay analysis is used for under-standing the mutual relationship among the various features on the earth’s surface and the periodic changes undergone by them.

Question 24.
The continuous numbers of a series of aerial photographs are given.

a. Can we call the photographs 41 and 45 together as stereopair? Why?
b. What is the peculiarity of stereopairs?
c. Which are the pairs of photograph 42?
Answer:
a. No. Photographs 41 and 45 are not stereopairs. Two adjoining aerial photographs with overlap are called stereopairs.
b. When a stereopair is observed through a stereoscope, three dimensional view is obtained.
c. Photographs 41 and 43.

Question 25.
Classify the following as spatial data and attributes.

• Kerala
• Lakshadweep
• Mizoram
• Distribution of rainfall
• Vegetation
• Population

Answer:

• Spatial data: Kerala, Mizoram, Lakshadweep
• Attributes: Population, vegetation, distribution of rainfall.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
Complete the given flow chart.

a. …………..
b. …………..
c. ………….
d. ………….
e. ………….
Answer:
a. The shaking of the aircraft affects the quality of photos.
b. Open space is needed for the takeoff and landing of aircraft.
c. not practical to take photographs of vast and extensive regions.
d. Costly to land the aircraft frequently for refueling.
e. The advent of satellite remote sensing.

Question 2.
Which are the two types of satellites in satellite remote sensing? Write their features.
OR
INSAT and IRS are two types of satellites launched by India. Which type of satellites are these? Distinguish between them.
Answer:
Geostationary satellites and sun synchronous satellites.

1. INSAT is geostationary satellite.
2. IRS is sunsynchronous satellite.

Geostationary satellites

• Orbit the earth at an elevation of about 36000 km. above the earth.
• Move in equal velocity with earth’s rotation.
• As their movement corresponds to the speed of rotation of the earth, it stays constantly above a specific place on the earth. This helps in continuous data collection of an area.
• One third of the earth comes under its field of view.
• Useful for weather studies and in tele-communication.

Sun synchronous satellites

• The orbit is about 900 km in altitude.
• Revolve around the earth along the poles.
• The field of view is less.
• Repetitive data collection of a region at regular interval is possible.
• Used to collect data on natural resources, land use and ground water.
• Surveillance area is less than that of geostationary satellites.
• Mainly used for remote sensing purpose.

Question 3.
One of the uses of remote sensing technology is given. Add more.

Answer:
a. For ocean exploration.
b. For oil explorations.
c. To locate places with groundwater potential.
d. To collect data about the extent of crops and the spread of pest attacks.
e. For monitoring of drought and flood.
f. For identifying forest fires in deep forests and for taking control measures.

Question 4.
What is the importance of spatial data and attributes in map making? Explain with example.
Answer:
Each feature on the earth’s surface has a location of its own. Such features of the earth’s surface having a specific location are known as spatial data. For example, the location of Trivandrum is in between north latitude 8°29′ and east longitude 76°55′. When the map of a place is to be included in G1S, its spatial data should also be given. The latitude and longitude of that place should be marked in the map.

Along with spatial data, attributes should also be included in the map. The additional information about the characteristics of each spatial data on earth’s surface are called attributes. For example, if a well is to be marked in the map, information about the characteristics of the well such as the depth of the well, whether it has a platform and retaining wall, whether it is fresh water or not and details of ownership of the well should also be marked. These are the attributes of the well.

Question 5.
One of the uses of GIS is given. Add more.
Conduct thematic studies.
Answer:

• To represent geographical features spatially.
• To update and incorporate data easily.
• To generate visual models of future phenomena and processes based on collected data.
• For making maps, graphs and tables for specific needs.
• To compile data from different sources.

Question 6.
Write the uses and working of GPS.
How can the techniques of satellite remote sensing and geographic information system be made use of in the following areas?
Answer:
Uses: Helps in sensing latitudinal and longitudinal location, elevation of objects on earth’s surface along with corresponding time.

Working : GPS has a group of 24 satellites that orbit around the earth in 6 different orbits between the altitudes 20000 and 20200 km above the earth’s surface to locate objects. We can locate the places with the help of signals received from the satellite in our handheld device. A GPS should receive signals from at least 4 satellites to display the information like latitude, longitude, elevation and time of a place.

Question 7.
The following are statements related to remote sensing. Write what each stands for.
a. The aircraft requires open space for take-off and landing.
b. Photographs with overlap.
c. Orbit the earth at an elevation of about 36000 km above the earth.
d. Repetitive data collection of an area is possible.
Answer:
a. Indicates the limitation of aerial remote sensing
b. Indicates the merit of aerial remote sensing.
c. Geostatiount satellites
d. Sun svplelrronous satellite

Question 8.
Complete the table based on Geostationary satellite and Sun-synchronous satellite.

Answer:

Question 9.
How can the techniques of satellite remote sensing and geographic information system be made use of in the following areas?
a. Agricultural sector
b. Conservation of forest
c. Mapmaking
Answer:

Question 10.
A stands for sun-synchronous satellite and B stands for geostationary satellite. How are they useful for the following requirements?
a. For weather studies
b. To locate places with ground water potential
c. Data collection on natural resources.
d. In telecommunication
Answer:
A. Sun-synchronous satellite
a. To locate places with groundwater potential
c. Data collection on natural resources
B. Geostationary satellite
a. For weather studies
b. In telecommunication

Question 11.
The spectral signature of plants is different from that of water bodies. Analyse this statement to answer the questions.
i. What is spectral signature?
ii. Which instrument recognizes spectral signature?
iii. Each object reflects electromagnetic radiation differently. Why?
Answer:
i. The amount of energy reflected by each object is its spectral signature.
ii. Scanners mounted on artificial satellites recognize different objects on the basis of their spectral signature.
iii. Each object on the earth’s surface reflects electromagnetic radiation on the basis of their features. Each object reflects electromagnetic radiation differently. This is because of the difference in the physical property of each object.

Question 12.
Answer the following questions related to remote sensing.
i. What are the features that equip the sun-synchronous satellites for remote sensing?
ii. What are the uses of geostationary satellites?
iii. Write examples for both types of satellites.
Answer:
i. Since sun-synchronous satellites revolve around the earth along the poles, repetitive data collection of a place is possible. Since they travel at a lower elevation, the field of view is less.
ii. Telecommunication Weather studies
iii. Geostationary satellite – INSAT Sun-synchronous satellite – IRS

Question 13.
Overlap is essential for the analysis of aerial photos.
i. What is overlap in aerial photographs?
ii. What do we call two adjacent photographs with overlap?
iii. How does overlap help in the analysis of aerial photographs?
Answer:
i. In each aerial photograph, nearly 60% of the places depicted in the adjacent photos is included. This is known as overlap in aerial photographs.
ii. Stereo pair
iii. When viewed through stereoscope, stereo pair gives a three-dimensional view. This helps in the analysis of aerial photographs. Ensures continuity of the aerial photographs.

Question 14.
Point out the limitations of aerial remote sensing.
Answer:

• The shaking of aircrafts affects the quality of photos.
• The aircrafts require open space for take-off and landing.
• It is not practical to take photographs of regions that are vast and extensive.
• Landing the aircrafts frequently for refueling increases the cost.

Question 15.
Identify the areas where satellite remote sensing techniques can be adopted using geostationary satellites and sun synchronous satellites.
Answer:

• Estimation of loss due to flood.
• Understanding the post-flood conditions of •rivers.
• Assessment of the damages of the areas flooded.
• Preparing flood predicting models by identifying areas vulnerable to flood.

Question 16.
Explain how satellite imageries are prepared.
Answer:
Satellite imageries: Satellite remote sensing is the process of gathering information using the sensors mounted on satellites. Different types of scanners capable of recognizing specific areas in the electromagnetic spectrum are mounted on the artificial satellites. These scanners recognize the different objects on the basis of their spectral signatures and transmit the data to the ground control stations in digital form. These are analyzed with the help of computers and transformed into images. These are known as satellite imageries.

Question 17.
What are the possibilities of satellite remote sensing to overcome ñatural disasters like floods?
Answer:
The possibilities that can be adopted are:
Preparation of flood hazard maps of affected areas.
Estimation of loss due to flood.
Understanding the post flood conditions of rivers.
Assessment of the damages of the areas flooded.
Preparing flood predicting models by ¡dentiI,’ing areas vulnerable to flood.

Question 18.
Geographic Information System is a fast developing technology that can be made use of in different levels of human life. In which all areas can GIS be made use of?
Answer:

• Industry
• Education
• Irrigation
• Transportation
• Disease control
• Tax collection
• Tourism

Answer the following. Score 5 each

Question 1.
What is the significance of the following in collecting data about the earth’s surface?

• Aerial remote sensing
• Overlap
• Stereoscope

Answer:
The indicators given related to aerial remote sensing play an important role in data collection of the earth’s surface and for map making.
Aerial remote sensing
The continuous process of capturing photographs of the earth’s surface using cameras mounted on balloons or aircrafts is known as aerial remote sensing. This is generally used to gather clear information about comparatively smaller areas. Aerial photographs are widely used for the preparation of topographical maps. The most important feature of aerial remote sensing is that it can take photographs that give three dimensional view. Three dimensional view will help in understanding the undulations of the terrain. To get three dimensional view, aerial photographs should have overlap.

Overlap
In each aerial photograph, nearly 60 percent of the places depicted in the adjacent photograph is included. This is done to ensure continuity and to obtain three-dimensional view using stereoscopes. This is known as overlap in aerial photographs. Two photographs of adjoining areas with overlap are called stereo pair. When viewed through a stereoscope, the stereo pair will give a synoptic view of the area and will help in understanding the undulations of the terrain.

Stereoscope
Tire instrument that provides three dimensional view from the stereo pairs is called stereoscope.

Question 2.
Explain the role of spectral signature, spatial resolution and sensor in the formation of satellite imageries.
Answer:
The process of gathering information using sensors mounted on artificial satellites is known as satellite remote sensing. Different types of scanners capable of recognizing specific areas in the electromagnetic spectrum are mounted on artificial satellites. These scanners recognise different objects on the basis of spectral signatures and transmit that information digitally to ground stations. These are analysed with the help of computers and transformed into images. These are known as satellite imageries.

Spectral signature Sensors record electromagnetic radiations that are reflected or emitted by objects. Each object on the earth’s surface reflects electromagnetic radiation differently. This difference in the amount of reflection is because of the variations in the physical properties of objects. The amount of reflected energy by each object is called the spectral signature of that object.

Spatial resolution
Sensors fixed on satellite cannot recognize objects of all sizes on the earth’s surface. Sensors with low spatial resolution can only distinguish big objects on the earth’s surface. Eg: Land, sea, hills, forests, etc. The recently developed high spatial resolution sensors can distinguish houses, vehicles, trees, etc. Spatial resolution of a sensor is the size of the smallest object on the earth’s surface that it can recognize.

Sensors
Instruments used for data collection through remote sensing are called sensors. Camera and scanners are sensors. Sensors work with the help of electromagnetic radiations. Sensors record electromagnetic radiations that are reflected or emitted by objects.

Question 3.
What is the use of satellite-based navigation system? How is it made possible? Explain the progress of India in this area.
Answer:
Today satellite based navigation systems are used for monitoring the location and movement of objects on the earth’s surface. It is used in several sectors like map making, transportation, etc. The most important among these is the Global Positioning system of the USA.

In this system, a series of 24 satellites placed at different orbits between the altitudes 20000 and 20200 km above the earth’s surface locate objects. We can locate places with the help of the signals received from the satellites in our handheld device. The GPS requires signals from atleast four satellites to display information like latitude, longitude, elevation, time, etc. This facility is now open to the public since 1980.

IRNSS is a satellite-based navigation system developed by India as an alternative to of GPS. It has radius of 1500 km including India, Pakistan, China and the Indian Ocean. Of the 7 satellites planned, all have been launched.

Answer the following. Score 6 each

Question 1.
Aerial remote sensing has many merits. At the same it has many limitations also. Substantiate.
Answer:
The continuous process of capturing photographs of the earth’s surface using cameras fixed on balloons or aircrafts is known as aerial remote sensing. It has many merits and limitations.

Merits

•  Useful for collecting clear information about comparatively smaller areas.
• Widely used for the preparation of topographical maps.
• Useful for obtaining photographs with three dimensional view.
• Three dimensional view enables to understand undulations of the terrain.
• Useful for synoptic view of the area.

Limitations

• The shaking of the aircraft affects the quality of photos.
• Open space is needed for the take off and landing of aircrafts.
• Not practical for taking photographs of vast and extensive regions.
• Costly to land the aircraft frequently for refuelling.

Question 2.
What are the possibilities of GIS? How are these possibilities beneficial to humans? Explain.
Answer:
Softwares are used for preparing maps with the help of data collected through remote sensing and other methods of survey. These softwares are also used for incorporating details in the maps and analyzing them for various purposes. This system is known as GIS.

The surface features of the earth collected as spatial information and attributes can be analysed by GIS in various ways according to the requirements. The analytical capabilities of GIS are network analysis, buffer analysis and overlay analysis.

Overlay analysis: Overlay analysis used to identify the interrelationship of various surface features on earth and the changes they have undergone over a period of time. This analysis is helpful in understanding the changes in the area of crops, the changes in land use, etc. Suppose we have a map showing the paddy cultivation in Thrissur district in 2000. If we want to understand the changes in the area of paddy cultivation by the year 2015, all we have to do is overlay the corresponding map.

Buffer analysis: This is an analysis capability used for analysing the activities around a point feature or at a definite distance along a linear feature.

Network analysis
Linear features such as roads, rivers and railway are subjected to network analysis. Using this, we can find the shortest route to reach a place, routes with less traffic, routes without toll and can identify petrol pumps, hospitals and hotels.

For Extra  Reading

A Peep into the History of Remote Sensing
First phase: Before 1925

• During earlier times, photographs of Paris city were taken using cameras tied to domestic pigeons.
• Photographs taken in this manner did not have a precise continuation or control.
• Afterwards, balloons began to be used.
• In 1858 Gaspard Felix took a photograph of a place called Beaver in France using balloon.

Second phase: 1925 – 1945

• The use of aerial photographs for collecting information about the earth’s surface became more widespread.
• Camera lenses were used effectively.
• Advanced aircrafts began to be used.
• Aerial photographs were used greatly in the second world war.

Third phase: 1945 – 1960

• Aerial photographs began to be used in various fields.
• Such photographs were widely used for theme based studies.

Fourth phase: 1960 – 1972

• Satellite remote sensing was started. ,
• Earth observation from the outer space started.

Fifth phase: After 1972

• America successfully launched the Landsat series of satellites.
• India successfully launched several satellites such as Cartosat, Resources at, and Oceans.

Institutions that use Remote Sensing in Kerala
Various central and state departments in Kerala and many private companies make use of remote sensing technology.

• Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment Centre (KSRSEC)
• Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS)
• Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM)
• Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI)
• Kerala State Land Use Board (KSLUB)
• Geological Survey of India (GSI)
• Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)
• Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 9 The State and Political Science

Answer the following. Score 1 each

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The western Philosopher who coined the term ‘state’ for the first time.
Niccolo Maehiavelli
Socretes
Plato
Answer:
Niccolo Maehiavelli

Question 2.
The smallest country in the world
Vatican city
San Marino
Monaco
Answer:
Vatican city

Question 3.
The largest country in the world
Canada
Russia
USA
Answer:
Russia

Question 4.
The country constituted in 2011 after dividing Sudan
South Sudan
Tuvalu
Palau
Answer:
South Sudan

Question 5.
The 193^rd member of UNO
South Sudan
Switzerland
Palau
Answer:
South Sudan

Question 6.
Who is called the ‘Gandhi of Architecture’?
Laurie Baker
Nari Gandhi
Nandalal Bose
Answer:
Laurie Baker

Question 7.
Who is the ‘Father of Political Science’?
Aristotle
Plato
Rousseau
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 8.
Who is the author of the works ‘Ethics’, ‘Politics’?
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 9.
The result of your political inactivity is that you will be ruled by people inferior to you. Whose words are these?
Plato
Rousseau
Aristotle
Answer:
Plato

Question 10.
The statement not related to sovereignty
Increases employment opportunities
Takes decisions on internal matters without external control
Takes independent decisions on international affairs without external control
Answer:
Increases employment opportunities

Question 11.
Which of the following is an obligatory function of the state?
Provide transport facilities
Protection of right
Provide educational facilities
Answer:
Protection of right

Question 12.
‘The state came into being as a result of a contract by the people’. To which theory of origin of state is this related?
Evolutionary theory
Power theory
Social contract theory
Answer:
Social contract theory

Question13.
Which of the following is not a political right?
Right to vote
Right to form associations
Right to leisure
Answer:
Right to leisure

Question 14.
Which is the first book to make a comprehensive analysis of state? Who was its author?
Answer:

• Politics
• Aristotle wrote it.

Question 15.
Point out the invisible and indivisible element of state.
Answer:
Sovereignty

Question 16.
The element of state that makes and executes laws and ensures justice to the people.
Answer:
Government

Question 17.
“The goal of state is the maximum happiness of the maximum number. ” Name the thinker who made this statement.
Answer:
Jeremy Bentham

Question 18.
A person who has the right to participate in the law making procedure and the implementation of law is called the citizen of the state. Which thinker made this statement?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 19.
The right of the state to take decisions on all matters which come within its territory.
Answer:
Sovereignty

Question 20.
Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government. Whose words are these?
Answer:
Aristotle

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What is a state?
Answer:
A group of people residing permanently within a particular territory with a sovereign government is called state.

Question 2.
What are the problems due to excess or too much population?
Answer:

• Unemployment
• Pollution
• Poverty
• Shortage of water
• Famine

Question 3.
Which are the regions that fall under ‘territory’?
Answer:
Territory comprises of the land area, water bodies, aerial space and coastal area falling within boundary.

Question 4.
‘The goal of state is the maximum happiness of the maximum number’. Whose words are these?
Answer:
Jeremy Bentham

Question 5.
Which is the most acceptable theory regarding the origin of state?
Answer:
Evolutionary theory

Question 6.
Which are the different types of governments found in different countries of the world?
Answer:

1. Democracy
2. Monarchy
3. Military rule

Question 7.
Which are the two dimensions of sovereignty?
Answer:

1. Internal level
2. External level

Question 8.
Name the Greek philosophers who were of the opinion that ‘the primary duty of the state is to provide better life to its citizens’.
Answer:

• Plato
• Aristotle

Question 9.
Which are the important documents that record the citizenship of an individual?
Answer:

• Passport
• Birth Certificate

Question 10.
What is citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is the full and equal membership in a nation. Citizenship enables a person to enjoy political rights and civil rights.

Question 11.
Which are the two types of citizenship?
Answer:

1. Natural citizenship
2. Acquired citizenship

Question 12.
What is the definition given by Aristotle to political science?
Answer:
Political science is the study of political institutions like state and government.

Question 13.
Which is the most important constituent of a state that distinguishes it from other institutions?
Answer:
Sovereignty

Question 14.
From which term was the word ‘politics’ derived?
Answer:
The word politics was derived from the Greek term ‘polis’ which means ‘city state’.

Question 15.
Complete the chart showing the mutual relationship between citizen and state.

Answer:

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
Which are the basic factors of a state?
Answer:

• Population
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty

Question 2.
What are the obligatory functions of the state?
Answer:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at all times at any cost. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. The life and property of the people cannot be protected if the obligatory functions are not performed. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Question 3.
Which are the important theories on the origin of state?
Answer:

• Divine right theory
• Evolutionary theory
• Social contract theory
• Power theory

Question 4.
Write the peculiarities of the evolutionary theory of the origin of state.
Or
Which is the most acceptable theory on the origin of State? What idea does it convey?
Answer:

• The theory of evaluation is the most acceptable.
• State is the product of history.
• It was formed by social evolution.

Question 5.
Foreigners do not have all the rights that citizens enjoy. What are the rights available exclusively to citizens in India?
Answer:

• Right to contest in election
• Right to vote
• Right to criticise the government
• Right to hold public office

Question 6.
Who is a citizen according to Aristpotle?
Answer:
A person Who has the right to participate in the law making procedure and the implementation of law is called the citizen of a state.

Question 7.
Why is Aristotle regarded as the father of Political Science?
Or
Who is know as the father of Political Science? Why?
Answer:
According to the definition of Aristotle, Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government. Aristotle named his book ‘Politics’ dealing with political issues. It is the first book which makes a comprehensive analysis of the state. So Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science.

Question 8.
Population is an indispensable factor of a state. How should the people function for the existence of the state?
Answer:
For the existence of a state, the people should live unitedly with mutual understanding, interdependence and common public interest.

Question 9.
Both too much and too less population are not beneficial to the state. Substantiate with example.
Answer:
Too much and too less population will adversely affect the development of a state. High population leads to unemployment, poverty, famine and environmental pollution. Eg. India. Very less population results in the scarcity of human resources needed for development. Eg. Canada which does not have the required population encourages migration.

Question 10.
State is permanent and government is temporary. Explain.
Answer:
State is permanent. State will exist as long as there is population, territory, government and sovereignty. But the government in any countiy is not permanent. Governments may change from time to time.

Question 11.
Explain the internal and external dimensions of sovereignty.
Or
The two dimensions of sovereignty are internal and external. Write the difference between them.
Answer:

1. Internal dimension :
   The right to take decisions on all matters which come within its territory.
2. External dimension :
   To right to take independent decisions on international issues.

Question 12.
State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. Why?
Answer:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at any cost at all times. The life and property of the people cannot be protected if the obligatory functions are not performed.

Question 13.
Why are modem states called welfare states?
Answer:
Modern states undertake functions like education and health care facilities which provide better living conditions to people. Since the modem states undertake such progressive measures, they are called welfare states.

Question 14
Explain,
Citizen
Citizenship
Or
Who is called citizen in a state? By what name is the membership given by state to citizen known?
Answer:

• Citizen :
  A person who has the right to – participate in the law making procedure and the implementation of law.
• Citizenship:
  The membership given by state to citizen is known as citizenship. It is the full and equal membership in a nation.

Question 15.

What conclusion can you draw from the chart on j the relation between state and citizen?
Answer:

• Represents the mutual relationship between state and citizen.
• The state ensures certain rights to citizens, Citizens have certain duties to perform.

Question 16.
Differentiate between natural citizenship and acquired citizenship.
Answer:

• Citizenship by birth is natural citizenship. A person born in India to parents of Indian origin gets Indian citizenship. This is natural citizenship.
• The citizenship acquired by a person on the basis of the legal procedure of a nation is called acquired citizenship. It can be obtained only if the person has the eligibility as per the citizenship laws. Eg. A foreigner obtaining Indian citizenship.

Question 17.
Prepare a sun diagram showing the different branches of the study of Political Science.
Answer:

Question 18.
Why are modern states called nation states?
Answer:
Modem states are formed on the basis of a feeling of nationalism.

Question 19.
What is meant by sovereignty?
Answer:
The state has the right to take decisions on national and international issues independently. This supreme authority of state is called sovereignly.

Answer the following. Score 3 each

Question 1.
Write a note on the relationship between state and population.
Answer:
Population is an indispensable factor for the formation of state. There is no state without people. For the existence of a state, the people should live unitedly with mutual understanding, inter dependence and common public interest. However, the minimum and maximum number of people for a country are not fixed. Population which is too less or too much will adversely affect the development of a state.

Question 2.
‘There is no state without sovereignty’. Do you agree with this? Substantiate your view.
Answer:

I agree.

Sovereignty is the supreme authority of a state to take decisions, on national and international affairs independently without any external control. State cannot be constituted even if there is population, territory and government. Along with these, sovereignty should also be there for a state to be formed. It is the absolute, unlimited and indivisible power of the state.

Question 3.
What is the importance of territory in the formation of state?
Answer:

• State should have an exact territory with clearcut boundary.
• The state is formed when the people settle permanently in a particular territory.
• State should have complete control over its territory.
• The territorial size does not matter in the formation of a state. Territory with clearcut boundary is only required for state formation.
• Territory includes land area, water bodies, coastal areas and aerial space falling within the boundary.
• Territory is an essential factor for state formation.

Question 4.
Complete the flow chart on the theories of origin of state.

Answer:

Question 5.
Why is Kerala not treated as a country?
Answer:
Kerala has definite territory, population and government. But it lacks sovereignty. The government of Kerala does not have the power to take decisions on all internal as well as external matters. Hence Kerala cannot be considered as a country.

Question 6.
The field of study of Political Science is continuously expanding. Complete the sun diagram on the different branches of study of Political Science.

Answer:

Question 7.
Evolutionary theory is the most acceptable theory on the origin of state. Why?
Answer:
State is a the product of history. It was formed by social evolution. This theory tell us that state was formed as a result of several social circumstances and it reaches its present stage through the process of evolution. Hence evolutionary theory is the most acceptable theory on the origin of state.
State started as tribe, tribal administration and later developed as city state, empire state and feudal state and finally to the modem state.

Question 8.
What is the need or importance for the study of Political Science?
Or
What is Political Science? What is the importance of its study in the present day society?
Answer:
In a democratic system, the study of Political Science and politics are not to be kept apart. Plato said, “the result of your political in activity is that you will be ruled by people inferior to you”. This view point has great significance in democratic society. The merit of the society in which we live is based on how much we involve in the political process of that society. We need to logically analyse and creatively intervene in all public issues: Political Science helps you in this.

Question 9.
The field of study of Political Science is continuously expanding. Explain.
Answer:
Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government. At first Political Science took up the study of institutions like state and government and its functioning. With the emergence of democratic system, the concept of political participation also gained prominence. As a result, political processes also became a part of the study of Political Science along with political institutions. Thus the field of study of Political Science is continuously expanding.

Question 10.
Define Political Science. Point out the different branches of its study.
Answer:
Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government and its functioning. The concept of political participation also comes under it.

The different branches of Political Science:

• Political Theories
• International Politics
• Comparative Politics
• Public Administration

Question 11.
Explain with examples the discretionary powers of modern states.
Answer:
Discretionary powers of modem states are those which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of the state. Some of the discretionary powers of modem states are:

• Protection of health
• Provide educational facilities
• Implement welfare programmes
• Provide transportation facilities

Example:

• Setting up government hospitals to provide free medical care.
• Setting up government schools to provide free education.
• Providing social security measures to the weaker sections.

Question 12.
What is meant by obligatory functions of state? Give two examples of such functions.
Answer:
Obligatory functions:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at any cost at all times. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. If obligatory functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
What are the common features of the people of India?
Answer:

• People of India belong to different religions.
• They speak different languages.
• They follow different customs and cultures.
• They have different dress habits.

Question 2.
What is government? What are the important responsibilities of government?
Answer:
Government is the agency which operates on behalf of the state. On behalf of the state, the government frames and executes laws and ensures justice to the people. It ensures the security of the citizens and provides many services to them.

Responsibilities of government

• Maintain law and order
• Increase employment opportunities
• Implement developmental projects
• Defence
• Lawmaking

Question 3.
Explain the features of sovereignty.
Or
Sovereignty makes a state different from other institutions. Based on this statement, answer the questions.
a. What is sovereignty?
b. How important is sovereignly for the existence of a state?
c. Which are the dimensions of sovereignty?
Answer:
a. Sovereignty is the supreme authority of the state to take decisions on national and international affairs without any external control.

b. State cannot be constituted just with population, territory and government. State can. come into existence only if there is sovereignty. It is the absolute, unlimited and indivisible power of the state.

c. Sovereignty has two dimensions – internal and external dimensions. Internal dimension of sovereignty means the right to take decisions on all matters which come within its territory. External dimension of sovereignty means the right to take independent decisions on international issues.

Question 4.
What are the obligatory and discretionary functions of state?
Answer:

Question 5.
Prepare a note on Laurie Baker.
Answer:

• Born in England in 1917 at Birmingham and came to India in 1945 as part of Leprosy Mission.
• Influenced by Gandhian principles.
• Demonstrated cost effective house construction in Kerala.
• Known as Gandhi in the field of architecture.

Question 6.
Explain the field of study of Political Science.
Answer:

• At first Political Science took up the study of institutions like state and government and its functioning.
• With the emergence of democratic system, the concept of political participation also gained prominence. As a result, political processes also became a part of the study of Political Science.
• All concepts related to political processes are included in the study of Political Science.
• The major branches of the study of Political Science today are Public Administration, Political Theories, Comparative Politics and International Politics.

Question 7.
Explain the theories on the origin of state.
Or
There are many theories which explain how state originated. Explain each.
Answer:

• Divine Right Theory:
  State is the creation of God. King is the representative of God. God chose the king to mle. The king is answerable only to God.
• Evolutionary Theory:
  State is a the product of history. It was formed by social evolution. State was formed as a result of several social circumstances and it reached its present form through the process of evolution. Evolutionary theory is the most acceptable theory on the origin of state.
• Social Contract Theory:
  State came into existence as a result of a contract by the people. State was constituted for the fulfillment of human needs.
• Power Theory :
  State came into existence as a result of the establishment of power by the strong over the weak.

Question 8.
Differentiate between obligatory junctions and discretionary functions of state.
Answer:
Obligatory functions:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at any cost at all times. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. If obligatory functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Discretionary functions:
Discretionary functions of the state are those which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of the country. Some of the discretionary functions of the state.are to provide health care, education, transport facilities and to implement welfare schemes. The implementation of these functions will provide better living conditions to people.

In a welfare state, it is the duty of the state to undertake these progressive measures. It is not possible to fix a limit to the discretionaiy functions of the state. The growth of technology and the increase in human needs broaden the discretionary functions.

Question 9.
List some of the discretionary functions of the state.
Answer:

• Implement welfare programmes
• Provide educational facilities
• Protection of health
• Ensure the availability of fresh drinking water.

Question 10.
Which are the political rights enjoyed by a citizen?
Or
What are the rights one gets through citizenship?
Answer:

• Right to vote and contest in election
• Right to form associations
• Right to hold public office
• Right to crticise the government

Question 11.
What are the contributions of Aristotle to Political Science?
Answer:

• Aristotle defined Political Science as the study of state and government.
• Aristotle gave the name ‘Politics’ to his book dealing with political issues. This is the first book which makes a comprehensive analysis of state.
• Aristotle’s political insights are discussed in his works ‘Ethics’ and ‘Politics’.
• Due to his contributions to Political Science, Aristotle is regarded as the father of Political Science.

Question 12.
Providing health care and educational facilities are discretionary functions of a government. How do you respond to this? What is meant by discretionary powers?
Answer:

• Development of human resource is the major objective of modem state. Health care and educational facilities are essential for human resource development. So these should be included as obligatory functions.
• Discretionary functions are those that have to be implemented as per the economic condition of a state.

Question 13.
Indira Gandhi and Mother Teresa were persons having Indian citizenship. Did they have the same type of citizenship? If not, what is the difference between their citizenships?
Answer:

• Indira Gandhi had natural citizenship.
• Mother Teresa had acquired citizenship.
• Citizenship by birth is natural citizenship.
• Citizenship acquired through legal procedure is acquired citizenship.

Answer the following. Score ‘5’‘6’ each

Question 1.
Explain the mutual relationship between rights and duties of citizens.
Or
Rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. Explain.
Answer:
Citizenship is the full and equal membership in a nation. It is the special status or recognition given by the country to an individual. The basis of citizenship is the relation between state and individual. Citizenship enables an individual to enjoy political rights and civil rights. The concept of citizenship gained importance with the emergence of democracy.

The participation of citizen in democratic administration is ensured through political rights. Only the citizens can enjoy political rights of a nation, the political rights of a citizen are the right to vote, the right to contest in election, the right to form associations, and the right to criticise the government.

As the state guarantees rights to a citizen, he has to fulfill certain duties towards the state also. A citizen gets his rights from the society. Hence he has certain responsibilities to the society. A citizen can enjoy his rights only if he discharges some duties to the state. As he enjoys his rights, he has a duty to respect the rights of others also. So rights and duties are the two sides of a same coin.

Question 2.
Describe the essential elements or components for the formation of state.
Answer:
A group of people, residing permanently within a particular territory with a sovereign govt, is called state. Statehood is the Highest stage in social evolution.
The essential components for state formation are

• Population
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty

Population:
Population is an indispensable factor for state formation. People should live unitedly with mutual understanding, inter dependence and common public interest for the existence of the state. There is no state without people. However, the minimum and maximum number of people for a country are not fixed. Both too much population and too less population are not beneficial to the country.

The people of a nation need not belong to any single religion, speak any particular language or follow a particular culture. But they should live unitedly with common nationalism.

Territory:
Territory is an important factor of state formation. A state should have an exact territory with clearcut boundary. State is formed when people settle in the definite territory permanently. State should have complete control over its territory. The territory of a state includes the land area, water bodies, aerial space and coastal area coming within its boundary. The size of the territory does not matter in state formation. But territory with a clearcut boundary is enough.

Government:
Government is an unavoidable constituent of state. The government frames and executes laws and ensures justice to the people on behalf of the state.
It ensures the safety and security of the citizens and provides many service to them. The government undertakes activities like maintenance of law and order, increasing employment opportunities and implementing development projects on behalf of the state. There should be governments in all states.

Sovereignty:
State has the right to take decisions on national and international matters independently without external control. This supreme authority of the state is known as sovereignty. Sovereignty differentiates state from other institutions. State cannot be constituted even if there is population, territory and government. State can come into existence only if there is sovereignty. It is the absolute, unlimited and indivisible power of the state.

Sovereignty has two dimensions – internal or domestic dimension and external dimension. Internal dimension means the right to take decisions on all matters within its territorial limit. External dimension means the right to take independent decisions on international issues.

Question 3.
What are the functions of a state? Explain.
Answer:
In the opinion of the famous western thinker Jeremy Bentham, ‘the goal of state is the maximum happiness of the maximum number.’ Common good or people’s welfare is the function of all states. In the opinion of Greek thinkers Plato and Aristotle, the primary duty of a state is to provide better life to its citizens.

States have numerous functions in modem times. The functions of a state can be divided as obligatory functions and discretionary functions.

Obligatory functions:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at all times at any cost. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. If obligatory functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Discretionary functions:
Discretionary functions of the state are those which have to be implemented depending on the economic condition of the country. Some of the discretionary functions of the state are to provide health care, education, transport facilities and to implement welfare schemes. The implementation of these functions will ensure better living condition to people.

In a welfare state, it is the duty of the state to undertake these progressive measures. It is not possible to fix a limit to the discretionary functions of the state. The growth of technology and the increase in human needs broaden the discretionary functions.

Question 4.
Arrange the items related to column A from column B

Answer:

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 5 Public Expenditure and Public Revenue

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
An example for non-developmental expenditure.
War
Construction of roads
Construction of harbours
Answer:
War

Question 2.
A source of non tax revenue.
Fees
Excise duty
Customs duty
Answer:
Fees

Question 3.
An example for indirect tax.
Professional Tax
Goods and Services Tax
Corporate Tax
Answer:
Goods and Services Tax

Question 4.
Choose the correct statement about direct tax.
Paid by the person on whom it is imposed.
Tax payer does not know the burden of tax.
Tax burden can be transferred.
Answer:
Paid by the person on whom it is imposed.

Question 5.
An example for central govt. tax.
Property tax
Professional tax
Corporate tax
Answer:
Corporate tax

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
Define public revenue and public expenditure.
Answer:

• The income of the government is known as public revenue.
• The expenditure incurred by the government is known as public expenditure.

Question 2.
How is public expenditure classified?
Answer:
Public expenditure is classified into developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure.

Question 3.
Government imposes a fine upon those who violate traffic rules. In which category does this income come?
Answer:
Non-tax revenue

Question 4.
What are taxes?
Answer:
Tax is a compulsory payment to the government made by the public for meeting expenditure towards welfare activities and developmental activities.

Question 5.
Who is a taxpayer?
Answer:
The one who pays tax is the taxpayer.

Question 6.
What is corporate tax?
Answer:
The tax imposed on the net income or profit of a company is called corporate tax.

Question 7.
Explain the term public debt.
Answer:
The loans taken by the government from within the country and abroad.

Question 8.
What is budget?
Answer:
Budget is the financial statement showing the expected income and expenditure of the government during a financial year.

Budget
The word budget is derived from the French! word “BOUGHETTE” which means leather bag. Generally Finance Minister brings financial proposals in leather bags.

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
What is developmental expenditure? Write examples.
Answer:
The expenditure incurred by the government on developmental projects are known as developmental expenditure. The expenses of the government for construction of roads, bridges and harbours, starting up new enterprises, and setting up educational institutions, etc. are developmental expenditures.

Question 2.
Write examples for non-developmental expenditure.
Answer:
The expenses of the government on war, interest and pension are non-developmental expenditures.

Question 3.
The income of the government to undertake public expenditure is known as public revenue. Which are the sources of public revenue?
Answer:
Tax revenue and non-tax revenue.

Question 4.
Taxes are the main sources of government’s income. Write its features.
Answer:
Tax is a compulsory payment made by people to government to meet expenses of public interest like welfare activities and developmental activities.
Taxpayer does not expect any direct return from it.

Question 5.
Increase in population increases public expenditure. How?
Answer:
As population increases, facilities for education, health, shelter, etc. are to be provided for more people. The government has to spent money for this.

Question 6.
Surcharge and cess are special types of taxes. Write their features.
Answer:

• Surcharge is the additional tax imposed on tax for a specific period.
• “Cess is” an additional tax for meeting some special purpose of government. Cess will be discontinued when enough money is received.

Question 7.
Write the reasons for increase in the public debt of India.
Answer:

• Increased defence expenditure
• Increase in population
• Social welfare activities
• Developmental activities

Question 8.
Will higher taxes for high income group reduce economic inequality? How?
Answer:
Higher taxes for high income group reduces economic inequality. Tax is imposed on the ability to pay. Higher tax from the rich and low taxes from the poor reduce economic inequality. Such a tax is progressive.

Question 9.
Which are the sources of income for meeting the increased expenditure of governments? What is the major income of the government? In which type of income, the fees collected from students can be included?
Answer:
The income of the government is classified into tax revenue and non-tax revenue. They are as follows.

• Tax Revenue (Direct Tax and Indirect Tax)
• Non Tax Revenue
• Tax revenue constitutes the lion’s share of public revenue
• The fees collected from students is a non-tax revenue.

Question 10.
Personal income tax is a tax imposed on the income of the individual. What would be the tax burden of a tax payer having an income of ₹ 350000 per year as per the statement given below?
No tax for yearly income upto ₹250000.
Ten percent tax for income between ₹250000 and ₹500000.
Answer:
As per the tax slab given in the question, the person need not pay any tax for his first two lakh fifty thousand rupees. But he has to pay ten percentage tax for his next one lakh rupees. It is ten thousand rupees (₹ 10,000/-) only.\(\left(\frac{100000}{10}=₹ 10,000\right)\)

Question 11.
In what type of tax, taxpayer can transfer the burden of the tax to others? Find out an example on the basis of hints given below:
Hints: Tooth paste costs X40, Tax rate ten. percentage.
Answer:
In the case of indirect taxes, taxes are imposed on one person but paid by another person. Taxpayer can transfer the burden of tax to others. The example given in this question is an indirect tax imposed on a commodity. Tax Rupees four has to be paid for the tooth paste that costs ₹40 at a rate of 10 percentage tax. Trader remits ₹4 by way of tax. The trader in turn sells the toothpaste for ₹44 by adding the tax in the price. Here the tax burden is shifted by the trader to the consumer.

Question 12.
Distinguish between direct tax and indirect tax. Give one example each.
Answer:
When a person pays the tax imposed on him, it is called direct tax. The tax payer bears the burden of tax. Eg: personal income tax.

The tax imposed on one person and the tax burden is shifted to another person, it is called indirect tax. Eg: Sales tax.

Question 13.
Distinguish between internal debt and external debt.
Answer:
When the government avails loans from individuals and institutions within the country, it is called internal debt.
When the government avails loans from foreign governments and international institutions, it is called external debt.

Question 14.
Which are the major direct taxes in India?
Answer:
The two major direct taxes of India are

1. Personal income tax: The tax imposed on the income of the individuals. The tax rate increases with income.
2. Corporate tax: The tax imposed on the net income or profit of a company.

Question 15.
Classify the taxes given below as direct tax and indirect tax.
Personal income tax
Central GST
Corporate tax
State GST
Answer:

Question 16.
Complete the sun diagram.

Answer:

• Penalty
• Interest
• Grants
• Profit

Question 17.
What is fees? Explain with example.
Answer:
Fees is a non tax revenue. It is the reward collected for the government’s services.
Eg. Licence fees, registration fees, etc.

Question 18.
What is meant by grant? Explain with example.
Answer:
Grants are the financial aid provided by one government for meeting a specific objective.
Eg. Grants provided by central government to local self governments.

Question 19.
The following statements are related to taxes in India.
A. Tax imposed at the production stage of a commodity.
B. Tax imposed on the net income of a company.
Based on the above statements, choose the correct item from below.
a. Both the statements are the features of direct taxes.
b. Both the statements are the features of indirect taxes.
c. A is related to indirect tax and B is related to direct tax.
d. A is related to direct tax and B is related to indirect tax.
Answer:
c. A is related to indirect tax and B is related to direct tax.

Question 20.

An individual got the above receipts A and B from two institutions. Choose the correct statement from below for the tax mentioned in the receipts.
a. The taxpayer did not feel the tax burden while receiving both the receipts.
b. The taxpayer felt the tax burden while receiving both the receipts.
c. The taxpayer felt the tax burden while receiving receipt A and not in receipt B.
d. The taxpayer felt tax burden while receiving receipt B and not in receipt A.
Answer:
c. The taxpayer felt the tax burden while receiving receipt A and not in receipt B.

Question 21.
The table shows the features of different types of budgets. Choose the correct marks given against them in each column.

A. a and b are correct
B. b and c are correct
C. .a and c are correct
D. a, b and c are correct
Answer:
C. a and c are correct

Question 22.
Public expenditure is classified into developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure. Write the difference between them.
Answer:
The expenditure incurred by government for constructing roads, bridges and harbours, starting up new enterprises, setting up educational institutions, etc. are considered as developmental expenditure. These will generate income in future.

Expenditure incurred by way of war, interest, pension etc. are considered as non-developmental expenditure.

Question 23.
The internal debt of India is increasing. What are its impacts?
Answer:

• When debt is used for non-productive purposes, it becomes a liability to the future generation.
• The country falls in debt trap.
• Development retards.
• Affects national progress

Question 24.
Which are the sources of tax revenue in the central budget.
Answer:

• Personal income tax
• Corporate tax
• Customs duty
• Excise duty.
• GST

Answer the following. Score 3 each

Question 1.
Write the features of Goods and Services Tax (GST).
Answer:

• GST is a tax imposed on goods and services.
• It is an indirect tax.
• Taxes are levied at different stages starting from production to final consumption of goods and services.
• In each stage, the tax is imposed on the value-added.
• The tax paid in the earlier stages need not be paid by the final consumer.

Question 2.
List the taxes imposed by central, state and local self-governments.
Answer:
Central Government taxes

• Personal income tax
• Corporate tax
• Central GST

State Government taxes

• State GST
• Stamp duty
• Land tax

Local Self Government taxes

• Property tax
• Professional tax

Question 3.
The loans taken by the government are called public debt. Which are the sources of public debt of the government?
Answer:

• Government avails loans from within the country and outside the country. The two types of debt are internal debt and external debt.
• Internal debts are the loans availed by the government from individuals and institutions within the country.
• External debts are the loans availed by the government from foreign governments and international institutions.

Question 4.
Identity which governments have the power to collect the following taxes.
a. Personal income tax
b. Stamp duty
c. Professional tax
d. Land tax
e. Corporate tax
f. Property tax
Answer:
a. Central government
b. State government
c. Local self-government
d. State government
e. Central government
f. Local self-government

Question 5.
Classify the following budgets.
a. Revenue: ₹ 42200 crores
Expenditure: ₹ 42200 crores budget.

b.Revenue: ₹ 42200 crores
Expenditure: ₹ 45200 crores budget.

c. Revenue: ₹ 42200 crores
Expenditure: ₹ 40200 crores budget.
Answer:
a. Balanced budget
Balanced budget → Revenue = Expenditure (Income)

b. Deficit budget
Deficit budget → Expenditure > Revenue

c. Surplus budget
Surplus budget → Expenditure < Revenue

Question 6.
Which of the following tax, on which imposing tax rate, affects the living condition of the common man? Why?
Corporate tax
Sales tax
Answer:
Imposing high tax rate on sales tax adversely affects the living condition of the common man. So impose less tax on the commodities of the common man. But increasing tax on corporate income tax will not be a burden for the public.
Reasons:

• Increasing tax on corporate income tax decreases the profit of the company only.
• Increasing sales tax rate is unfavourable for the life of poor people also.

Question 7.
Complete the given activity, prepared to find out different types of budget and its features.

Answer:

Question 8.
Complete the following sun diagram finding out the governmental activities beneficial for the society.

Answer:

• Protection of environment
• Basic infrastructure development
• Reduce poverty and unemployment
• Social security measures
• Reduce inequality
• Economic activities
• Maintain stability
• Defence and law and order
• Social services.
• Rural development
• Drinking water programmes

Question 9.
The given graph shows the major expenditure items of the central govt. Budget. Find out the answers for the following questions on the basis of the graph.

Answer:
a. The expenditure item on which the government spends more money is for – repayment of principal and interest on loans.
b. The lowest expenditure item is – other public services, Parliament, tax revenue, foreign affairs, etc.

c. Expenditure items in the ascending order.
No. 8 – Other public services

• 6 – Police,
• 7 – Economic services
• 9 – Social services
• 5 – Pension
• 4 – Grants to states and Union Territories
• 2 – Defence
• 3 – Subsidy
• 1 – Repayment of principal and interest

d. Expenditure items to be reduced.
i. Repayment of principal and interest
ii. Defence

Question 10.
Tax, tax burden and taxpayer are the different terms related to tax. How are they related to each other?
Answer:
Tax: Tax is a compulsory payment to the government made by the public for meeting expenditure towards welfare activities and developmental activities. It is the duty of a citizen to pay tax. Tax revenue constitutes the lion share of public revenue.

Tax burden: The loss in the income due to the payment of tax is called ‘tax burden’. When a person pays the tax imposed on him, the burden of the tax is borne by him.

Taxpayer: The person who pays the tax is called the taxpayer.

Question 11.
Classify the following as tax revenue and non-tax revenue.

• Interest
• Profit
• Corporate tax
• Land tax
• Personal income tax
• Grants

Answer:

Question 12.
List the different types of goods and services tax.
Answer:

• The tax imposed by the central government is known as Central GST.
• The tax imposed by the state government is known as State GST.
• The GST on interstate trade is imposed and collected by the central government. It is known as Integrated GST.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
Explain with examples, how direct tax and indirect tax differ.
Answer:
When a person pays the tax imposed on him, it is called direct tax. The taxpayer bears the tax burden. High expenditure is incurred for tax collection. Eg: Personal income tax, corporate tax

Tax imposed on one person and the tax burden is transferred to another person, it is called indirect tax. Tax burden is not felt by the taxpayer. Low expenditure is incurred for tax collection. Eg: GST.

Question 2.
Complete the table listing the features of direct tax and indirect tax.

Answer:

Question 3.
Write the features of the important direct taxes in India.
Answer:
Personal income tax: It is a tax imposed on the income of the individuals beyond a limit prescribed by law. Tax rate increases with income. Tax is imposed on income beyond a certain limit.
Corporate tax: It is the tax imposed on the net income or profit of a company.

Question 4.
Write any four reasons for the increase in public expenditure.
Answer:

• Development of basic infrastructure due to population growth.
• Increase in defence expenditure
• Social welfare activities
• Urbanisation

Question 5.
Increase in direct tax helps to reduce the inequality in the income of citizens. Why?
Answer:
Indirect tax affects both the rich and poor alike. The principle of the ability to pay is not applicable here. Direct tax is based on the principle of ability to pay. For eg: sales tax is an indirect tax. It is imposed along with the price of goods. It affects all those who buy the goods. But personal income tax is a direct tax.

It is imposed on the income of a person. Tax burden is borne by the person on whom it is imposed. So to reduce the inequality in the income of citizens, it is desirable to increase the tax rate on direct taxes.

Question 6.

Analyze the table and enter your conclusions.
Answer:

• Internal debt is more than external debt in all periods.
• The rate of increase in internal debt is more than the rate of increase of external debt.
• Compared to 2013-14, the public debt of 2015-16 increased to ₹ 1078329 crore.
• Public debt is always on the increase.

Question 7.
India’s public debt is increasing. Write its merits and demerits.
Answer:
The increase in public debt is beneficial as well as harmful. increase in public debt, some goods will have to be sold to foreign countries at a price less than in the internal market. This affects the economic growth of the country adversely. The value of money comes down due to inflation. Rise in price will become acute.

Question 8.
Public finance is presented through the budget. What are included in a budget? How many types of budget are there?
Answer:

• Budget is the financial statement showing the expected income and expenditure of the government during a financial year.
• The budget includes: Activities the government proposes to implement:.
• Sources of income
• Important expenditure items.

There are three types of budget.

1. Balanced budget: Revenue = Expenditure
2. Deficit budget: Expenditure > Revenue
3. Surplus budget: Revenue > Expenditure

Question 9.
Explain fiscal policy and its objectives.
Answer:

• The policy of the government regarding public revenue, public expenditure and public debt is called fiscal policy. It is implemented through budget. Fiscal policy influences a country’s progress. A sound fiscal policy helps in nourishing developmental activities and to attain economic growth. The following are the goals of fiscal policy.
• Attain economic stability
• Create employment opportunities
• Control unnecessary expenditure

Control prices.

• Undertake welfare activities.
• Fix tax structure.

Question 10.
Tax is an instrument to control inflation and deflation. Explain.
OR
Central government controls inflation and deflation through its fiscal policy. Explain how.
Answer:
A general rise in price of commodities is called inflation. When there is inflation, the value of money comes down. In this stage, taxes are increased and the prices increase considerably. This reduces the purchasing power of the people. Prices fall when goods remain unsold.

A general fall in price of commodities is called deflation. When there is deflation, the value of money goes up. In this stage, taxes are reduced and the prices decrease. This increases the purchasing power of the people. There will be an increased demand for goods in the market and results in an increase in price. Inflation and deflation can be controlled because tax structure is determined by fiscal policy.

Question 11.
In the central budget of 2015-16, the expenses on repayment of principal and interest is X446145 crore, defence is f246727 crore and on subsidy is ₹ 243811 crore. Analyze this and prepare a note.
Answer:
Huge amount is paid as repayment of principal and interest for the debt taken by the central govt. Expenses on defence and subsidy are also high. These expenses are not productive. These unproductive expenses can be reduced by reducing the amount of debt, reducing defence expenditure and limiting subsidy to only those who deserve. This can lead the nation to economic progress.

Question 12.
Differentiate between surcharge and cess with example.
Answer:
Surcharge: Additional tax imposed on tax is called surcharge. Generally, surcharge is imposed for a specific period of time. Example: People with an income of more than rupees ten lakhs pay ten percentage surcharge. Tax on rupees ten lakhs is estimated. Then ten percentage of the tax is estimated as surcharge and added to the tax.

Cess: Additional tax imposed by the government for certain specific purposes is called cess. Cess will be discontinued when enough money is received. Example: Education cess imposed along with personal income tax.

Question 13.
Differentiate between internal debt and external debt.
Answer:
Internal debt: Internal debts are the loans availed by the government from individuals and institutions with in the country.

External debt: External debts are the loans availed from foreign governments and international institutions.

Question 14.
Which are the different- sources of income of the state government? ‘
Answer:

• State GST
• Stamp duty
• Land tax

Question 15.
What are the important reasons for the increase of public expenditure? Write two examples each for developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure.
Answer:

Reasons for increase in Public expenditure:

• Development of basic infrastructure due to population growth.
• Increase in defence expenditure
• Social welfare activities
• Urbanisation

Developmental expenditure:

• Constructing roads and bridges, starting new enterprises.
• non-developmental expenditure: Expenditure on war, on payment of interest.
• Question 16.
  What is meant by deficit budget? List the major items of expenditure included in India’s budget?
  Answer:

Deficit budget: When expenditure is more than income, it is called deficit budget.
Items of expenditure included in India’s budget:

• Interests and payments
• Defence
• Subsidies
• Grants to States and Union Territories
• Pension
• Police
• Social Services (Education, Health)
• Economic Services (Agriculture, Industry)
• Grants to foreign governments
• Other public services

Question 17.
Which are the major taxes merged into GST in India?
Answer:

• Central excise duty
• Service taxes
• Central sale tax
• State value-added tax
• Luxury tax
• Advertisement tax
• Octroi
• Entertainment tax

Answer the following. Score 5 each

Question 1.
Explain how value added tax is calculated, citing an example.
Answer:
A product reaches the consumers through different stages. Value is added at each stage. Taxes which are imposed on such value are called value-added tax.
Example:
A wholesale trader bought a cycle for ₹ 3000 from a factory. He sold it to a retail trader for ₹ 4000. Retailer sold it to a consumer for ₹ 4500. The tax rate is 10%. Calculate the VAT and the total price of the cycle.

Question 2.
The different stages of production and sale of a silk saree are given. Raw materials cost ₹1000. Producer sells it to wholesaler for ₹2000. Retailer gets it for ₹2500 and he in turn sells it for ₹3000 in the market. Suppose the tax rate is 10%. Identify the value added, tax collected and the total price of the saree.
Answer:

Question 3.
Explain the different sources of non-tax revenue.
Answer:
Fees, fines and penalties, grants, interest and profit are the sources of non-tax revenue.

• Fees: Fees is the reward collected for the government’s services. Eg: Registration fee, license fee, etc.
• Fines and penalties: Fines and penalties are punishments for violating the laws.
• Grants: Grants are the financial aid provided by one government or organisation for meeting a specific objective. Eg: Grants by central government to local self-governments.
• Interest: Interest is the amount received for the loans provided by government to various enterprises, agencies, etc. Eg: Interest on loans given by government to agencies or institutions.
• Profit: Income earned by public sector enterprises or enterprises operated by government. Eg: profit from Indian Railways.

Question 4.
Is it direct tax or indirect tax that affect common people mostly? Analyze this based on the indicators.
Tax burden
Rise in prices
Inequality in income
Answer:
When a person pays the tax imposed on him, it is the direct tax. The burden of the tax is borne by him. It is based on the principle of ability to pay. So it does not affect the others.

Indirect tax is imposed on one and transferred to another. For eg: sales tax is imposed on the seller. But it is given by the consumer. Increase in indirect taxes results in rise in prices. Since inequality in income prevails, it affects the common people adversely.

Question 5.
What are the type of taxes imposed by the governments? Find out the features of these taxes with examples.
Answer:
Taxes are the important sources of government’s income. Government meets its expenditure by collecting various taxes. It is the duty of the citizen to pay tax. Taxes are of two types.

1. Direct tax
2. Indirect tax

• a. Direct tax: Taxpayer alone bears the burden of the tax. He cannot transfer the burden of the tax to another person. The following are some of the examples of direct taxes.
• Personal income tax: It is a tax imposed on a person when income is beyond a limit prescribed by law. As income increases, tax burden also increases.
• Corporate tax: It is a tax imposed on the net income of a company.

b. Indirect tax: In the case of indirect taxes, taxes are imposed on one person but paid by another person. Taxpayer can transfer the burden of tax to others. Following are the important indirect taxes.

Goods and service tax: From 1st July 2017 onwards, many indirect taxes imposed by the central and state governments have been merged and the uniform tax is the goods and services tax. The major taxes merged into GST are central excise duty, service taxes, central sale tax, octroi, etc.

Answer the following. Score 6 each

Question 1.
Explain how public expenditure, public revenue and public debt become beneficial to a country.
Answer:
Public Expenditure
The expenditure of the government is known as public expenditure. These expenses aimed at the welfare of the people can be grouped into developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure. Developmental expenditures are those that are for the construction of roads, bridges and harbours and for establishing educational institutions. Non-developmental expenses are those that are spent on war, interest and pension.

All these expenditures help in the growth and development of social and economic sectors of the country. Welfare activities like pension to weaker sections of the society are aimed at the common good of the country.

Public Revenue
The income of the government is known as public revenue. Public revenue can be classified into tax revenue and non tax revenue. Taxes are of two types-direct tax and indirect tax. The important direct taxes are personal income tax and corporate tax. Value-added tax, excise duty, customs duty, service tax and sales tax are the important indirect taxes.

The sources of non-tax revenue are fees, fines and penalties, grants, interest and profit. The income from these sources enable the government to meet the public expenditures. With an increase in revenue, the government can undertake more developmental and welfare activities. This will lead to national progress.

Public Debt
The loans taken by the government are called public debt. It includes internal debt from within the country and external debt from foreign governments and international institutions. When the income of the government is insufficient to meet the expenses, government borrows money. Public debt is a financial liability. But it will led to the economic growth and development of the nation in future.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 5 Public Expenditure and Public Revenue

The Government undertakes many economic activities for the survival and progress of the nation. These include production, distribution and exchange. The Government undertakes these economic activities for the welfare of the people. The governmental expenditure increases while undertaking welfare activities for the people, developmental activities and security activities. So the governments will have to find income for these. The expenditure of the government is known as public expenditure and the income of the government is known as public revenue. This chapter deals with the various expenditures of the government and Public Expenditure : The expenditure of the government is known as public expenditure. Public expenditure is divided into Developmental Expenditure and Non-Developmental Expenditure.

→ Public Expenditure : The expenditure of the government is known as public expenditure.

→ Public expenditure is divided into Developmental Expenditure and Non-Developmental Expenditure.

→ Developmental Expenditure : The expenditure incurred by the government for developmental activities like constructing roads, harbours and setting up educational institutions.

→ Non Developmental Expenditure : The expenditure incurred by the government for war, to pay interest and pension.

→ Public Revenue: The income of the government’ is known as public revenue.

→ Public revenue is classified into tax revenue and non tax revenue.

→ Tax Revenue : The income from all sources of taxes constitute tax revenue.

→ Non Tax Revenue : The income from fees, grants, profit, etc. constitutes non- tax revenue.

→ Tax : Tax is a compusolry payment to the government made by the public for meeting expenditure towards welfare activities, developmental activities, etc.

→ Tax payer : The person who pays the tax.

→ Taxes are of two types : Direct tax and Indirect tax.

→ Direct Tax: The tax which is paid by the person on whom it is imposed.

→ Indirect Tax: The tax which is imposed on one person and the tax burden is shifted to another person. Goods and Services tax are important indirect taxes in India.

→ Important direct taxes are personal income tax and corporate tax.

→ Personal Income Tax : Tax imposed on the income of the individuals when income is beyond a limit prescribed by law.

→ Corporate Tax: Tax imposed on the net income or profit of a company.

→ Goods and Services Tax : Tax imposed by central and state governments by merging different indirect taxes. Taxes are levied at different stages starting from production to final consumption of goods and services.

→ Surcharge: Additional tax imposed on tax.

→ Cess: Additional tax imposed by the government for certain special purpose.

→ Fees : Reward collected for the government’s services.

→ Fines and penalties: Punishments for violating the laws.

→ Grants : Financial aid by one government to another.

→ Interest : Reward for loans given by government.

→ Profit: Income received from the enterprises operated by government.

→ Public Debt: The loans taken by the government.

→ Internal Debt : Loans availed by the government from individuals and institutions within the country.

→ External Debt: Loans avai led by the government from foreign governments and international institutions.

→ Public Finance : The branch of economics that relates to public revenue, public expenditure and public debt.

→ Budget: The financial statement showing the expected income and expenditure of the government during a financial year.

→ Fiscal Policy : Government’s policy regarding public revenue, public expenditure and public debt.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 4 Landscape Analysis through Maps

Finding the precise location of the earth’s surface features is essential for the preparation of maps. Every inch on earth is measured with the help of survey instruments and maps are prepared based on these measurements. The land survey of Indian subcontinent was completed under the leadership of English East India Company. These surveys were undertaken by Col. William Lambton over a period of 50 years. Col. George Everest joined as an assistant to Lambton in 1818. This was the first survey that recorded the correct measurements of the Himalayan mountain ranges. As a tribute to George Everest who took charge of the survey after Lambton, the highest peak in the Himalayan mountain range was given the name Mount Everest. The first topographic maps of the Indian subcontinent were prepared after the completion of the survey in 1854.

→ Topographic maps : The maps that depict in minute detail all natural as well as man made features on the earth’s surface.

→ Toposheets: Topographic maps are also known as toposheets.

→ Survey of India : The official agency respon-sible for the preparation of topographic maps in our country is the Survey of India with its head-quarters in Dehradun.

→ Map Series : The numbering of India’s toposheets are done on the basis of the India and Adjoining Countries Map Series. There are 105 sheets in this series, numbering from 1 to 105.

→ Million Sheets : The topographical maps made with the scale 1:1000000. The sheets cover 4° latitudinal and 4° longitudinal extent and are given numbers from 1 to 105. These numbers are known as Index numbers.

→ Degree Sheets : Topographic maps with 1° latitudinal and 1° longitudinal extent, prepared in 1:250000 scale.

→ Inch Sheets : Toposheets with 15′ (15 minutes) latitudinal and longitudinal extent, prepared in 1:50000 scale.

→ Contour lines : Imaginary lines drawn connecting places having the same elevation from the sea level.

→ Form lines : When it is difficult to measure the elevation of places through land surveys due to rugged terrain, the elevation is represented with the help of broken lines. These are form lines.

→ Spot height : Spot height represents the actual height of a place by recording the height in digits beside a black dot.

→ Triangulated height: Height of places estimated through trigonometric surveys are recorded in maps using’ A’ symbol.

→ Benchmark : The height of reservoirs and prominent buildings are recorded along with the letters BM.

→ Grid reference : The network of northings and eastings in the toposheets.

→ Contour interval : The difference between the value of two adjacent contours is called contour interval.

→ Intervisibility : If any two places in a topo-graphical map are mutually visible, then it can be said that these places have intervisibility.

→ Primary information: The general information given outside the margins in topographical maps are known as primary information.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 3 Human Resource Development in India

Human resource is an important factor that determines the progress of any nation. It is man’s physical and intellectual manpower. Rather than quantity, quality of the population plays a vital role in forming its manpower. Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training. The unit examines some aspects of human resource development and its status in India, the factors influencing it and the inter-relationship between them.

→ Human resource : Human resource refers to people who have the manpower which can be utilised in the production sector.

→ Human resource development : The development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training.

→ Population: The total number of people residing in a country at a particular period of time.

→ Demography : The branch of social science that analyses the population, the changes in its size, its structural aspect, etc. is known as demography.

→ Population census : Every country collects information on the number of people in the
their age, sex, socio-economic status etc. and analyses these at specific intervals of time. This activity is known as population census.

→ Density of population : The number of people residing in per square kilometer area.

→ Population growth rate : It refers to the increase in the number of people in an area within a specific period of time.

→ Birth rate : Number of live births per 1000.

→ Death rate : The number of deaths per 1000.

→ Migration: The settlement of people of a region in another region.

→ Population structure : The classification of people into different age groups and presenting the ratio of each group in the population.

→ Labour force participation rate : The ratio of the population in the age group 15-59, who are either employed or actively looking for jobs.

→ Dependency ratio : The proportion of those between the age groups 0 and 14 years and 60 years and above in total population that depends on the working force is known as dependency ratio.

→ Sex ratio : The number of females per 1000 males.

→ Life expectancy : The average measure of how long the population of the country will live.

→ Literacy rate : The percentage of population that can read and write with comprehension.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 1 Seasons and Time

The wonders of seasonal change exhibited by the nature are varied. Seasons change.
Winter is the season with severe cold and snow fall. Winter is followed by spring season with leaves and flowers in different hues. Then the autumn season sets in with the trees shedding their leaves. Autumn is followed by summer with dry wind and severe heat. In order to reduce the heat, rainfall occurs, often followed by floods. As the clouds recede, the winter returns again. It is not only the season that changes. The length of day and night varies daily. The distance between the earth and the sun varies. The relative position of the sun also changes. Poles have continuous days for six months followed by six months night, j Different longitudes have different time. The i east and west of the same meridian have different jj dates and time even. This chapter deals with j the above mentioned facts and help us to j make use of them in our daily life.

→ Rotation : The daily motion of the earth on its axis is called rotation.

→ Revolution : The earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. This motion is known as revolution. The earth takes about one year to complete one revolution.

→ Leap year : A year in which February has 29 days is called leap year. Leap year occurs once in four years.

→ Perihelion : The day on which the sun and the earth is the closest, about 147 million km.

Perihelion and Aphelion

The Greek words ‘peri’ means “near’ and ‘helious’ means “sun’. Perihelion falls on January 3 every year. The Greek word ‘ap’ means ‘away from’. Aphelion falls on July 4 every year.

→ Aphelion : The day on which the sun and the earth is the farthest, about 152 million km.

→ Parallelism of the earth’s axis : The earth maintains the tilt of 23Vi° from the orbital plane throughout its revolution. This is known as parallelism of the earth’s axis.

→ Apparent movement of the sun : The position of the sun in relation to earth varies apparently between Tropic of Cancer (2314°N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23‘/2°S). This is known as the apparent movement of the sun.

→ Equinoxes : On March 21 and September 23, the sun’s apparent position is over the equator. The length of day and night will be equal on these days in both the hemispheres. These days are called equinoxes.

→ Summer Solstice : The sun will be vertically over the Tropic of Cancer on June 21 and this day is known as the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the longest day and the shortest night in the Northern Hemisphere.

→ Winter Solstice: The sun will be vertically over j the Tropic of Capricorn on December 22 and this day is known as the winter solstice Northern Hemisphere. It is the longest night and the shortest day in the Northern Hemisphere.

→ Spring season : The season of transition from winter to summer.

→ Autumn season : The season of transition from} the severity of summer towards winter.

→ Utharayanam : The northward apparent! movement of the Sun from Tropic of Capricorn
to Tropic of Cancer.

→ Dakshinayanam : The southward apparent movement of the Sun from Tropic of Cancer to Tropic of Capricorn.

→ Local time : The time estimated at each place. based on the apex position of the sun (12 Noon) j
is termed as local time.

→ Greenwich meridian : The zero degree longitude is known as Greenwich meridian. The line passes through Greenwich, the place where ? the Royal British Observatory is situated.

→ Standard time : The local time at the longitude that passes through the middle of a country is selected as the common time for the whole country, j This is known as standard time.
→ Prime meridian : Time calculated worldwide is based on the Greenwich line and so it is known as prime meridian.

→ Greenwich Mean Time : The local time at the prime meridian is known as GMT.

→ International Date Line : The imaginary line of 180° longitude.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes