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Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 11 Trends and Issues in ICT.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 11 Trends and Issues in ICT

Mobile Computing
The drawbacks of Desk computers are, it is heavy and power consumption rate is high and it is not portable(not mobile).
The advancements in computing technology, lightweight and low power consumption have led to the developments of more computing power in handheld devices like laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

Nowadays instead of desktops, lightweight and low power consumption devices are used because they are cheap and common. Moreover people are able to connect to others through the internet even when they are in motion.

Mobile Communication
The term ‘mobile’ help people to change their lifestyles and become the backbone of society. Mobile communication networks do not require any physical connection.

Generations in mobile communication
The mobile phone was introduced in the year 1946. Early-stage it was expensive and limited services hence its growth was very slow. To solve this problem, cellular communication concept was developed in 1960’s at Bell Lab. 1990’s onwards cellular technology became a common standard in our country.
The various generations in mobile communication are
a) First Generation networks(1G):
It was developed around 1980, based on analog. system and only voice transmission were allowed.

b) Second Generation networks (2G):
This is the next-generation network that was allowed voice and data transmission. Picture message and MMS(Multimedia Messaging Service) was introduced. GSM and CDMA standards were introduced by 2G.

i) Global System for Mobile(GSM):
It is the most successful standard. It uses narrowband TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), allows simultaneous calls on the same frequency range of 900 MHz to 1800 MHz. The network is identified using the SIM(Subscriber Identity Module).

GPRS (General Packet Radio Services): It is a packet-oriented mobile data service on the 2G on GSM. GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ETSI) GPRS usage is typically charged based on the volume of data transferred. Usage above the bundle cap is either charged per megabyte or disallowed.

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): It is three times faster than GPRS. It is used for voice communication as well as an internet connection.

ii) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA):
It is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple access, which is where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies To permit this to be achieved without undue interference between the users and provide better security.

c) Third Generation networks (3G):
It allows a high data transfer rate for mobile devices and offers high-speed wireless broadband services combining voice and data. To enjoy this service 3G enabled mobile towers and handsets required.

d) Fourth Generation networks (4G): It is also called Long Term Evolution(LTE) and also offers ultra-broadband Internet facility such as high quality streaming video. It also offers good quality image and videos than TV.

e) Fifth Generation networks (5G): This is the next-generation network and expected to come into practice in 2020. It is more faster and cost-effective than the other four generations. More connections can be provided and more energy efficient.

Mobile communication services

a) Short Message Service(SMS): It allows transferring short text messages containing up to 160 characters between mobile phones. The sent message reaches a Short Message Service Center(SMSC), that allows ‘store and forward’ systems. It uses the protocol SS7 (Signaling System No7). The first SMS message ‘Merry Christmas’ was sent on 03/12/1992 from a PC to a mobile phone on the Vodafone GSM network in the UK.

b) Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): It allows sending Multi-Media(text, picture, audio, and video file) content using mobile phones. It is an extension of SMS.

c) Global Positioning System(GPS): It is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It is used for vehicle navigation, aircraft navigation, ship navigation, oil exploration, Fishing, etc. GPS receivers are now integrated with mobile phones.

d) Smart Cards: A smart card is a plastic card with a computer chip or memory that stores and transacts data. A smart card (may be like your ATM card) reader used to store and transmit data. The advantages are it is secure, intelligent and convenient.
The smart card technology is used in SIM for GSM phones. A SIM card is used as identification proof.

Mobile operating system: It is an OS used in hand held devices such as smart phone, tablet, etc. It manages the hardware, multimedia functions, Internet connectivity,etc. Popular OSs are Android from Google, iOS from Apple, BlackBerry OS from BlackBerry and Windows Phone from Microsoft.

Android OS: It is a Linux-based OS for Touch screen devices such as smartphones and tablets.lt was developed by Android Inc. founded in Palo Alto, California in 2003 by Andy Rubin and his friends. In 2005, Google acquired this. A team led by Rubin devel¬oped a mobile device platform powered by the Linux Kernel. The interface of Android OS is based on touch inputs like swiping, tapping, pinching in, and out to manipulate on-screen objects. In 2007 onwards this OS is used in many mobile phones and tablets. An¬droid SDK(Software Development Kit) is available to create applications(apps) like Google Maps, FB, What’s App,etc. It is of open-source nature and many Apps are available for free download from the Android Play Store hence increase the popularity. Different Android Versions are shown below:

Version – Code name
4.4 – KitKat
4.1 – Jelly Bean
4.0.3 – Ice Cream Sandwich
3.1 – Honeycomb
2.3 – Gingerbread
2.2 – Froyo
2.0 – Eclair
1.6 – Donut
1.5 – Cupcake

ICT in business: Drastic developments in ICT have changed the shopping habits of people. Earlier people shops traditionally. But nowadays people buy products and services online. A study reveals that online shopping habits of people are increased. Aftersale service is also good, delivery of the products is prompt and safe. The status of the product can be tracked easily hence increase the confidence level of the online customers.

Social networks and big data analytics: Earlier before buying a product people may consult two or three shop keepers or local friends and take decisions. But nowadays before taking decisions, people search shopping sites, social network groups(Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, etc), web portals, etc. for the best prices. Almost all online sites have product comparison menus. By this, we can compare the price, features, etc. Earlier a product is created and customers are forced to buy. But today customer is the King of the market, so products are created for the choices of the customers.

So companies gathering information about the customers from various sources such as social media like Internet forums, social blogs, Microblogs, etc. The volume of such data is very large and considered big data in business. With the help of an s/w analysis this big data and generate a report that contains all the information such as choices, taste, needs, status etc of a customer.

Business logistics: It is the management of the flow(transportation) of resources such as food, consumer goods, services, animals etc in a business between the point of origin(source) and the point of consumption (destination) in order to meet the needs of companies and customers. Business logistics consists of many more complexities. The effective use of hardware and software reduces the complexities faced in Business logistics.

For this the hardware used is RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) tag and the reader. It is like the bar code. The RFID tag contains all the details of a product and it consists of a combination of a transmitter and a receiver. The data stored in the RFID tag can be accessed by a special reader and to read the data no need for an RFID tag and reader in a line of site instead both are within a range.

This tag is used in Vehicles as a prepaid tag and makes the payments easier in Toll booths. Similarly, it is useful to take the Census of wild animals also.

Information Security: The most valuable to a company(An enterprise ora Bank, etc) is their data base hence it must be protected from accidental or unauthorised access by unauthorised persons

Intellectual Property Right: Some people spend lots of money, time body, and mental power to create some products such as a classical movie, album, artistic work, discoveries, invention, software, etc. These types of Intellectual properties must be protected from unauthorized access by law. This is called Intellectual Property right(IPR).
Paris convention held in 1883 protects Industrial Property
Berne Convention held in 1886 protects Literary and Artistic work.
World Intellectual Property Organisation(WIPO) in 1960, Guided by the United Nations(UN) ensures/protects the rights of creators or owners and rewarded for their creation.

A person or an organization can register their Intellectual property such as creations, trademarks, designs, etc.

Intellectual property is divided into two categories

1. Industrial Property
2. Copyright

1) Industrial property: It ensures the protection of industrial inventions, designs, Agricultural products etc from unauthorized copying or creation or use. In India, this is done by the Controller of Patents Designs and Trademarks.

Patents: A person or organization that invented a product or creation can be protected from unauthorized copying or creation without the permission of the creator by law. This right is called Patent. In India, the validity of the right is up to 20 years. After this anybody can use it freely.

Trademark: This is a unique, simple and memorable sign to promote a brand and hence increase the business and goodwill of a company. It must be registered. The period of registration is for 10 years and can be renewed. The registered trademark under Controller General of Patents Design and Trademarks cannot use or^opy by anybody else.

Industrial designs: A product or article is designed so beautifully to attract customers. This type of design is called industrial design. This is a prototype and used as a model for large scale production.

Geographical indications: Some products are well known by the place of its origin. Kozhikkodan Halwa, Marayoor Sharkkara (Jaggery), Thirupathi Ladoo, etc are examples.

B) Copyright: The trademark is ©, copyright is the property right that arises automatically when a person creates a new work on his own, and by Law, it prevents the others from the unauthorized or intentional copying of this without the permission of the creator for 60 years after the death of the author.

Infringement (Violation): Unauthorized copying or use of Intellectual property rights such as Patents, Copyrights, and Trademarks are called intellectual property Infringement(violation). It is a punishable offense.

Patent Infringement: It prevents others from unauthorized or intentional copying or use of Patent without the permission of the creator.

Piracy: It is the unauthorized copying, distribution, and use of a creation without the permission of the creator. It is against the copy right act and hence the person committed deserves the punishment.

Trademark Infringement: It prevents others from unauthorized or intentional copying or use of Trademark without the permission of the creator.

Copy right Infringement: It prevents others from unauthorized or intentional copying or use of Copy right without the permission of the creator.

Cyberspace: Earlier Traditional communication services such as postal service(Snail mail) are used for communication. It is a low speed and not reliable service. In order to increase the speed Telegram Services were used. Its speed was high but it has lot of limitations and expensive too. Later telephones were used for voice communication. Nowadays telephone systems and computer systems are integrated and create a virtual(un real) environment. This is called cyberspace. The result of this integration is that tremendous speed and it is very cheap. The various departments of Govt, are providing speed, reliable and convenient online service hence increase productivity. Online shopping, Online banking, Online debate, Online Auction etc. are the various services offered by the Internet.

Through this one can transfer funds from our account to another account, hence one can pay bills such as telephone, electricity, purchase tickets(Flight, Train, Cinema, etc). As much as CyberSpace helps us that much as it gives us troubles.

Cyber Crimes: Just like normal crimes (theft, trespassing private area, destroy, etc,) Cybercrimes (Virus, Trojan Horse, Phishing, Denial of Service, Pornography etc) also increased significantly. Due to cybercrime, the victims lose money, reputation,etc and some of them commit suicide.

A) Cybercrimes against individuals
i) Identity theft: The various information such as personal details(name, Date of Birth, Address, Phone number etc), Credit / Debit Card details(Cand number, PIN, Expiry Date, CW, etc), Bank details, etc. are the identity of a person. Stealing this information by acting as the authorized person without the permission of a person is called Identity theft. The misuse of this information is a punishable offence.

ii) Harassment: Commenting badly about a particular person’s gender, colour, race, religion, nationality, in Social Media is considered as harassment. This is done with the help of the Internet is called Cyberstalking (Nuisance). This is a kind of torturing and it may lead to spoiling friendship, career, self-image and confidence. Sometimes may lead to a big tragedy of a whole family or a group of persons.

iii) Impersonation and cheating: Fake accounts are created in Social media and act as the original one for the purpose of cheating or misleading others. Eg: Fake accounts in Social Medias (Facebook, Twitter, etc), fake SMS, fake emails etc.

iv) Violation of privacy: Trespassing into another person’s life and try to spoil life. It is a punishable offense. A hidden camera is used to capture the video or picture and blackmailing them.

v) Dissemination of obscene material: With the help of hidden camera capture unwanted video or picture. Distribute or publish these obscene clips on the Internet without the consent of the victims may mislead people specifically the younger ones.

B) Cybercrimes against property: Stealing credit card details, hacking passwords of social media accounts or mail account or Net banking, uploading the latest movies etc, are considered as cyber crimes against property.

i) Credit card fraud: Stealing the details such as credit card number, company name, expiry date, CVV number, password etc. and use these details to make payment for purchasing goods or transfer funds also.
ii) Intellectual property theft: The violation of Intellectual Property Right of Copyright, Trademark, Patent, etc. In the film industry crores of investment are needed to create a movie. Intellectual Property thieves upload the movies on the Releasing day itself. Hence the revenue from the theatres is less significant and undergoes huge loss. (Eg: Premam, Bahubali, etc)
Copying a person’s creation and present as a new creation is called plagiarism. This can be identified as some tools(programs) available in the Internet

iii) Internet time theft: This is deals with the misuse of WiFi Internet facilities. If it is not protected by a good password there is a chance of misuse of our devices (Modem/Router) to access the Internet without our consent by unauthorized persons. Hence our money and volume of data(Package) will lose and we may face the consequences if others make any crimes.

C) Cybercrimes against the government: The cyber crimes against Govt, websites is increased significantly. For example in 2015 the website of the Registration Department of Kerala is hacked and destroys data from 2012 onwards.

i) Cyber terrorism: It deals with attacks against very sensitive computer networks like computer-controlled atomic energy power plants, air traffic controls, Gas line controls, telecom, Metro rail controls, Satellites, etc.. This is a very serious matter and may lead to a huge loss (money and life of citizens). So Govt is very conscious and give tight security mechanism for their services.

ii) Website defacement: It means to spoil or hacking websites and posting bad comments about the Govt.

iii) Attacks against e-governance websites: Its main target is a Web server. Due to this attack, the Web server/ computer forced to restart and this results in refusal of service to the genuine users. If we want to access a website first you have to type the web site address in the URL and press the Enter key, the browser requests that page from the webserver. Dos attacks send a huge number of requests to the webserver until it collapses due to the load and stop functioning.

Cyberethics
Guidelines for using computers over the internet

• Emails may contain Viruses so do not open any unwanted emails
• Download files from reputed sources(sites)
• Avoid clicking on pop-up Advt.
• Most of the Viruses spread due to the use of USB drives so use cautiously.
• Use a firewall on your computer
• Use anti-virus and update regularly
• Use spam blocking software
• Take backups in regular time intervals
• Use strong passwords, i.e a mixture of characters (a-z & A-Z), numbers, and special characters.
• Do not use bad or rude language in social media and emails.
• Untick ‘Remember Me’ before login.

CyberLaws: It ensures the use of computers and the Internet by people safely and legally. It consists of rules and regulations like the Indian Penal Code(IPC) to stop crimes and for the smooth functions of Cyberworld. Two Acts are IT Act 2000 and IT Act Amended in 2008

Information Technology Act 2000(amended in 2008)
IT Act 2000 controls the use of Computer(client), Server, Computer Networks, data, and Information in Electronic format and provides the legal infrastructure for E-commerce, in India.

This is developed to promote the IT industry, control e-commerce also ensures the smooth functioning of E-Governance and it prevents cyber crimes.

The person who violates this will be prosecuted. In India, the IT bill introduced in the May 2000 Parliament Session and it is known as the Information Technology Act 2000. Some exclusions and inclusions are introduced in December 2008

Cyber Forensics: Critical evidence of a particular crime is available in electronic format with the help of computer forensics. It helps to identify the criminal with help of blood, skin, or hair samples collected from the crime site?: DNA, polygraph, fingerprints are other effective tools to identify the accused person is the criminal or not.

Info mania: Right information at the right time is considered the key to success. The information must be gathered, stored, managed, and processed well. Infomania is excessive desire(infatuation) for acquiring knowledge from various modem sources like the Internet, Email, Social media, Instant Message applications (WhatsApp), and Smart Phones. Due to this, the person may neglect daily routines such as family, friends, food, sleep, etc. hence they get tired. They give first preference to the Internet than others. They create their own Cyber World and no interaction with the surroundings and the family.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 10 Enterprise Resource Planning.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 10 Enterprise Resource Planning

The goal(aim) of the management of an enterprise(Proprietor of a Company or a Venture or an organization) is to handle the resources in a good manner and .make good profit. The resources include the employees, customers, raw materials, finished goods machinery etc… Hence an enterprise handles large amount of data(DataBase) such as employee data, customer data, raw material purchase, sales data, financial data etc. The size of data to be handle is large and hence the complexity is also high. To solve this problem .organizations use ERP packages

Overview of an enterprise
Let us consider a production unit in an enterprise. The activities involved are planning, purchasing raw material, production, storing finished goods(warehouse), sales, finance etc. These activities are performed by different departments and theirduties are interlinked. Altogether the resources are classified into four M’s, That is Man, Material, Money and Machine.

Concepts of Enterprise Resource Planning
An enterprise(organization) is considered as a system(A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together to achieve an objective, according to a plan. Human body is an example for System). All the departments of an enterprise are connected to a centralized data base. ERP consists of single database and a collection of programs to handle the database hence handle the enterprise efficiently and hence enhance the productivity.

Functional units of ERP
Different modules are given below:
Financial Module: It is the core. This is used to generate financial report such as balance sheet, general ledger, trial balances, financial statements etc.

Manufacturing Module: It provides information for the production and capable to change the methods in the manufacturing sector.

Production planning Module: This module ensures the effective use of resources and helps the enterprise to enhance productivity hence increase profit.

HR (Human Resource) Module: This model ensures the effective use of Human resources and Human capital.

Inventory control Module: This model is useful to maintain the appropriate level of stock(includes raw material, work in progress and finished goods)

Purchasing Module: This module is useful to make available the required raw materials in good condition and in the right time and price.

Marketing Module: It is used for handle the orders of customers.

Sales and distribution Module: The existence of a company is based on the income from sales. This module will help to handle the sales enquiries, order placement ans scheduling, dispatching and invoicing.

Quality (Ql & QC) management module: The quality of a product or service is very much important to a company.This module helps to maintain the quality of the product. Quality planning, inspection and control are the main activities involved in this module.

Business Process Re-engineering (BPR)
In this world, tight competition is based on price, quality, wide variety of selection and quick service. To increase the business and hence increase the profit of a Business firm various activities are involved. IT and Re-engineering play major roles to increase productivity.

In general, BPR is a series of activities such as rethinking and redesign the business process to enhance the enterprise’s performance such as reducing the cost(expenses), improve the quality, prompt, and speed(time-bound) service.

BPR enhances the productivity and profit of an enterprise.

A business process consists of three elements

1. Input – Supply data for processing
2. Processing – Series of activities to convert the input into output
3. Outcome – After processing, we will get the result as output.

The connection between ERP and BPR
ERP and BPR will not make much change if they are stand-alone. To improve the efficiency of an enterprise integrate both ERP and BPR because they are the two sides of a coin. For better results conducting BPR before implementing ERP, will help an enterprise to avoid unnecessary modules from the software.

Implementation of ERP
Wonderful changes are shown if you select and implement the correct ERP. Right ERP implemented at the right time will enhance the productivity and profit of an enterprise.

The different phases of ERP implementation are given below
Pre-evaluation screening: Many ERP packages are available in the markets. At most care should be taken before implementing an ERP. Select a few from the available ERP packages.

Package selection: The selection of the right ERP to our enterprise is a laborious task and it needs huge investment. Various factors should be kept in mind before you purchase an ERP that should meet our complete needs.

Project planning: Good planning is essential to implement an ERP. From the beginning to the end activities are depicted in this phase.

Gap analysis: A cent percent(100%) problem-solving ERP is not available in the market. Most of them solve a maximum of 70% to 80% problems. The rest (30% to 20%) of the problems and their solutions are mentioned here.

Business Process Reengineering: In general BPR is the series of activities such as rethinking and redesign of the business process to enhance the enterprise’s performance such as reducing the cost(expense), improve the quality, prompt and speed(time-bound) service.
BPR enhances the productivity and profit of an enterprise

Installation and configuration: In this phase the new system are installing, before implementing the whole system a miniature of the actual system is going to be implemented as a test dose. Then check the reactions if it is good it is the time to install the whole system completely.

Implementation team training: In this phase the company trains its employees to implement and run the system.

Testing: This phase is very important. It determines whether the system produces proper result. Errors in design and logic are identified.

Going live: Here a change over is taken place to new system from old system. It is not an easy process without the support and service from the ERP vendors.

End-user training: This phase will start familiarising the users with the procedures to be used in the new system. It is very important.

Post-implementation: Once the system is implemented maintenance and review begin. In this phase repairing or correct previously ill-defined problems and upgrade or adjust the performance according to the company needs.

ERP solution providers / ERP packages
The selection of right ERP is a difficult task. Many ERP packages are available in the market. Most of them are too expensive and cannot afford by small enterprises. The reason behind the expensiveness is that the ERP companies investing huge amount of time, money and effort in the research and development of ERP packages.

Popular ERP packages are given below
Oracle
American based company famous in database(Oracle 9i-SQL) packages situated in Redwood shores, California.
ERP package is a solution for finance and accounting problems. Their other products are

1. Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
2. Supply Chain Management (SCM) Software

SAP
SAP stands for Systems, Applications and Products for data processing.
It is a German MNC in Walldorf and founded in 1972. Earlier they developed ERP packages for large MNC. But nowadays they developed for small scale industries also.

The other software products they developed are

1. Customer Relationship Management(CRM)
2. Supply Chain Management(SCM)
3. Product Life cycle Management(PLM)

Odoo
Formerly known as OpenERP.
It is an open-source code ERP. Unlike other companies, their source code is available and can be modified as and when the need arises.

Microsoft Dynamics

• American MNC in Redmond, Washington
• ERP for midsized companies.
• This ERP is more user friendly
• Another s/w is Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Tally ERP
Indian company situated in Bangalore.
This ERP provides a total solution for accounting, inventory and Payroll.

Benefits and risks of ERP
ERP packages have a lot of advantages as well as many drawbacks also.

Benefits of ERP system

1. Improved resource utilization: Resources such as Men, Money, Material, and Machine are utilized maximum hence increase productivity and profit.

2. Better customer satisfaction: Without spending more money and time all the customer’s needs are considered well. Because the customer is the king of the market. Nowadays a customer can track the status of an order by using the docket number through the Internet.

3. Provides accurate information: Right information at the right time will help the company to plan and manage future cunningly. A company can increase or reduce production based upon the right information hence increase productivity and profit.

4. Decision-making capability: Right information at the right time will help the company to make good decisions.

5. Increased flexibility: A good ERP will help the company to adopt good things as well as avoid bad things rapidly. It denotes flexibility.

6. Information integrity: A good ERP integrates various departments into a single unit. Hence reduce the redundancy, inconsistency, etc.

Risks of ERP implementation

1. High cost: Very huge investment is required to purchase and configure an ERP. Moreover, it requires up gradation or replacement of hardware(Man, computer, or machine) is an additional investment. So small-scale enterprises cannot afford this.

2. Time consuming: The full-fledged implementation of the ERP package needs one or two years. That is highly time-consuming.

3. Requirement of additional trained staff: The existing staff may not capable to work with ERP. To overcome this give proper training to them otherwise appoint trained and experienced employees to cop up.

4. Operational and maintenance issues: The first major problem is that the resistance from the existing employees. To overcome this give awareness to the existing employees. The second problem is that the ERP package is a cyclic process-oriented package. It is a continuous process and should be maintained well otherwise the correct output will not available.

ERP and related technologies
It is an all in one system. It integrates various functions such as raw material purchase, production planning, marketing, financial etc, into a single application.

Product Life Cycle Management (PLM): It manages the entire life cycle of a product. PLM consists of programs to increase the quality and reduce the price by the efficient use of resources.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM): As we know the customer is the king of the market. The existence of a company mainly the customers. CRM consists of programs to enhance the customer’s relationship with the company.

Management Information System (MIS): Management is the decision and policymakers. Good management can make a good decision and that will help to do the business well. A good relationship between Management and employees is a key to success. MIS will collect relevant data from inside and outside of a company. Based on this information produce reports and take appropriate decisions.

Supply Chain Management (SCM): This is deals with moving raw materials from suppliers to the company as well as finished goods from the company to customers. The activities include are inventory(raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods) management, warehouse management, transportation management, etc.

Decision Support System (DSS): It is a computer-based system that takes inputs as business data and after processing it produces good decisions as output that will make the business easier.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 9 Structured Query Language.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 9 Structured Query Language

SQL – Structured Query Language developed at IBM’s San Jose Research Lab.

The result of the compilation of DDL statements is a set of tables, which are stored in a special file called a data dictionary.

Creating a database in Mysql
CREATE DATABASE <database_name>;
Eg: mysql>CREATE DATABASE BVM;

Opening a database
USE command used to use a database
USE <database_name>;
Eg: mysql>USE BVM;

SHOW command is used to list entire database in our system.
mysql>SHOW DATABASES;

Data Types

1. Char – It is used to store fixed number of characters. It is declared as char(size).

2. Varchar – It is used to store characters but it uses only enough memory.

3. Dec or Decimal – It is used to store numbers with decimal point. It is declared as Dec (size, scale). We can store a total of size number of digits.

4. Int or Integer – It is used to store numbers with¬out decimal point. It is declared as int. It has no argument. Eg: age int.

5. Smallint – Used to store small integers.

6. Date – It is used to store date. The format is yyyy-mm-dd.
Eg: ‘1977-05-28’.

7. Time – It is used to store time. The format is

DDL commands (3 commands)

• Create table
• Avertable
• Drop table

DML commands (4 commands)

• Select
• Insert
• Delete
• Update

DCL (Data Control Language) commands

• Grant
• Revoke

Rules for naming tables and columns

• The name may contain alphabets(A-Z, a-z), digits(0-9), underscore(_) and dollar ($) symbol
• The name must contain at least one character.
• Special characters cannot be used except _ and $
• Cannot be a keyword
• The name must be unique.

Constraints are used to ensure database integrity.

• Not Null
• Unique
• Primary key
• Default
• Auto_increment

Order By – Used to sort rows either in ascending (asc) or descending (desc) order.

Aggregate functions

• Sum() – find the total of a column.
• Avg() – find the average of 3 column.
• Min() – find the smallest value of a column.
• Max() – find the largest value of the column.
• Count() – find the number of values in a column.

Group by clause is used to group the rows. Having clause is used with Group By to give conditions.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 8 Database Management System.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 8 Database Management System

DBMS means Data Base Management System. It is a tool used to store a large volume of data, retrieve and modify the data as and when required. DBMS consists of data and programs.

Advantages of DBMS

1. Data Redundancy
2. Inconsistency can be avoided
3. Data can be shared
4. Standards can be enforced
5. Security restrictions can be applied
6. Integrity can be maintained
7. Efficient data access
8. Crash recovery

Structure of DBMS

1. Fields – Smallest unit of data. Eg: Name, age, sex, …
2. Record – Collection of related fields.
3. File – Collection of records

Components of DBMS

1. Databases – It is the main component.
2. Data Definition Language (DDL) – It is used to define the structure of a table.
3. Data Manipulation Language (DML) – It is used to add, retrieve, modify and delete records in a database.
4. Users – With the help of programs users interact with the DBMS.

Database Abstraction – Abstraction means hiding, it hides certain details of how data is stored and main-tained.

Levels of Database Abstraction:

1. Physical Level (Lowest Level) – It describes how the data is actually stored in the storage medium.
2. Logical Level (Next Higher Level) – It describes what data are stored in the database.
3. View Level (Highest level) – It is closest to the users. It is concerned with the way in which the individual users view the data.

Data Independence – It is the ability to modify the scheme definition in one level without affecting the scheme definition at the next higher level.

1. Physical Data Independence – It is the ability to modify the physical scheme without causing application programs to be rewritten.
2. Logical Data Independence – It is the ability to modify the logical scheme without causing application programs to be rewritten.

Users of Database

1. Database Administrator
2. Application Programmer
3. New users

Data models – It is a collection of tools for describing data, data relationship, data semantics and consistency problem. 3 models.

1. Hierarchical model
2. Network model
3. Relational model

RDBMS – Relational DataBase Management System. It consists of a collection of relations as database.

Relation means table.

Domain – A pool of possible values from which col-umn values are drawn. ‘

Tuple means rows.

Attributes means columns.

Cardinality – The number of rows.

Degree – The number of columns

View – A view is a virtual table derived from one or more base tables.

Key is used to identify or distinguish a tuple in a relation.

Candidate key – It is used to uniquely identify the row.

Primary key – It is a set of one or more attributes used to uniquely identify a row.

Alternate key – Acandidate key other than the primary key.

Foreign key – A single attribute ora set of attributes, which is a candidate key in another table is called foreign key.

Relational Algebra – It consists of a set of opera¬tions that takes one or two relations as input and produces a new relation as a result.

1. Select operation (σ)
2. Project Operation (π)
3. Cartesian Product
4. Union Operation (∪)
5. Intersection operation (∩)
6. Set difference operation (-)

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 7 Web Hosting.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 7 Web Hosting

Web hosting
Buying or renting storage space to store website in a web server and provide service(made available 24×7) to all the computers connected to the Internet. This is called web hosting. Such service providing companies are called web hosts. Programming languages used are PHP, ASP.NET, JSP.NET, etc.

Types of web hosting
Various types of web hosting services are available. We can choose the web hosting services according to our needs depends upon the storage space heeded for hosting, the number of visitors expected to visit, etc.
1) Shared Hosting
2) Dedicated Hosting
3) Virtual Private Server (VPS)

Buying hosting space
We designed a website of our school and we decide our school website to be made available to all over the world, we have to place the website files on a web server for that we have to purchase hosting space(memory space) in a web server.
Following factors to be considered
1) Buying sufficient amount of memory space for storing ourwebsite files
2) If the web pages contain programming contents supporting technology must be consider
3) Based upon the programs select Windows hosting or Linux hosting

Domain Name System(DNS) Registration
Millions of websites are available over Internet so that ourwebsite must be registered with a suitable name. Domain Name registration is used to identify a website over Internet. A domain name must be unique(i.e. no two website with same name is available). So you have to check the availability of domain name before you register it, for this www.whois.net website will help. If the domain name entered is available then we can register it by paying the Annual registration fees through online.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) client software When a client requests a website by entering website address. Then FTP client software helps to establish a connection between client computer and remote server computer. Unauthorised access is denied by using username and password hence secure our website files forthat SSH(Secure Shell) FTP simply SFTP is used. Instead of http://, it uses ftp://.
By using FTP client s/w we can transfer(upload) the files from our computer to the web server by using the ‘drag and drop’ method. The popular FTP client software are FileZilla, CuteFTP, SmartFTP, etc.

Free hosting
The name implies it is free of cost service and the expense is meet by the advertisements. Some service providers allow limited facility such as limited storage space, do not allow multimedia(audio and video) files.
A paid service website’s address is as follows
eg: www.bvmhsskalparamba.com

Usually two types of free web hosting services as follows
1) as a directory service.
Service provider’s website address/ ourwebsite address
eg: www.facebook.com / bvm hss kalparambu
2) as a Subdomain
Our website address, service providers website address
eg: bvmhsskalparamba.facebook.com

Earlier web hosting services are expensive but nowadays it is cheaper hence reduced the need for free web hosting.
Example for free web hosting.

Content Management System(CMS)
Do you heard about Data Base Management System(DBMS). DBMS is a software(collection of programs) used to create, alter, modify, delete and retrieve records of a DataBase. Similarly, CMS is a collection of programs that is used to create, modify, update and publish website contents. CMS can be downloaded freely and is useful to design and manage attractive and interactive websites with the help of templates that are available in CMS. WordPress, Joomla, etc are examples of CMS.

Responsive web design
The home page is displayed differently according to the screen size of the browser window(different screen sized devices-mobile phone, palmtop, tablet, laptop, and desktop) we used. The website is designed dynamically(flexibly) that suit the screen size of a different device introduced by Ethan Marcotte. Before this, companies have to design different websites for different screen sized devices. By responsive web design, companies have to design only one website that suitably displayed according to the screen size of the devices. It is implemented by using a flexible grid layout, images, and media queries

Flexible grid layouts: It helps to set the size of the web page to fit the screen size of the device.

Flexible image and video: It helps to set the image or video dimension to fit the screen size of the device.

Media queries: There is an option(settings) to select the size of the web page to match our device, this can be done by using media queries inside the CSS file.

A well known Malayalam daily Malayala Manorama launched their responsive website.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 6 Client-Side Scripting Using Java Script.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 6 Client-Side Scripting Using Java Script

JavaScript(Original name was Mocha) was developed by Brendan Eich for the Netscape Navigator browser later all the browsers support this.

Getting Started With Javascript

Scripts are small programs embedded in the HTML pages, to write scripts <SCRIPT> tag is used.

Two types of scripts
1. Client scripts – These are scripts executed . by the browser(client) hence reduces network traffic and workload on the server.
2. Server scripts – These are scripts executed by the server and the results as a webpage returned to the client browser.

The languages that are used to write scripts are known as scripting languages. Eg: VB Script, Javascript etc.

Javascript and VB Script are the two client-side scripting languages.

Java script developed by Brendan Eich for the Netscape browser) is a platform-independent scripting language. Means It does not require a particular browser. That is it runs on any browser hence it is mostly accepted scripting language. But VB Script(developed by Microsoft) is a platform-dependent scripting language. Means it requires a particular browser(MS Internet Explorer) to work which is why it is not a widely accepted scripting language.

Attribute makes the tags meaningful

Language attribute specifies the name of the scripting language used.

Example:
<SCRIPT Language=”JavaScript”>
</SCRIPT>

The identifiers are case sensitive (means Name and NAME both are treated as different)

CamelCase: An identifier does not use special characters such as space hence a single word is formed using multiple words. Such a naming method is called CamelCase(without space between words and all the words first character is in upper case letter). These are two types
1) UpperCamelCase : when the first character of each word is capitalised.
Eg. Date Of Birth, JoinTime, etc….
2) LowerCamelCase: when the first character of each word except the first word is capitalised.
Eg. dateOfBirth, joinTime, etc,…

To write anything on the screen the following function is used document.write(string);
eg. document.writefWelcome to BVM HSS, Kalparamba”);

Note: Like C++ each and every statement in javascript must be end with semicolon(;).

To create a web page using javascript

<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>JAVASCRIPT- WELCOME</
TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY>
<SCRIPT Language=”JavaScript”>
document.write(“welcome to my first javascript page”);
</SCRIPT>
</BODY>
</HTML>

Its output is as follows

Creating Functions in Javascript

Function: Group of instructions(codes) with a name, declared once can be executed any number of times. There are two types
1) built in and
2) user defined

To declare a function, the keyword function is used.

A function contains a function header and function body

Even though a function is defined within the body section, it will not be executed, if it is not called.
Syntax:

function <function name>()
{
Body of the function;
}
Eg: function print()
{
document.write(“Welcome to JS”);
}

Here function is the keyword.
print is the name of the user defined function
To execute(call) the above function namely print do as follows:
print();
Eg:
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>JAVASCRIPT- functions</
TITLE></HEAD>
<SCRIPT Language=”JavaScript”>
function print()
{
document.write(“welcome to my first javascript page using print function”);
}
</SCRIPT>
<BODY>
<SCRIPT Language=”JavaScript”>
print();
</SCRIPT>
</BODY>
</HTML>

Data Types in Javascript

Unlike C++ it uses only three basic data types
1) Number: Any number(whole or fractional) with or without sign.
Eg: +1977, -38.0003, -100, 3.14157,etc
2) String: It is a combination of characters enclosed within double quotes.
Eg: “BVM”, “[email protected]”, etc
3) Boolean: We can store either true or false.lt is case sensitive. That means can’t use TRUE OR FALSE

Variables in Javascript

For storing values you have to declare a variable, for that the keyword var is used. There is no need to specify the data type.
Syntax:
var<variable name1> [, <variable name2>, <variable name3>, etc…]
Here square bracket indicates optional.
Eg: var x, y, z;
x = 11;
y = “BVM”;
z = false;
Here x is of number type, y is of string and z is of Boolean type.
typeof(): this function is used to return the data type
undefined: It is a special data type to represent variables that are not defined using var.

Operators in Javascript
Operators are the symbols used to perform an operation

Arithmetic operators
It is a binary operator. It is used to perform addition(+), subtraction(-), division(/), multiplication(*), modulus (%-gives the remainder) , increment(++) and decrement(–) operations.
Eg. If x = 10 and y = 3 then

If x = 10 then
document.write(++x); -> It prints 10 + 1 = 11
If x = 10 then
document.write(x++); -> It prints 10 itself.
If x = 10 then
document.write(–x); It prints 10 – 1 = 9
If x = 10 then
document.write(x–); -> It prints 10 itself.

Assignment operators
If a = 10 and b = 3 then a = b.
This statement sets the value of a and b are the same, i.e. it sets a to 3.
It is also called shorthands
If X = 10 and Y = 3 then

Relational(Comparison) operators
It is used to perform a comparison or relational operation between two values and returns either true or false.
Eg:
If X = 10 and Y = 3 then

Logical operators
Here AND(&&), OR(||) are binary operators and NOT(!) is a unary operator. It is used to combine relational operations and it gives either true or false
If X = true and Y = false then

Both operands must be true to get a true value in the case of AND(&&) operation
If X = true and Y = false then

Either one of the operands must be true to get a true value in the case of OR(||) operation
If X = true and Y = false then

String addition operator(+)
This is also called a concatenation operator. It joins(concatenates) two strings and forms a string.
Eg:
var x, y, z;
x = “BVM HSS”;
y = “Kalparamba”;
z = x + y;

Here the variable z becomes “BVM HSS Kalparamba”.

Note: If both the operands are numbers then the addition operator(+) produces a number as a result otherwise it produces a string as a result.

Consider the following

Eg:
1) 8(number) + 3(number) = 11 (Result is a number)
2) 8 (number) + “3”( string) = “83” (Result is a string)
3) “8” (string) + 3 (number) = “83”(Result is a string)
4) “8” (string) + “3” (string) = “83” (Result is a string)

Control Structures in JavaScript
In general, the execution of the program is sequential, we can change the normal execution by using the control structures.

Simple if Syntax:

if(test expression)
{
statements;
}
First the test expression is evaluated,

if it is true then the statement block will be executed otherwise not.

if-else Syntax:

if(test expression)
{
statement block1;
}
else
{
statement block2;
}

First the test expression is evaluated, if it is true then the statement block1 will be executed otherwise statement block2 will be evaluated.

Switch
It is a multiple bratich statement. Its syntax is given below.

switch(expression)
{
case value1: statements;break;
case value2: statements;break;
case value3: statements;break;
case value4: statements;break;
case value5: statements;break;
..................................
default: statements;
}

First expression evaluated and selects the statements with matched case value.

for loop
The syntax of for loop isgiven below

For(initialisation; testing; updation)
{
Body of the for loop;
}

while loop
It is an entry controlled loop The syntax is given below

Loop variable initialised
while(expression)
{
Body of the loop;
Update loop variable;
}

Here the loop variable must be initialised outside the while loop. Then the expression is evaluated if it is true then only the body of the loop will be executed and the loop variable must be updated inside the body. The body of the loop will be executed until the expression becomes false.

Built-in Functions (methods)
1) alert(): This is used to display a message (dialogue box) on the screen.
eg: alert(“Welcome to JS”);
2) isNaN(): To check whether the given value is a number or not. It returns a Boolean value.
If the value is not a number(NaN) then this function returns a true value otherwise it returns a false value.
Eg.

1. isNaN(“BVM”); returns true
2. isNaN(8172); returns false
3. isNaN(“680121″); returns false
4. alert(isNaN(8172); displays a message box as false

3. toUpperCase(): This is used to convert the text to uppercase.
Eg: var x=”bvm”;
alert(x.toUpperCase());

4. toLowerCase(): This is used to convert the text to lowercase.
Eg: var x=”BVM”;
alert(x.toLowerCase());

5. charAt(): It returns the character at a particular position.
Syntax: variable.charAt(index);
The index of first character is 0 and the second is 1 and so on.
Eg.var x=”HIGHER SECONDARY”;
alert(x.charAt(4));
Eg 2.
var x=”HIGHER SECONDARY”;
alert(“The characters @ first position is “+x.charAt(O));

6. length property: It returns the number of characters in a string.
Syntax: variable.length;
Eg.
var x=”HIGHER SECONDARY”;
alert(“The number of characters is “+ x.length);
Output is as follows(note that space is a character)

Accessing Values in a Textbox Using JavaScript.

Name attribute of FORM, INPUT, etc is very important for accessing the values in a textbox.

Consider the following program to read a number and display it

<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>JAVASCRIPT- read a value from the console</TITLE>
<SCRIPT Language=”JavaScript”>
function print()
{
var num;
num=document.frmprint.txtprint. value;
document.write(“The number you entered is ” + num);
}
</SCRIPT>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<FORM Name=”frmprint”>
<CENTER>
Enter a number
< IN PUT Type=”text” name=”txtprint”>
<INPUT Type=”button” value=”Show” onClick= “print()”>
</CENTER>
</FORM>
</BOD Y>
</HTML>

In the above code,
print() is the user-defined function.
onClick is an event(lt is a user action). The function print() is executed when the user clicks the show button. Here code is executed as a response to an event.
frmprintisthe name of the form.
txtprint is the name of the text.

Ways to Add Scripts to a Web Page.

Inside <BODY> section
Scripts can be placed inside the <BODY> section.

Inside <HEAD> section
Scripts can be placed inside the <HEAD> section.
This method is a widely accepted method

External (another) JavaScript file
We can write scripts in a file and save it as a separate file with the extension .js. The advantage is that this file can be used across multiple HTML files and can be enhance the speed of page loading.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 5 Web Designing Using HTML.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 5 Web Designing Using HTML

3 types of Lists in HTML.

1. Unordered List (<UL>) – Items are displayed with square, circle or disc in front.

2. Ordered List (<OL>) – Items are displayed with the following type values.

• Type = 1 for 1,2, 3, ……..
• Type = i for i, ii, iii, ………
• Type = I for I, II, III, ……….
• Type = a for a, b, c, ………..
• Type = A for A, B, C, …………

3. Definition List (<DL>) – It is formed by definitions.
<L/> – It is used to specify List items.
<DT> – It is used to specify Definition Term.
<DD> – Used to specify the description
<A> is used to provide hyperlinks. Two types of linking. Its attribute is HREF.

1. External link – Used to connect 2 different web pages.
2. Internal link – Used to connect different locations of same page.

Concept of URL
URL means Uniform Resource Locator.
Two types of URL
a) Relative URL – Here we explicitly give the web site address
Eg: <A href=http://www.hscap.kerala.gov.in>

b) Absolute URL – Here we implicitly give the website address. The path is not specified here.
Eg: Consider the web pages index.html and school.html saved in the folder C:\BVM.
The file indexs.html contains the following.
<A href=”school.html”>.

Here we did not specify the full path of the file school.html. But this implicitly points to the file stored in C:\BVM

Creating Graphical hyperlinks
It can be achieved by using the <img> tag inside the <a> tag.
Eg: <A href=”school.html”><img src=”schoo|.jpg”></A>

Creating E- mail linking
It can be achieved by using the key word mailto as a value to href attribute
Eg: <A href=mailto:”[email protected]”> SPARK</A>

Insert music and videos
<embed> tag is used to add music or video to the page

Attributes

• src – specifies the file to play
• width – Specifies the width of the player
• height – Specifies the height of the player
• hidden – Used to specifies the player is visible or not
• <noembed> – Used to specifies an alternate when the browser does not support the <embed> tag.

Attribute

• src – Used to specify the image file
• alt – Used to specify the alternate text

Eg:
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
Here is a tag embed to play music
<embed src=”c:\alvis.wma” width=”500″ height=”500″ hidden=”true”> </embed>
</body>
</html>

<bgsound> tag
This tag is used to play back ground song or music
Eg:
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<bgsound src=”c:\alvis.wma” loop=”infinite”>
</body>
</html>

• <Table> is used to create a table.
• <TR> is used to create a row.
• <TH> is used to create heading cells.
• <TD> is used to create data cells.

<Table> Attributes

1. Border – It specifies the thickness of the borderlines.
2. Bordercolor – Color for borderlines.
3. Align – Specifies the table alignment in the window.
4. Bgcolor – Specifies background colour.
5. Cellspacing – Specifies space between table cells.
6. Cellpadding – Specifies space between cell border and content.
7. Cols – Specifies the number of columns in the table.
8. Width – Specifies the table width.
9. Frame – Specifies the border lines around the table.
10. Rules – Specifies the rules (lines) and it overrides the border attribute. Values are given below:
    • none – display no rules
    • cols – display rules between columns only(vertical lines)
    • rows – display rules between rows only(horizontal lines)
    • groups – display rules between row group and column groups only
    • all – rules between all rows and columns

<TR> attributes

1. align – specifies the horizontal alignment. Its val¬ues are left, right, centre or justify.
2. Valign – Specifies the vertical alignment. Its values are top, middle, bottom or baseline.
3. Bgcolor – Used to set background-color

<TH> and <TD> attributes

1. Align – specifies a horizontal alignment. Its values are left, right, centre or justify.
2. Valign – Specifies vertical alignment. Its values are top, middle, bottom or baseline.
3. Bgcolor – Specifies border color for the cell.
4. Colspan – Specifiesthenumberofcolumnsspan for the cell.
5. Rowspan – Specifies the number of rows span for the cell.

Frameset – It is used to divide the window into more than one pane. It has no body section.

<Frameset> attributes

1. cols – It is used to divide the window vertically.
2. rows – It is used to divide the window horizontally.
3. border – specifies the thickness of the frame border.
4. bordercolor – specifies the color of the frame border.

Frame – It specifies the pages within a frameset.

<Frame> attributes

1. SRC – specifies the web page.
2. Scrolling – Scroll bar is needed or not its values are yes, no or auto.
3. Noresize – It stops the resizing of the frame.
4. Margin width and Marginheight – Sets margins
5. Name – To give a name for the frame.
6. Target – specifies the target.

<Noframe> – It is used to give content when some browsers that do not support frameset.
Nesting of framesets
Step 6: Finally execute the frame.html file

<Form> – It is used to take data from the users and send to the server.

<Input> – It is used to create input controls. Its type attribute determines the control type.

Main values of the type attribute are given below.

1. Text – To create a text box.
2. Password – To create a password text box.
3. Checkbox – Tq^teate a check box.
4. Radio – To create a radio button.
5. Reset – To create a Reset button.
6. Submit-To creates a submit button.
7. Button – To create a button

To create a group of radio buttons, then the name attribute must be the same.

<Textarea> is used to create a multiline text box. <Label> It is used to give labels.

<Select> It is used to create a list box or combo box. The items must be given by using <option> tag.

Attribute

Name – Specifies the name of the object to identify

Size – If it is 1, the object is a combo box otherwise it is a list box.

Multiple – Allows selecting multiple items

<Form> attributes

1) Action – Here we give the name of the program (including the path) stored in the Webserver.
2) Method – There are 2 types of methods get and post.

3) Target – Specifies the target window for displaying the result. Values are given below.

• _blank – Opens in a new window
• _self – Opens in the same frame
• _parent – Opens in the parent frameset
• _top – Opens in the main browser window
• name – Opens in the window with the specified name.
• <Fieldset> tag

This tag is helpful to divide a form into different subsections and form groups. <legend> tag used to give a caption forthe <fieldset> section.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 4 Web Technology.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 4 Web Technology

Website – It is a collection of web pages contained text and multimedia(image, audio, video, graphics, animation etc) files.

A webpage is created by HTML tags

The first web page of a website is known as the home page.

www – means world wide web.

Portals – Rediff, Hotmail, Yahoo, etc are called portals from which the user can do multiple activities.

Communication on the Web
Following are the steps that happened in between the user’s click and the page being displayed

1. The browser determines the URL selected.
2. The browser asks the DNS for URLS corresponding IP address (Numeric address)
3. The DNS returns the address to the browser.
4. The browser makes a TCP connection using the IP address.
5. then it sends a GET request for the required file to the server.
6. The server collects the file and sends it back to the browser.
7. The TCP connection is released.
8. The text and the images in the web pages are displayed in the browser.

Client to Web Server Communication
This communication is carried out between the client to the webserver (shopping site). The technology used to protect data that are transferred from client to web server is HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure). This encrypts user name, password etc., and sent to the server. HTTPS works using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) ensures privacy as well as prevents it from unauthorized access (changes) from other websites. Following are the steps

1. The browser requests a web page to the server.
2. The server returns its SSL certificate.
3. The browser checks the genuinity of the certificate by the authorised certification authority
   (Eg: Veri sign)
4. The certificate authority certifies whether it is valid or not.
5. If it is valid the browser encrypts the data and transmits it. The certificate can be viewed by click on the lock symbol.

Web Server to Web Server Communication
This communication is usually carried out between web server (seller) to another web server (normally bank). For the safe transactions Digital certificate issued by third party web sites are used.
Payment gateway is a server (Computer) that acts as a bridge (interface) between merchant’s server and bank’s server to transfer money.

Web Server Technologies

Web server: A computer with high storage capacity, high speed and processing capabilities is called a web server.

Software ports: The computer is not a single unit. It consists of many components. The components are connected to the computer through various ports. Two types of ports Hardware and Software.

Hardware ports: Monitors are connected through VGA ports and the keyboard or mouse are connected through PS/2 ports.

Software ports: It is used to connect client computers to servers to access different types of services. For example HTTP, FTP, SMTP etc. Unique numbers are assigned to software ports to identify them. It is a 16-bit number followed by an IP address.

DNS Servers
A DNS server is a powerful computer with networking software. It consists of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. A string address is used to represent a website, it is familiar to humans. The string address is mapped back to the numeric address using a Domain Name System (DNS). It may consist of 3 or 4 parts. The first part is www., the second part is the website name, the third top-level domain, and the fourth geographical top-level domain.
eg.- http://www.nic.kerala.gov.in / results.html.

http – http means hypertext transfer protocol. It is a protocol used to transfer hypertext.
www – World Wide Web. With an email address, we can open our mailbox from anywhere in the world.
nic.kerala – It is a unique name. It is the official website name of the National Informatics Centre.
<script> in – It is the geographical top-level domain. It represents the country, in is used for India.
results.html – It represents the file name.

Web Designing
Any text editor can be used for web designing. Besides that many software tools are available in the market to make the web pages more attractive and interactive, some of the popular softwares are Adobe dream weaver, Microsoft Expression web, Blue fish, Bootstrap etc.

Static and Dynamic Web Pages
Some pages are displaying same content(same text, images,etc) every time. Its content are not changing. This type of web pages are called static page. Conventional wep pages display static pages and has some limitations.
Advanced tools are used to create web pages dynamic, which means pages are more attractive and interactive. For this JavaScript, VBScript, ASP, JSP, PHP, etc are used.
Following are the differences

Scripts
Scripts are small programs embedded in the HTML pages.
<script> tag is used to write scripts The attributes used are
Type – To specify the scripting language
Src – Specify the source file

Two types of scripts
1. Client scripts – These are scripts executed by the browser.
Eg: VB Script, Javascript etc.
2. Server scripts – These are scripts executed by the server.
Eg: ASP, JSP, PHP, Perl, etc.

The languages that are used to write scripts are known as scripting languages.

Scripting Languages
a. JavaScript: Java script(developed by Brendan Eich for the Netscape browser) is a platform independent scripting language. Means It does not require a particular browser. That is it runs on any browser hence it is mostly accepted scripting language.
Ajax: It is a technology to take data from the server and filled in the text boxes without refreshing (without reloading the entire page) the web page. Ajax is Asynchronous JavaScript and Extensible Mark up Language (XML). XML is an Extensible Mark up Language, it allows to create our own new tags. This technology uses JavaScript to perform this function. When we turned off JavaScript features in the browser, the Ajax application will not work.

b. VB Script: VB Script(developed by Microsoft) is a platform dependent scripting language. Means it requires a particular browser(MS Internet Explorer) to work that is’why it is not widely accepted scripting language.

c. PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor)

• It is an open source, general purpose scripting language.
• It is a server side scripting language
• Introduced by Rasmus Lendorf
• A PHP file with extension .php
• It supports data base programming the default DBMS is MySQL
• It is platform independent
• PHP interpreter in Linux is LAMP(Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)

d. Active Server Pages (ASP)

• ASP introduced by Microsoft
• ASP stands for Active Server Page.
• ASP’s are web pages that are embedded with dynamic contents, such as text, HTML tags and scripts.
• An ASP file uses .asp extension.
• In ASP, the script executes in the server and the effect will be sent back to the client computer.
• Here a real time communication exists between the client and server.
• ASP applications are very small.
• The only server used is Microsoft Internet Information Server(IIS), hence it is platform dependant

e. Java Server Pages (JSP)

• JSP introduced by Sun Micro System
• JSP stands for Java Server Page.
• An JSP file uses .jsp extension
• It is platform-independent
• It uses Apache Tomcat webserver
• JSP binds with Servlets (Servlets are Java codes run in Server to serve the client requests).

Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
It is a style sheet language used for specifying common format like colour of the text, font, size, etc. other than the HML codes. That is CSS file used to separate HTML content from its style.
It can be written in 3 ways as follows:

1. Inline CSSIn the body section of the HTML file
2. Embedded CSS In the head section of the HTML file
3. Linked CSS A separate file(extemal file, eg. bvm.css) with extension .css and can be linked in the web page

Code reusability(just like a function in C++) is the main advantage of CSS and can be used in all the pages in a website

• HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language. Used to create webpage.
• A website is a collection of web pages.
• It was developed by Tim Berners – Lee in 1980 at CERN.
• Lynx, a text only browser for unix.
• Mosaic it is a graphical browser.
• Netscape’ Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Opera, Ice Weasel,Mozilla FireFox etc. are dif¬ferent browsers.
• Java, C#are programming languages used for web applications.
• HTML files are saved with .htm or .html.
• A web browser is a piece of software used to view web pages.

Structure of an HTML Document

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
give title to the web page here
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is the body section.
</BODY>
</HTML>

Tags are keywords used to define the HTML document. Two types of tags Empty and container. The container tag has both an opening and closing tags. But empty tag has an opening tag only, no closing tag.
Eg: empty tag: <hr>, <br> etc.
container tag: <html>, </html>, etc.

Attributes are parameters used for providing additional information within a tag.

An HTML document has 2 sections. Head section and body section.

Attributes of <HTML> tag
1. Dir – This attribute specifies the direction of text displayed on the webpage, values are ltr(left to right), rtl(right to left)
2. Lang – This attribute specifies the language values are En(English), Hi(Hindi), Ar(Arabic), etc
Eg: <HTML dir=”ltr” lang=”Hi”>

The title tag is given in the head section.

Web page contents are given in the body section.

Attributes of the Body tag.
Bgcolor, Background, Text, Link, ALink, VLink, LeftMargin andTopmargin

Heading Tags(6 tags)
<H1 >,<H2>,<H3>,<H4>,<H5> and <H6>.

<H1> provides big heading and <H6> provides smallest

<HR> is used to draw a horizontal line. Its attributes are size, width, no shade and color.

<BR> is used to break a line.

Six Heading tags are used in HTML <H1 > to <H6>.

<B> to make the content Bold.

<I> to make the content in Italics.

<U> to underline the content.

<S> and <STRIKE> – These two are used for striking out the text

<BIG> To make the text size bigger than the normal text

<SMALL> To make the size smaller than the normal text.

<STRONG> The effect is same as <B> tag. That is to emphasize a block of text

<EM> – The effect is same as <i> tag

<SUB> – create a subscript

<SUP> create a superscript

<BLOCKQUOTE> – It is used to give indentation(giving leading space to a line)

<Q> It is used to give text within double quotes

<PRE> (Preformatted text) – This tag is used to display the content as we entered in the text editor.

<ADDRESS> This tag is used to provide information of the author or owner.

<MARQUEE> – This tag is used to scroll a text or image vertically or horizontally.

Attributes of <MARQUEE>

Height – Sets the height of the Marquee text

Width – Sets the width of the Marquee text

Direction – Specifies the scrolling direction of the text such as up, down, left or right

Behavior- Specifies the type such as Scroll, Slide(Scroll and stop)and altemate(to and fro).
<marquee behavior=”scroirscrollamount=”100″> hello</marquee>
<manquee behavior=”slide” scrollamount=”100″> hello</manquee>
<marquee behavior=”alternate” scrollamount= “100”>hello</manquee>

Scrolldelay – Specifies the time delay in seconds between each jump.

scrollamount- Specifies the speed of the text

loop – This specifies the number of times the marquee scroll. Default infinite.

bgcolor – Specifies the back ground colour.

Hspace – Specifies horizontal space around the marquee

Vspace – Specifies vertical space around the marquee

<Div> – Used to define a section or a block of text with the same format.

Attributes
align – Sets the horizontal alignment. Values are left, right, center and justify
Id – Used to give a unique name
Style – Specify a common style to the content for example
<Font> used to specify the font characteristics. Its attributes are size, face, and color.

Special Characters

<IMG> tag is used to insert an image. Its important attributes are align, height, width and alt.

Comments are given by using <!– and → symbols.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 3 Functions.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 3 Functions

String handling using arrays: A string is a combination of characters hence char data type is used to store the string. A string should be enclosed in double-quotes. In C++ a variable is to be declared before it is used.Eg. “BVM HSS KALPARAMBU”.

Memory allocation for strings: To store “BVM” an array of char type is used. We have to specify the size. Remember each and every string is end with a null (\0) character. So we can store only size-1 characters in a variable. Please note that \0 is treated as a single character. \0 is also called as the delimiter, char school_name[4]; By this, we can store a maximum of three characters.

Consider the following declarations
char my_name[10]=”Andrea”;
char my_name2[]=”Andrea”;
char str[ ]=”Hello World”

In the first declaration 10 Bytes will be allocated but it will use only 6+1 (one for ‘\0’) = 7 Bytes the remaining 3 Bytes will be unused. But in the second declaration the size of the array is not mentioned so only 7 Bytes will be allocated and used hence no wastage of memory. Similarly in the third declaration the size of the array is also not mentioned so only 12( one Byte for space and one Byte for‘\0’) Bytes will be allocated and used hence no wastage of memory.

Input / output operations on strings

Consider the following code

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
charname[20];
cout<<“Enter your name:”; cin>>name;
cout<<“Hello “<<name;
}

If you run the program you will get the prompt as follows:
Enter your name: Alvis Emerin
The output will be displayed as follows and the “Emerin” will be truncated.
Hello Alvis

This is because of cin statement that will take upto space. Here space is the delimiter. To resolve this gets() function can be used. To use gets() and puts() function the header file stdio.h must be included. gets() function is used to get a string from the keyboard including spaces.
puts() function is used to print a string on the screen. Consider the following code snippet that will take the input including the space.

# include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
charname[20];
cout<<“Enter your name:”;
gets(name);
cout<<“Hello”<<name;
}

More console functions
Input functions

Output functions

Stream functions for I/O operations: Some functions that are available in the header file iostream.h to perform I/O operations on character and strings(stream of characters). It transfers streams of bytes between memory and objects. Keyboard and monitor are considered as the objects in C++.

Input functions: The input functions like get( ) (to read a character from the keyboard) and getline() (to read a line of characters from the keyboard) is used with cin and dot(.) operator.

Eg.

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str[80], ch= 'z';
cout<<“enter a string that end with z:”;
cin.getline(str, 80, ch);
cout<<str;
}

If you run the program you will get the prompt as follows:
Enter a string that end with z: Hi I am Jobi. I am a teacherz. My school is BVM HSS
The output will be displayed as follows and the string after ‘z’ will be truncated.
Hi I am Jobi. I am a teacher

Output function: The output functions like put() (to print a character on the screen) and write() (to print a line of characters on the screen) is used with cout and dot(.) operator.

Complex programs are divided into smaller subprograms. These subprograms are called functions.
Eg. main(), clrscr(), sqrt(), strlen(),…

Concept of modular programming: The process of converting big and complex programs into smaller programs is known as modularisation. These small programs are called modules or subprograms or functions. C++ supports modularity in programming called functions.

Merits of modular programming

• It reduces the size of the program
• Less chance of error occurrence
• Reduces programming complexity
• Improves reusability

Demerits of modular programming
While dividing the program into smaller ones extra care should be taken otherwise the ultimate result will not be right.

Functions in C++
Some functions that are already available in C++ are called pre defined or built in functions.
In C++, we can create our own functions for a specific job or task, such functions are called user-defined functions.
A C++ program must contain a mainO function. A C++ program may contain many lines of statements(including so many functions) but the execution of the program starts and ends with main() function.

Predefined functions
To invoke a function that requires some data for performing the task, such data is called parameter or argument. Some functions return some value back to the called function.

String functions
To manipulate string in C++ a header file called string.h must be included.
a) strlen() – to find the number of characters in a string(i.e. string length).
Syntax: strlen(string);
Eg.
cout<<strlen(“Computer”); It prints 8.

b) strcpy() – It is used to copy the second string into the first string.
Syntax: strcpy(string1, string2);
Eg.
strcpy(str, “BVM HSS”);
cout<<str; It prints BVM HSS.

c) strcat() – It is used to concatenate the second string into first one.
Syntax: strcat(string1, string2)
Eg.
strcpy(str1, “Hello”);
strcpy(str2, “World”);
strcat(str1, str2);
cout<<str1; It displays the concatenated string “Hello World”

d) strcmp() – it is used to compare two strings and returns an integer.
Syntax: strcmp(string1, string2)

• if it is 0 both strings are equal.
• if it is greater than 0(i.e. +ve) stringl is greater than string2
• if it is less than 0(i.e. -ve) string2 is greater than string1

Eg.

#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str1[10], str2[10];
strcpy(str1, “Kiran”);
strcpy(str2, “Jobi”);
cout<<strcmp(str1, str2);
}

It returns a +ve integer.

e) strcmpi() – It is same as strcmp() but it is not case sensitive. That means uppercase and lowercase are treated as same.
Eg. “ANDREA” and “Andrea” and “andrea” these are same.

#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str1[10], str2[10];
strcpy(str1, "Kiran”);
strcpy(str2, "KIRAN”);
cout<<strcmpi(str1, str2);
}

It returns 0. That is both are the same.

Mathematical functions.
To use mathematical functions a header file called math.h must be included
a) abs() – To find the absolute value of an integer.
Eg. cout<<abs(-25); prints 25.
cout<<abs(+25); prints 25.

b) sqrt() – To find the square root of a number.
Eg. cout<<sqrt(49); prints 7.

c) pow() – To find the power of a number.
Syntax. pow(number1, number2)
Eg. cout<<pow(2, 10); It is equivalent to 210. It prints 1024.

Character functions
To manipulate the character in C++ a header file called ctype.h must be included.
a) isupper() – To check whether a character is in uppercase or not. If the character is in uppercase it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: isupper(char ch);

b) islower() – To check whether a character is in lowercase or not. If the character is in lowercase it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: islower(char ch);

c) isalpha() – To check whether a character is an alphabet or not. If the character is an alphabet it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: isalpha(char ch);

d) isdigit() – To check whether a character is a digit or not. If the character is a digit it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: isdigit(char ch);

e) isalnum() – To check whether a character is an alphanumeric or not. If the character is an alphanumeric it returns a value 1 otherwise it returns 0.
Syntax: isalnum(char ch);

f) toupper() – It is used to convert the given character into uppercase.
Syntax: toupper(char ch);

g) tolower() – It is used to convert the given character into lowercase.
Syntax: tolower(char ch);

User defined functions

Syntax:

Return type Function_name(parameter list)
{
Body of the function
}

1. Return type: It is the data type of the value returned by the function to the called function;
2. Function name: A name given by the user.

Different types of User-defined functions.

1. A function with arguments and return type.
2. A function with arguments and no return type.
3. A function with no arguments and with the return type.
4. A function with no arguments and no return type.

Prototype of functions

Consider the following codes

Method 1

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
return(n1+n2);
}
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:”; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}

Method 2

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:”; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
retum(n1+n2);
}

In method 1 the function is defined before the main function. So there is no error.
In method 2 the function is defined after the main function and there is an error called “function sum should have a prototype”. This is because the function is defined after the main function. To resolve this a prototype should be declared inside the main function as follows.

Method 2

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
int sum(int, int);
cout<<“Errter 2 numbers:"; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
return(n1+n2);
}

Functions with default arguments
We can give default values as arguments while declaring a function. While calling a function the user doesn’t give a value as arguments the default value will be taken. That is we can call a function with or without giving values to the default arguments.

Methods of calling functions: Two types call by value and call by reference.
1. Call by value: In the call by value method, the copy of the original value is passed to the function, if the function makes any change will not affect the original value.
2. Call by reference: In the call by reference method, the address of the original value is passed to the function, if the function makes any change will affect the original value.

Scope and life of variables and functions
a) Local scope – A variable declared inside a block can be used only in the block. It cannot be used in any other block.
Eg.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
int s;
s=n1+n2;
return(s);
}
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:"; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}

Here the variable s is declared inside the function sum and has a local scope;

b) Global scope – A variable declared outside of all blocks can be used anywhere in the program.

# include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int s;
int sum(int n1, int n2)
{
s=n1+n2;
return(s);
}
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:"; cin>>n1>>n2;
cout<<“The sum is “<<sum(n1, n2);
}

Here the variable s is declared outside of all functions and we can use variable s anywhere in the program.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 2 Arrays.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 2 Arrays

An array is a collection of elements with same data type Or with the same name we can store many elements, the first or second or third etc can be distinguished by using the index(subscript). The first element’s index is 0, the second element’s index is 1, and so on.

Declaring arrays
Suppose we want to find the sum of 100 numbers then we have to declare 100 variables to store the values. It is laborious work. Hence the need for an array arises.

Syntax: data_type array_name[size];

To store 100 numbers the array declaration is as follows
int n[100]; By this, we store 100 numbers. The index of the first element is 0 and the index of last element is 99.

Memory allocation for arrays
The amount of memory requirement is directly related to its type and size.
int n[100]; It requires 2 Bytes (for each integer)*100 = 200 Bytes.
float d[100]; It requires 4 Bytes(for each float)*100 = 400 Bytes.

Array initialization
Array can be initialized in the time of declaration.
Eg. int age[4] = {16, 17, 15, 18};

Accessing elements of arrays
Normally loops are used to store and access elements in an array.
Eg.

int mark[50], i;
for(i=0; i<50; i++)
{
cout<<“Enter value formark”<<i+1; cin>>mark[i];
}
cout<<“The marks are given below:’’;
for(i=0; i<50; i++)
cout<<mark[i];

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 1 Review of C++ Programming.

Kerala Plus Two Computer Application Notes Chapter 1 Review of C++ Programming

It is developed by Bjame Stroustrup. It is an extension of C Language.

Character set: To study a language first we have to familiarize the character set. For example to study English language first we have to study the alphabets. Similarly here the character set includes letters (A to Z & a to z), digits (0 to 9), special characters(+, -, ?, *, /, …….) white spaces(non printable) etc….

Token: It is the smallest individual units similarto a word in English or Malayalam language. C++ has 5 tokens
1. Keywords: These are reserved words for the compiler. We can’t use for any other purposes.
Eg: float is used to declare variable to store numbers with decimal point. We can’t use this for any other purpose

2. Identifier: These are user defined words.
Eg: variable name, function name, class name, object name etc…

3. Literals (Constants): Its value does not change during execution
i. Integer literals : Whole numbers without fractional parts are known as integer literals, its value does not change during execution. There are 3 types decimal, octal and hexadecimal.
Eg. For decimal 100, 150, etc
For octal 0100, 0240, etc
For hexadecimal 0x100, 0x1A, etc

ii. Float literals: A number with fractional parts and its value does not change during execution is called floating point literals.
Eg. 3.14157, 79.78, etc..

iii. Character literal: A valid C++ character enclosed in single quotes, its value does not change during execution.
Eg. ‘m’, ‘f’, etc…

iv. String literal: One or more characters enclosed in double quotes is called string constant. A string is automatically appended by a null character (‘\0’)
Eg. “Mary’s”, “India”, etc

4. Punctuators: In English or Malayalam language punctuation marks are used to increase the readability but here it is used to separate the tokens. Eg: {,}, (,),

5. Operators: These are symbols used to perform an operation (Arithmetic, relational, logical, etc…)

Integrated Development Environment(IDE): It is used for developing programs

• It helps to write as well as editing the program.
• It helps to compile the program and linking it to other (header files and another user) programs
• It helps to run the program

Turbo C++ IDE
Following is a C++ IDE

a) Opening the edit window
Method I: File → Click the menu item
New Method II: Press Alt and F simultaneously then press N
b) Saving the program:
Click File → Save or Press Function key F2 or Alt + F and then press S
Then give a file name and press ok.
c) Running/executing the program
Press Alt + R then press R OR Click Run → press R, OR Press Ctrl + F9
d) Viewing the output: Press Alt + F5
e) Closing Turbo C++ IDE
Click File → then press Quit menu Or Press Alt + X

Geany IDE

Step 1: Take Geany Editor and type the program(source code)
Step 2: Save the file with the extension.cpp
Step 3: Compile the program by Click the Compile Option
Step 4: After successful compilation, Click the Build option
Step 5: Then click on the Execute option

Important Notes while using Geany Editor

1. For the header files .h extension need not given
2. Header files are given below

3. Add a new statement using namespace std; after the preprocessor
4. Instead of void main() use int main();

Let us see the following to distinguish the editor’s Turbo C++ and Geany

1. Write a C++ program to read a number and print.

Using Turbo C++ editor

#include
#include
int main()
{
clrscr();
int a;
cout<<“Enter a number”; cin>>a;
cout<<“The number you entered is ”<<a;
getch();
}

To compile and press Ctrl+F9.

Using Geany editor

#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a;
cout<<“Enter a number”; cin>>a;
cout<<“The number you entered is ”<<a;
}

Type the above and save it as a file name with .cpp.
Compile, Build and then Execute

Concepts of data types: The nature of data is different, data type specifies the nature of data we have to store.

C++ data types

Fundamental data types: It is also called a built-in data type. They are int, char, float, double and void
i) int data type: It is used to store whole numbers without fractional (decimal point) part. It can be either negative or positive. It consumes 2 bytes(16 bits) of memory.i.e. 216 = 65536 numbers. That is 32768 negative numbers and 32768 positive numbers(0 is considered as +ve ) So a total of 65536 (32768+32768) numbers. We can store a number in between -32768 to + 32767.

ii) char data type: Any symbol from the key ‘ board, eg. ‘A’, ‘?’, ‘9’,…. It consumes one byte (8 bits) of memory. It is internally treated as integers, i.e. 28 = 256 characters. Each character is having an ASCII code, ‘a’ is having ASCI I code 97, and zero is having ASCII code 48.

iii) float data type: It is used to store real numbers i.e. the numbers with a decimal points. It uses 4 bytes(32 bits) of memory.
Eg. 67.89, 89.9 E-15.

iv) double data type: It is used to store very large real numbers. It uses 8 bytes(64 bits) of memory.

(v) void data type: void means nothing. It is used to represent a function that returns nothing.

User-defined Data types: C++ allows programmers to define their own data type. They are Structure(struct), enumeration(enum), union, class, etc.

Derived data types: The data types derived from fundamental data types are called Derived data types. They are Arrays, pointers, functions, etc

Variables:
The named memory locations are called variables. A variable has three important things

1. variable name: A variable should have a name
2. Memory address: Each and every byte of memory has an address. It is also called the location (L) value.
3. Content: The value stored in a variable is called content. It is also called Read(R) value.

Operators: An operator is a symbol that performs an operation. The data on which operations are carried out are called operands. Following are the operators
1) Input (>>) and output (<<) operators are used to performing input and output operations. Eg. cin >> n;
cout << n;

2) Arithmetic operators: It is a binary operator. It is used to perform addition(+), subtraction(-), division (/), multiplication(*) and modulus(%-gives the remainder) operations.
Eg. If x = 10 and y = 3 then

x/y = 3, because both operands are integer. To get the floating-point result one of the operands must be float.

3) Relational operator: It is also a binary operator. It is used to perform comparison or relational operation between two values and it gives either true (1) or false(0). The operators are <, <=, >, >=, == (equality) and != (not equal to)

4) Logical operators: Here AND(&&), OR(||) are binary operators, and NOT(!) is a unary operator.
It is used to combine relational operations and it gives either true (1) or false (0).
If x = 1 and y = 0 then

Both operands must be true to get a true value in the case of AND (&&) operation.
If x = 1 and y = 0 then

Either one of the operands must be true to get a true value in the case of OR(||) operation
If x = 1 and y = 0 then

5) Conditional operator: It is a ternary operator hence it needs three operands. The operator is ?:.
Syntax: expression ? value if true : value if false.
First evaluates the expression if it is true the second part will be executed otherwise the third part will be executed.
Eg. If x = 10 and y = 3 then
x > y ? cout<<x; cout<<y
Here the output is 10

6) sizeof(): This operator is used to find the size used by each data type.
Eg. sizeof(int) gives 2.

7) Increment and decrement operator: These are unary operators.
a) Increment operator (++): It is used to increment the value of a variable by one i.e., x++ is equivalent to x = x + 1;
b) Decrement operator (–): It is used to decrement the value of a variable by one i.e., x– is equivalent to x = x – 1.

8) Assignment operator (=): It is used to assign the value of the right side to the left side variable.
eg. x = 5; Here the value 5 is assigned to the variable x.

Expressions: It is composed of operators and operands

Arithmetic expression: It is composed of arithmetic operators and operands. In this expression the operands are integers then it is called the Integer expression. If the operands are real numbers then it is called Floating point expression. If the operands are constants then it is called constant expression.

Relational expression: It is composed of relational operators and operands.

Logical expression: It is composed of logical operators and operands

Statements: Statements are the smallest executable unit of a programming language. Each and every statement must end with a semicolon(;).

Declaration statement: Each and every variable must be declared before using it.
Eg: int age;

Assignment statements: The assignment operator is used to assign the value of RHS to LHS.
Eg: x = 100;

Input statements:
input(>>) operator is used to perform input operation. Eg. cin>>n;

Output statements
output(<<) operator is used to perform output operation.
Eg. cout<<n;

Cascading of I/O operations
The multiple uses of input or output operators in a single statement is called Cascading of i/o operators.
Eg: To take three numbers by using one statement is as follows
cin>>x>>y>>z;
To print three numbers by using one statement is as follows
cout<<x<<y<<z;

Structure of a C++ program:
A typical C++ program would contain four sections as shown below.
Include files(Preprocessor directives)
Function declarations
Function definitions
Main function programs
Eg:

# include
using namespace std;
int sum(int x, int y)
{return (x+y);}
intmain()
{
cout<<sum(2, 3);
}

Preprocessor directives: A C++ program starts with the preprocessor directive i.e., # include, #define, #undef, etc, are such a preprocessor directive. By using #include we can link the header files that are needed to use the functions. By using #define we can define some constants.
Eg. #define x 100. Here the value of x becomes 100 and cannot be changed in the program.
No semicolon is needed.

Header files:
header files: A header file is a pre-stored file that helps to use some operators and functions. To write C++ programs the header files are a must. Following are the header files used in Geany editor.
iostream
cstdio
cctype
cmath
cstring
cstdlib
The syntax for including a header file is as follows
#include<name of the header file>
Eg. #include<iostream>

The main function: The main function is the first function which is invoked at the time of execution and the program ends within main(). The other functions are invoked from main().

Programming tips:
The identifier name must be clear, precise, brief, and meaningful
Use clear and simple expressions.
Use comments wherever needed.
To give tips in between the program comments are used. A comment is not considered as the part of the program and cannot be executed. There are 2 types of comments single line and multiline. Single line comment starts with //(2 slashes) but multi-line comment starts with /* and ends with */
indentation: Giving leading spaces to the statements is called indentation. It is a good programming practice.

Variable initialisation: Giving value to a variable at the time of declaration.
Eg: intage=16; Here the OS allocates 4 bytes memory for the variable age and it stores a value 16.

const-The access modifier: By using the keyword const we can create symbolic constants its value does not change during execution.
Eg: const int bp=100;

Type modifiers: With the help of type modifiers we can change the sign and range of data with same size. The important modifiers are signed, unsigned, long and short

Shorthands in C++

Arithmetic assignment operators: It is faster. This is used with all the arithmetic operators as follows.

a) Increment operator(++): It is used for incrementing the content by one.
++x(pre increment) and x++ (post increment) both are equivalent to x = x + 1.

b) decrement operator (–): It is used for decrementing the content by one.
–x (pre decrement) and x– (post decrement) both are equivalent to x = x – 1.

Prefix form: In this, the operator is placed before the operand and the operation is performed first then use the value.

Postfix form: In this, the operator is placed after the operand and the value of the variable is used first then the operation is performed
Eg: Post increment a++
Here first use the value of ‘a’ and then change the value of ‘a’.
Eg: if a=10 then b=a++.
After this statement b=10 and a=11

Pre increment ++a
Here first change the value of a and then use the value of a.
Eg: if a=10 then b=++a.
After this statement b=11 and a=11.

Precedence of operators: Consider a situation where an expression contains all the operators then the operation will be carried in the following order(priority)

Type conversion: Type conversions are of two types.
1) Implicit type conversion: This is performed by the C++ compiler internally. C++ converts all the lower sized data type to the highest sized operand. It is known as type promotion. Data types are arranged lower size to higher size is as follows, unsigned int(2 bytes), int(4 bytes), long (4 bytes), unsigned long (4 bytes), float(4 bytes), double(8 bytes), long double(10 bytes)

2) Explicit type conversion: It is known as typecasting. This is done by the programmer. The syntax is given below.
(data type to be converted) expression
Eg. int x=10;
(float) x;
This expression converts the data type of the variable from integer to float.
These are classified into two decision making and iteration statements

Decision-making statements:

if statement:

Syntax: if (condition)
{
Statement block;
}

First, the condition is evaluated if it is true the statement block will be executed otherwise nothing will be happened.

if… else statement:

Syntax:

if (condition)
{
Statement block1;
}
Else
{
Statement block2;
}

Nested if
An if statement contains another if statement completely then it is called nested if.

if (condition 1)
{
if (condition 2)
{
Statement block;
}
}

The statement block will be executed only if both the conditions evaluated are true.

The else if ladder: The syntax will be given below:

if (expression 1)
{
statement block1;
}
else if (expression 2)
{
statement block 2;
}
else if (expression 3)
{
statement block 3;
}
..............
else
{
statement block n;
}

Here firstly, expression 1 will be evaluated if it is true only the statement block1 will be executed otherwise expression 2 will be evaluated if it is true only the statement block2 will be executed and so on. If all the expression evaluated is false then only statement block n will be executed.

switch statement:
It is a multiple branch statement. Its syntax is given below.

switch(expression)
{
case value: statements;break;
case value: statements;break;
case value: statements;break;
case value: statements;break;
case value: statements;break;
...............................
default: statements;
}

The first expression evaluated and selects the statements with the matched case value. If all values are not matched the default statement will be executed.

Conditional operator: It is a ternary operator hence it needs three operands. The operator is ?:.
Syntax: expression ? value if true : value if false.
First evaluates the expression if it is true the second part will be executed otherwise the third part will be executed.

Iteration statements: If we have to execute a block of statements more than once then iteration statements are used.

while statement: It is an entry controlled loop. An entry controlled loop first checks the condition and executes (or enters into) the body of the loop only if it is true. The syntax is given below:

Loop variable initialised
while(expression)
{
Body of the loop;
Update loop variable;
}

Here the loop variable must be initialised before the while loop. Then the expression is evaluated if it is true then only the body of the loop will be executed and the loop variable must be updated inside the body. The body of the loop will be executed until the expression becomes false.

for statement
The syntax of for loop is

for(initialization; checking; update loop variable)
{
Body of loop;
}

The first part, initialization is executed once, then checking is carried out if it is true the body of the for loop is executed. Then the loop variable is updated and again checking is carried out this process continues until the checking becomes false. It is an entry controlled loop.

do-while statement: It is an exit controlled loop. Exit control loop first executes the body of the loop once even if the condition is false then checks the condition.

do
{
Statements
}while(expression);

Here the body executes at least once even if the condition is false. After executing the body it checks the expression if it false it quits the body otherwise the process will continue.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Economics Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Part II Chapter 6 Open Economy Macroeconomics.

Kerala Plus Two Macroeconomics Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 6 Open Economy Macroeconomics

Question 1.
Indian Economy is having a deficit of Balance of Payment Account. Suggest some measures to improve its balance of payment position. (MARCH-2008)
Answer:
Measures to improve balance of payment deficit are given below:
1) Devaluation of rupee
2) Control of inflation
3) Promotional measures
4) Tariff and quota restrictions
5) Reduction of imports
6) Provision of incentives

Question 2.
Correct the following statements if necessary. (MARCH-2009)
1) Balance of payment at current account rate to both visible and invisible trade.
2) International trade is trade within the boundaries of a country.
3) The theory of comparative cost advantage is stated by David Ricardo
Answer:
1) True/ Correct
2) False. International trade means trade between two or more countries or internal trade is the trade within the boundaries of a country.
3) True/Correct

Question 3.
Devaluation of domestic currency will enable an economy to overcome deficit in balance of payments. Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer. (JUNE-2009)
Answer:
Yes. I agree with this statement. Because, when there is deficit in balance of payment, the domestic currency is devalued. This will increase our exports and reduce imports. As a result of increased export and less imports, the deficit in balance of payment can be solved.

Question 4.
If C = 0.8 and M = 0.3
a) Calculate open economy and closed economy multiplier. (MARCH-2010)
b) If domestic autonomous demand increases by 100, what will be multiplier effect on output in both economy?
c) Elucidate the result.
Answer:
i) Open economy multiplier

ii) Closed economy multiplier

b) Multiplier effect of output on closed economy
5 x 100 = 500
Multiplier effect of output on open economy,
2 x 100 = 200

Question 5.
The following table shows the total cost schedule of a competitive firm. It is given that the price of the . good is ₹15. (MARCH-2010)

Answer:
a)

b) The profit maximising level of outputs is ₹6, where the difference between TR and TC is highest.

Question 6.
Mr. Sudheer converted rupees into dollar, he got 20 dollars in exchange of ₹1,000. (JUNE-2010)
a) Calculate profit at each level of output.
b) Find the profit maximising level of output.
Answer:
a) Exchange rate
b) Real exchange rate is the relative price of foreign goods in terms of domestic goods. It is equal to the nominal exchange rate times the foreign price level divided by the domestic price level. When the real exchange rate is equal to one, the two countries are said to be in purchasing power parity.

Question 7.
An Imaginary Balance of Payment situation is given in the table. (JUNE-2010)

a) Find out the trade balance, explain the concept.
b) Calculate the Current Account Balance, comment about the figure.
Answer:
a) Export-Import =12801 -19103
= – 6302
b) 998

Question 8.
Economics are classified into open and closed economics. Distinguish between open and closed economy with an example. (MARCH-2011)
Answer:
An open economy is one which has trade relationship with rest of the world.
Eg: A country with exports (India export rubber). On the other hand a closed economy is one which has not trade relation with rest of the world.
Eg: A country which has no exports or imports.

Question 9.
If a toy costs ₹10 in America and exchange rate is at 45 per U.S. dollar, what is the price of this toy in Indian currency? (MARCH-2011)
Answer:
₹450

Question 10.
If inflation is higher in country ‘A’ than in country ‘B’ and the exchange rate between the two countries is fixed, what is likely to happen to the trade balance between the two countries? Justify your answer. (MARCH-2012)
Answer:
When there is inflation, the domestic currency of country A’will depreciate. Depreciation of domestic currency will lead to increase in export and decrease in import. But this will depend on the elasticity of export and import. If the sum of export and import elasticities is greater than T, there will be positive effect on trade balance. However, in short run the elasticities are supposed to be less than T and therefore there may be negative effect on trade balance. The ultimate effect depends on the composition of trade items.

Question 11.
Compare the following graphs and explain the positions of economy that the diagrams represent. Suggest measures to correct these situations. (MARCH-2012)

Answer:


Excess demand

• Increase taxes
• Decrease Government expenditure
• Reduce deficit financing
• Increase public borrowing

Deficient demand

• Decrease taxes
• Increase government expenditure
• Increase deficit financing
• Reduce public borrowing

Question 12.
Among the following, identify the concepts (JUNE-2014)
i) Trade deficit
ii) Budget deficit
a) G + T
b) T + X
c) G-T
d) G + M
e) X-M
f) X+M
Answer:
i) e) X-M
ii) c) G-T

Question 13.
Fill appropriately. (JUNE-2014)
a) Domestic demand for foreign goods leads to ______
b) The tiny production unit is referred as ________
c) The expenses that raise productive capacity is called ________
Answer:
a) import
b) firm
c) investment expenditure

Question 14.
Distinguish nominal exchange rate and real exchange rate. (JUNE-2014)
Answer:
The price of one currency in terms of the other is . known as the exchange rate. Nominal exchange rates are bilateral in the sense that they are exchange rates for one currency against another and they are nominal because they quote the exchange rate in money terms, i.e. so many rupees per dollar or per pound. However, the real exchange rate is the ratio of foreign to domestic prices, measured in the same currency. It is defined as Real exchange rate = eP_f / P where P and P_f are the price levels here and abroad, respectively, and e is the rupee price of foreign exchange (the nominal exchange rate).
The real exchange rate is often taken as a measure of a country’s international competitiveness. Therefore, real exchange rate is considered to be more relevant.

Question 15.
Write down the national income identify for an open economy with due explanation of the terms used. (JUNE-2014)
Answer:
National income identity for an open economy
In a closed economy, there are three sources of demand for domestic goods – Consumption (C), government spending (G), and domestic investment (I).
We can write Y =C+ l + G
In an open economy, exports (X) constitute an additional source of demand for domestic goods and services that comes from abroad and therefore must be added to aggregate demand. Imports (M) supplement supplies in domestic markets and constitute that part of domestic demand that falls on foreign goods and services. Therefore, the national income identity for an open economy is
Y+M = C + I + G + X
Rearranging, we get
Y = C + I + G + X-M or
Y = C + I + G + NX
where, NX is net exports (exports – imports). A positive NX (with exports greater than imports) implies a trade surplus and a negative NX (with imports exceeding exports) implies a trade deficit.

Question 16.
Differentiate between: (JUNE-2014)
i) Currency Devaluation and
ii) Currency Depreciation
Answer:
Devaluation means increase in exchange rate. Devaluation is said to occur when the exchange rate is increased by social action under a pegged exchange rate system. Devaluation is used as a tool to bridge the gap of trade deficit.
On the other hand, change in the price of foreign exchange under flexible exchange rate, when it becomes cheaper as compared to domestic currency is known as depreciation.

Question 17.
Two National Income identities are shown below: (MARCH-2015)
i) Y = C + I + G
ii) Y = C + I + G + X – M
a) Pick out the National Income identity for an open economy.
b) If marginal propensity to consume (C) = 0.5 and marginal propensity to import (M) = 0.3, prove that the open economy multiplier is smaller than that of the closed economy
Answer:

the multiplier in closed economy is 2 and open economy is 1.25.

Question 18.
The economic principle of exchange rate determination are different in different systems. Write in one or two sentences how the exchange rate is determined under:  (MARCH-2015)
a) Flexible Exchange rate system
b) Fixed Exchange rate system
c) Managed floating Exchange rate system.
Answer:
a) A country’s exchange rate regime where its currency is set by the foreign-exchange market through supply and demand for that particular currency relative to other currencies. Thus, floating exchange rates change freely and are determined by trading in the for ex market. This is in contrast to a “fixed exchange rate” regime.

b) Fixed Exchange Rate’ A country’s exchange rate regime under which the government or central bank ties the official exchange rate to another country’s currency (or the price of gold). The purpose of a fixed exchange rate system is to maintain a country’s currency value within a very narrow band. Also known as pegged exchange rate.
In a fixed exchange-rate system, a country’s central bank typically uses an open market mechanism and is committed at all times to buy and/or sell its currency at a fixed price in order to maintain its pegged ratio and, hence, the stable value of its currency in relation to the reference to which it is pegged. The central bank provides the assets and/or the foreign currency or currencies which are needed in order to finance any payments imbalances.

c) Managed float regime is the current international financial environment in which exchange rates fluctuate from day to day, but central banks attempt to influence their countries exchange by buying and selling currencies. It is also known as a dirty float.
Managed float exchange rates are determined in the foreign exchange market. Authorities can and do intervene, but are not bound by any intervention rule.
Often accompanied by a separate nominal anchor, such as inflation target. The arrangement provides a way to mix market-determined rates with stabilizing intervention in a non-rule-based system. Its potential drawbacks are that it doesn’t place hard constraints on monetary and fiscal policy. It suffers from uncertainty from reduced credibility, relying on the credibility of monetary authorities. It typically offers limited transparency.

Question 19.
Differentiate between fixed and floating exchange rates.  (MAY-2015)
Answer:
In a system of flexible exchange rates (also known as floating exchange rates), the exchange rate is determined by the forces of market demand and supply.
Countries have had flexible exchange rate system ever since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s. Prior to that, most countries had fixed or what is called pegged exchange rate system, in which the exchange rate is pegged at a particular level. Sometimes, a distinction is made between the fixed and pegged exchange rates.
Under a fixed exchange rate system, such as the gold standard, adjustment to BOP surpluses or deficits cannot be brought about through changes in the exchange rate.

Question 20.
Give one-word for the following:  (MAY-2015)
The price of one unit of foreign currency in terms of domestic currency.
Answer:
Exchange rate

Question 21.
Explain Balance of Payments (BOP). What do you mean by balance of payment surplus and balance of payment deficit?  (MAY-2015)
Answer:
Balance of trade is the record of a country’s visible export and visible imports. It includes only visible trade and excludes invisible trade of services. However, balance of payment is a more comprehensive term which denoted a country’s total monetary transactions with the rest of the world. It includes both visible and invisible trade of goods and services.
The balance of payments (BOP) records the transactions in goods, services and assets between residents of a country with the rest of the world. There are two main accounts in the BOP – the current account and the capital account.
When the total receipt is larger than the payment the balance of payment is said to be surplus. On the other hand when payments are larger than receipts, balance of payments is said to be deficit.

Question 22.
Differentiate:  (MARCH-2016)
a) Currency devaluation
b) Currency depreciation
Answer:
a) Currency devaluation: It is the deliberate reduction of the value of domestic currency in terms of a foreign currency.
b) Currency depreciation: It is the reduction in the value of domestic currency due to the operation of supply for money and demand for money.

Question 23.
Write a note on fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate.  (MAY-2016)
Answer:
In a system of flexible exchange rates (also known as floating exchange rates), the exchange rate is determined by the forces of market demand and supply.
Countries have had flexible exchange rate system ever since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970’s. Prior to that, most countries had fixed or what is called pegged exchange rate system, in which the exchange rate is pegged at a particular level. Sometimes, a distinction is made between the fixed and pegged exchange rates.
Under a fixed exchange rate system, such as the gold standard, adjustment to BOP surpluses or deficits cannot be brought about through changes in the exchange rate.

Question 24.
The relative price of foreign goods in terms of domestic goods is _____ (MAY-2016)
a) The nominal exchange rate
b) The real exchange rate
c) Floating exchange rate
d) All of the above
Answer:
The real exchange rate

Question 25.
Explain the working of a pegged exchange rate system with suitable diagram. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Fixed exchange rate is also known as pegged exchange rate system. Under this system, the exchange rate will be determined by central bank. The intervention made in the foreign exchange market by the central bank to keep exchange rate fixed is known as pegging. This can be explained with the help of diagram. Which is given below.

Here e* is the market determined exchange rate. Suppose that government fixes exchange rate as e₁ At e, exchange rate the demand for foreign exchange is greater than the supply of foreign exchange. If there is no.control over exchange rate. It will increase to e*. In order to maintain the exchange rate at e₁ the central bank will sell AB amount of foreign exchange in the market. So the exchange will be maintained at e*.
Suppose that the central bank fixes the exchange rate e₂. If there is no central bank intervention in the market the exchange rate will fall to e*. In order to maintain the exchange rate at e₂ the central bank will purchase CD amount of foreign exchange from the market. Thus fixed exchange rate is maintained.

Question 26.
Differentiate between Devaluation and Depreciation. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Devalution: Lowering of the value of domestic currency through official procedure by the central bank under fixed exchange rate system is known as currency devaluation.
Depreciation: The loss in the value of domestic currency when exchanged with foreign currency under flexible exchange rate system is known as currency depreciation.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Economics Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Part II Chapter 5 The Government: Budget and The Economy.

Kerala Plus Two Macroeconomics Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 5 The Government: Budget and The Economy

Question 1.
Keynes suggested a deficit budget for a developing economy but classical economists supported a surplus budget. (MARCH-2008)
a) Differentiate the two concepts of budget.
b) What is your opinion? Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) Deficit budget and Surplus budget.
When the proposed expenditure is greater than the expected revenue, the budget is said to be deficient. On the other hand, when the proposed expenditure is less than the expected revenue, the budget is said to be a surplus one.
b) I do agree with the opinion of Keynes. Because in a developing economy govt, will have to make so many developmental activities for the welfare of the society. In such a situation, a deficit budget is possible and it will become unavoidable.

Question 2.
discretionary and non-discretionary.  (MARCH-2009)
a) Progressive Income Tax
b) Unemployment allowances
c) Public Expenditure programme.
d) Public borrowing
Answer:

Question 3.
In the present world, the budget is an important instrument of government policy. One of the objectives of the budget is given below. Supplement the other objectives. (MARCH-2008)
Redistribution of Income and Wealth
Answer:

• Reallocation of resources
• Stabilisation of economy
• Management of public enterprises
• Execution of plans
• Control of public fund

Question 4.
Classify the followings into tax revenue and non-tax revenue: (MARCH-2008)
Personal Income Tax, Excise duty, Import duty, License Fee, Surplus from Public Enterprise, Escheat.
Answer:

Question 5.
In a developed economy Keynesian budgetary policy is more effective compared to classical budgetary policy. Can you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. (JUNE-2009)
Answer:
Yes. I agree with this statement. Because in the developed economy the role of government and the private sector is more desirable. There will be situations of the business cycle in such economies. General overproduction and underproduction are common features. On such occasions, the classical policy will not properly work. Keynesian ideas will help the proper functioning of the developed economies.

Question 6.
Complete the following chart: (MARCH-2010)

Answer:

Question 7.
A glance at the Union Budget of 2009 reveals that there is a fiscal deficit of 6.8% of GDP as compared to 6% last year. What are the various measures used for deficit reduction? (JUNE-2010)
Answer:
If the government increases taxes or decreases expenditure then the fiscal deficit gets reduced. Indian government is trying to reduce the fiscal deficit by increasing tax revenue by selling the share of PSUs and by reducing the government expenditure. The deficit reduction influences the different sectors of an economy in different ways.
The government is trying to fill the gap of reduced fiscal deficit by making government activities more efficient through better planning of programmes and better administration.
The cutting back government programmes in vital areas like agriculture, education, health, poverty alleviation has adverse effect on the economy.
The same fiscal measures can lead to a large or small deficit government by the state of the economy. During recession period GDP falls which reduces tax revenue which increase the fiscal deficit.

Question 8.
The Government allocates more amount for subsidies in the budget. (MARCH-2011)
a) Give your opinion about its impact on fiscal deficit.
b) Total Expenditure = ₹3,000 crores
Revenue receipts = ₹1,500 crores
Non-debt creating Capital receipts = ₹600 crores
Calculate Gross
c) Define Primary Deficit.
Answer:
a) Increases fiscal deficit.
b) Gross fiscal deficit, = 3000 – (1500 + 600)
= 3000-2100 = 900
c) Primary deficit is fiscal deficit minus the interest payments
ie, Primary deficit = fiscal deficit – Interest payments

Question 9.
“Fiscal deficits are inflationary.” Do you agree with this statement? Comment. (MARCH-2012)
Answer:
Fiscal deficits are generally treated as inflationary. Increase in govt, expenditure and cuts in taxes both leads to government deficit. Increased govt, expenditure and reduced taxes tend to increase the aggregate demand. Generally firms are not able to produce higher quantities that are demanded at the going prices. This leads to inflationary pressure. However, there is a solution to this inflationary pressure. The economy can utilize the unutilized resources and raise production. Therefore, the deficit cannot be inflationary when an economy has unutilized resources.

Question 10.
The following are some of the fiscal policy measures. Complete the table appropriately.(MARCH-2012)

Answer:

Question 11.
Below are given the relative size of the budget. Mention the type of budget. (MARCH-2013)
Relative size of Budget
i) Revenue > Expenditure
ii) Revenue = Expenditure
iii) Revenue < Expenditure
Type of Budget?
Answer:
i) surplus budget
ii) balanced budget
iii) deficit budget

Question 12.
Schematically represent the components of a government budget. (JUNE-2014)
Answer:

Question 13.
Which of the following is a transfer payment? (MARCH-2015)
a) Rent
b) Wages
c) Interest
d) Old age pension
Answer:
old age pension

Question 14.
Distinguish between revenue deficit and fiscal deficit. (MAY-2015)
Answer:
When a government spends more than it collects by way of revenue, it incurs a budget deficit. There are various measures that capture government deficit and they have their own implications for the economy. The important concepts of deficits are discussed below.

Revenue Deficit: The revenue deficit refers to the excess of government’s revenue expenditure over revenue receipts.
Fiscal Deficit: Fiscal deficit is the difference between the government’s total expenditure and its total receipts excluding borrowing.
Primary Deficit: We must note that the borrowing requirement of the government includes interest obligations on accumulated debt. To obtain an estimate of borrowing on account of current expenditures exceeding revenues, we need to calculate what has been called the primary deficit. It is simply the fiscal deficit minus the interest payments.
Gross primary deficit = Gross fiscal deficit – net interest liabilities.

Question 15.
Should current account deficit be a cause for alarm? (MARCH-2016)
Answer:
Yes, current account deficit is a cause for alarm because it will create inflationary pressures in the economy. Inflation will badly affect all classes of society. Hence current account deficit should be reduced by taking effective fiscal measures.

Question 16.
Complete the following equations: (MAY-2016)
a) Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure – ( ___________ )
b) Gross Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure – (_________ )
c) Gross Primary Deficit = Gross Fiscal Deficit – ( _________)
d) 1 – MPC = (_________)
Answer:
a) Revenue receipts
b) Revenue receipts + non-debt creating capital receipts
c) Net investment liabilities
d) MPS

Question 17.
Are Fiscal deficit inflationary? Substantiate your answer.(MAY-2016)
Answer:
Yes. An increase in government expenditure beyond certain limits leads to a fiscal deficit increased spending thus pumps too much money into the economy. It increases the purchasing power of the public. The ultimate result of this overspending or fiscal deficit is an increase in the price level. Thus, fiscal deficits are inflationary in nature.

Question 18.
Fill in the blanks:
i) _______ = Revenue Expenditure – Revenue Receipts (MARCH-2017)
ii) Primary Deficit = _______ – Net Interest Liabilities
Answer:
i) Revenue Deficit
ii) Gross fiscal deficit

Question 19.
Distinguish between Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Revenue expenditure: Revenue expenditure is expenditure incurred for the normal functioning of the government. Which does not create liabilities or reduce the assets of the govt.
It can be further classified into plan revenue expenditure and non-plan revenue expenditure.
Capital expenditure: This expenditure creates physical or financial assets or decreases the liability of the government. Capital expenditure can be further classified into plan capital expenditure and non-plan capital expenditure.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Economics Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Part II Chapter 4 Income Determination.

Kerala Plus Two Macroeconomics Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 4 Income Determination

Question 1.
Classify the following statements into two branches of economics: (MARCH-2008)
a) Firm’s decision about how much to invest.
b) Govt, has adopted devaluation to overcome deficit in balance of payments.
c) RBI has increased Cash Reserve Ratio to control inflation.
d) Price elasticity of luxury good is elastic
Answer:
a) Micro economics
b) Macroeconomics
c) Macroeconomics
d) Microeconomics

Question 2.
Assume the marginal propensity to consume of a State in India is 0.8 (MARCH-2010)
1) Find out tax multiplier and expenditure multiplier.
2) From the above example prove that adding these two policy multipliers brings a balanced budget multiplier.
Answer:

Question 3.
Suppose the income of individual A increases from ₹1,000 to ₹1,100. So his consumption rises from ₹750 to ₹825. Find out MPS and MPC. (MARCH-2010)
Answer:

Question 4.
a) Complete the following table: (JUNE-2010)
–
b) Using the equation prove that MPC + MPS = 1
Answer:
a)

b) MPC + MPS = 1
That is 0.75+ 0.25 = 1

Question 5.
The Central Government sanctioned ₹40 crores to Kerala and Assam for making additional investments. The MPC of Kerala is 0.8 and Assam is 0.5. (JUNE-2010)
a) Find the multiplier and multiplier effect on the income of these two States.
b) Explain the concept of output multiplier.
Answer:
a)


= 80 crores
b) Multiplier denotes the relationship between investment and income. Increase in investment leads to increase in income.

Question 6.
A = C + T = ₹ 50 crores, MPC = 0.8, Y = ₹ 4000 crores (MARCH-2011)
a) State whether the economy has reached in equilibrium or not (Hint: Y = \(\overline{\mathrm{A}}\) + CY)
b) Illustrate your conclusion in a diagram.
Answer:
Y = \(\overline{\mathrm{A}}\) + c. y
Since \(\overline{\mathrm{A}}\) = \(\overline{\mathrm{C}}\) \(\overline{\mathrm{I}}\). we have
Y = \(\overline{\mathrm{C}}\) \(\overline{\mathrm{I}}\) x c. y Putting values, we get
Y = 50 + 0.8 x 4000
=50 + 3200 – 3250
Since 3250 ≠ 4000, equilibrium is not reached in the economy.

Question 7.
Multiplier plays a significant role in Keynesian Macro Economics. (MARCH-2011)
a) Examine the relationship between multiplier and MPC
b) If MPC = 0.8, calculate multiplier.
Answer:
a) The value of multiplier is determined by marginal propensity to consume. Higher the MPC, greater the size of multiplier lower the MPC, smaller the size of multiplier. When income of consumer rises they spend more the value of increase in income ie. multiplier depends on’MPC, greater the value of multiplier depends on greater size of MPC. Thus there is direct relation between multiplier and MPC.
The relation can be expressed in terms of an equation as under

Putting the value of in equation we get,

Thus it is clear from the above equation that the value of MPC and multiplier are positively related
b) MPC = 0.8

Question 8.
Distinguish the terms ‘Ex ante investment’ and ‘Ex post’ investment. (MARCH-2012)
Answer:
Ex ante means ‘anticipated’ while Ex post means realised. In economics ex ante investment refers to anticipated investment in an economy while ex post investment refers to the realised investment.
Ex ante: The planned value of a variable as opposed to its actual value.
Ex post: The actual or realized value of a variable as opposed to its planned value .
Ex ante consumption: The value of planned consumption
Ex ante investment: The value of planned investment.

Question 9.
Explain the concept of aggregate demand with the help of a diagram.(MARCH-2013)
Answer:
The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Also known as Total spending”.
Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula:
Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G + (X-M) Where, C = Consumers’ expenditures on goods and services.
I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods.
G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services.
X = Exports of goods and services.
M = Imports of goods and services.
Downward sloping aggregate demand curve

The most noticeable feature of the aggregate demand curve is that it is downward sloping, as seen in . There are a number of reasons for this relationship. Recall that a downward sloping aggregate demand curve means that as the price level drops, the quantity of output demanded increases. Similarly, as the price level drops, the national income increases. There are three basic reasons for the downward sloping aggregate demand curve. These are Pigou’s wealth effect, Keynes’s interest-rate effect, and Mundell- Fleming’s exchange-rate effect. These three reasons for the downward sloping aggregate demand curve are distinct, yet they work together.
The first reason for the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve is Pigou’s wealth effect. The second reason for the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve is Keynes’s interest-rate effect. The third reason for the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve is Mundell-Fleming’s exchange-rate effect.

Question 10.
Distinguish the concepts (JUNE-2014)
a) Ex Ante and
b) Ex Post
Answer:
Ex-ante and Ex-post
Consumption, savings and investment can be classified into Ex-ante and Ex-post variables. The terms Ex-ante and Ex-post have been derived from the Latin word. Ex-ante means planned or desired. Ex-post means actual or realized. In national income accounting, the variables such as consumption, investment and savings are considered as ex-post variables. The rate at which consumption, savings and investment are presented in the ex-post sense.

Question 11.
Explain the concept marginal propensity to consume. How it relates to marginal propensity to save? (JUNE-2014)
Answer:
Marginal Propensity To Consume – MPC’
The proportion of an aggregate raise in pay that a consumer spends on the consumption of goods and services, as opposed to saving it. Marginal propensity
to consume is a component of Keynesian macroeconomic theory and is calculated as the change in consumption divided by the change in income. MPC is depicted by a consumption line- a sloped line created by plotting change in consumption on the vertical y axis and change in income on the horizontal x axis.
The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is equal to AC / AY, where Ac is change in consumption, and AY is change in income.
Marginal Propensity to consume refers to the ratio of change in consumption to change in income. MPC = AC / AY
Marginal Propensity to save refers to the ratio of change in saving to change in income.
MPS = AS /AY
The sum of MPC and MPS is always one and equal to unity.
That is MPC + MPS = 1

Question 12.
The point on the supply curve at which a firm earns normal profit is called _________ (MARCH-2015)
a) Normal profit
b) Super normal profit
c) Break-even point
d) Shut-down point
Answer:
d) Shut-down point

Question 13.
In an economy, investment increases by 500 crores. If MPC is 0.5, what is the increase in total income? (MARCH-2015)
Answer:

Increase in total income
= Kx increase in investment
= 2 x 500 crores
= 1000 crores

Question 14.
If all the people of the economy increases the proportion of income they save, the aggregate savings in the economy will not increase. This phenomenon is known as ______. (MARCH-2015)
a) Paradox of prosperity
b) Paradox of thrift
c) Leontief paradox
d) Giffen paradox
Answer:
Paradox of thrift

Question 15.
Study the following table and answer the questions. (MARCH-2015)

a) Derive the aggregate demand schedule.
b) Show graphically the components of aggregate demand.
Answer:
a) Aggregate desired schedule

Question 16.
a) Explain Effective Demand. (MAY-2015)
b) What are the determinants of the value of aggregate demand?
c) Diagrammatically explain the change in Aggregate demand due to a change in government expenditure.
Answer:
Effective Demand
a) The logical starting point of Keynes General Theory is the principle of effective demand. Effective demand is the aggregate demand for the existing output at prevailing prices. The main reason for unemployment in an economy is the deficiency in aggregate demand. To avoid unemployment, we have to increase effective demand. Income and Employment determination The level of income and employment will be determined at the point where aggregate demand equals aggregate supply.
b) Aggregate demand and its determinants Aggregate demand is the total demand in an economy at various levels of employment. In other words it is aggregate expenditure on all goods and services in the economy. It consists of the four components.
They are:

• Consumption demand
• Investment demand
• Government demand

c) Equilibrium level of income is determined by Aggregate demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS). This situation is shown in figure 1.

Figure 2 shows the effect of change in government expenditure. As government expenditure increases AD curve shifts up to AD¹.This brings new equilibrium point at E¹. So the level of income increases to Y¹.

Question 17.
Distinguish between the terms Ex-ante Investment and Ex-post Investment. (MAY-2016)
Answer:
Ex-ante investment means planned investment. On the other hand, ex-post investment means actual or realised investment.

Question 18.
Consider the following diagram. Answer the following questions: (MARCH-2017)

i) What does the 45° line represent?
ii) What is the difference between A₁ and A₁?
iii) List two possible reasons for an increase in Autonomous Expenditure.
iv) When the economy moved from E₁ to E₂, the Aggregate output is increased more as compared to Aggregate expenditure. Why?
v) Explain the movement of the economy from E₁ to E₂.
Answer:
i) Equilibrium income determination curve (AD curve)
ii) When investment increases the aggregate demand will increase. So equilibrium income will also increase.
iii) To increase public expenditure of govt.
To increase transfer of payment of govt.
iv) When govt, expenditure increases there occurs a change in autonomous component of the aggregate demand curve. The slope will remain constant then equilibrium income will increase. This is due to the operation of the multiplier.
Suppose the govt, expenditure increases, then aggregate demand curve shift from AD₁ to AD₂. So equilibrium income increase form E₁ to E₂. The change in income (∆y) is greater than change in govt, expenditure (∆G). This is due to the effect of multiplier.

Question 19.
Among the following choose the one which represents the multiplier.  (MARCH-2017)

Answer:

Question 20.
Elucidate the working of Autonomous Expenditure Multiplier Mechanism with a suitable example. Show the impact of a decline in MPC on multiplier.  (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Consumption at zero level of income is called autonomous consumption. When there is increase in autonomous expenditure, the aggregate demand curve shifts upward. Similarly, when there is fall in autonomous expenditure the curve shifts downward.

Here mpc is the decisive factor influencing the value of multiplier. For example, if the value of mpc is 0.75, the multiplier is

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus Two Economics Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Part II Chapter 3 Money and Banking.

Kerala Plus Two Macroeconomics Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 3 Money and Banking

Question 1.
Complete the chart. (MARCH-2008)

Answer:

Question 2.
Imagine an economy without money and point out the difficulties faced in the exchange of commodities. Can you suggest an economic term for that situation? (MARCH-2008)
Answer:
a) Difficulties of commodity exchange system are:

• need of the double coincidence of wants.
• need of divisibility
• lack of common measure of value
• lack of proper store of value.

b) This system is called barter system.

Question 3.
In the following table some important monetary policy measures are given. Complete the table appropriately. (MARCH-2008)

Answer:

Question 4.
the questions given below. (MARCH-2008)
1) Central Government wants advice on a financial crisis.
2) Central Government wants an authority as the custodian of foreign exchange reserves.
3) The country needs an institution to regulate the money supply and credit system.
4) Commercial Banks wants an institution for assistance and advice.
a) Which institution can handle all these issues?
b) Analyse each issue and explain how that institution handle and make decision on them.
Answer:
a) RBI or Central Bank
b) 1) Financial adviser
2) Custodian of nation’s foreign exchange reserves
3) Control of credit
4) Lender of last resort

Question 5.
A recent study on film industry in Kerala reveals that even today majority of the producers depend not on banks but on big money lenders for raising the required capital. (JUNE-2009)
a) Comment on it in the background of Indian monetary system.
b) Suggest a remedy for betterment.
Answer:
a) It is a fact that in Kerala many people depend on private money lenders rather than banks. This is because banking activities are time-consuming and will cause unnecessary delay. Moneylenders are easily accessible and therefore people depend on them for financial requirements,
b) Banking system should be made easily approachable.

• Bank facilities should be provided to all.
• Delay in business should be avoided.
• Unnecessary formalities and practices should be avoided.
• Large security requirements of banks should be relaxed.

Question 6.
The RBI has been publishing four alternative measures of money supply in India since 1977. On the basis of this.(MARCH-2010)
a) Complete the following table:
b) Identify aggregate monetary resource.

Answer:

Question 7.
Data regarding the production and cost structure of a firm is given below: (MARCH-2010)

a) If TFC is 60, complete the table.
b) On the same set of axis plot TFC, TVC and TC.
c) Write relevant equations to find out AFC, AVC,
Answer:
a)

Question 8.
Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the RBI to stabilize the economy. One of the instruments of monetary policy is cash reserve ratio. Supplement other three and explain.(MARCH-2010)
Answer:
1) Bank Rate
2) Statutory Liquidity Ratio
3) Open Market Organisations

Question 9.
‘Money supply is a stock variable.’ (JUNE-2010)
a) Define the concept of money supply.
b) Name the four alternative measure of money supply.
c) Classify them into narrow money and broad money.
Answer:
Money supply consists of currency notes and coins issued by the monetary authority of the country.
b) The total stock of money in circulation among the public at a particular point of time is called money supply. RBI publishes figures for four alternative measures of money supply, viz. M₁, M₂, M₃ and M₄. They are defined as follows.
c) M₁ and M₂ are narrow money. M₃ and M₄ are broad money

Question 10.
RBI is the independent authority for conducting monetary policy in the economy. Explain the instruments which RBI uses for conducting monetary policy. (JUNE-2010)
Answer:
Bank rate
Open market operations
Margin requirements

Question 11.
Anand has an account in State Bank of India. He often withdraws some amount of money either through cheque or through ATM card. (MARCH-2011)
Answer:
Demand deposit/Saving deposit/Current deposit

Question 12.
In order to control inflation, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) raised Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) by 0.75% during January 2010. As part of monetary policy, the RBI adopts some more measures to counter inflation. Discuss any other 2 measures. (MARCH-2011)
Answer:
The instruments which RBI uses for conducting mon-etary policy are as follows.
1) Open Market Operations:
It refers to the sale and purchase of government securities by the central bank. RBI purchases government securities to the general public in a bid to increase the stock of high powered money in the economy.
2) Bank Rate Policy:
As mentioned earlier, RBI can affect the reserve deposit ratio of commercial banks by adjusting the value of the bank rate-which is the rate of interest commercial banks have to pay RBI – if they borrow money from it in case of shortage of reserves. A low (or high) bank rate encourages banks to keep smaller (or greater) proportion of their deposits as reserves, since borrowing from RBI is now less (or more) costly than before.

Question 13.
Observe the graph given. Identify the segment of liquidity trap from the figure and choose the answer from bracket. (MARCH-2011)

Answer:
c to d

Question 14.
Distinguish between the ‘legal tender money’ and ‘flat money’.(MARCH-2012)
Answer:
Money issued by the monetary authority or the government which cannot be refused by any one is called legal tender money.
Eg : Currency notes.
On the other hand fiat money refers to money with no intrinsic value.
Eg : Coins

Question 15.
In India RBI has developed alternative measures of money supply and figures are published accordingly. (MARCH-2013)
a) Prepare a chart showing the alternative measures of money supply in India.
b) Categorise them into ‘narrow money’ and ‘broad money’.
c) Also identify the ‘most’ and ‘least’ liquid forms of money.
Answer:
The total stock of money in circulation among the public at a particular point of time is called money supply. RBI publishes figures for four alternative measures of money supply, viz. M₁, M₂, M₃ and M₄. They are defined as follows.

b) M₁ and M₂ are narrow money M₃ and M₄ are broad money
c) M₁ and M₂ are known as narrow money. M₃ and M₄ are known as tad money. These gradations are in decreasing order of liquidity. M₁ is most liquid and easiest for transactions whereas M₄ is least liquid of all. M₃ is the most commonly used measure of money supply. It is also known as aggregate monetary resources.

Question 16.
“People desire to hold money balance broadly from two motives.” Explain. (MAY-2015)
Answer:
The Transaction Motive: The principal motive for holding money is to carry out transactions. In general, the transaction demand for money in an economy, MdT, can be written in the following form
Mt = k.T
where T is the total value of (nominal) transactions in the economy over unit period and k is a positive fraction. The number of times a unit of money changes hands during the unit period is called the velocity of circulation of money. In general, equation can be modified in the following way
Mt = kPY
where Y is the real GDP and P is the general price level or the GDP deflator. The above equation tells us that transaction demand for money is positively related to the real income of an economy and also to its average price level.
The Speculative Motive : An individual may hold her wealth in the form of landed property, bullion, bonds, money, etc. Everyone in the economy will hold their wealth in money balance and if additional money is injected within the economy it will be used up to satiate people’s craving for money balances without increasing the demand for bonds and without further lowering the rate of interest below the floor level. Such situation is called a liquidity trap. The speculative money demand function is infinitely elastic here.

Question 17.
Distinguish between a stock and flow variables. Illustrate with examples. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
Stock : It is a variable which can be measured at a particular point of time. Stock is a static concept e.g. wealth, money supply, inventory.
Flow: It is a variable which can be measured over a given period of time. It is a dynamic concept, e.g: income, gross value added (GVA), changes in inventory

Question 18.
Write a note on the interest responsiveness of the following motives for the demand for money. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:
i) Translation motive
ii) Precautionary motives
iii) Speculative motives
The amount of money that people keep as cash will be determined by comparing the advantages of liquidity and interest rates. The demand for money – as arises due to
1. Precautionary motive: People will hold liquid cash in order to meet emergencies. This is known as precautionary motive.
2. Transation motive: The desire of people hold cash in order to make transactions is defined as demand for money. The volume of GDP increases transations demand for money will also increase. It has a positive relationship with GDP.
3. Speculative motive: In order to make profits from the purchase and sale of bonds and securities individuals will hold cash. This is known as speculative motive.
The relationship between interest rate and bond price is negative. When the market rate of interest is high the bond price will be less.

When the market rate of interest reaches minimum the speculative demand curve will be parallel to ‘x’ axis. This situation is known as liquidity troop.

Question 19.
Match the following: (MARCH-2017)
M₁ : Most commonly used measure of money supply
M₂: Least liquid form of money supply
M₃: M₁ + Post Office Savings Deposits M
M₄: CU+DD
Answer:
M₁: CU + DD
M₂: M₁ + Post Office Savings Deposits
M₃: Most commonly used measure of money supply
M₄: Least liquid form of money supply.