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You can Download Election and Representation Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 3 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Election and Representation

Election and Representation Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between direct democracy and indirect democracy.
Answer:
indirect democracy people directly involve themselves in law-making activities. But in indirect democracy, people elect their Representatives. The representatives carry out different things needed for the people by democracy.

Question 2.
Mention any two merits and demerits of direct democracy.
Answer:
Merits:

• People directly take part in the discussions and decisions.
• Since decisions are taken fast, no wasting of time.

Demerits:

• Not suitable for big nations.
• Common people won’t have the expertise to make policy decisions.

Question 3.
Mention any two merits and demerits of indirect democracy.
Answer:
Merits:

• Suitable for large nations.
• Elected representatives will be responsible to people.

Demerits:

• Election process is very expensive.
• The influence of money and power will be visible in the election.

Question 4.
Adult franchise should be regarded as the basis of representative government. Comment.
Answer:
Merits and demerits of Adult franchise :
The following are the merits pointed out by its supporters:
i) Adult franchise is essential for the success of democracy. Since democracy is the government of the people, forthe people and by the people, for its success Adult franchise is a must.
ii) It leads to national unity: Adult franchise is essential to maintain the unity of the nation. If a section of people is denied the right to vote, they will be reluctant to obey the government. It will ruin the unity of the country. With Adult franchise, all people will think the nation is their own.
iii) It nourishes self-respect: When all the people vote they feel that they are also participating in decision making and they are an integral part of the society. This will nourish their self-respect and will prompt them to be loyal and obedient citizens.
iv) Suitable for the Principle of Equality: Adult franchise holds fast to the principle of equality in political rights. It does not allow controlled franchise which brings inequality. Thus it is highly suitable for the Principle of Equality.
v) An instrument of political education: Adult franchise plays a big role in giving the people political education. Since all the people take part in the election they get an opportunity to think about the nation’s problems. Political parties explain to people their views regarding various issues. This helps in forming strong public opinion and consensus.
vi) It protects minority rights: Adult franchise helps the minorities to play their role in elections. In limited franchise, their rights are not given due respect.
vii) Reduces the chances for revolutions: Adult franchise represents all the people. If the government goes wrong, the people can change it. Thus it reduces the chances for violent revolutions.
viii) It distinguishes between citizens and foreigners: Adult franchise system is not applicable to foreigners. Only the citizens have political rights. Thus Adult franchise distinguishes between citizens and foreigners.

Question 5.
Construct a table showing the merits of Universal Adult Franchise.
Answer:
The merits of Universal Adult franchise:

• It is necessary for the success of democracy.
• It leads to national unity.
• It nourishes self-respect.
• Suitable for the Principle of Equality.
• An instrument of political education.
• It protects minority rights.
• Reduces the chances for revolutions.
• It distinguishes between citizens and foreigners.

Question 6.
What are the features of First Past the Post (FPTP) System and Proportional Representation?
Answer:
First Past the Post System: Its features :

• The entire country is divided into separate constituencies.
• For each constituency, one representative is elected.
• The candidate who gets the highest number of votes in the constituency is declared as the winner.
• In this system, a candidate who gets more votes than the other candidates wins.
• It is not necessary for a candidate to have a majority (50%+1) to win.
• This system is also known as plurality system,
• This is the system suggested by the Constitution.

Proportional Representations:

Its features:
a) A large area is considered as a constituency.
b) There are two different methods in this system:
i) In some countries, the entire country is considered a constituency. Depending on the votes received by each party in the national election, seats are distributed, (e.g. Israel, Netherlands).
ii) In the second method, the country is divided into multi-member constituencies, (e.g. Argentina, Portugal).
c) Each Party prepares a list of candidates for each constituency.
d) It is possible to elect more than one candidate from one constituency.
e) The Voters vote for the Party and not for the candidates.

Question 7.
Point out the salient features of the election system in India.
Answer:

• Adult franchise
• Direct election
• One member constituencies
• Secret ballot
• FPTP system
• Proportional Representation
• Reservation of constituencies

Question 8.
Why did India adopt the FPTP system?
Answer:
India adopted the FPTP system for the following reasons:

• It is a simple system without much complication.
• For a huge sub-continental country like India, it is the most suitable.
• Voters have the freedom to choose the candidate of their choice.
• Since in the FPTP system representatives are chosen from one particular area, they can’t run away from their responsibilities.
• It is excellent for the formation of stable governments.
• It unites different sections of people. It is a suitable system for serving national interests.
• Proportional Representation system has many shortcomings and thus FPTP is better.

Question 9.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 10.
Differentiate between public voting and secret voting.
Answer:
There are two ways to vote: Public and Secret. People like Montesquieu and J.S. Mill supported public voting. They argued that voting is a public responsibility and so it should be done in public. Theoretically, public voting might be good, but it has practical problems. Noting by secret ballot is the most popular form today.

Question 11.
Who is the Chief Election Commissioner of India?
Answer:
Y.M. Qureshi

Question 12.
Illustrate how Proportional Representation works in the Rajya Sabha elections?
Answer:
Single Transferable Vote is the basic concept of Proportional Representation. We follow this system in the Rajya Sabha elections. Accordingly, each State is given a quota to the Rajya Sabha. For a candidate to win, he should get the proportional share of the votes. The equation tp decide the quota is as follows:

The number of total candidates to be elected +1 )
For example, for the election to the Rajya Sabha, the voters from Kerala are the 140 members of the Kerala Assembly. According to the equation for deciding the quota:

The number of total members from Kerala to the Rajya Sabha is 9. One-third of them (that is 3) complete their term every two years. So each time 3 members are elected.

Question 13.
Name the Constitutional institution authorized to conduct elections in India.
Answer:
The Election Commission

Question 14.
Examine the election procedure in India,
Answer:
Normally in India elections to the Lok Sabha take place every five years. For each election, there is a long procedure.
a) Preparing the Voters List – This is the first step. The names of adults living in a constituency for more than a certain period are included in the list.
b) Deciding the boundaries of the constituency: Normally, after each census the boundaries of the Constituencies are decided. This is because of the change in the number of the people.
c) Appointment of the Election Officials: The Election Commission appoints Chief Election Officers, Returning Officers, Presiding Officers, Polling Officers, and Polling Assistants.
d) Fixing polling stations and booths.
e) Notification and Nominations
f) After the notification, Political Parties publish their manifestos.
g) Election Propaganda – After the notification political parties start their Election Propaganda.
h) Voting -Two days before the voting, propaganda has to be stopped. On the voting day, voters go to the booths and vote.
i) Counting Votes
j) Taking the Pledge – The elected members have to take the. pledge before they become members of the House.
k) Presenting election accounts
l) Election-related complaints-Any candidate or voter can give complaints about the election. Such complaints are to be filed in the local High Court.

Question 15.
The electoral system in India faces a number of challenges like communalism, influence of caste, criminals, money and muscle power. The election rules are to be modified to deal with these negative forces. Suggest the reforms to be implemented to streamline the election process in India
Answer:
i) To prevent money and muscle power:

• The election expenses must be borne by the Nation.
• Candidates and parties must present audited accounts of their election expenses.
• Limit should be put to the election expenses. Those who exceed the limit should be disqualified.
• Criminals should not be allowed to contest.
• Strong actions against violent acts like booth-capturing.

ii) To control political parties:

• In the political parties, democratic and secular values should be stressed.
• Registration of the parties should be made compulsory.
• Party officers are to be elected from time to time.
• Accounts should be audited and published.

iii) To reform the election process and conduct of the
election:

• Election Commission should be broad-based. Its number should be increased.
• Identity cards with photos should be made compulsory for voting.
• Voters’ list must be up-to-date and complete.
• Make voting compulsory.

iv) For Women Representation:

• Make reservations in the Assembly and Parliament seats.
• Give women responsible positions in parties.
• Take steps to overcome the attitude of the society to keep women away from public and political activities.
• Political parties must let more women candidates contest.

Question 16.
What do you mean by political minority?
Answer:
The party that got less seats than the winning party is the political minority party

Question 17.
Indian election system is not free from limitations. Explain.
Answer:
Defects of the Indian election system:
a) Influence of money: According to the Company Law 1956, companies can give any amount of money as contributions to the candidate or the political parties. The influence of these rich people will be found in the elected candidates and naturally, they won’t be just or impartial in their decisions.
b) Violence in Politics: Politics becomes an arena where muscle power plays a role. There is impersonation and booth capturing. Agents of rival candidates are attacked. People are threatened and so some people prefer not to vote. With this kind of activities, even criminals and criminally minded people get elected.
c) Influence of Caste and Religion: According to law, no candidate can seek vote in the name of religion, caste, community or language. But many candidates somehow try to exploit these emotions in the voters. Recently the election of a candidate in Punjab was canceled by the Supreme Court as he canvassed votes in the name of religion.
d) Concessions given during Election Time: Governments often embark on people-friendly projects just before the election. There are loan-melas, mid-day meals, and distribution of grains at low prices. This is very unhealthy. Collecting votes by spending public money is very bad.
e) The paradox between votes and seats: In most elections, we see that a party may get more seats but their total votes will be less. In the 1984 election Congress party got only 49.1% of the polled vote and only 30% of the total vote. But in the Lok Sabha, it had % majority. The Assembly elections also give the same picture. This is against the principle of democracy where majority decides things.
f) Defects in the Election Procedure: Lakhs of Indian citizens are denied their voting rights as their names are left out of the voters’ list. Many parties resort to violence and booth capturing.

Question 18.
Limitations of the present election system in India point towards the necessity for electoral reforms. Give suggestions for electoral reforms.
Answer:
See the answer to Question Number 15.

Question 19.
List the major functions of the Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Major functions of the Election Commission of India:
a) Preparing the voters’ list correctly and scientifically. Giving appropriate instructions for its preparations and supervising its making.
b) Conducting the election of the President, Vice President, MPs, and MLAs.
c) Preparing time tables for elections.
d) The Commission has the right to cancel the polling of a particular booth or even the entire constituency if malpractices are detected. Threatening the voters, burning booths, taking away ballot boxes, etc. are very big crimes. If such things happen, the election in that constituency can be canceled. If such things happen only.in some booths, the polling there can be cancelled. On 23 November 1984, the Election Commission ordered re-polling in 78 booths all over the country.
e) The Commission appoints Returning Officers and Asstt. Returning Officers.
f) The Commission allots different political parties their symbols.
g) It is the Commission that approves political parties to contest in the election. It decides what kind of recognition is given to each political party, whether State Level or National Level. In the November 1989 Lok Sabha elections, the Commission recognized 9 parties as National level Parties.
h) The Commission ensures that only those who have voting rights vote. It also has to prevent impersonation during voting.
i) It is the duty of the Commission to establish booths at convenient places so that voters won’t have to
travel long distances.
j) The Commission has to make sure that ballot boxes are collected after the election and kept away securely. It also has to ensure that the counting of votes is done fairly and declare the results.
k) The Commission brings out the code of conduct for the political parties and independent candidates.
l) It also has to control and guide the Officers appointed by the Union Government and State Governments to conduct elections.
m) All election results are declared by the Election Commission.

Question 20.
Explain the features of Hare System.
Answer:
The system of Single Transferable Vote is known as Hare system. The person who invented this system was Thomas Hare, a British man. He mentioned this system in his book “Machinery of Representation” in 1851. Later in his book “The Election of Representatives” he elaborated this concept. Andrea, who was the Finance Minister of Denmark, used this system in his country. Then it was also known as the Andrea System. In giving his vote, the voter gives his preferences and therefore this system is also called Preferential System. In the Republic of Ireland, South Africa and Canada this system is followed.

Question 21.
List the category of people having no voting rights in India.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution gives equal and non- discriminatory voting rights to its citizens. But there are some conditions in which citizens are denied this right. The following groups have no voting rights:

• Those who have not reached the voting age.
• Those who do not stay in India.
• Mentally afflicted people.
• Criminals (who are punished for corruption and election malpractices).
• Those whose names do not appear in the voters’ list.

Question 22.
The Direct Representational System prevailing in India
Answer:
First Past the Post System

Question 23.
By what name is the FPTP known?
a) Simple Majority System
b) Relative Majority System
c) Plurality System
d) All of the above
Answer:
All of the above

Question 24.
In 1881, ………… suggested the method for finding the Quota.
Answer:
Henry Richmond Droop

Question 25.
The proponent of the Hare System is …………
Answer:
Thomas Hare

Question 26.
The first Election Commissioner in India is
Answer:
SukumarSen

You can Download Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 2 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution

Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which are the fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:

• Rights to Equality (14-18)
• Right to Freedom (19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (23-24)
• Right to Religious Freedom (25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Right (29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (32)

Question 2.
What is Bill of Rights?
Answer:
In the Constitution, there is a list of the rights of the citizens. The list of rights mentioned in, and protected by, the Constitution is called Bill of Rights. This Bill of Rights prohibits the government from doing things against the rights of the citizens. When people’s. rights are violated, the Bill of Rights gives them the remedies to seek redress.

Question 3.
Which among the following is not a fundamental right?
a) Right to Freedom
b) Right to Equality
c) Right to Property
d) Right against Exploitation
Answer:
Right to Property

Question 4.
What are the freedoms assured to citizens under Right to Freedom?
Answer:

• Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
• Right to call to attend meetings
• Right to organize
• Right to travel
• Right to have shelter
• Right to work, trade, commerce and industry

Question 5.
Prepare a seminar report on the topic ‘Fundamental Rights’.
Answer:
The +1 Political Science students of Kasargod Government HSS organized a seminar on the topic ‘Fundamental Rights’. Prior to the seminar, the students were divided into 6 groups and they discussed the topic. The leaders of each group presented the ideas of their group.

Contents:
a) Right to Equality: This is the basic tenet of the Indian Constitution. It has been made clear in the Preamble itself. In the past, there was no equality in the Indian society. So the Right to Equality is very important. About the Right to Equality, there are clear statements in the 3rd chapter, Articles between 14 and 18. The Right to Equality includes the following:

• Equality before Law, Equal Protection of Laws
• Protection from Discrimination
• Equality of Opportunity in employment
• Eradication of Untouchability Non-award of Titles

b) Right to Freedom

• Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
• Right to call to attend meetings
• Right to organize
• Right to travel,
• Right to have shelter
• Right to work, trade, commerce and industry
• Protection from undue punishment
• Individual freedom and freedom to live
• Protection against illegal arrests and imprisonment

c) Right against Exploitation:

• Articles 23 and 24 guarantees the Right against Exploitation.
• Article 23 bans immoral acts, slavery and bonded. labour.
• Child labour is prohibited.

d) Right to Freedom of Religion:
a) The Indian Constitution envisages the nation to be secular and democratic. So it gives religious freedom.
b) The Right to Religion is described in Articles 25-28.
Article 25 – The right to accept any religion and propagate it.
Article 26 – To make religious institutions and to acquire property.
Article 27 – The money used for religious purposes is tax exempted.
Article 28 – To conduct religious instructions in certain institutions.
e) Cultural and Educational Rights:

• All minorities can establish educational institutions and run them.
• Minorities are given protection in their language, script, & culture.

f) Right to Constitutional Remedies: It is not enough to list a number of rights in the Constitution. For citizens to practice them and protect them against their violations there should’provision. Right to Constitutional Remedies helps citizens to enjoy their rights. Dr Ambedkar called this Right as the “Heart and Soul” of the Constitution. This Right ensures that citizens are guaranteed of their fundamental rights. This gives Constitutional protection to the fundamental rights.
WRITS (Court Orders):
a) Habeas Corpus
b) Mandamus
c) Writ of Prohibition
d) Certiorari
e) Quo Warranto

Question 6.
What do you mean by Habeas Corpus?
Answer:
It is the Court Order to release somebody from illegal or unjust confinement

Question 7.
Indian Judiciary puts forward Writs in protecting fundamental rights. What are the various Writs?
Answer:
There are 5 Writs:

1. Habeas Corpus
2. Mandamus
3. Writ of Prohibition
4. Certiorari
5. Quo Warranto

Question 8.
Which among the following is a political right?
Answer:

• Right to Property
• Right to Vote
• Right to life
• Right to get wages

Question 9.
Examine the changes that happened in the status of Right to Property after the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.
Answer:
The 44th Amendment of 1978 removed the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it a legal right.

Question 10.
Point out the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens.
Answer:
In the 4th Chapter, Article 51-A, we have the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens. These were borrowed from the Russian Constitution. Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens:-

• Obey the Constitution and respect its principles and institutions, the national flag and the national anthem.
• Respect and obey the great principles that energized our independence struggle.
• Protect and maintain the sovereignty, unity and • indivisibility of India.
• Defend the nation. When needed, give national service.
• Over and above the differences of religion, language, and region, grow a sense of unity and fraternity among people. Don’t do things that will injure the dignity of women.
• Protect our diverse culture and rich heredity.
• Protect and improve our environment – its forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife. Be sympathetic to all creatures.
• Develop a sense of science and humanity and a zeal for research and renewal.
• Protect public property and avoid violence.
• Work hard to prove yourself in personal and social spheres. Thus make the nation reach greater heights.
• It is the duty of the father or the guardian to ensure

Question 11.
Which day is observed as the Human Rights Day?
Answer:
10 December.

Question 12.
Directive Principles are included in the …. part of the Indian Constitution
Answer:
Fourth (IVth).

Question 13.
Prepare a note on the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
The 4th section of the Indian Constitution deals with the DPSP. These were borrowed from the Irish Constitution. They do not have legal backing. The DP’s can be divided into 3 – Gandhian Ideas, Socialist Principles, and Liberal principles.
Gandhian Ideas:

• formation of grama panchayats
• Development of rural industries
• Prohibition (of alcohol)
• Modem methods of agriculture and animal husbandry
• Protecting the interests of the Backward classes especially Scheduled Castes and Tribes

Socialist Principles:

• A just social order
• Right to livelihood
• Equal pay for equal work
• Avoid inequality
• Fair distribution of wealth
• Freedom from exploitation
• Fair and humane conditions at workplaces
• Prevention of the accumulation of wealth in a few private hands.

Liberal Principles:

• Formation of a Common Civil Code for the nation.
• Compulsory free education to all children below 14.
• Protect the national monuments of historical importance.
• Separate the Executive from the Judiciary.
• Help in the growth of international peace and security.

Question 14.
Categorize the following into Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties.
1. Freedom to make organizations
2. Respect for the national flag and the national anthem
3. Protecting public property
4. Equal pay for equal work
5. Free legal help
6. Compulsory education for children
7. Common feeling of fraternity
8. No forced labour
9. Remedy by Courts
Answer:
Fundamental Rights

• Freedom to make organizations
• No forced labor
• Remedy by Courts

Directive Principles:

• Equal pay for equal work
• Free legal help
• Compulsory education for children

Fundamental Duties

• Respect for the national flag and the national anthem
• Protecting public property
• Common feeling of fraternity

Question 15.
Which of the Fundamental Rights is, in your opinion, the most important? Why?
Answer:
The Right to Constitutional Remedies. In the absence of this Right, the other five rights may be denied or violated. That is why the Right to Constitutional Remedies is qualified as the heart and soul of the Constitution. Therefore the most important right is the Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Question 16.
Which of the following is a violation of Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
a) Making children work
b) Banning a film
c) Banning a book
d) Banning the use of loudspeakers after 10 pm
e) Making a speech
Answer:
Make children work

Question 17.
Construct a table showing the differences between FR and DPSP.
Answer:

Question 18.
What is the relevance, of the National Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission stands for the protection of Human Rights. It has the power to prevent Human Rights violations and if there are violations to give ways to solve the problem and take legal action against the violators.

Question 19.
Who is the current Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
Justice K.G. Balakrishnan

Question 20.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 21.
In what circumstances was the Nehru Committee formed?
Answer:
In 1927, the British Government appointed the Simon Commission to make a report orrthe Constitutional reforms to be implemented in India. All the members of this Commission were British. Therefore all the parties, including Congress, boycotted the Commission. When the protest against the Commission became very strong, the British challenged Indian leaders to make a Constitution that will be acceptable to all. The leaders accepted this challenge and appointed a sub-committee to draft the Constitution. Motilal Nehru was its chairman. In 1928, the Nehru Committee submitted its report. This is called the Nehru Report.

Question 22.
Explain the different types of Writs.
Answer:
a) Habeas Corpus: It is a Latin phrase to mean ‘Produce the Body’. This is an order which is against keeping people in illegal custody or prison. This is an order by the High Court or Supreme Court to present an arrested or detained person in the court within a certain time. If the Court feels that the person was arrested or detained without valid reason, it may order his immediate release. Habeas Corpus Writ can be issued even to individuals and organizations who may keep people in unlawful custody.
b) Mandamus: This Latin word means “We order”. When a government official does not do his duty and by that if somebody’s rights have been violated the Court issues a Mandamus. By this Writ the Court is asking the official to carry out his responsibility.
c) Prohibition: When Lower Courts step beyond their jurisdiction or act against natural justice, the higher courts (High Court or Supreme Court) issue this Writ. For example, a higher court may prohibit a judge from hearing a case in which he has some personal interest.
d) Certiorari: It is a Latin word meaning “to give information about something”. This is a Writ by which a case is moved from a lower court to a higher court. There is a difference between Prohibition and Certiorari. Prohibition is issued to prevent a lower court from exceeding its jurisdiction. Burt Certiorari is when a lower court has exceeded its limits and the higher court intervenes.
e) Quo Warranto: This Lain phrase means “By what authority”. It is a Writ issued by the High Court or Supreme Court preventing a person from occupying a post without the necessary qualifications. Through this, the Court has the right to remove an undeserving person from his position. This Writ is applicable to Public (Government) offices or jobs. Private companies won’t be affected by Quo Warranto.

Question 23.
What do Directive Principles contain?
Answer:
There are mainly three things in them:

1. Suggestions regarding the goals of the nation.
2. Suggestions for the formulation of the national policies.
3. Rights that are not defendable in Courts.

Question 24.
Which Committee was the first one to put forward the demand for fundamental rights?
Answer:
Motilal Nehru Committee

Question 25.
In the Constitution, the articles dealing with the Right to Religion are:
a) 25 to 26
b) 25 to 27
c) 25 to 28
d) 25 to 29
Answer:
25 to 28

Question 26.
Who was the first Chairman of the first National Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
Ranganath Mishra

Question 27.
It was the ……. Amendment that removed the Right to Property from the Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
44^th

You can Download Chapter 1 Constitution: Why and How Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Constitution: Why and How

Constitution: Why and How Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State different definitions of Constitution.
Answer:
Woolsey: Constitution is the collection of principles according to which the powers of the government, the rights of the governed and the relations between the two are adjusted.
Mclver: Constitution is a collection of laws that administers the nation and represents a will that is above nation.
Prof. A.V. Dicey Constitution is the collection of laws that affect, directly or indirectly, the sovereignty and its use and distribution.

Question 2.
Why do we need a Constitution?
Answer:
Constitution is the basic document of a nation. The government of any country works according to certain rules. Constitution is the basic document which describes the structure of the Nation, the rights of the government, the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities. Lack of a Constitution will lead to anarchy.

Question 3.
Who among the following is known as the father of the Indian Constitution?
a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
b) K.M. Munshi
c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Question 4.
Constitution mainly performs 5 functions. Point out the functions.
Answer:

• Give basic laws to bring about unity among the members of the society. Ensure that the laws are obeyed by all.
• Decide who is the authority to take decisions in the society.
• Limit the powers of the government.
• Enable the government to realize the goals and desires of the society.
• Give a fundamental identity to the people.

Question 5.
Who was the chairman of the drafting committee of the Indian constitution?
Answer:
Dr. B.R: Ambedkar

Question 6.
Constitutions are mainly 4 types. On the basis of this, complete the following chart.

Answer:

Question 7.
Prepare a short note on the authority of a Constitution.
Answer:
Constitution is the basic document of a nation. The government of any country works according to certain rules. Constitution is the basic document which describes the structure of the Nation, the rights of the government, the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities. A Constitution lays the foundation for the working of* nation. In the absence of a Constitution, the smooth working of the government will be made uncertain and the rights of the citizens might be violated. The lack of a Constitution, which clearly defines the powers of the government and the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities, will lead to anarchy. A country then ceases to be a nation.

Question 8.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 9.
Prepare a note on the making of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
According to the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission in 1946, a Constitution Making Committee was formed in India. Its chairman was Dr. Rajendra Prasad. The making of the Constitution was done by the Drafting Committee. Dr. Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee. The Group was divided into 8 important Committees and by the end of 1948, the draft was made ready. After many discussions and debates lasting for a whole year, the Indian Parliament approved the Constitution and it came into effect on 26 January 1950.

Question 10.
State the main points of the Objective Resolution
Answer:
a) India is an independent sovereign republic.
b) India will be a Union of the earlier British Indian territories, Princely States, and other regions that want to be in the Indian Union.
c) The regions in the Indian Union will have self-rule. Except in the subjects vested in the Union, the regions will have full powers over the government and administration.
d) All the powers of independent sovereign India and the Constitution come from the people of India.
e) All people of India are guaranteed social, economic and political justice.
t) Due protection will be given to minorities, backward tribal territories, Scheduled Castes and Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.
g) In conformity with justice and laws of other nations, the unity of the Republic, and sovereignty over its land, sea, and air will be maintained.
h) The country will generously contribute to the maintenance of peace and security of the world and for the welfare of humanity.

Question 11.
How many Committees were formed as part of the making of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
There were 8 Committees:

1. Rules Committee
2. Steering Committee
3. Advisory Committee
4. Drafting Committee
5. Union Subjects Committee
6. States Committee
7. Provincial Constitution Committee
8. Union Constitution Committee

Question 12.
Identify the factors required for the successful working of a Constitution.
Answer:

• A just and free law and order system.
• A Written Constitution.
• Clearly defined powers of the Parliament, Judiciary and Executive.
• Rule of Law

Question 13.
State whether the following statements are True or False.
Answer:

• A Constitution is a written document which specifies the formation and powers of the government.
• A Constitution is necessary only in democratic countries and only in such countries will constitutions work.
• A Constitution is a legal document. It does not talk about morals and values.
• A Constitution gives the citizens a new identity.
• The ruling government can change the Constitution as it pleases.

Question 14.
Various provisions of the Indian Constitution are borrowed from different world constitutions. Prepare a note showing this fact.
Answer:
Provisions taken from other constitutions:
From the British Constitution:

• First Past the Post System
• Parliamentary Democracy
• Rule of Law
• The Institution of the Speaker and his role
• Law-making procedure

From the US Constitution:

• Fundamental Rights
• Independent Judiciary and Judicial Review
• Preamble

From the Canadian Constitution:

• Semi-Federal Government
• Powerful Central Government
• Mobility Rights

Irish Constitution:

• Directive Principles of State Policy

French Constitution:

• Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

Question 15.
Match the columns A and B.

Answer:

Question 16.
Prepare a note on the inheritance from the national movement. Bring out the relevance of the Objective Resolution
Answer:
The members of the various sections of the Constitution-Making Committee worked with great cooperation. The reason for this was they had a consensus about the main principles to be included in the Constitution. These principles were formulated during the long period of the independence struggle. The National Movement had discussed extensively about the relevant questions regarding the Constitution. The leaders had already formed an idea about the form of the government, the values it has to uphold and the inequalities it had to overcome.

The ideas received from the National Movement were incorporated in the Constitution. The Objective Resolution was the best principle that the Constitution Making Committee received from the National meeting of the Assembly in December 1946. The Objective Resolution defined the goals of the Assembly. It presented a summary of the values and aspirations which were the basis of the Constitution. These values that were in the Objective Resolution prompted the decision regarding the ultimate goal. It was based on this the Constitution made sure that the principles of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, sovereignty, and universal brotherhood are guaranteed in writing. The Objective Resolution later became a springboard of the Indian Constitution.

Question 17.
The Indian Constitution came into force on ………..
Answer:
26 January 1950

Question 18.
The ………. is a combined document that includes many articles about the nation.
Answer:
Constitution

Question 19.
Who was the Chairman of the Constitutional Assembly?
a) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
b) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Question 20.
How many Committees did the Constitution Assembly have?
Answer:
8

Question 21.
It was from the Constitution that we borrowed the concept of a Republic.
Answer:
French

You can Download Development Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 10 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Development

Development Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term development? Would all sections of the society benefit from such a definition of development?
Answer:
Development and democracy are mutually related concepts. The basis of development is the fruitful democratic participation by different sections of the society in different spheres. The word development is used in two senses:
1) Make economic grow that a high rate, achieve certain goals, complete various projects.
2) Development brings prosperity to people and their standard of life gets better.
Development aims at gains. Only if there are gains, there can be development.

Question 2.
Development has two meanings-narrow and broad. What is the difference between them?
Answer:
Development has meanings at two levels – narrow and broad. In its narrow sense, it means increasing the rate of economic growth or modernizing the society. In its broad sense, it means bringing progress, welfare, prosperity and the desire fora better life.

Question 3.
Explain the challenges of development.
Answer:
The more important challenges of development are poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of basic infrastructure. In India, there are Constitutional provisions and some other Agencies that work for the social and economic development of the country. The primary aims of the Constitution are justice, equality, freedom, and fraternity. Governments exist for the realizing the goals set by the Constitution and to bring progress in all spheres, especially social and economic development.

Question 4.
Point out the criticisms of development models.
Answer:
As developing nations take loans from the World Bank, they fall into the debt trap.

• The fruits of development reach only a small section of the people.
• People without resistance power are forcefully sent away from their habitat.
• Industrialization created environmental problems.
• Overuse of fertilizers and insecticides poisons the soil.

Question 5.
What are the social costs of development? Give examples.
Answer:
The social costs of development are quite high. Because of the construction of huge dams, industrial works, mining and such other things many people had to be sent away from their abodes and they had to be rehabilitated elsewhere. Because of the loss of their homes and land, the people lose their means of livelihood and poverty is the result. They lose their traditional job skills. They also lose their cultural moorings. For example, for the development of the Kannur airport, many families had to be evacuated.

Question 6.
Discuss some of the ecological costs of development pursued in most countries.
Answer:
The ecological costs of development are beyond calculation. Still, environmental destruction goes on. Here are some of the ill-effects of development:
a. Air and water pollution.
b. Increase in global warming (increase in the warmth of the atmosphere because of the emission of green gases).
c. Depletion of the Ozone layer (CFCs – Chlorofluorocarbons – used in air-conditioners, etc. cover the atmosphere and this results in the depletion.)
d. Overuse of fertilizers and insecticides poison the soil.
e. The ruin caused to the flora and fauna.
f. Overuse of non-renewable sources of energy and the resultant environmental damage.
g. Deforestation and its ill-effects.

Question 7.
Economic growth cannot be assessed by the number of cell-phones in the country. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
I agree with this statement. Because of the globalization policy and the progress in technology cell-phones have become very common and cheap. Even very poor people can afford to have cell-phones now. Therefore looking at the number of cell-phones in the country, its development cannot be assessed.

Question 8.
Prepare a note on Human Development Index (HDI).
Answer:
The HDI is used to measure the welfare of a country. It is the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) that prepares this. Three things are taken into consideration for making HDI. They are:
a) Life Span,
b) Education and
c) Standard of Living.
According to the 2010 HDI, India’s rank is 119.

Question 9.
Identify the factors standing in the way of India’s development.
Answer:
Some of the factors standing in the way of India’s development are poverty, unemployment, feudalism, inequality, casteism, corruption, communalism, nepotism, lack of basic infrastructure, illiteracy, lack of capital, energy crisis, lack of latest technology and environmental challenges.

Question 10.
Joby: There are several limitations for the present development models.
Jornon : They can be overcome by a new development strategy.
On the basis on this conversation, prepare a note on the alternative concepts of development.
Answer:
There are certain shortcomings in the present development models. By solving those shortcomings and employing a new strategy we can bring progress in all spheres. Here are some suggestions:
a) Respect people’s rights: When development projects are implemented, it may be beneficial to some sections of the society but harmful to others. For example, when an airport’ is constructed it will help in increasing travel facilities but it will adversely affect many others who will have to be relocated to other places. Their rights for equality, freedom, justice, and democracy are also to be respected in the alternative concept of development.
b) Another problem that is stressed in the alternative concept of development is about the ownership of natural resources. Whose are they? Are they of the local people, of the nation or of the entire humanity? If the natural resources are owned by mankind, even the future generation has some claim on them. It is the duty of the government to solve all these problems.
c) Ensure people participation in the development models.
d) Development and environmental protection should go hand in hand.

Question 11.
Narrate how development and lifestyle are related to each other.
Answer:
Development and lifestyle should conform to the environmental well-being. People should try to protect natural resources and use renewable energy sources. Rainwater harvesting, solar and biogas plants, small scale hydroelectric projects, manufacturing organic fertilizers, etc. are related to lifestyle.

Question 12.
What can be the role of democracy in development?
Answer:
Development and democracy are mutually related concepts. The basis of development is the fruitful democratic participation by different sections of the society in different spheres. Real development ensures the protection of the democratic rights of the society.

Question 13.
Name some of the organizations for environmental protection.
Answer:

• Narmada BachaoAndolan
• Chipko Movement
• Satra-Sahitya Parishad
• Go-Green

Question 14.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 15.
What do you man Basic Needs Approach?
Answer:
Basic Needs Approach is a process that ensures man’s basic needs like food, education, health, shelter, etc. If the basic needs of a person are not satisfied, he can’t live a decent life or progress in life as he desires. According to this view starvation deaths and child labor are indicators of nondevelopment.

Question 16.
Prepare a note on world efforts to protect environment and sustainable development.
Answer:
It was in the 19th century that organizations for the protection of environment originated. They came as a protest against industrialization. But it was in the second half o the 20th century that environmental protection attracted world attention. This awakening was caused by the book “The Quiet Spring” written by the American scientist Rachel Carson. She warned the world against the overuse of fertilizers and insecticides which harm man and nature. It paved the away to establish a new discipline called Environmental Knowledge. Many environmental organizations are active now for the protection of the environment. There are Movements for the preservation of forests, against the construction of huge dams and for preserving rivers.

Green Peace, World Life Fund and Chipko Movement are famous environmental organizations. Chipko Movement was organized to protect the Himalayan forests. Environmentalists say that man must learn to co-exist with Nature in a mutually beneficial way. Man should not exploit nature for his greed and selfishness. Now people are overexploiting natural resources. If we go on like this we will be leaving only deserts, poisoned rivers and polluted atmosphere to the future generations. They ask the government to implement plans to make industries eco-friendly. The 1992 Rio (in Brazil) Earth Summit asked the government s to ensure that development is in conformity with the protection of nature and the environment. This development model is known as sustainable development.

Question 17.
It was …….. who developed the Human Development Index.
Answer:
Mehboob-UI-Haq

Question 18.
Who wrote the book ‘Silent Spring’?
Answer:
Rachel Carson

Question 19.
In which did the Earth Summit take place?
a) 1990
b) 1992
c) 1998
d) 2002
Answer:
1992

Question 20.
Development in which the environment is protected is called ……….
Answer:
Sustainable Development

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Peace

Peace Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Peace.
Answer:
Peace is the absence of war, revolt, mass murders, killings, and physical attacks. The satyagraha and non-violence preached by our Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi was for peace.

Question 2.
“Peace is generally defined as the absence of war.” Do you agree with this statement?
Answer:
I don’t agree with it fully. It is not merely the absence of war, but also the absence of violent acts like revolt, mass murders, killings, and physical attacks.

Question 3.
There are several great personalities who tried to maintain world peace. Name some of them.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Mother Theresa, Martin Luther King (Jr), Abraham Lincoln.

Question 4.
Point out some events that destroyed world peace.
Answer:
Attack on the World Trade Centre
Terrorist attacks by Al-Qaida terrorists
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.

Question 5.
There are different kinds of structural violence arising from several sources. What does structural violence mean? What are its different forms?
Answer:
Structural violence is the violence that originates from social institutions and practices. Casteism, Class distinction, male domination, colonialism, tribalism, racism, communalism, etc. can produce structural violence.

Question 6.
Complete the following chart:

Answer:

Question 7.
Which day is observed as the International Peace Day?
Answer:
27

Question 8.
Observe the picture. In our patriarchal society, discrimination against women is ever increasing day by day. Identify them.

Answer:

• Dowry-related violence
• Domestic violence
• Not giving women proper representation
• Not giving equality in religious matters
• Rapes and molestations
• Female foeticide

Question 9.
There are three different approaches in pursuit of peace. Explain those approaches.
Answer:
a) Give importance to nations.
b) Give stress to mutual dependence of nations.
c) Give stress to the growth of a global community.
The UNO, which was formed to maintain world peace and to prevent wars, has all these 3 approaches.

Question 10.
Name the organizations working for maintaining world peace.
Answer:

• World Red Cross Society
• Gandhi Peace Foundation
• United Nations Organization
• Non-Aligned Movement

Question 11.
Do you think that violence can ever promote peace?
Answer:
No, it can’t. Violence is not a means of peace. Non-violence is the way to lasting peace.

Question 12.
Evaluate Gandhiji’s approach to non-violence.
Answer:
The greatest pers5n who argued for peace and non-violence in the 20th century was Gandhiji. He argued for non-violent resistance. Gandhiji used to say: “The goal does not justify the means. Just like the goal, the means also must be pure.” There are people who consider non-violence as helplessness and cowardice. Some people argue that non-violence is the means of protest of the weak. But Gandhiji put forward a new kind of non-violence. According to Gandhiji, non-violence isn’t merely not harming a person physically or mentally, but also keeping away from thoughts of harming him.

Gandhiji gave non-violence a creative meaning. To him, non-violence should be an active power to do things for the welfare of others. Non-violent resistance can take the form of protects. Civil Disobedience Movement was such a protest. Another form was satyagraha. The Civil Disobedience Movement and the satyagraha Gandhiji organized put the British in a dilemma. People like Martin Luther King (Jr) and Nelson Mandela were influenced by Gandhiji.

Question 13.
“Often the State creates obstacles to peace.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
I do agree with it. There are countries in the world which encourage and support terrorism.

Question 14.
Prepare a note on the contemporary challenges to peace in the world.
Answer:
The UNO and World Peace: The primary objective of the UNO is international peace and security. Although the UNO has been able to prevent wars and establish peace in many parts of the world, it is controlled by Western Powers and this is a threat to world peace. Terrorism: The attack on the World Trade Centre on II September 2001 was a big shock to the endeavors to peace in the world. Terrorists have chemical, biological and atomic weapons in their possession and this is a great threat to world peace. Ethnic Cleansing: Secessionist Movements, Racism, etc. are great threats to peace. The non-cooperation of many countries in Disarmament is also a challenge to world peace.

Question 15.
Match the following

Answer:

Question 16.
Suggest 3 approaches to maintain peace.
Answer:
a) Give importance to nations.
b) Give stress to mutual dependence of nations.
c) Give stress to the growth of a global community.

Question 17.
Point out non-violent efforts to promote peace.
Answer:
Lovers of peace recommend protests like Civil Disobedience when struggling against exploitative governments. Satyagraha used by Gandhiji during our independence struggle is an example for this. Through Satyagraha Gandhiji tried to awaken the sense of justice and fair play in the British. When he failed there, he organized Civil Disobedience Movement. This Movement breached some harsh laws and put moral and political pressure on the British government. Although non-violent, these things shook the foundations of the British Raj. Getting inspired by Gandhiji, Martin Luther King (Jr) started a similar movement in the US. He led protests against the discrimination against Blacks in the 1960s.

Question 18.
What is usually defined as ‘the absence of war’?
Answer:
Peace

Question 19.
Who is the spokesperson of Non-Violence?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

Question 20.
From the following, find out the form of structural violence:
a) Caste hierarchy
b) Class difference
c) Colonialism
d) all of these
Answer:
all of these

Question 21.
Causing physical injury is usually called
Answer:
Violence

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Secularism

Secularism Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by secularism?
Answer:
When a country has no official religion and its Constitution grants the individuals and society religious freedom, it will be called a secular nation. The basic tenet secularism is prosperity to all. Some countries in the world have official religions. Such countries are called theocracies. India is a secular State whereas Pakistan is a theocracy.

Question 2.
Which among the following are compatible with the idea of secularism? Give reasons.
i) A religious group does not dominate other religious groups.
ii) Government recognizes one religion as official.
iii) All religions get equal support from the nation.
iv) Making prayers compulsory in schools.
v) Granting minority communities special educational institutions.
vi) Government appointing managing committees for temples.
vii) Interference by the government to let Dalits enter temples.
Answer:
i) A religious group does not dominate other religious groups.
ii) All religions get equal support from the nation.
iii) Granting minority communities special educational institutions.
iv) Interference by the government to let Dalits enter temples.
All the above 4 things encourage secularism.

Question 3.
Explain the right to freedom of religion.
Answer:
Freedom of Religion is the basic tenet of secularism. Through the Fundamental Rights, the Indian Constitution has given the right to its citizens to believe in the religion of their choice, to establish places of worship and worship there and to propagate their religion. Articles 25 to 30 deal with secularism. In the Preamble also there is a declaration that India is a secular State.

Question 4.
Give the meaning of a secular state.
Answer:
India is a secular State. India has no official religion. The Constitution promises freedom of religion to individuals and the society. The Nation does not insist on people following any particular religion and it does not discriminate against any religion. The basic tenet secularism is prosperity to all. Some countries in the world have official religions. Such countries are called theocracies.

In India, the Government is concerned with the social, economic and political wellbeing of the people. Spiritual matters are left to individuals. In its Preamble and the Fundamental Rights, the Constitution proves that India is a secular State. Indian citizens have the freedom to choose the religion of their liking. Article 25 of the Constitution grants religious freedom to people subject to peace and morality. People can follow any religion and also propagate it. The Nation has ensured the necessary conditions for secularism.

Question 5.
Suggest the ways in which communal harmony can be promoted.
Answer:
a) Encourage humanitarian ideas.
b) Limit religion to your personal life.
c) Encourage marriage between members of different religions.
d) Encourage religious tolerance.
e) Encourage the participation of the members of other religions in your religious celebrations.
f) Ostracise people who tend to spread religious animosity.
g) Include the basic ideas of secularism in the school curriculum.

Question 6.
Some of the characteristics of Western and Indian model of secularism have got mixed up in the following table. Separate them and make a new table.

Answer:

Question 7.
Do you think a secular state is necessary to establish secularism?
Answer:
Yes, I do. To establish secularism a secular state is necessary. In Theocracy which is the opposite of secular state, the State has an official religion. The State gives special consideration to develop that religion. Therefore the rights of other religious groups will be ignored. In a secular state, all religions are treated equally and so for having secularism a secular state is essential.

Question 8.
Religious domination is of two types. Identify them.
Answer:
a) Inter-Religious Domination
b) Intra-Religious Domination

Question 9.
Point out the activities against secularism in our society.
Answer:
a) Compulsory religious conversion.
b) Persecution of minorities
c) Pleasing the minorities (Minoritism)
d) Casteism and religious chauvinism
e) Vote Bank Politics
f) Demand for Secession.

Question 10.
Is religious freedom a fundamental right?
Answer:
Yes, it is.

Question 11.
Complete the following chart.
Answer:

Answer:

Question 12.
Do you think that vote bank politics is against secularism in India?
Answer:
Yes, I do. If political parties make promises to religious groups, when they come to power they have to do something for those groups as a matter of showing gratitude. Such actions will be anti¬secular and will be against the common good of the nation.

Question 13.
Secularism does not allow us to have religious identity. Do you agree?
Answer:
No, I don’t. In a secular state one can believe in the religion of his choice, worship the god he likes and can propagate his religion if he wants. Therefore the concept of secularism is not anti-religious. Secularism ensures equal rights and equal consideration,to all religions. It does not also distinguish between theists and atheists.

Question 15.
“Secularism is against inequality within a religious group or between different religious groups.” Give your opinion.
Answer:
I agree with the statement. The basic tenet of secularism is that all members of the same religious group must have equal rights. An example can be seen in the interference of the government against the social evils that were prevalent in Hinduism. There was the Temple Entry Declaration. Through that all Hindus were allowed entry into the temple. In the same way inequalities among different religious groups are not encouraged by the State.

Question 16.
Prepare a seminar paper on “Criticism of Indian Secularism”.
Answer:
The +1 students of HSS Irinjalakuda organized a seminar on the topic “Criticism of Indian Secularism”. The students were divided into 6 groups. Each group discussed the topic and,the group leaders presented the points in the class.
a) Anti-Religious: Some people argue that secularism is anti-religious. The reason for this belief is the fact that secularism is against the dominance of established powerful religions. But this and anti¬religion are quite different. Some people also argue that secularism is a threat to individual’s religion.
This also is wrong. Secularism nourishes religious freedom. It is not a threat to a person’s religion or his beliefs. But secularism is against certain questionable practices like propagating violence, intolerance and fanaticism. Secularism encourages the good things in religion but opposes the bad things.
b) Western Import: Another criticism is that Indian secularism is related to Christianity. It means secularism is something Western and it is inappropriate with Indian circumstances. This s a strange argument. Don’t we see thousands of things around us which are not Indian?
If people say that when a country is secular it should have its own goal it is good and relevant. Western secularism came as a challtenge to the religious leaders who tried to control the social and political matters of the nation. Then how can it be said that Western secularism is connected to Christianity? Moreover Western secularism asks religion and government to keep their hands off each other. For the idea of separating the state form religion, different societies give different interpretations. A secular government keeps a respectable distance from religion. It is done to maintain peace among different communities. At the same time the government will interfere for the protection of minority rights.
c) Minoritism: This is another criticism that is levelled against Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism stands for the rights of minorities. Let’s look at this example: 4 people are traveling in a train. One wants to smoke. Another person objects. The other two are smokers and so they keep quiet. So there is a problem. If a decision is to be taken democratically, and the matter put to vote, the person objecting to smoking will lose. It may look just. But is it just if we look from the angle of the person who objected to smoking? He may be allergic to smoke. Here the voting system does not work. Here the right of minority should be protected.
d) Vote Bank Politics: Another criticism is that Indian secularism encourages vote bank politics. From experience, this criticism is not fully unjustified. It has to be assessed correctly. It is natural that in a democracy politicians seek votes. It is part of their work. They might give some promises to get the votes of certain sections. There is no point in blaming them for that. The real question is why they seek the votes. It is for selfish interests? Is it for getting into power? Or is it because of their desire to do something for the welfare of certain sections? If the politicians win after getting the votes of some sections and if they fail to do something for them, they will accuse the politicians. In fact, if politicians seek the minority votes and win and if they do something for the welfare of the minorities, it should be seen as the success of secularism. One of the goals of secularism is protecting the rights of the minorities.
e) Interventionist: Critics argue that Indian secularism has a controlling nature and it interferes in the religious freedom of various communities. This is a wrong interpretation of Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism does not deny the idea that government should not interfere in religious matters. But it does not approve over-interference in religious affairs. Indian secularism keeps a principled-distance from religion. This means government may or may not interfere in religious affairs. This interference is not by the use of force.
f) Impossible Project: Critics say that it is difficult for people with so much of religious differences to live together in peace and therefore secularism is impractical and thus invalid. This is a wrong argument. The history of Indian civilization and that of the Ottoman Empire show that peaceful co¬existence is possible even with different religions. Indian secularism has become a model for other countries to emulate. The effects of globalization have helped here. With increased globalization, there has been an increased migration of people all over the world. From the ex-colonies, people migrated into the Western world. This made religious diversities become strong in Europe, America and some parts of West Asia.

Question 16.
Who used the term secularism for the first time?
Answer:
George Holyoake, a British writer used the term secularism for the first time, in 1851.

Question 17.
Prepare a note on Vote Bank Politics.
Answer:
It is natural that in, a democracy politicians seek votes. It is part of their work. They might give some promises to get the votes of certain sections. There is no point in blaming them for that. The real question is why they seek the votes. It is for selfish interests? Is it for getting into power? Or is it because of their desire to do something for the welfare of certain sections? If the politicians win after getting the votes of some sections and if they fail to do something for them, they will accuse the politicians. In fact, if politicians seek the minority votes and win and if they do something for the welfare of the minorities, it should be seen as the success of secularism. One of the goals of secularism is protecting the rights of the minorities.

It is true that if the interests of the majority are sacrificed for the interest of the minorities, there will be another kind of injustice. But in India, we have no proof that such a thing has ever happened. In short, there is nothing wrong in Vote Bank Politics. Only unjust vote bank politics should be criticized.

Question 18.
It was …………. who used the term ‘secularism’ for the first time.
Answer:
George Holyoake

Question 19.
Which among the following can be considered as criticisms against Indian secularism?
a) Anti-religious
b) Minoritism
c) Western import
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

Question 20.
………… is opposed to any kind of religious dominance.
Answer:
Secularism

Question 21.
Two models of secularism are……….. and ……………
Answer:
Western and Indian

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Nationalism

Nationalism Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Nationalism has got two faces.” Explain.
Answer:
Nationalism has two faces – creative nationalism and destructive nationalism. Creative Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors that make up a nation. The creative nationalism we see in India is unity in diversity. Militant and aggressive nationalism is the opposite of creative nationalism. The WW II was the result of the militant and aggressive nationalism of the Nazis and Fascists.

Question 2.
What is nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors that make up a nation. Nationalism includes national styles, national expectations, national goals, national conflicts, national anthem, national flower, national flag and national symbol. Toynbee defines nationalism as the religion of modern nations.

Question 3.
“A nation is an imaginary society.” Do you agree with this opinion? Explain.
Answer:
I agree. Nationalism is the feeling that one is the son/daughter of a particular nation even if he/she is living in another country because of his/her work. For example, an Indian may work and live in Dubai or New York. But nationalism reminds him that he is a son of India and he should be loyal to her. He should be proud of the fact that he is an Indian and do all he can to keep her dignity up. The Palestine nationalism was even above territory. Even though there was no territory for Palestine, Palestine nationalism was very strong. The strong nationalism gave birth to the State of Palestine which now consists of West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Question 4.
Give examples of Indian nationalism.
Answer:

• National Anthem
• National Flag
• National symbol
• Ashoka Pillar

Question 5.
Common political identity is required for nation-building. Explain the factors that contribute towards nationalism.
Answer:
Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors of the political theory prevalent in the nation. The nationalism we see in India is unity in diversity. Indian nationalism is the feeling that we all are Indians. Without nationalism, no new nation can originate or survive. It is nationalism that supplies the basis for the building up of a nation. Loyalty to the nation, its strength, its power, and its working and the legality, etc. are emotions that are generated in the minds of people. In the background of nationalism, the common behavior of a nation can be analyzed. Nationalism includes national styles, national expectations, national goals, national conflicts, national anthem, national flower, national flag, and national symbol. Toynbee has said that. Nationalism is the religion of the modern nation. Factors that nourish Nationalism:
a) Shared Beliefs: It is some beliefs that help the formation of a nation. Nation is not a concrete thing like a building, river or forest that we can see and touch. Nation is a concept built around certain beliefs of the people. When we say that a people are a nation, we do not mean their physical behavior. Nation is a vision and a collective fellowship of people who wish to have their own separate identity. It is like a group of a team. They work for a common goal in a common fellowship. A nation can exist only as long as the people are deeply rooted in unity.
b) History: A people who consider themselves as a nation have a sense of a continuous historical existence. It is something that they can look back with pride and look forward to with hope. They have a common history based collective memories, legends and historical documents. Thus they acquire individuality as a nation. We can take our Indian nationalist leaders as examples. We point out our ancient civilization, cultural heritage and other past achievements, thus making a unique identity of our own.
c) Territory: Territory is another essential aspect of a nation. A nation has a separate area of land. There people will have lived together for long, shared their past, bringing a common identity to them. It helps them to think that they are one nation. That is why they can talk about their own country of birth.
d) Shared political ideals: Apart from the sense of a common history and some territory of their own, the people of a nation are persuaded to think of unity because of their common vision and goal for the future. They have some ideals quite peculiar to them and these also make a nation different from others.
e) Common Political Identity: Many people think that just because individuals have a common political vision regarding the society and the government, they can’t form a nation. They feel that something like a common language or common heredity is necessary to have the drive to form a nation. A common language or a common religion might bring about a common cultural Identity. When people celebrate the same feasts on the same day and actively take part in the festivities, they feel some kind of unity. But it is possible that in a democratic setup and democratic values, too much of religion may prove a threat.

Question 6.
Suggest some programs to develop nationalist feelings among students.
Answer:
Celebrating Independence Day, Republic Day and Gandhi Jayanthi in an appropriate manner. The singing of the national anthem every day in school. Organizing Patriotic songs, discussions on important national issues, Debates on issues of national interest, Competitions, etc. Making albums containing the pictures of national leaders, the history of India’s Independent struggle, etc.

Question 7.
What do you understand by the Right to Self-Determination? How has this idea resulted in both the formation of and challenges to nation-states?
Answer:
A nation has the freedom to take decisions on its own and carry them out without being pressurized by any external forces. In the present scenario of globalization and liberalization, there is a threat to the Right to Self-Determination. This will negatively affect nationalism and the continued existence of modem nations.

Question 8.
“Neither descent, nor language, nor religion, nor ethnicity can claim to be a common factor in nationalism all over the word.” Do you agree? Comment.
Answer:
I agree. Much more than the above factors, it is the unity in diversity that influences the nationalism of a nation. Nationalism is strengthened without any difference in religion, tribe, language and region.

Question 9.
Identify the factors leading to the destruction of nationalism.
Answer:
Religious fundamentalism
Casteism
Regionalism
Terrorism
Secessionist tendencies
Economic and Social inequalities
Unemployment
Nepotism
Dictatorship

Question 10.
“We have seen that nationalism can unite people as well as divide them, liberate them as well as generate bitterness and conflict.” Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.
Answer:
Indian nationalism led us to freedom and the integration of the Princely States. It also led to the division of the country. German nationalism led to the unification of Germany and later to World War II.

Question 11.
Prepare a table showing the differences between constructive nationalism and aggressive nationalism.
Answer:

Question 12.
It was ………… who called nation as an ‘imaginary society’.
Answer:
Benedict Anderson

Question 13.
A ………….. is a society which shares some special characteristics.
Answer:
Nation

Question 14.
Which among the following are the factors that constitute a nation?
a) Territory
b) Political identity
c) Common political principles
d) All of the above
Answer:
All of the above

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Citizenship

Citizenship Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is the membership of a nation. Citizens are those who are eligible to enjoy all the social and political rights of the nation. Citizens have some special rights and privileges in their own nation. Such special rights to the citizens are called citizenship rights.

Question 2.
Anand visited Germany with his family. There his wife gave birth to a child. Is the child an Indian citizen or not? Explain the process of getting Indian citizenship with suitable examples.
Answer:
The child is eligible for Indian citizenship. According to the citizenship laws of Germany, the child can also claim German citizenship. But a person can be a citizen of only one country.
These are the ways to get Indian citizenship:

• Natural citizenship by birth
• Citizenship through heredity
• Citizenship through Registration
• Citizenship through long or extended stay Citizenship acquired when an area is merged with the country.

Question 3.
There are two methods for the acquisition of citizenship. Explain.
Answer:
i) Citizenship by birth
ii) Citizenship by naturalization Citizenship by birth can be of two kinds. The first is through blood relationship. Wherever the child may be born, it will get the citizenship of its father. The second is the Right of Place or Soil of birth. According to this, a child will get the citizenship of the country in which it is born.

Citizenship by naturalization can be of two kinds: One, a person can get the citizenship of a country subject to its laws. Two, a person can get citizenship of a country by long stay there, by taking a pledge, by acquiring property, having a civil or military position, manage, etc. These are some of the different situations in which a person can get citizenship of another country.

Question 4.
Can citizenship be lost? If yes, point out the circumstances.
Answer:
Citizenship can be lost. The following are the circumstances:

• Refusing citizenship
• Through marriage
• Absence for a long period
• By committing treason

Question 5.
Illustrate full and equal membership.
Answer:
Persons who are eligible to get all the political and rights of a nation are called its citizens. According to Aristotle, the Father of political science, citizens take active part in the ruling of the nation. All the rights given to a citizen as a member of a nation are ‘ citizenship rights. They are given equally to all the citizens.

Question 6.
Every citizen can be assured equal rights. However, everyone is not capable of utilizing equal rights. Explain.
Answer:
A nation gives equal rights to its citizens. But they are not able to use them equally. It is because the knowledge of the citizenship rights is different among various people. Some people may have negative attitude to politics and political systems. Such people also can’t make use the rights assured by the nation.

Question 7.
Picture the various elements of State.
Answer:

According to modem political theory apart from these 4 factors, there should also be international recognition.

Question 8.
In which year did the Indian Citizenship Act come into existence?
Answer:
1955

Question 9.
According to the Indian Citizenship Act, there are 5 ways to acquire Indian Citizenship. Which are they?
Answer:
According to the Indian Citizenship Act, there are 5 ways to acquire Indian Citizenship. They are:
i) By birth: Anybody born in India on 21 January 1950 or later will be an Indian citizen.
ii) Citizenship by heredity: Anybody born outside India on 21 January 1950 or later will be given Indian citizenship if his father was an Indian citizen at the time of his birth.
iii) Citizenship by Registration: The following can get Indian citizenship through registration:

• People of Indian origin who have stayed in India continuously for 6 months before submitting the application for registration.
• People of Indian origin who are staying outside undivided India.
• Wives of the Indian citizens.
• Minor children of Indian citizens.
• Adult citizens of Commonwealth Countries or the Republic of Ireland.

iv) Citizenship through Long Stay: A foreigner can get Indian citizenship through long stay here subject to certain conditions.
v) Citizenship through regions becoming part of India: If any region becomes part of India, the government has the authority to declare the people of that region as Indian citizens.

Question 10.
Point out the circumstances for the termination of Indian Citizenship.
Answer:
Here are the circumstances leading to the termination of Indian Citizenship:

• Refusing Indian citizenship
• Through marriage
• Absence for a long period
• By committing treason

Question 11.
The importance of global citizenship is enhancing day by day. Point out your arguments in favor of this statement.
Answer:
Through the influence of globalization, open market system is strengthened and the distance between nations is lessened. Because of the growth of technology, the world has become a global village. In the circumstances, importance of global citizenship is enhancing day by day.

Question 12.
Refugees are facing a lot of problems today. State how global citizenship can be helpful for refugees.
Answer:
Many people become refugees because of internal conflicts, external wars and natural disasters like droughts, floods, earthquakes, and tsunamis. In the circumstances, the concept of global citizenship is helpful to them.

Question 13.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 14.
Write a short note on the topic ‘universal citizenship’
Answer:
Through the influence of globalization, open market system is strengthened and the distance between nations is lessened. Because of the growth of technology the world has become a global village. In the circumstances, importance of global (universal) citizenship is enhancing day by day.

Question 15.
Point out the problems raised in India related to citizenship.
Answer:
Double citizenship: Millions of Indians work abroad and live there permanently and therefore their children face the problem of citizenship. Therefore the demand for double citizenship is increasing. Expatriate Voting Right: Recently the Indian government granted voting rights to the expatriates. This issue is still being discussed.

Question 16.
Point out the importance of global citizenship.
Answer:
The growth in communication has blurred the importance of the boundaries between nations and increased a sense of mutual relation among the people of the world. A nation can’t solve all the problems it faces all by itself. Problems that spread across boundaries are to be solved by the cooperation different governments and people. Because of all this, the advocates of global citizenship say that it is inevitable and all should work for its realization.

Question 17.
National citizenship and global citizenship are equally important. Explain.
Answer:
National citizenship and global citizenship are important in their spheres. Social inequalities and other problems in the country create big threats to the principle of equality in citizenship. Such problems can be solved only by the government and the people of that country. Equal and full citizenship is important for the people of a country. National citizenship is relevant here.

The Concept of global citizenship reminds us that national citizenship is incomplete. We are living in a world that is mutually interconnected. The relations among the various people among the different countries are to be strengthened. There is a need to work with governments and people of other countries. Global citizenship should be complementary to national citizenship. That way Global citizenship deserves serious consideration.

Question 18.
The relation a person has with his nation is
Answer:
citizenship

Question 19.
What are the circumstances in which one forfeits his citizenship?
a) Renunciation
b) The Government stops it
c) Illegal residence
d) all the above
Answer:
All the above

Question 20.
It was in the year that the Parliament passed a Comprehensive Act on citizenship.
Answer:
1955

Question 21.
How many ways are there to acquire citizenship according to the Constitution?
Answer:
5 ways

Question 22.
It was the ruin of that made the background for the rise of nation-states.
Answer:
Feudalism

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Rights

Rights Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define the term “Rights”.
Answer:
Rights are some social and political privileges that a person gets as a citizen of a nation, and as a member of a society. According to the famous philosopher Barker: “Rights are the external conditions which are essential for the maximum

Question 2.
Where do rights come from?
Answer:
Natural Rights
Rights given by the society
Rights assured by the Constitution

Question 3.
Show the features of rights using a chart.
Answer:

Question 4.
Which day is observed as the Human Rights Day?
Answer:
December 10

Question 5.
Complete the following flow chart:

Answer:

Question 6.
Observe the following picture:

Explain what the picture relates to.
Answer:
It is a picture related to Human Rights.

Question 7.
Prepare a note on various types of rights.
Answer:

1. Moral Rights: These are rights based on man’s morality, sense of justice and conscience. They are not guaranteed by law. For example, the poor, the sick and the old have the moral right to get sympathetic consideration by others.
2. Legal Rights: They are assured the by the Nation.
3. Natural Rights: They include Right to life, Right for personal freedom, Right to earn wealth.
4. Civil Rights: They are related to the life, wealth and freedom of individuals. They include the right to live, right to freedom, right to work, right to express one’s views, right to property, right to education, right to religion, right to equality, right to assemble, right to live family life and right to make contracts.
5. Economic Rights: They are related to economic security and the right to earn one’s livelihood. They include right to work, right to get decent wages, right to leisure, right to have social security and right to earn wealth.
6. Political Rights: It is the right of an individual to participate in the political matters of the nation. They include right to vote, right to contest in elections, right to be appointed to various posts, right to criticize, and right to make complaints.
7. Fundamental Rights: These are essential for the full development of one’s personality. The Constitution and ourts ensure these rights. They are Right to Equality (Article 14-18), Right to freedom (19-22), Right against Exploitation (23-24), Right to Religious Freedom (25-28), Cultural and Educational Rights (29-30) & Right to Constitutional Remedies (32).

Question 8.
Find the odd one out:
i) a) Rights are deserved
b) Rights are not absolute
c) Rights are a recognition
d) Rights are an assurance
ii) a) Moral rights
b) Citizenship rights
c) Religious rights
d) Legal rights
Answer:
i) Rights are not absolute
ii) Moral rights

Question 9.
What are the fundamental rights? Prepare a short note.
Answer:
In chapter 3 of the Indian Constitution, from article 12 to 35, the fundamental rights of the Indian citizens are given. Rights are some social and political privileges that a person gets as a citizen of a nation, and as a member of a society. Fundamental rights are the most important of these rights and the Constitution assures the people of these rights. They are legally guaranteed. The fundamental rights are:

• Right to Equality (article 14-18)
• Right to freedom (19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (23-24)
• Right to Religious Freedom (25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Rights (29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (32)

Question 10.
Which among the following is not a fundamental right?
Religious right, right to equality, right to property, right to freedom.
Answer:
Right to Property

Question 11.
Rights are generally classified into three. Give examples for each of them
Answer:
a) Citizenship Rights: Right to life, Right to freedom.
b) Political rights: Right to vote, Right to criticize
c) Economic rights: Right to work, Right to social security.

Question 12.
“Rights are meaningless, if there is no support of laws and governments.” Do you agree with this statement?
Answer:
Yes, I do agree. Moral rights are rights based on man’s morality, sense of justice and conscience. Rights can be denied. The work of an individual might be against conscience of the society. Even then there are no laws to punish those who breach the moral rights. On the other hand, legal rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and the Courts. Since the nation can punish the offenders, these rights become meaningful.

Question 13.
Mention any four civil rights of the citizens
Answer:
i) Right to life
ii) Right to express one’s opinion
iii) Right to equality
iv) Right to education

Question 14.
Match the following columns appropriately.

Answer:

Question 15.
“Rights and responsibilities are closely related.” Do you agree? Substantiate your answer
Answer:
I do agree. Rights and responsibilities are the two sides of the same coin. As you enjoy your right, you have to carry out your responsibilities. The statement that “My right is your responsibility and your right is my responsibility” shows the relation between rights and responsibilities.

Question 16.
Rights also impose’certain duties on a nation. Illustrate.
Answer:
Rights give the nation the duty to carry out certain responsibilities. Each right shows that a nation should do and should not do. For example, since people have a right to live, the nation has the responsibility of making laws to protect them from others. It asks the nation to punish those who wound or harm us. Imagine that by the “right to life”, a society means “right to a decent and healthy life”. Naturally, the society expects that the nation will take steps to ensure to provide the people with a clean and healthy environment necessary fora good life. The rights of the citizens give the nation the responsibility to act in certain ways. The two examples above prove that.

Question17.
Distinguish between natural and social inequalities.
Answer:
In political theory, inequalities are classified as natural and social inequalities. The inequalities that come from the different abilities and intellectual powers are called natural inequalities. They are quite different from social inequalities. The inequalities that result from one section of the society exploiting another section and denying them equal opportunities are social inequalities.

Question 18.
…………. points out that rights originated even before the coming of nation.
Answer:
Lasky

Question 19.
Which is the Human Rights Day?
a) 10 November
b) 10 December
c) 25 December
d) 24 October
Answer:
10 December

Question 20.
Pair the following appropriately.
1. Right to Vote
2. Right to work
3. Freedom of Opinion
4. Citizen’s Rights
5. Economic Rights
6. Political Rights
Answer:
Right to Vote → Political Right
Right to Work → Economic Right
Freedom of Opinion → Citizen’s Rights

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Social Justice

Social Justice Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is the author of the Theory of Justice?
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 2.
What do you mean by social justice?
Answer:
Social justice means that all th& members of the society are equals. Social justice ensures that all the people in the nation are given equal opportunities and equal consideration. Social justice does not approve any discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, color or gender.

Question 3.
What is Plato’s concept of justice?
Answer:
Plato has given his theoretical interpretation of justice in his famous book “The Republic”. For Plato, justice means:
a) A lifestyle which is suitable for the features of one’s profession.
b) Each person destined for a special task and he should be used for that task.
c) The work one is doing. Plato feels that justice has a personal and social angle. When a person is asked to do a particular job because he is found competent in doing it, the society has to keep that job reserved for him. According to Aristotle, justice is something that can be distributed or something that can be used to rectify mistakes.
d) The Distributive Concept demands the equal distribution of things among equals.
e) The Corrective Concept remedies the mistakes.
f) When equals are treated unequally or when un-equals are treated equally there comes injustice.

Question 4.
Prepare a chart showing different aspects of the concept of justice.
Answer:

Question 5.
Point out the features of numerical concept of justice and geometrical concept of justice.
Answer:
The numerical concept of justice and geometrical concept of justice can be codified as follows:
Numerical concept of justice:

• Numerical concept of justice allows everyone to have equal justice.
• It means those who were considered unequal at some point in time will be considered equals.
• Jeremy Bentham says that each one has to account for the other. Nobody should be more than one.
• Modern democratic nations are based on the concept of justice.

Geometrical Concept of Justice:

• Geometrical concept of justice supports proportionate justice.
• Distribution of the profession should be proportionate to the competence of the individual.
• As an example, Aristotle says flutes can be given only to those who have the capacity to play the flute.
• In the same way, rulers must be those who are competent to rule.
• Numerical concept of justice is called Democratic Justice whereas Geometrical concept of justice is called Aristocratic Justice.

Question 6.
Explain the three principles of justice,
Answer:
1. Social justice: This means all the people in the society are equal. Everybody in the nation should be given equal opportunities and equal consideration. The essence of social justice is seeing everyone equally without any discrimination in the name of caste, religion, color, and gender.
2. Economic Justice: These are the basic factors of economic justice: All the primary needs of the citizens should be fulfilled. There should circumstances where all can live comfortably. They should get adequate wages for their work. Social security must be assured. Equal pay for equal work.
3. Political Justice: This means an atmosphere where people have free and fair participation in the political system of the nation.
Right to universal adult franchise. Non-discrimination in the appointments to government jobs.

Question 7.
Find the odd one out.
a) Justice means giving one what he deserves.
b) Justice means equal distribution among equals.
c) Justice means considering equals as un-equals.
d) Justice means a social order acceptable to all.
Answer:
Justice means considering equals as un-equals.

Question 8.
What do you mean political justice?
Answer:
Political justice means an atmosphere where people have free and fair participation in the political system of the nation. Right to universal adult franchise. Non-discrimination in the appointments to government jobs.

Question 9.
Prepare a note on John Rawls’ theory of justice,
Answer:
John Rawls is an American philosopher. In his book The Theory of Justice’, he put forward 2 principles regarding the Theory of Justice. They are as follows:
i) In the broad framework of basic freedom, according to the freedom of all individuals, each person should have equal opportunity.
ii) Social and economic inequalities should be tackled in two ways:

• For the maximum benefit of those who are least favored, there should be reservations.
• We should be guided by our discretionary powers and not morality when it comes to the distribution of government jobs so that the underprivileged get extra consideration.

Rawls does not give us predetermined moral criteria or goals., He gives us freedom to determine what is the best in the given circumstances. This is what makes Rawls’ theory very significant and an inevitable means of approaching the problem of law and justice.

Question 10.
Match column A with columns B and C.

Answer:

Question 11.
Can you identify the situation where social justice is denied in our society? If yes, point out such situations.
Answer:
There are many situations in the modern period where social justice is denied. The Law for Self-Financing Institutions which was passed by the Kerala Assembly was to ensure social justice based on merit as well as wealth. But the Private Managements of Kerala got a Court order in their favor in the name of Minority Rights and they torpedoed the Self-Financing Law. Governments have been trying their best through legislation to ensure social justice. Here are some important steps:
a) For the people below poverty line (BPL) rice is supplied at Re. 1 a kilo through ration shops.
b) Different scholarship schemes have been introduced to uplift members of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students.
c) To reduce the inequality between the rich and the poor, there are taxation policies.
d) The poor are given certain essential commodities at subsidized prices*
e) There is the Comprehensive Insurance Scheme.

Question 12.
Government has to take several steps to achieve social justice. In your opinion what are those steps to be taken by the government to attain social justice?
Answer:
a) Rationing system
b) Comprehensive Insurance Scheme
c) Loans to farmers without interest.
d) Unemployment wages

Question 13
Complete the following flow chart:

Answer:

Question 14.
Do new economic reforms lead to violation of social justice? Give your opinion.
Answer:
Yes, they do. Some new economic reforms can cause denial of justice. In the open market of free competition, rural industries and small scale producers and merchants can’t survive the competition from large scale monopolies. There are also situations in which ordinary people become slaves to the consumer culture. Because of the easy loans, common people are easily caught in the debt trap!

Question 15.
Complete the following:
Principles of Justice
a) Equal consideration to equals.
b) …………………….
c) …………………….
Answer:
Principles of Justice
a) Equal consideration to equals.
b) Proportionate justice
c) Recognizing special rights

Question 16.
Who propagated the Theory of Justice?
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 17.
Who wrote the book entitled “Theory of Justice”?
a) Aristotle
b) Plato
c) John Rawls
d) Rousseau
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 18.
In a society where there are class distinctions, there will be no
Answer:
Social justice

Question 19.
The principle of considering equals as equals is also called
Answer:
Numerical justice

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Equality

Equality Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Equality?
Answer:
Equality is the situation where everybody gets the same rights. Equality wants all persons to be equal before the law and everybody should be given the same kind of legal protection.

Question 2.
Why does equality matter?
Answer:
Equality means all persons are equal and they should be given equal opportunities, considerations, recognition, and wages. Man fought forages for the equality of people. The concept of Equality originated and grew as a protest against the gross inequalities found in the societies. Only if all persons in the society are given equal opportunities, full individual development will be possible.

Question 3.
Prepare a note on Equality of Opportunities.
Answer:
In the 16th article of the Indian Constitution, the principle of Equality of Opportunities is mentioned. It means equal opportunities should be given to citizens in government services, educational institutions, etc. without any discrimination. All citizens are also given the right to vote on the basis of universal adult franchise. They have the right to contest in the elections and hold public offices. In all these, there are equal opportunities

Question 4.
Prepare a chart showing different types of equality.
Answer:
Lord Bryce talks about 4 kinds of equality. They are Natural Equality, Civil Equality, Political Equality, and Social Equality. Modern thinkers have added another one as a fifth one – Economic Equality. It can be presented as follows.

Question 5.
Examine the relations between liberty and equality
Answer:
There is an inseparable relation between liberty and equality. Liberty and equality are like the two sides of a coin. Equality without liberty is meaningless. Here are their relations:
a. Somebody who takes the words in their bare meaning, he may argue that they are contradictory.
b. Full liberty will deny it to many people and thus destroy equality.
c. A certain amount of control on a person’s liberty comes in full equality.
d. The concept of full liberty and full equality can only be a myth.
e. It is in practical situations that liberty and equality are practiced. It is not in an imaginary situation. Only in a stable society, they can be practiced.
f. Liberty on a large scale will ensure that everybody gets it.
g. Equality on a large scale is inevitable for the continued existence of liberty.,
h. Therefore liberty and equality are complementary and not contradictory.

Question 6.
Explain Natural and Economic equalities.
Answer:
Equality is of different kinds. Two of them are Natural Equality and Economic equality. Natural equality is what Nature has given us as a gift. It is our natural right. The three natural equalities are: Freedom to live, freedom to have rights and, freedom to own property. Only in a society where there is economic equality, other forms of equality can have any meaningful existence.

The relation between Natural Equality and Economic equality is shown below: Natural Equality: This idea came up connecting it to natural law. It.saysthat nature created everyone equal. The spokespersons of natural equality say that inequalities are human creations and society should be freed from them. Natural Equality is a mere ideal. Even the concept that nature created all as equals itself is untrue.

Economic equality means the resources of the nation should be enjoyed equally by all. It talks about the eradication of poverty. Although complete equality is impossible, at least a person’s basic needs should be fulfilled. It does not want resources to be monopolized in a few hands. Everyone should have the right to work, to get reasonable wages and also rest. Ideologies like Socialism stress economic equality.

Question 7.
Examine the causes leading towards natural and social inequalities.
Answer:
Lack of circumstances in which a poor man can’t use his voting right properly.
Misuse of voting rights.
Poverty
Inability of the poor to hold high ranks and have authority.
Illiteracy
Unemployment
The rich taking control of the political parties.
Lack of honest media, both print and electronic
Casteism

Question 8.
Complete the following chart:

Answer:

Question 9.
Prepare a seminar report on three different types of equality such as political equality, economic equality and social equality.
Answer:
The Political Science students of Class XI of Kozhikode Government Higher Secondary School conducted a seminar on the topic “Three Different Types of Equality”. The students of the Class were divided into 3 groups and they discussed the relevant portions of the Text. The leaders of each group presented their views

a) Political Equality: To ensure political equality in a society, people should have the opportunities to take part in active politics. Only if they have the right to play their role in the affairs the nation, there will be political equality there. They should have following rights:
i) To participate in the election of the government.
ii) To contest in the elections.
iii) The right to hold public office.
iv) The right to creatively criticize the government through the print and electronic media and through speeches.
The right to criticize the government using any legal medium.
vi) The right to form political parties.

b) Economic Equality: The meaning of Economic Equality is that all citizens must be able to enjoy the nation’s resources equally. This is important for the eradication of poverty. To achieve Economic Equality, the following should be ensured:
i) Make circumstances so that all citizens can earn their livelihood.
ii) All citizens should have enough income to meet their needs.
iii) There should be no gross inequality in wealth in the society.
iv) There should be no economic exploitation of man by man.
The distribution of the means of production and wealth should be controlled, aiming at the welfare of all in the society.

c) Social Equality: This means that all in the society have equal social status. Nobody should have special rights. All should have opportunities to develop their personality. In short, nobody should be given any special consideration in name of caste, religion, race or riches. The Human Rights Declaration by the UN is good for ensuring social equality.

To ensure social equality, equal opportunities should be provided to all. There should no divisions on the basis of caste, religion, race, riches, and gender. There should be Rule of law which ensures that all are equal before the law. Casteism must be abolished completely. The government and the society should do all they can to uplift the marginalized communities and bring them into the mainstream society. Conclusion: After the presentation, a meaningful discussion followed. The teacher added more points. It was a good seminar.

Question 10.
Match column B & C with Column A.

Answer:

Question 11.
What is the liberal position on equality?
Answer:
a) In a society, the efficient and just means of distributing resources and rewards is competition.
b) Nation should ensure that all are given minimum standard of life and equal opportunities.
c) There will be no inequality when competition is open and free.
d) Political, economic and social opportunities are not mutually connected.

Question 12.
Point out the Marxian position of equality.
Answer:
Marxists refuse to accept the concept of natural equality.

• Most of the social, economic and political inequalities existing in human relations today are historically created. They are therefore not natural.
• Since they are humanly created, they can be solved by human efforts.
• The origin of this inequality comes from the division between mental and physical efforts and from the division between primary producers and the owners of production.
• This division of labor led to the formation of two important classes. One class exploited the other.
• Therefore for the Marxists, the problem of the abolition of inequality is primarily the problem of the abolition of class dominance, exploitation and class distinction.
• Only in a society where there is no class distinction, can there be equality.
• The social control theory of such a society will be not “Each person according to his ability, but each person according to his needs.”

Question 13.
Prepare a chart showing how we can promote equality.
Answer:

Question 14.
“Political parties are controlled by the rich.” Do you agree with this statement?
Answer:
Yes, I do. The fact that more than 100 members of the Indian Parliament are billionaires justifies this statement.

Question 15.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 16.
Identify suitable examples for the following:
a) Equal rights
b) Equal opportunities
c) Favorable action
Answer:
a) Right to Vote
b) Opportunity for jobs
c) Reservation

Question 17.
What do you mean absolute equality?
Answer:
Absolute or complete equality is an impossible concept. Man, even by nature, is not equal in physical and mental abilities. There are differences among people in body structure, capabilities, attitudes, likings, etc.

Lasky felt that since people’s needs and capabilities are different, it is impossible to behave with them equally. The needs and capabilities of a mathematician are not the same as a brick-maker. Therefore it is not possible to see or consider them equally.

Question 18.
……….. is the idea that all persons are equal.
Answer:
Equality

Question 19.
From the following find out what constitutes equality:
a) Political equality
b) Social equality
c) Economic equality
d) All of these

Question 20.
It was in the ………… Revolution that the slogan “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” was raised.
Answer:
French

Question 21.
……….. inequality is the inequality that results from the differences in abilities and features that come by birth.
Answer:
Natural

Question 22.
What kind of equality is the right to vote?
Answer:
Political equality

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Freedom

Freedom Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is freedom?
Answer:
Freedom is the circumstance needed for showing a person’s individuality. In other words, freedom is the lack of control. It is possible to define freedom as the most essential factor for the development of one’s personality.

Question 2.
What is meant by freedom? Is there any relationship between freedom for the individual and freedom for the nation?
Answer:
Freedom means providing an atmosphere where a person has opportunities to develop his individuality. It is when a person can take independent decisions and act independently we say there is freedom. A person should not be controlled by external forces. Freedom also means when persons are able to increase their capabilities and qualities. Society must provide an atmosphere where the Nation, Community, Groups, and individuals can develop properly. Only in a sovereign nation, individuals can get freedom. So for the freedom of individuals freedom of the nation is inevitable.

Question 3.
Prepare a chart showing different types of freedom.
Answer:

Question 4.
What is the difference between the positive and negative concepts of liberty?
Answer:
Freedom means free from all kinds of control. If this is put into practice, there will be jungle law which is might is right. The strong will dominate the weak and the strongest man will have to be revered by all in the society. Since this negative concept of freedom is not acceptable, the nation has to control freedom. The positive concept of freedom is the removal of obstacles. Negative freedom will lead the nation to an undesirable state. Positive freedom will help in the progress of the nation and the protection of the rights of all individuals.

Question 5.
What is meant by social constraints? Are constraints necessary for enjoying freedom?
Answer:
The members of a society where there are only very limited constraints, the individuals can develop their capacities to the fullest extent. Such a society will be called a free society. The constraints on liberty can be in the forms of external control or dominance. As a result of social evils like casteism also there can be controls for freedom. Serious economic inequality in the society can also bring in such controls.
Why does control become necessary?

• We can’t live in this world without some kind of control.
• There will be differences of opinion among people regarding ideas and concepts.
• There can be a hundred and one reasons for having differences in the society. These differences may lead into open confrontations. People may fight on the roads as they drive.
• There can be quarrels about parking space. There can be fights regarding house or land. There can be differences of opinion even about presenting a drama. Things like this can lead to conflicts, physical violence, and even murder.
• Therefore to settle arguments and control violence, every society needs some kind of control mechanism.
• An ideal society is the one in which people can retain their ideas and by making their own conditions live as they wish.

Question 6.
Construct a table showing the merits and demerits of liberalism.
Answer:

Question 7.
Construct a flow chart showing the safeguards of liberty.
Answer:

Question 8.
Point out the various sources of constraints.
Answer:
a) Dominance
b) External controls
c) Social and Economic Inequalities

Question 9.
Does the State have any role in upholding the freedom of its citizens? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, there is. The control over the freedom of individuals can be in the form of external control or in the form of authority. These controls can be enforced by the use force. Or they can be brought through government laws. Ruling authorities will have the backing of the use of force. If the government is democratic, people can exercise some control over the rulers. That is why it is said that the most important means of protecting people’s freedom is democratic rule.

Question 10.
What do you mean by freedom of expression? Explain using examples.
Answer:
Freedom of expression means the ability to speak one’s opinion openly without any external pressure and without any fear of external intervention. For example, our ability to speak openly our opinion about the Lok Pal Bill.

Question 11.
Find the odd one out from the lists.
a) Right to vote, Right to Work, Right to Contest in Elections, Right to hold public office.
b) Right to Work, Right to rule, Right to Security, Right to sell things.
Answer:
a) Right to Work
b) Right to sell things.

Question 12.
Twelve different kinds of liberty are given below:
a. Right to Vote,
b. Right to Freedom of Expression,
c. Right to Work,
d. Right to Produce and Sell things,
e. Right to Religion,
f. Right to Contest in Elections,
g. Right to Get Adequate Wages,
h. Right to life,
i. Right to Hold Public Office,
j. Right to Criticise,
k. Right to Assemble,
I. Right to security.
Arrange the above rights under three headings :
i) Citizen Rights,
ii) Economic Rights and
iii) Political Rights.
Answer:

Question 13.
What do you mean by Harm Principle?
Answer:
The Harm Principle was proposed by J.S. Mill in his famous book “On Liberty”. It says: “The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.”

Question 14.
What is the relation between law and liberty?
Answer:
a. The relation between law and liberty is a controversial issue.
b. Some thinkers believe that law & liberty are ideas opposed to each other.
c. The more laws, the less freedom.
d. Enforcing law means curtailing freedom. In Ancient Greece, people with their wrong reasoning maintained this view.
e. The Laissez-faire theory prevalent in the 18th and centuries also held this view.
f. Anarchists tried to do away with government to ensure full freedom to individuals.
g. In opposition to this, law was considered as a condition for freedom.
h. Freedom is what we enjoy when we obey the law of the nation.
i. Excess of laws and harmful laws adversely affect freedom.

Question 15.
‘Liberty is not licensed’. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
1 agree. Liberty is not licensed to do anything one likes without any sort of control. Man is a social creature. When living in a society, some controls are necessary.

Question 16.
Name any four devices to protect liberty.
(Choose any four from the following)
Answer:
a. Democracy
b. Written down Fundamental Rights
c. Independent Judiciary
d. Rule of Law
e. Economic Equality
f. Decentralization of Power
g. Independent and Truthful Media
h. Party System
i. Political Education
j. Right to Equality
k. Constant Vigilance

Question 17.
What do you know about Swaraj? Summarise Gandhiji’s ideas about Swaraj.
Answer:
This is the Indian political concept regarding freedom. ‘Swa’ means self and ‘raj’ meaning rule. Swaraj is a combination of these two words. It means self-rule. However, Gandhiji’s concept of Swaraj had its own meaning. In his book ‘Hind Swaraj’ (1909), he has explained his concept of Swaraj. Gandhiji believed that swaraj means self-control. It is only when we learn to rule ourselves there will be Swaraj.

Swaraj is not mere freedom. It is the freedom to reclaim from institutions that destroy human virtues, a person’s self-esteem, his sense of responsibility and to ensure his fulfillment. Gandhiji believed that in the attainment of Swaraj a person’s individuality and its relations with the community and society play a crucial role.

Question 18.
Prepare a note on liberalism.
Answer:
Liberalism comes from the Latin word ‘liberalism which means a free man. Liberalism was a political theory that became popular in the 19th century and it considered freedom like oxygen to life. It gave great importance to personal freedom. Liberals supported a person’s right to hold fast to his opinions and beliefs and to express them freely.

Modern liberalism gives individual the primary place. This is what makes liberalism different from others. Liberals think that institutions like farrying, group or community do not have any existence of their own. They give greater importance to personal freedom than to values like Equality. They look at political power with suspicion and anxiety. J.S. Mill, T.H. Green and Mahadev Govind Ranade are the protagonists of modern liberalism.

Question 19.
Whose autobiography is “Long Walk to Freedom”?
Answer:
Nelson Mandela’s

Question 20.
Who introduced the ‘Harm’ Principle?
Answer:
John Stuart Mill

Question 21.
Two levels of liberty are ………. and …………
Answer:
Negative, Positive

Question 22.
Complete the table:

Answer:

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Political Theory: An Introduction

Political Theory: An Introduction Questions and Answers

Question 1
What is Politics?

Answer:
The word politics was first used by Aristotle, who is the Father of Political Science. The Greek ‘polis’ means related to city. It is from this word, ‘politics’ came. It actually means the ideas regarding the administration of the City-States of ancient Greece. In the modern period, politics is a political art.

Question .2
What do you mean political theory?

Answer:
Political theory or political vision is the ideas regarding the relations between men, the social creature, and the Nation. In Political Theory we learn the following:
a. Studies about Man.
b. Studies regarding administration and government.
c. Studies about political dynamics.
d. Studies about political philosophy.
e. Studies about International Relations.

Question .3
Who is the father of political science?

Answer:
Aristotle.

Question .4
Point out the advantages of studying Political Theory.

Answer:
There is much importance in the study of Political Theory. The knowledge about politics, which controls a person’s activities even before the start of his life to even after his death is inevitable. Its importance can be given thus:
a. Political theories give a philosophical base for the political activities.
b. Political theories help in placing administration (government), rule of law, dispensation of justice, etc. which are essential features of a nation, in a definite and organized framework.
c. They help in understanding and evaluating past experiences and historical events.
d. It is through political theories that technical terms are interpreted and they are given precision and clarity.
e. Political theories support the building of a political system beyond the consideration of time and terrain to ensure a creative political life.
f. Philosophy is the highest form of human thought and wisdom. Political theories are the essence of constant searches trying to elevate human life to an ideal level of perfection.
g. All the creative and practical human activities need two essential things: the support of moral values and a theoretical base. Political theories make these available.

Question .5
In Political theory, we study several things. Prepare a flow chart showing them.

Answer:

Question 6.
Distinguish between Politics and Political Theory.

Answer:
The word politics was first used by Aristotle, who is the Father of Political Science. The Greek ‘polis’ means related to city. It is from this word, ‘politics’ came. It actually means the ideas regarding the administration of the City-States of ancient Greece. In the modern period, politics is a political art. Political theory or political vision is the ideas regarding the relations between men, the social creature, and the Nation. In Political Theory we learn the following:
f. Studies about Man.
g. Studies regarding administration and government.
h. Studies about political dynamics,
i. Studies about political philosophy.
j. Studies about International Relations.

Question 7.
Prepare a note on the origin and growth of political theory.

Answer:
Origin and Growth of Political Theory: Plato records that discussions regarding Political theories were started by Socrates. Socrates made a start seeking the meaning of justice among the Athenian citizens. Plato’s search was continued by his disciple Aristotle. It is therefore said that political theory started in the Western world with Socrates and Plato. Thinkers from Aristotle to Marx have given significant contributions to the growth of political theory.
In political science the following areas have the most important places:
a. Political theory handles ideas and principles that formulate the Constitution, government and social life.
b. It examines the importance of ideas like Rule of Law, Division of Authority and Judicial Review.
c. It explains the meaning of freedom, equality, democracy, and secularism.

Question 8.
What do we study in political theory?

Answer:
We study the following in political theory:
a. Political theory handles ideas and principles that formulate the Constitution, government and social life.
b. It examines the importance of ideas like Rule of Law, Division of Authority and Judicial Review.
c. It explains the meaning of freedom, equality, democracy, and secularism.
d. It also discusses the origin of government, development, formation, activities, the relations between people and the government and people’s rights and responsibilities.

Question 9.
Every individual is directly or indirectly involved in the politics of a country. Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate.

Answer:
I agree. In our day-to-day lives, our activities are controlled by-laws made by the government. Giving taxes, obeying the law, etc. are fundamental things that each person has to do. We play our role in politics by voting in the election and through our Right to Expression.

Question 10.
Explain how political theory can be put into practice.

Answer:
Political theories are based on political concepts like liberty, equality, citizenship, justice, development, nationality and secularism. Government originated, is existing and its future working, etc. are for putting into practice these political theories. Democratic governments exist to ensure that there is liberty, equality, and fraternity in the society.

Question 11.
Why should we study political theory?

Answer:
The study of political theories is very important. They are essential for all kinds of people like political workers, bureaucrats who make policies, students of political theories, advocates and judges who interpret the Constitution and laws, public workers who expose exploitation and fight for new rights and the students who learn about political concepts. Firstly, all the students will have to choose a profession in the future. The knowledge about political theories is relevant to all professions.

All those who study mathematics will not become mathematicians or engineers. But, obviously, knowledge about mathematics is essential in our everyday lives. Secondly, students of today are also going to be adults with voting rights tomorrow. They will have to take decisions on many issues. Knowledge about political theories and institutions will help them to act responsibly. Thirdly, Political theories motivate them to examine our ideas and emotions regarding political matters. Fourthly, Political theories help them to think systematically about political concepts.

Question 12.
deals with things like Liberty, Equality, and Justice which are values of political life.

Answer:
Political theory

Question 13.
Who is the person that contributed greatly to the growth of political theory?
a) Socrates
b) Plato
c) Rousseau
d) All of the above

Answer:
All of the above persons

Question 14.
Who was the first person to argue that liberty was a fundamental right of all human beings?

Answer:
Rousseau

Question 15.
Who argued that equality is as important as liberty?

Answer:
Marx

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HSSLive Plus One Notes Chapter Wise Kerala

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