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You can Download International Business – I Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Business Studies Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 11 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Business Studies Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 11 International Business – I

1 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In which of the following modes of entry, does the domestic manufacturer give the right to use intellectual property such as patent and trademark to a manufacturer in a foreign country for a fee.

a) Licensing
b) Contract manufacturing
c) Joint venture
d) None of these
Answer:
a) Licensing

Question 2.
Outsourcing a part of or entire production and concentrating on marketing operations in international business is known as
a) Licensing
b) Franchising
c) Contract manufacturing
d) Joint venture
Answer:
c) Contract manufacturing

Question 3.
When two or more firms come together to create a new business entity that is legally separate and distinct from its parents. It is known as
Answer:
Joint venture

Question 4.
Which one of the following modes of entry requires a higher level of risks?
Answer:
Joint venture

Question 5.
Which one of the following modes of entry permits the greatest degree of control over overseas operations?
Answer:
Wholly owned subsidiary

Question 6.
Which one of the following modes of entry brings the firm closer to international market.
Answer:
Licensing/Franchising

Question 7.
Buying and selling of goods and services between the two countries are called……….
Answer:
Foreign trade

2 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 8.
Differentiate between international trade and international business.
Answer:
International trade consists of imports and exports of goods. But international business is a much broader term and is comprised of both the trade and production of goods and services across the countries.

Question 9.
Distinguish between licensing and franchising.
Answer:
Licensing is used in connection with the production and distribution of goods. But the term franchising is used in connection with service business. Franchising is relatively more stringent than licensing.

4 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 10.
Enumerate limitations of contract manufacturing.
Answer:
Mode of Entry into International Business

1. Exporting and Importing:
When goods are sold to a foreign country, it is called export trade. When goods are purchasing from a foreign country, it is called import trade.

Advantages

• It is the easiest way of gaining entry into international markets.
• Business firms are not required to invest that much time and money in host countries.
• It is less risky as compared to other modes of. entry into international business

Limitations

• It involves additional packaging, transportation, and insurance costs.
• Exporting is not possible in case the foreign country restricts imports.
• The export firms do not have much contact with the foreign markets.

2. Contract Manufacturing (Outsourcing):
When a firm enters into a contract with one or a few local manufacturers in foreign countries to get certain goods produced as per its specifications it is called contract manufacturing. It is also known as outsourcing and it can take place in the following forms.

• Production of certain components
• Assembly of components into final products
• Complete manufacture of the products

Advantages

• It Permits international firms to get the goods produced on a large scale without requiring investment in setting up production facilities.
• There is no investment risk involved in foreign countries.
• It helps to get the products at lower cost
• Local producers in foreign countries can ensure greater utilization of their idle production capacities.

Limitations

• It may affect the quality of the products.
• Local manufacturer in the foreign country loses his control over the manufacturing process because goods are produced strictly as per the terms and specifications of the contract.
• The local firm cannot sell the contracted output as per their will.

3. Licensing and Franchising:
Licensing is a contractual arrangement in which one firm grant access to its patents, trade secrets or technology to another firm in a foreign country for a fee called royalty. The firm that grants permission is known as licensor and the firm that receives the right to use technology or patents is called the licensee.

Franchising is similar to licensing. But it is used in connection with the provision of services. The parent company is called the franchiser and the other party to the agreement is called franchisee.

Advantages

• It is a less expensive mode of entering into international business.
• There is no investment risk
• Since the business in a foreign country is managed by the licensee/franchisee who is a local person, there are lower risks of business takeovers or government interventions.
• Since licensee/franchisee is a local person, he has greater market knowledge and customer contacts. It helps the licensor/franchiser in successfully conducting its marketing operations.

Limitations

• The licensee can start marketing an identical product under a slightly different brand name.
• Trade secrets may lose in foreign markets.
• Conflicts often develop between the licensor/ franchiser and licensee/franchisee over issues such as maintenance of accounts, payment of royalty, etc.

4. Joint Ventures:
Joint venture means establishing a firm that is jointly owned by two or more independent firms. It can be brought into existence in three major ways.

• Foreign investors buying an interest in a local firm.
• Local firms acquiring an interest in an existing foreign firm.
• Both the foreign and local entrepreneurs jointly forming a new enterprise.

Advantages

• Since the local partner also contributes to the equity capital, the international firm has less financial burden to expand the business globally.
• It helps to execute large projects requiring huge capital outlays and manpower.
• The foreign business firm benefits from local partner’s knowledge of the host countries.
• The foreign business firm shares costs and risks with local partners. So they can enter into the foreign markets very easily and without high risk.

Limitations

• Foreign firms entering into joint ventures share the technology and trade secrets with local firms. It leads to leakage of technology and secrets to others.
• The dual ownership arrangement may lead to conflicts

5. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries:
The parent company (holding company) acquires full control over the foreign company by making 100% investment in its equity capital. It is called wholly-owned subsidiaries. It can be established in either of the two ways. i.e.

• Setting up a new firm altogether to start operations in a foreign country.
• Acquiring an existing firm in the foreign country.

Advantages

• The parent firm is able to exercise full control over its operations in foreign countries.
• It is not required to disclose its technology or trade secrets to others.

Limitations

• It is not suitable for small and medium-size firms which do not have enough funds to invest abroad.
• The parent company alone has to bear the entire losses.
• It is subject to higher political risk.

5 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 11.
Sri. Swamynathan, a pure Gandhian, is of the view that India should never go for international trade for it results in draining out of scarce resources, dampen the domestic trade and this will lead to the complete destruction of our nation. How do you evaluate Mr. Swamynathan’s statement?
Answer:
Benefits of International Business:
The benefits of international business to the nations and business firms are:

Benefits to Nations
1. Earning of foreign exchange:
It helps a country to earn foreign exchange which can be used for importing capital goods, technology, petroleum products, and fertilisers, pharmaceutical products, etc.

2. More efficient use of resources:
External trade enables a country to utilize the available resources in the best possible manner.

3. Improving growth prospects and employment potentials:
External trade helps to accelerate the economic growth and employment opportunities of a country.

4. Increased standard of living:
Foreign trade helps in raising the standard of living of a country.

5. International relation:
External trade helps to promote harmonious and cordial relationship among the nations.

Benefits to Firms
1. Prospects for higher profits:
When the domestic prices are lower, business firms can earn more profits by selling their products in countries where prices are high.

2. Increased capacity utilisation:
It helps firms in using their surplus production capacities and improving the profitability of their operations. Large scale production helps to reduce the cost of production.

3. Prospects for growth:
It helps firms in improving their growth prospects by creating demands for their products in foreign countries.

4. Enhances competition:
External trade enhances competition, which compels the domestic firms to improve the technology of production, production process and quality of the products.

5. Improved business vision:
It improves business vision as it makes firms to grow, more competitive and diversified.

6 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 12.
Discuss briefly the factors that govern the choice of mode of entry into international business.
Answer:
Mode of Entry into International Business

1. Exporting and Importing:
When goods are sold to a foreign country, it is called export trade. When goods are purchasing from a foreign country, it is called import trade.

Advantages

• It is the easiest way of gaining entry into international markets.
• Business firms are not required to invest that much time and money in host countries.
• It is less risky as compared to other modes of. entry into international business

Limitations

• It involves additional packaging, transportation, and insurance costs.
• Exporting is not possible in case the foreign country restricts imports.
• The export firms do not have much contact with the foreign markets.

2. Contract Manufacturing (Outsourcing):
When a firm enters into a contract with one or a few local manufacturers in foreign countries to get certain goods produced as per its specifications it is called contract manufacturing. It is also known as outsourcing and it can take place in the following forms.

• Production of certain components
• Assembly of components into final products
• Complete manufacture of the products

Advantages

• It Permits international firms to get the goods produced on a large scale without requiring investment in setting up production facilities.
• There is no investment risk involved in foreign countries.
• It helps to get the products at a lower cost
• Local producers in foreign countries can ensure greater utilization of their idle production capacities.

Limitations

• It may affect the quality of the products.
• Local manufacturer in the foreign country loses his control over the manufacturing process because goods are produced strictly as per the terms and specifications of the contract.
• The local firm cannot sell the contracted output as per their will.

3. Licensing and Franchising:
Licensing is a contractual arrangement in which one firm grant access to its patents, trade secrets or technology to another firm in a foreign country for a fee called royalty. The firm that grants permission is known as licensor and the firm that receives the right to use technology or patents is called the licensee.
Franchising is similar to licensing. But it is used in connection with the provision of services. The parent company is called the franchiser and the other party to the agreement is called franchisee.

Advantages

• It is a less expensive mode of entering into international business.
• There is no investment risk
• Since the business in a foreign country is managed by the licensee/franchisee who is a local person, there are lower risks of business takeovers or government interventions.
• Since licensee/franchisee is a local person, he has greater market knowledge and customer contacts. It helps the licensor/franchiser in successfully conducting its marketing operations.

Limitations

• The licensee can start marketing an identical product under a slightly different brand name.
• Trade secrets may lose in foreign markets.
• Conflicts often develop between the licensor/ franchiser and licensee/franchisee over issues such as maintenance of accounts, payment of royalty, etc.

4. Joint Ventures:
Joint venture means establishing a firm that is jointly owned by two or more independent firms. It can be brought into existence in three major ways.

• Foreign investors buying an interest in a local firm.
• Local firms acquiring an interest in an existing foreign firm.
• Both the foreign and local entrepreneurs jointly forming a new enterprise.

Advantages

• Since the local partner also contributes to the equity capital, the international firm has less financial burden to expand the business globally.
• It helps to execute large projects requiring huge capital outlays and manpower.
• The foreign business firm benefits from local partner’s knowledge of the host countries.
• The foreign business firm shares costs and risks with a local partner. So they can enter into the foreign markets very easily and without high risk.

Limitations

• Foreign firms entering into joint ventures share the technology and trade secrets with local firms. It leads to leakage of technology and secrets to others.
• The dual ownership arrangement may lead to conflicts.

5. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries:
The parent company (holding company) acquires full control over the foreign company by making 100% investment in its equity capital. It is called wholly-owned subsidiaries. It can be established in either of the two ways. i.e.

• Setting up a new firm altogether to start operations in a foreign country.
•  Acquiring an existing firm in the foreign country.

Advantages

• The parent firm is able to exercise full control over its operations in foreign countries.
• It is not required to disclose its technology or trade secrets to others.

Limitations

• It is not suitable for small and medium-sized firms that do not have enough funds to invest abroad.
• The parent company alone has to bear the entire losses.
• It is subject to higher political risk.

8 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 13.
What is an international business? How is it different from domestic business.
Answer:
Differences between International Business and Domestic Business

You can Download International Business – II Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Business Studies Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 12 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Business Studies Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 12 International Business – II

1 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The document containing the guarantee of a bank to honour drafts drawn on it by an exporter is.
Answer:
Letter of credit.

Question 2.
TRIP is one of the WTO agreements that deal with.
Answer:
Trade-related aspects of intellectual property.

Question 3.
RCMC means
Answer:
Registration Cum Membership Certificate.

Question 4.
Which of the following documents is not required for obtaining an export license?

1. IEC number
2. Letter of credit
3. Registration cum membership certificate
4. Bank account number

Answer:
2. Letter of credit

Question 5.
Which of the following document is not required for an import of transaction?

1. Bill of lading
2. Shipping bill
3. Certificate of origin
4. Shipment advice

Answer:
4. Shipment advice.

Question 6.
Which one of the following is not a part of export documents?

1. Commercial invoice
2. Certificate of origin
3. Bill of entry
4. Mate’s receipt

Answer:
3. Bill of entry.

Question 7.
A receipt issued by the commanding officer of the ship when the cargo is loaded on the ship is known as……..

1. Shipping receipt
2. Mate’s receipt
3. Cargo receipt
4. Charter receipt

Answer:
2. Mate’s receipt.

Question 8.
Which of the following documents is prepared by the exporter and includes details of the cargo in terms of the shipper’s name, the number of packages, the shipping bill, port of destination, name of the vehicle carrying the cargo?

1. Shipping bill
2. Packaging list
3. Mate’s receipt
4. Bill of exchange

Answer:
1. Shipping bill.

Question 9.
The document containing the guarantee of a bank to honour drafts drawn on it by an exporter is

1. Letter of hypothecation
2. Letter of credit
3. Bill of lading
4. Bill of exchange

Answer:
2. Letter of credit

Question 10.
“It gives birth to a foreign territory within the home country for trading and for imposing duties”. What is referred to in this statement

1. EPZ
2. SEZ
3. Superstar trading houses
4. Deemed exports

Answer:
2. SEZ

Question 11.
This is a document stating the value and quantity of goods entering the country from abroad. It is submitted to the customs office either by the importer or his agent. What is this document?
Answer:
Bill of lading.

Question 12.
EPZ means…….

1. Advertisement
2. warehousing
3. insurance
4. transport

Answer:
Export Processing Zone

Question 13.
provides an internationally competitive and duty-free environment for the production of export goods.
Answer:
Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

2 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the IEC number?
Answer:
IEC means Importer’s Exporter’s Code Number. His number is to be filled within various papers connected with exports and imports.

3 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following in a word or phrase.

1. The document prepared by the master of the ship acknowledging the receipt of good.
2. The document issued as proof of the fact that goods have been produced in the country mentioned on it.
3. The document forwarded by the exporter to the importer after the shipment of goods.
4. The document issued by the dock authority after receiving the goods from the exporters.
5. The document needed in sending goods by air.
6. Document which acts as proof that goods of stated value and quantity are being brought into the country from abroad.

Answer:

1. Bill of Lading
2. Certificate of origin
3. Export Invoice/Foreign Invoice
4. Dock Receipt
5. Airway Bill
6. Bill of Entry.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Bill of lading? Explain its features.
Answer:
Bill of lading is a document issued by the shipping company after the cargo is loaded on the ship. It is an acknowledgement of the receipt of goods by the shipping company.

Features of Bill of lading

• It is an acknowledgement of the receipt of goods by the shipping company.
• It is a document which shows the title to the goods
• It is evidence of the contract of shipment.

4 Mark Questions & Answers:

Question 1.
Discuss the formalities involved in getting an export license.
Answer:

• Opening a bank account.
• Obtaining Import Export Code (IEC) number from the Directorate General Foreign Trade (DGFT)
• Registering with the appropriate export promotion council.
• Registering with Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation.

Question 2.
What is the bill of lading? How does it differ from the bill of entry?
Answer:
Bill of lading:
It is a document issued by the shipping company after the cargo is loaded on the ship. It is an acknowledgment of goods by the shipping company. It is a document which shows the title to the goods and is freely transferable by endorsement and delivery.

Bill of Entry:
It is a form supplied by the customs office to the importer who filled it at the time of receiving the goods. It has to be in triplicate and is to be submitted to the customs office. It contains information such as name and address of the importer, name of the ship, number of packages, description of goods, quantity and value of goods, name, and address of the exporter, port of destinations, customs duty payable, etc.

Question 3.
Name the documents used in external trade
Answer:
Indent
– Letter of Credit      – Bill of Lading
– Advice Letter         – Documentary Bill
– Insurance Policy    – Shipping order
– Shipping bill          – Mates Receipt
– Consular Invoice   – Certificate of origin
– Airway bill             – Export Invoice/Foreign Invoice
– Bill of Entry

5 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the document referred to in each of the following cases.

1. Agreement signed with the shipping company to enable us to put goods on the ship.
2. Document issued by the captain of the ship after loading the goods on the ship.
3. Assured payment on the strength of a document issued by the importer’s bank.
4. Document which authorises the bank to sell the goods in case of dis honour of bill.
5. Document received in exchange for Mate’s Receipt at the shipping office.

Answer:

1. Shipping order
2. Mate’s Receipt
3. Letter of credit
4. Letter of Hypothecation
5. Bill of Lading

Question 2.
Write a detailed note on the features, structure, objectives, and functioning of WTO.
Answer:
World Trade Organisation :
The General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was transformed into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) with effect from 1 st January 1995. The headquarters of the WTO are situated in Geneva, Switzerland. The World Trade Organization deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It is concerned with solving trade problems between countries and providing a forum for multilateral trade negotiations. It has a global status similar to that of the IMF and the World Bank. India is a founding member of WTO.

Objectives of WTO:

• To ensure a reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers imposed by different countries.
• To engage in activities which improve the standards of living, create employment, increase Income, facilitate higher production and trade.
• To facilitate the optimal use of the world’s resources.
• To promote an integrated, more viable and durable trading system.

Functions of WTO:

• To remove barriers to international trade.
• Act as a dispute settlement body.
• To ensure that all the rules regulations prescribed in the Act are duly followed by the member countries for the settlement of their disputes.
• Laying down a commonly accepted code of conduct for international trade.
• To consult with IMF, IBRD and its affiliated agencies to bring better understanding and cooperation in global economic policymaking.

Benefits of WTO:

• It helps to promote international peace and facilitates international business.
• All disputes between member nations are settled with mutual consultations.
• It makes international trade and relations very smooth and predictable.
• Free trade improves the standard of living of the people by increasing the income level.
• Free trade provides an opportunity for getting varieties of qualitative products.
• Economic growth has been increased.

6 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write short notes on

1. Bill of lading
2. Bill of entry
3. Letter of credit
4. Mate’s receipt
5. Certificate of origin
6. Shipping bill

Answer:
Documents for Export Transaction
A. Documents related to goods:

1. Export Invoice:
It is a seller’s bill which contains information about goods like quantity, number of packages, marks on packing, name of the ship, port of destination, terms of delivery &, payments, etc.

2. Packing List:
A packing list is a statement of the number of cases or packs and the details of the goods contained in these packs.

3. Certificate of Origin:
This is a certificate that specifies the country in which the goods are being produced. This certificate enables the importer to claim tariff concessions or other exemptions.

4. Certificate of Inspection:
For ensuring quality, the government has made an inspection of certain goods compulsory by some authorised agency like the export Inspection council of India (EICI), etc. After inspecting the goods, the agency issues a certificate of inspection that the consignment has been inspected as required under the export (Quality Control & Inspection) Act, 1963.

B. Documents Related to Shipment:

1. Mate’s Receipt:
A mate receipt is a receipt issued by the commanding officer of the ship when the cargo is loaded on board and contains the information about the name of the vessel, berth, date of shipment, description of packages, condition of the cargo at the time of receipt on board the ship, etc.

2. Shipping Bill:
The shipping bill is the main document on the basis of which customs office grants permission for the export. It contains full details regarding the goods being exported name of the vessel, exporter s name & address, country of final destination, etc.

3. Bill of lading:
It is a document issued by the shipping company after the cargo is loaded on the ship. It is an acknowledgment of goods by the shipping company. It is a document that shows the title to the goods and is freely transferable by endorsement and delivery.

4. Airway Bill:
It is a document issued by the airline company acknowledging the receipt of goods for transshipment through air carriage.

5. Marine Insurance Policy:
It is a certificate of insurance contract whereby the insurance company agrees in consideration of premium to indemnify the insured against loss incurred by perils of the sea.

6. Cart Ticket:
It is also known as cart chit or gate pass. It is prepared by the exporter and contains details regarding export cargo like a number of packages, shipping bill number, port of destination, etc.

C. Document related to payment:

1. Letter of credit:
A letter of credit is a guarantee issued by the importer’s bank that it will honour up to a certain amount the payment of export bills to the bank of the exporter.

2. Bill of Exchange:
In export & import transaction, the exporter draws the bill on the importer asking him to pay a specified amount to a certain person or the bearer of the instrument. The documents required by the importer for claiming the title of exported goods are passed on to him only when the importer accepts this bill.

3. Bank Certificate of Payment:
It is a certificate that the necessary documents relating to the particular export consignment have been negotiated and payment has been received in accordance with the exchange control regulations.

Documents used in an Import Transaction

1. Trade enquiry
2. Proforma invoice
3. Import order or indent
4. Letter of credit
5. Shipment advice
6. Bill of lading
7. Airway Bill
8. Bill of entry

Bill of entry:
It is a form supplied by the customs office to the importer who filled it at the time of receiving the goods. It has to be in triplicate and is to be submitted to the customs office. It contains information such as name and address of the importer, name of the ship, number of packages, description of goods, quantity and value of goods, name, and address of the exporter, port of destinations, customs duty payable, etc.

Question 2.
What is IMF? Discuss its various objectives and functions.
Answer:
Trade Agreements:
At the international level, there are various international organisations such as the World Bank, IMF, and WTO for fostering economic cooperation, trade and investments . among the countries.

1. World Bank
The International Bank for reconstruction and development i.e. World Bank was established in 1945, whose main objectives were to aid the task of reconstruction of the war-affected economies of Europe and assist in the development of the underdeveloped nations of the world.
Functions:

• To bring about economic growth and widen the scope of international trade.
• To develop infrastructural facilities such as energy, transportation, etc.
• To help different countries for raising cash crops so that their income rises.
• In addition to providing financial assistance for infrastructure development, agriculture, industry, health, etc.

2. International Development Association (IDA)
International Development Association (IDA) was set up in 1960 as a part of the World Bank. IDA was established soft loans primarily to provide soft loans to the poorest countries. So it is called the Soft Loan Window of the IBRD.
Objectives of IDA

• To provide development finance on easy terms to the less developed countries
• To provide assistance for poverty eradication in the poorest countries
• To provide finance at concessional interest rates in order to promote economic development, raise productivity and living standards in less developed nations
• To extend macroeconomic management services relating to health, education, nutrition, human resource development and population control.

3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
IFC was established in July 1956 in order to provide finance to the private sector of developing countries. All the members of the World Bank are eligible to become members of IFC.

4. The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency was established in April 1988 to supplement the functions of the World Bank and IFC.
Objectives of MIGA

• To encourage direct foreign investment into the developing countries
• To provide insurance cover to investors against political risks
• To provide guarantee against non-commercial risks
• To ensure new investments and expansion of existing investments
• To provide promotional and advisory services
• To establish credibility.

5. International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Monetary Fund: – it is the second international organization next to the World Bank. It came into existence in 1945 and its objective is the maintenance of exchange rates and providing short term loans to the countries facing short term foreign exchange problems.
Objectives of IMF

• To provide international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution.
• To facilitate the expansion of the balanced growth of international trade and to promote and maintain high levels of employment.
• To promote exchange rate stability among member countries.
• To help in the establishment of the International Payment System.

6. World Trade Organisation (WTO)

8. Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the World Bank? Discuss its various objectives and role of its affiliated agencies.
Answer:
Trade Agreements:-
At the international level, there are various international organisations such as the World Bank, IMF, and WTO for fostering economic cooperation, trade and investments . among the countries.

1. World Bank
The International Bank for reconstruction and development i.e. World Bank was established in 1945, whose main objectives were to aid the task of reconstruction of the war-affected economies of Europe and assist in the development of the underdeveloped nations of the world.
Functions:

• To bring about economic growth and widen the scope of international trade.
• To develop infrastructural facilities such as ‘ energy, transportation, etc.
• To help different countries for raising cash crops so that their income rises.
• In addition to providing financial assistance for infrastructure development, agriculture, industry, health, etc.

2. International Development Association (IDA)
International Development Association (IDA) was set up in 1960 as a part of the World Bank. IDA was established soft loans primarily to provide soft loans to the poorest countries. So it is called the Soft Loan Window of the IBRD.
Objectives of IDA:

• To provide development finance on easy terms to the less developed countries
• To provide assistance for poverty eradication in the poorest countries
• To provide finance at concessional interest rates in order to promote economic development, raise productivity and living standards in less developed nations
• To extend macroeconomic management services relating to health, education, nutrition, human resource development and population control.

3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
IFC was established in July 1956 in order to provide finance to the private sector of developing countries. All the members of the World Bank are eligible to become members of IFC.

4. The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
The Multinational Investment Guarantee Agency was established in April 1988 to supplement the functions of the World Bank and IFC.
Objectives of MIGA

• To encourage direct foreign investment into the developing countries
• To provide insurance cover to investors against political risks
• To provide guarantee against non-commercial risks
• To ensure new investments and expansion of existing investments
• To provide promotional and advisory services
• To establish credibility.

5. International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Monetary Fund: –
It is the second international organization next to the World Bank. It came into existence in 1945 and its
objective is the maintenance of exchange rates and providing short term loans to the countries facing short term foreign exchange problems.
Objectives of IMF

• To provide international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution.
• To facilitate the expansion of balanced growth of international trade and to promote and maintain high levels of employment.
• To promote exchange rate stability among member countries.
• To help in the establishment of the International Payment System.

6. World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Question 2.
Mr. Prakash has got an opportunity to take part in a business meeting. He meets an exporter of certain fast-moving consumer goods from America. He describes the profitability of these products if they are distributed in India. Mr. Prakash, after hearing this, shows his interest in importing the goods but is unaware of the procedure of import. Can you help him?
Answer:
Import Procedure

1. Trade enquiry:
It is a written request by the importer to the exporters for the supply of relevant information regarding the price, quality, quantity and various terms and conditions of export, etc. Then, the exporter prepares the quotation and sends it to the importer. The quotation is known as a proforma invoice.

2. Obtaining import license:
In India, it is compulsory to get the IEC number from the Directorate General Foreign Trade ( DGFT).

3. Obtaining foreign exchange:
As foreign exchange transactions are controlled by Reserve Bank of India, the importer has to submit an application along with necessary documents to the RBI to issue foreign exchange.

4. Placing order or indent:
After obtaining the import license, the importer places an import order or indent with the exporter for the supply of the specified products. It contains information about the price, quality, quantity of goods ordered, ports of shipment and destination, etc.

5. Obtaining a letter of credit:
The importer must obtain a letter of credit from his bank and send it to the exporter.

6. Arranging for finance:
The importer should make arrangements in advance to pay to the exporter on the arrival of goods at the port.

7. Receipt of shipment advice:
After loading the goods on the ship, the exporter dispatches the shipment advice to the importer. Shipment advice contains information about the shipment of goods.

8. Retirement of import documents:
After shipping the goods, the overseas supplier prepares necessary documents and hands over to his banker for their onward transmission to the importer when he accepts the bill of exchange. The acceptance of a bill of exchange for the purpose of getting delivery of the documents is known as the retirement of import documents.

9. Arrival of goods:
When the goods arrive in the importer’s country, the person in charge of the carrier informs the officer in charge at the dock or the airport about it. He provides a document called import general manifest for unloading of cargo. Import general manifest is a document that contains the details of the imported goods.

10. Customs clearance and release of goods:
All the goods imported into India have to pass through customs clearance after they cross the Indian borders. The importer must fulfill the following formalities for clearing the goods.

• Endorsement for delivery
• Payment of dock charges
• Bill of entry

Question 3.
Mr. Babu is running a ready-made garment manufacturing unit. He has got an order in the B2B meet held at Kochi, to export ready-made garments to Europe. How can execute it? Explain the procedure.
Answer:
Export Procedure

1. Receipt of enquiry and sending quotations:
The prospective buyer of a product sends an enquiry to different exporters requesting them to send information about price, quality, terms of payment, etc. The exporter sends a reply to the enquiry in the form of a quotation referred to as a proforma invoice.

2. Receipt of order or indent:
If the buyer is satisfied with the export price and other terms and conditions, he places the order or indent for the goods.

3. Assessing importer’s creditworthiness and securing a guarantee for payments: After receipt of the indent, the exporter makes a necessary enquiry about the creditworthiness of the importer. To minimise the risk, most exporters demand a letter of credit from the importer.

4. Obtaining an export license:
The exporter must apply for an export license to the appropriate authority. The following procedure is followed for obtaining the export license.

• Opening a bank account in any bank authorised by the Reserve Bank of India
• Obtaining Import Export Code (IEC) number
• Registration cum Membership Certificate (RCMC) from appropriate export promotion council
• Registering with Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation (ECGC) in order to safeguard against risks of non-payments.

5. Obtaining pre-shipment finance:
After obtaining the export license, the exporter approaches his banker in order to obtain pre-shipment finance for carrying out production.

6. Production or procurement of goods:
Exporter, after obtaining the pre-shipment finance from the bank, proceeds to get the goods ready as per the orders of the importer.

7. Pre-shipment inspection:
Quality control and pre-shipment inspection is compulsory in India as per Quality Control and Inspection Act. The inspection certificate is provided by the Export Inspection Council. The customs authority permits the shipment of goods only if there is an inspection certificate.

8. Excise clearance:
According to the Central Excise Tariff Act, excise duty on the material used in manufacturing goods is to be paid. For this purpose, the exporter applies to the concerned Excise Commissioner in the region with an invoice. But in many cases, the government exempts payment of excise duty or later on refunds it if the goods so manufactured are meant for exports. The refund of excise duty is known as duty drawback.

9. Obtaining certificate of origin:
In order to obtain Tariff concessions or other exemptions, the importer may ask the exporter to send the certificate of origin.

10. Reservation of shipping space:
The exporting firm applies to the shipping company for the provision of shipping space. Then the shipping company issues a shipping order. A shipping order is an instruction to the captain of the ship that the specified goods after their customs clearance at a designated port be received on board.

11. Packing and forwarding:
The goods are then properly packed and marked with necessary details such as name and address of the importer, gross and net weight, port of shipment and destination, country of origin, etc. The exporter then makes necessary arrangements for the transportation of goods to the port.

12. Insurance of goods:
In order to protect the goods against the risk of loss or damage the exporter gets the goods insured with an insurance company.

13. Customs clearance:
The goods must be cleared from the customs before these can be loaded on the ship. For obtaining customs clearance, the exporter prepares the shipping bill. The shipping bill contains particulars of the goods being exported, the name of the ship, the port at which goods are to be discharged, exporter’s name and address, etc. Five copies of the shipping bill along with the following documents are then submitted to the Customs Appraiser at the Customs House:

• Export Contract or Export Order
• Letter of Credit
• Commercial Invoice
• Certificate of Origin
• Certificate of Inspection, where necessary
• Marine Insurance Policy

14. Obtaining mates receipt:
A mate receipt is a receipt issued by the commanding officer of the ship when the cargo is loaded on board and contains the information about the name of the vessel, berth, date of shipment, description of packages, condition of the cargo at the time of receipt on board the ship, etc.

15. Payment of freight and issuance of bill of lading:
The clearing & forwarding agent (C&F agent) hands over the mate s receipt to the shipping company for the computation of freight. After receipt of the freight, the shipping company issues a bill of lading which serves as evidence that the shipping company has accepted the goods for carrying to the designated destination.

16. Preparation of invoice:
The exporter prepares an invoice for the dispatched goods. Invoice contains information regarding the quantity of goods & sent the amount to be paid by the importer. It is duly attested by the customs.

17. Securing payment:
After the shipment of goods, the exporter informs the importer about the shipment of goods. Various documents like a certified copy of invoice, bill of lading, packing list, insurance policy, certificate of origin and letter of credit are sent by the exporter through his bank. These documents are required by the importer for getting the goods cleared from customs. The exporter gets payment from his bank on the submission of necessary documents called negotiations of the documents.

Question 4.
India is an active participant in the global economy. Foreign trade has a prominent role in reaping the benefits of this phenomenon. In this context does the government take any measures to promote foreign trade? Do you think that the Government motivates the Indian entrepreneurs towards this end? Cite examples.
Answer:
Foreign Trade Promotion Measures and Schemes.

1. Duty drawback scheme:
It refers to the refund of customs and excise duties paid on imported inputs used in the manufacture of export goods.

2. Export manufacturing under bond scheme: Under this facility firms can produce goods without payment of excise and other duties. The firms can avail this facility after giving an undertaking (i.e. bond) that they are manufacturing goods for export purposes.

3. Exemption from payment of sales taxes:
Goods meant for export purposes are not subject to sales tax. Income derived from export operations had been exempt from payment of income tax. Now, this benefit of exemption from income tax is available only to 100 percent Export Oriented Units (100 percent EOUs) and units set up in Export Processing Zones (EPZs) or Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for selected years.

4. Advance license scheme: It is a scheme under which an exporter is allowed duty-free supply of domestic as well as imported inputs required for the manufacture of export goods.

5. Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme (EPCG): The main objective of this scheme is to encourage the import of capital goods for export production. This scheme allows export firms to import capital goods at zero or concessional rates of import duty.

6. Scheme of recognising export firms as an export house, trading house and superstar
trading house: The registered exporters having a record of export performance over a number of years are granted the status of export houses/ trading houses/star trading houses/superstar trading houses subject to the fulfillment of annual average export performance.

7. Export of Services: In order to boost the export of services, various categories of service houses have been recognised, i.e. Service Export House, International Service Export House, International Star Service Export House.

8. Export finance: Two types of export finances are made available to the exporters by authorised banks. They are termed as pre-shipment finance and post-shipment finance. Pre-shipment finance is provided to an exporter for financing the purchase, processing, manufacturing or packaging of goods for export purposes. Post-shipment finance is provided to the exporter from the date of extending the credit after the shipment of goods to the export country.

9. Export Processing Zones (EPZs): They are industrial estates, which form special enclaves separated from the domestic tariff areas. These are usually situated near seaports or airports. They are intended to provide an internationally competitive duty-free environment for export production at low cost. They can import capital goods and raw materials for the production of export goods without a license.

10. 100 percent Export Oriented Units (100 percent EOUs): These units are established with the main purpose of exporting their entire production except those which are specifically permitted to be sold in the domestic market.

11. Special Economic Zone (SEZ): It is specifically a delineated duty-free enclave, which is deemed to be foreign territory for the purpose of trading and imposing duties. It provided an internationally competitive and duty-free environment for the production of export of goods.

You can Download Islamic Countries of the Middle Ages Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 4 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Islamic Countries of the Middle Ages

Question 1.
There are many sources that give us information about the Islamic Countries of the Middle Ages. Give details.
Answer:
We get information about the Islamic Countries of the Middle Ages from 600 to 1200 AD for the Chronicles, semi-historical biographies, documents . of the words and deeds of the Prophet and from the interpretations of the Quran. All these were prepared from eye-witness descriptions. Each note of the eye-witness was examined through critical methods and only after ensuring its veracity and the authenticity of the author it was accepted for inclusion in the documents.

Most of the Chronicles and semi-historical biographies are written in Arabic. The best of them is Tareekh-al-Tabari. This is translated into English in 38 volumes. Although the number of Persian Chronicles are few, there are detailed descriptions about Iran and Central Asia. It was only in the 19^th century, proper histories of Islam began to be written. Professors in Germany and Netherlands were the ones who initiated this project.

Question 2.
Islam Religion originated in Arabia. Based on this statement, prepare a seminar paper on the origin, faith, community and politics of Islam.
Areas to be considered: The tribal living of the Arabs, Prophet Mohammed, faith and worship, the community of believers, political system.
Answer:
Islam Religion originated in Arabia. It was started by Prophet Mohammed in the 7^th century. By language and culture, Prophet Mohammed was an Arab. His family profession was trade. The Arabs lived in different tribal groups at that time. Each tribe had a tribal head. The heads were chosen on the basis of courage, intelligence, generosity and family relations.

Mohammed was born and brought up in the Quraysh tribe. There was a temple called Kaaba in Mecca. In that, there was a Black Stone and many other idols. The Kaaba temple was in the control of the Quraysh tribe. Even the tribes outside Mecca considered Kaaba a holy temple and placed their own idols here. Mecca is situated on a trade route between Yemen and Syria.

This increased the importance of Mecca. The temple in Mecca was a holy place. Their violence was prohibited. All visitors were given protection. Therefore Mecca was known as a holy city. Mohammed, the founder of Islam, propagated belief in one God and membership in one community (Umma). It was from here that Islam originated.

In 612 AD Mohammed declared that he was the Prophet of God. He formulated a religion which was based on monotheism. He declared that he was asked by God to propagate the worship of only one God. The goal of Prophet Mohammed was establishing a community of believers. This community has to testify its. existence before God and also other religious communities.

The message of Prophet Mohammed attracted the people of Mecca. They had thought that they had lost the advantages, of religion and trade and they were waiting for a new identity. The people who accepted the principles enunciated by Prophet Mohammed were known as Muslims.

They were promised heaven on the Day of Judgment and part of the wealth of the community during their earthly life. Soon the Muslims faced opposition from the nobles of Mecca. The denial of their gods by the Muslims made them worried. They looked at the new religion as a threat to the dignity and progress of Mecca. So they tried to persecute the followers of Mohammed and to kill Mohammed himself.

In 622AD Mohammed and his followers fled Mecca to Medina. This incident is known as ‘Hijra’ and it was a turning point in the history of Islam. A new Muslim calendar was started in the year in which Mohammed reached Medina (622).

The survival of a religion depends on the survival of its followers. The community of the believers should be coordinated internally and it should be protected from external dangers. For such coordination and protection, some political institution like the nation or government is needed. These political institutions can be formed from three sources; a. from the past (traditional), b. borrowing from outside and c. make something new.

Mohammed became the ruler and religious head of Medina and he established a strong administration. With this Islam became stronger. In 630 AD he conquered Mecca. With this, Prophet Mohammed’s prestige spread everywhere as a ruler as well as a religious head. Since Islam started in the difficult circumstances of a desert land, Arabs gave a lot of importance to power and unity.

Question 3.
The most important reform in the Muslim community was the formation of Khalifa rule. Explain.
Answer:
The most important reform in the Muslim community was the formation of Khalifa rule. According to that the leader of the community became the representative of the Prophet or the Khalifa. Khalifa was the head of the religion and also the head of the Arab nation. The first four Khalifas were relatives of the Prophet. They continued doing things as per the instruction given by him. Khalifas had two aims:

1. Control the Tribe and
2. Increase the income of the nation.

Question 4.
The followers and opponents of Ali formed two groups in Islam. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Ali fought two wars against those who represented the nobles of Mecca and this intensified the differences in Islam. Following this, Ali’s followers and opponent formed two groups in Islam – Shias and Sunnis.

Question 5.
The second round of the unification of the Arab Empire was made possible under the Umayyads. Discuss.
Answer:
Umayyad was a rich family in the Quraysh tribe. The founder of the Umayyad dynasty was Mu’awiyya, the 1^st Khalifa. The Umayyads Carried out many reforms. These helped the Umayyads to strengthen their position. Mu’waiyya, the first Khalifa, moved the capital of the Empire to Damascus.

He accepted the administrative institutions of the Byzantine Empire and the conventions of the royal court. He brought hereditary right to the throne and asked the leading Muslims to accept his son as the next Khalifa. The same paths were followed by his successors.

This helped the Umayyads to rule the Empire for 90 years. After Umayyads came the Abbasids and they were able to continue their rule for 2 centuries because of the reforms they carried out.

Question 6.
The Abbasid revolt brought significant changes in the dynasty and in the political structure and Islamic culture Elucidate.
Answer:
The Umayyads succeeded in decentralizing the Islamic political and administrative structure. But they had to pay a heavy price for that. In 750, a group called Dawa ousted the Umayyads from power and installed the Abbasids on the throne. The Abbasid family was a rich one in Mecca. They pictured the Umayyad rule as misrule and assured the people that they would bring back-the real Islam preached by the Prophet. The Abbasid revolt caused changes not only in the ruling dynasty but also in the political structure and Islamic culture.

Question 7.
From the 9^th century, the Abbasid rule began to weaken. Describe the reasons for the collapse of the Khalifa rule.
Answer:
From the 9^th century onwards the Abbasid dynasty began to weaken. The reason for this was the weakening of the control of Baghdad over the provinces and the increased internal conflicts. The Pro-Arab group and the pro-Iranian group in the army and bureaucracy quarrelled bitterly during this period.

In 810 there was an internal war between the followers of al-Amin and al-Mamun, the sons of Khalifa Harun al-Rashid. This further strengthened the division and there developed a strong powerful section of Turkey slave officials. There was also a fight for power between the Shia and Sunni sects.

Question 8.
Between 950 arid 1200, the Islamic society of the Middle Ages stood united because of certain common economic and cultural factors. Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
Between 950 and 1200, the Islamic society of the Middle Ages stood united not because of any political order or because of the one-language (Arabic) culture, but because of certain common economic and cultural factors. Even in the midst of political differences what maintained the unity was the separation between nation and society. The growth of Persian language and the intelligent discussions between different traditions nurtured this unity.

Scholars, artists, and merchants travelled freely in the various Islamic countries and propagated their ideas, Through the converts, some of these ideas reached even remote villages. There was a big growth in the Muslim population. As a religion and as cultural system, the identity of Islam attracted members of other religion, making conversions meaningful.

Question 9.
The coming of Sultanates was another turning point in Islamic history. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
The rise of the Sultanates in the 10th and 11th centuries was another important turning point in Islamic history. “With this, a new racial group was added to the Arabs and Iranians. Turks were a nomadic tribal group from the Central Asian grassy plains of Turkistan. Gradually they accepted Islam. They were good riders and warriors. They had served Abbasid, Samanid and. Buyid dynasties as slaves and warriors. Many of them had reached high positions because of their valour and loyalty.

Question 10.
“The cause for the Crusades was religious.” Do you agree with this.statement? Give details.
Answer:
The main goaf of the Crusades was recapturing Jerusalem which is the holy land of the Christians. Christians believe that the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus took place here. Thus Jerusalem is their most holy land. Jerusalem was once part of the Byzantine Empire. In 638, the Arabs captured it. But the Christians were given full protection by them.

There was no ban on visiting places including Jerusalem by Christian merchants, pilgrims, diplomats, and travellers. But in 1076, Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and from then they started persecuting the Christians there. This increased the enmity of Christians towards Muslims

Many Normans, Hungarian, and Slavs became Christians around this time. Muslims Were the only rivals of Christians, The Peace of God movement in Europe also made the circumstances rife for the Crusades This Movement recognized and encouraged the fight against the enemies of the Christian God and nonbelievers in Christianity.

Question 11.
Gradually the Crusaders lost their zeal. Based on this statement; analyse the results of the Crusades.
Answer:
The Crusaders gradually lost their zeal. They gave themselves to a life of luxury. Moreover, Christian rulers began to fight among themselves to get more territory. In the meantime, Salah ad-din (Saladin) built an Egyptian-Syrian Empire and gave a call for Jihad (holy war) against Christians. In 1187 he defeated the Crusaders and recaptured Jerusalem. Thus one century after the First Crusade, Jerusalem again came under the Turks.

Saladin treated the Christiansguite humanely. They allowed them to keep the area of the sepulcher of Jesus. But, at the same time, he converted many Christian Churches into mosques. Once again Jerusalem became a Muslim city The 3^rd Crusade took place in 1189. It was the loss of the city of Jerusalem that prompted the Pope to give a call for another battle.

In this war, the Crusaders did not get much benefit. They were able to capture some cities along the shores of Palestine. Christian pilgrims were given the right to visit Jerusalem at will. But in 1291 the Mamluks of Egypt, the rulers there, drove away all the Crusaders from Palestine. Europe slowly lost its interest in the Crusades. European nations began to give emphasis to their internal political and cultural development.

Question 12.
During the Islamic rule, urbanization developed fast Explain.
Answer:
During the Islamic rule, many cities grew and many new cities were founded. The new cities were built to give residences to the Arab soldiers who were the backbone of the Provincial administration. These military cities were known as Misr. Kufa and Basra in Iraq and Fustar and Cairo in Egypt were the most famous of them. During the Abbasid Khalifas, the population of Baghdad reached 1 million and it became an important city. Old cities like Damascus, Isfahan, and Samarkhand also developed. The cities were interconnected.

Main military cities:
Kufa, Basra, Fustar, Cairo.
Baghdad (capital city)
Damascus, Isfahan, Samarkhand (old cities)

In the heart of the city, there used to be two blocks of buildings. They were the centres for cultural and economic activities. One of them would be a mosque. It was big enough to be noticed from far. Another was a central market. In one row there would be shops, the residences of the merchants and a place, for changing money.

Question 13.
The rise of Sufism was a turning point in Islam. Discuss the ideas of Sufism.
Answer:
The rise of Sufism was an important event in the history of Islam in the Middle Ages. It is a reformist movement that was influenced by the Holy Quran and the life of the Prophet. The Sufis tried to understand God through asceticism and mysticism. They denied the love of luxury shown by the society. They rejected such a world placing their faith in God. The Sufis were mystics and believed in Pantheism. They gave importance to love and prayer.

Pantheism is the belief in one God and his creations. It means man’s soul should ultimately reach the Creator. Deep love for God is the main means of becoming one with God it was a lady ascetic called Rabia in Basra who propagated this idea. She lived in the 9^th century. She propagated the love of God through her poems.

It was an Iranian Sufi Bayasid Bisthami that taught the importance of man’s soul getting united with God. To get bliss and to raise emotions of love and devotion the Sufis used musical rhythms like Qawwali.

You can Download Displacement of Indigenes Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 10 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Displacement of Indigenes

Question 1.
In the American and Australian textbooks, there is no reference to the indigenous people there. What are the sources that throw light into the history of the indigenes?
Answer:
Until the middle of the 20^th century, the history textbooks of America and Australia explained how the Europeans discovered the Americas and Australia. But there were no references to the indigenous people there. It was in the 1940s, studies about the indigenes were started. The anthropologist of America started these studies. From the 1960s many people encouraged the indigenes to write their history or talk about it.

Today we can find many history books and novels written by the indigenes. In the museums of these countries, we can also see galleries exhibiting indigenous art. There are also special museums there, which depict the lifestyles of the indigenes. For example, the new National Museum of American Indians in the USA.

Question 2.
Europeans looked at the indigenes of America as uncivilized people. Do you agree with this view? Justify.
Answer:
Europeans looked at the indigenes of America as, uncivilized people. But the French philosopher Rousseau pointed out that such people should be respected because they had not polluted their culture. Many people think that the term “noble savage” would be appropriate to them. But the world-famous poet William Wordsworth came out with another view. He said that those who live in close proximity with nature will have less imaginative and emotional strength, in short, the indigenes were seen either as uncivilized or as noble savages or as people with less emotional and imaginative power.

The indigenes thought the things they exchanged with the Europeans as mere gifts. But for greedy Europeans, the things they got-like fish and hides- were goods to be sold in the Western markets. The price of the things the Europeans sold to the indigenes depended on the supply.

The indigenes did not have any idea about the markets in far-away Europe. Sometimes European gave a lot of things but sometimes only very little in exchange for the items they got from the indigenes. They used to wonder why this was so as they had no idea about the market prices. The greed of Europeans often made the indigenes sad. In their greed to get more and more hides, they killed a lot of otters. The indigenes were afraid that the animals would take revenge on them.

Question 3.
The indigenes and Europeans had different concepts about forests. Explain.
Answer:
The indigenes and Europeans had different concepts about forests. In the forests, the indigenes imagined many invisible things. But the Europeans simply wanted to clear the forests and convert them into cornfields.

Jefferson wanted a country with Europeans and small fields. The indigenes cultivated the land for their own use. They did not do it for selling or profit. Therefore acquiring land in their view was a serious mistake. This is what made Jefferson think that they were uncivilized.

Question 4.
Slavery was the main reason for the civil war in America. Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
The economy of the Northern States in the USA was not dependent on plantations. Their economy as industry-based. Therefore they did not have to rely on slavery. They said that slavery is anti-human and demanded its abolition. During the 1861-65 period, there was a civil war between the Southern States which wanted to retain slavery and the Northern States which wanted to abolish slavery. The Northern States had the victory. Slavery was abolished. But only in the 20^th century did the African Americans get their civil rights and the discrimination between the Blacks and Whites end.

Question 5.
The indigenes were slowly displaced from their land. How did the settlers acquire the land? What was the reaction of the indigenes?
Answer:
As each new European settlement developed in America, the indigenes were forced to withdraw from their land. They withdrew after signing agreements showing that they had sold their lands. They were given only petty sums for their land. The Europeans often offered bigger amounts to the indigenes but actually gave them only smaller sums when the signing was done and thus they cheated the indigenes. Even the people in authority did not feel anything wrong in getting the land from the indigenes by questionable methods.

The indigenes did not give up their land without a fight. Between 1865 and 1890, the US army had to suppress a series of riots. Around this time the Metis in Canada made an armed conflict. Later they gave up their armed struggle.

Question 6.
In the 1840s, in California gold deposits were discovered. What were its repercussions?
Answer:
There was always the hope there were gold deposits in North America. In the 1840s, in California, some gold deposits were discovered. This led to the Gold Rush. In the hope of reaping fortunes, many Europeans went to America. This caused railways to be built across the American mainland. Using thousands of Chinese labourers, America completed the work of the railways in 1870. In 1885, the railway network in Canada was also completed.

Question 7.
The main reason for the industrial revolution in the Northern States of America was the development of the railways. Explain.
Answer:
The main reason for the industrial revolution in the Northern States of America was the development of the railways. The railways helped in linking different places and in the quick transport of men and material. Another reason for the industrial revolution there was the manufactured machines. With this large scale, farming was made easy.

With the development in industry, industrial cities began to grow in the USA and Canada. The number of factories increased many-fold. In the 1860s, the economy of the US was undeveloped. But by 1890, it became a powerful industrial nation.

There was also large scale agriculture. Vast areas were cleared for cultivation. By 1880, the bison (wild buffaloes) faced extinction. With this their hunting by the indigenes came to an end. By 1892, the European settlements were almost complete throughout the USA. The region between the Pacific and the Atlantic was divided into States. In a short time, the USA established its colonies in Hawaii and the Philippines. Thus the US became an imperial power.

Question 8.
The American people gave democratic rights much value. Justify.
Answer:
The American people gave democratic rights (the right to vote, etc.) much value. The War of independence which they fought was, in one sense, was a fight for democratic rights. They also gave a lot of value to property rights. But their right to vote and right to property was applicable only to the Whites. The indigenes were denied those rights.

In 2000, Daniel Paul, a Canadian, pointed out this paradox. Thomas Paine, who was the spokesperson of democracy during the American War of Independence and the French Revolution, has underscored the contributions of the Red Indians of America to the development of the USA.

Question 9.
Critically examine the relations between the indigenes in Australia and the European settlers.
Answer:
There are a lot of similarities between America and Australia in this respect. When Captain Cook and his team reached Australia they had some fights with the local people. In an encounter in Hawaii, an indigene killed Captain Cook. Some such isolated incidents were used as the pretexts by Europeans to unleash violence against the indigenes in the 19^th and 20^th centuries, 90% of the local people died of various diseases that the Europeans had brought with them. Moreover, in their fight with the colonialists, the indigenes lost their land and resource.

The British made Australia a place to which they could exile their criminals. Earlier they sent their criminals to their American colonies. When America got the independence they chose Australia for that. Among the early settlers in Australia, a good number were criminals from the UK. These exiled criminals were let free in Australia on the condition that they would not return to England even when they finished their jail terms. These criminals had no regret to drive away the indigenes from their land and forcefully occupy it.

Question 10.
Make a timeline showing the development of Australia.
Answer:
1850 : Australian colonies were given self-rule.
1851 : Chinese workers migrate – It was stopped by law in 1855.
1851-61 : Flow of people into the gold mines.
1901 : The Federation of Australia is formed with 6 States.
1911 : Canberra is established as the capital.
1948-75 : Some 2 million Europeans migrate to Australia.

You can Download The Confrontation of Cultures Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 8 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 The Confrontation of Cultures

Question 1.
We have got much information about the confrontation between Europeans and the indigenes of the Americas. Explain.
Answer:
The Europeans who went to the Americas have given details of their journeys in their diaries and logbooks (the books in which details of the voyage are recorded). The records and writing of officials arid the Jesuit missionaries are also very important. Europeans have written a lot about the discovery of the Americas, North, and South. They have written more about their migration but their descriptions about the indigenes are very few.

In both the Americas (North and South) and the nearby islands, people have been living for thousands of years. There were migrations from Asia and from the islands of the South Ocean. South America was a region full of forests and hills, The longest river in the world Amazon flows mostly through dense forests. In Mexico, Central America, there were many dense human habitations. In the forest areas, there were also scattered villages.

Question 2.
The people who lived in the Caribbean Islands were of a community called Arawak. Write about the life of Arawaks.
Answer:
In the Caribbean Sea, there are hundreds of small islands. They are known as Bahamas, Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. On these islands, the community called Arawaks or Arawakian Lucayans lived. The violent tribe called Caribs drove away the Arawaks from the Lesser Antilles. Arawaks were peace-loving people. They preferred co-operation to competition. They were experts in making boats. They traveled in the open sea in small wooden boats. They lived by hunting, fishing, and farming. They cultivated com, sweet potatoes, some other root crops, and tapioca.

The Arawaks practised joint farming. Thus they tried to feed everyone in the community. This was their highest cultural value. They organized themselves under the elders in the community. Polygamy was common among them. They were animists. Animism (from Latin anima, “breath, spirit, life”) is the view that entities in nature such as animals, plants, and often even inanimate objects possess a spiritual essence. The ‘shaman’ (the priest) had a big role in their lives. The shamans worked as healers and as intermediaries between this world and the supernatural world.

Arawaks used golden ornaments. But they were not aware of the value of gold. They would gladly exchange their golden ornaments with the cheap crystal chains of the Europeans. The shine and beauty of the crystal chain was more important to them. They were good weavers. The art of weaving had developed nicely among them. Their swing beds made of coir was a big attraction to the Europeans.

Question 3.
The people of Brazil did not have to depend on agriculture. Why?
Answer:
The people who lived on the eastern shores of South America and in the villages of the forests were called Tupinamba. This region is present Brazil. The name Brazil came from a tree called Brazilwood. The people of Brazil had no iron. Therefore they could not clear forests and do any agriculture. Since they had plenty of fruits, vegetables, and fish, they did not have to depend on agriculture.

Question 4.
Prepare a seminar paper on the political systems of Central and South America.
Answer:
In Central arid South America, there were some famous civilizations. The most noteworthy of them were the Aztec and Mayan culture of Central America and the Inca culture of South America. They were highly organized nations. These urban civilizations were made possible because of the surplus production of corn. The huge architectural marvels built by the Aztec, Mayan and Inca cultures still make us stare at them in awe and wonder.

The Aztecs: Aztec culture is centred around Mexico. In the 12^th century, the Aztecs from the north migrated to the main valley of Mexico. By defeating the various tribes there, they built a large empire. From the defeated people they also collected tributes.

The Aztec society was hierarchical. There were different classes in society. The most important of them were the nobles or lords. Priests and other high officials belonged to this class.

Hereditary nobles were a small minority. They occupied the highest posts in the government, army . and priesthood. The nobles chose an able man from among themselves as their leader and he continued to be the king till he died. The king was supposed to be representative of the sun on earth.

Warriors and priests were the most respected people in society. Merchants were given a lot of concessions. Skilled and competent workers, doctors and intelligent teachers were also respected. Since the land was limited, the Aztecs tried to make it as fertile as they could. They also built artificial islands (Chinampas) by weaving mats from bamboo and covering them with earth for cultivating plants. In between these fertile islands they built canals.

In 1325, the Aztecs built their capital city Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake. There were palaces and pyramids there. Since the Aztecs were often engaged in battle, their temples were dedicated to war gods and sun-god.

The Mayans: The Mayan culture of Mexico developed between the 11^th and 14^th centuries. In the 16^th century, the Mayans were politically less powerful than the Aztecs. The centre point of Mayan culture was com cultivation. When com was planted, when ft was, growing, and when harvested there were different religious rituals connected with it. The Mayans had surplus crops. The extra income they had helped the administrators, priests, and chiefs to invest and develop architecture, astronomy, and mathematics.

The Mayans have given great Contributions in writing, architecture, mathematics, and astronomy. They had formed a picture script. Scholars could read their picture-script writing only partially.

The Incas of Peru: Among the local civilizations of South America, the biggest and the best is the Inca culture of- Peru. The Incas belong to a class called Quechua. Their language is also Quechua. Inca means the emperor who roles of-the land. The capital of Inca was a city named Cuzco. In the 12^th century, the first emperor Manco Capac founded that city. The expansion of the empire began during the period of the 9^th Inca. The empire spread from Ecuador to Chile, some 3000 miles.

The Inca Empire was highly centralized. The source of authority was the emperor.

Newly defeated tribes were successfully integrated with the empire. Each subject was to speak the language of the royal court, Quechua. The tribal administration was done by a Council of Elders. The Tribes owed their loyalty to the rulers.

Regional rulers gave the emperor military help. For this cooperation, they were adequately rewarded.

The basis of Inca culture was agriculture. Since the soil was less fertile, they made layers on the sides of hills and developed irrigation facilities. The Incas cultivated on a large scale. In 1500 they had more cultivation than what they have today. Their main crops were corn and potatoes.

Another important occupation of the Incas was animal husbandry. They grew a special kind of goats called lama goats which they used for meat as well as for work.

Question 5.
Aztecs had given great importance to education. Explain.
Answer:
Aztecs had given great importance to education. They made sure that all the children attended schools. The schools where the children of the nobles were studying were called Calmecac. Here they got training to be army leaders and religious leaders. Other students studied at the schools called Telpochcalli. Here they studied things like history, myths, traditional and ritualistic songs.

Boys were given military and agricultural training. They were also trained in other professions. Girls were given training to do household jobs.

Question 6.
Incas were proud builders and architects. Justify.
Answer:
Like Aztecs, the Incas were also proud builders and architects. Through the hilly region between Ecuador and Chile, they constructed many roads. They also built many forts, temples, palaces, and towers. They built their forts with stone slabs. Since the stone slabs were cut fine, they did not need any lime for fixing.

To cut the stones from the stone quarries and to transport them to the construction sites they made use of the labour of people, the masons got the stories .like flakes or layers. Some of the slabs weighed many tons. But they did not have any wheeled vehicles to carry them. Physical effort was needed to make the slabs reach the work sites. Work was organized and strictly supervised.

Question 7.
It Was the progress in science and technology and the invention of machines that helped geographical discoveries. Examine the statement.
Answer:
In the quest for geographical discoveries, progress in science and technology and the invention of machines helped considerably. The invention of the magnetic compass made voyages in the sea easy. Although people had some idea about magnetic compasses right from 1380, it was in the 15^th century they were widely used. The magnetic compass helped navigators to find the exact direction to which they were going.

There was also great progress in shipbuilding. Big ships that could carry a lot of goods were made. They were also made in such a way that they were ready to face attacks from enemies. The availability of written material in natural science, geography and travel increased the desire for people to make travels in the sea.

Question 8.
The exploratory geographical voyages had economic, religious and political goals. Discuss.
Answer:
The exploratory geographical voyages definitely had economic, religious and political goals.

Economic goals:
The main Inspiration behind geographical discoveries was economic. The European, economy was facing a crisis. The Great Plague and wars reduced the population in Europe considerably. Trade was reduced. There wasn’t enough silver and gold for making coins. Distance trade also was in problems. In 1453, the Turk conquered Constantinople and this was a big shock. Although the Italians tried to trade with the Turks, they had to give higher taxes. With this, the land- route trade between Europeans and the Eastern countries became difficult. In short, the goals of the European were making huge profits through trade and collecting Valuable metals like silver and gold.

Religious:
The desire to propagate Christianity to the world outside Europe also prompted the Europeans to embark upon voyages of discovery. Europeans were ready to undertake any adventure to spread Christianity to other lands. Along with the navigators, there were also missionaries and priests in their adventurous journeys.

Political:
The Crusades had caused an increase in trade between Europe and Asia. The products of Asia, especially spices, were in great demand in Europe. The rulers of Europe realized that through trade they could get political power. They thought that the newly discovered lands could be made their colonies and there they could establish their political power. They also wanted regions which were strategic so that it would help them in wars. Thus the European rulers encouraged voyages of discovery.

Question 9.
It was Columbus, the Italian navigator, who led the geographical discoveries. Based on this statement describe voyages of Columbus and his discoveries.
Answer:
Columbus (1451-1506), the Italian navigator, was the person who led many of the geographical discoveries. He was a navigator who dedicated his life to adventure and fame. He had believed in prophecies. He firmly believed that his destiny was finding out a sea route to the East by sailing westward. The geographical- astronomical book titled “Imago Mundi” written by Cardinal Pierre d’Ailly in 1410 inspired Columbus.

He presented his schemes of voyage to the Portuguese King but he refused to approve them. But the Queen of Spain, Isabella, was ready to help him. Thus on 3 August 1492, with Spanish help, Columbus started his voyage from the port of Palos. Columbus and co-navigators began their voyage in three small ships named Santa Maria, Pinta, and Nina. With the assistance of 40 expert navigators, Columbus himself navigated Santa Maria. The voyage crossing the Atlantic was a long one.

Question 10.
The Spanish established a colonial empire in America. Based on this statement, prepare a seminar paper.
Answer:
Following Columbus there was a flow of Spanish navigators and migrants into America. They tried to colonize the Central and Southern regions of America. They used their military power, gunpowder, and horses to do it. From the local people, they collected tributes. They made the indigenes work in the gold and silver mines. After the first discovery, the Spanish established a residential centre there. They made the local people work there. With the help of the local chiefs, they made explorations into the interiors of the country and tried to find new gold mines.

Cortes and the Aztecs: Cortes and his warriors were known as Conquistadores. They attacked Mexico. In 1519, Cortes went from Cuba to Mexico. There he established a friendship with a group called Totonacs who wanted to secede from the Aztec rule. The Aztec ruler Montezuma sent an officer to meet Cortes, the officer was terrified at the zeal for war shown by the Spaniards, their gunpowder and horses. Montezuma was made to believe that Cortes was a reincarnation of some deity and he has come to take revenge on him.

Even then the Aztecs resisted the Spaniards. In a battle called The Night of Tears, some 600 conquistadores and Tiaxcalans, their allies, were killed. Cortes was forced to retreat to Tlaxcala. He then made fresh plans against the new king of the Aztecs Cuauhtenoc. By this time many Aztecs began to die from the small pox the Europeans had brought with them. With just 150 soldiers and 30 horses, Cortes moved into Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs felt their end was near and the Aztec king surrendered. Later he was executed.

Cortes completed the conquest of Mexico and then he became the Captain-General of Spain in Mexico. From Mexico, the Spaniards extended their control to Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras.

Pizarro and the Incas: Pizarro was quite different from Cortes. He was a poor man with no education. He joined the army and in 1502 he reached the Caribbean. He had heard that the Inca Empire was full of gold and silver. He tried many times to reach there from the Pacific. Once when he was returning home, he happened to meet the Spanish king. He showed the king some Inca golden plates with beautiful carvings on them. The greed of the king was roused. He promised Pizarro that if he conquered the Inca Empire, he would make him the governor of the place. Pizarro tried to follow the path of Cortes. But when he found that the situation was different in the Inca Empire, he was disappointed.

in 1532, after an internal conflict, Atahualpa occupied the throne of the Inca Empire. At this time Pizarro appeared and trapped the king. The king promised to give Pizarro enough gold to fill a room if he was left free. This was the highest ransom ever recorded in history. But Pizarro did not succumb to this offer. He killed the king and his followers looted the entire Inca Empire. They also occupied it.

Question 11.
The Portuguese occupied Brazil by accident. Describe the colonization of Brazil and the role of Cabral in it.
Answer:
The Portuguese occupied Brazil by mere accident. In 1500 a fleet of ships under Pedro Alvarez Cabral traveled to India. His ships were caught in a storm and they reached present-day Brazil. Thus Cabral got the name for discovering Brazil. Since Brazil was in the Eastern part of South America which the Pope had allowed the Portuguese to capture, Cabral claimed that Brazil was theirs.

Question 12.
Geographical discoveries had far-reaching impacts in Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Prepare a seminar paper on this topic.
Answer:
Geographical discoveries definitely had far-reaching impacts on Europe, the Americas, and Africa. From the 15^th century, some sea routes from Ocean to Ocean were known. But most of these routes were quite unknown to the Europeans. Not even a single ship had ever reached the Caribbean or the Americas. In the Southern Atlantic, nobody had done any exploration. No ship entered there or traveled toward the Pacific or Indian Ocean. But by the end of the 15^th century and the beginning of the 16th, all this became old stories. Adventurous navigators reached all these places.

The discovery of the Americas had big repercussions on Europe, The flow of silver and gold from the newly discovered regions helped international trade and industrialization.

Between 1500 and 1600, each year hundreds of ships loaded with silver from South American mines readied Spain. But neither Spain nor Portugal made use of it for their internal development or welfare of the common people. They used it to develop trade or to build their naval power.

But England, France, Belgium, and Holland benefitted from the discoveries. Their merchants formed joint-stock companies and started trade trips. They established colonies in the newly discovered regions and brought new-world products like tobacco, potato, sugar, coco, pepper, and rubber into Europe. Soon the American produce became familiar to the Europeans. The Europeans then took them to places like India.

Geographical discoveries were ruinous to the indigenous people of the Americas. Many of the local people there were killed. Their culture and lifestyles were destroyed. They had to work like slaves in mines, estates, and mills.

Before the coming of the Europeans, there were some 70 million indigenes in the Americas. After a century and a half, their number was reduced to 3.5 million. It was wars and diseases that destroyed them.

In the duel between ancient American and European cultures, the Aztec-Inca cultures were completely ruined. Europeans used a war strategy that terrified the local people psychologically and physically. This also showed the differences in their values. The local people did not realize the depth of the greed of the Spaniards for gold and silver.

Question 13.
The worst result of geographical discoveries was slavery. Do you agree with this view? Justify.
Answer:
I agree with the view that slavery was the worst and brutal result of geographical discoveries. Slavery was not a new idea. But in South America, this was a new thing. The special feature of slavery in South America was that the increasing capitalist production system followed this brutal idea. The circumstances in which the slaves worked were terrible. But the Spaniards thought that such type of exploitation was necessary for their economic gains.

You can Download Changing Traditions Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 6 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Changing Traditions

Question 1.
It was Marc Bloch who wrote the best historical book on Feudalism. Based on this statement, write about the contributions of Marc Bloch.
Answer:
Marc Bloch (1886-1944) was one of the people who believed that there are more important things in history than political events, international relations and the lives of great persons. Marc Bloch stressed the importance of geography in the making of human history. He also pointed out the importance of understanding the attitude and behaviour of social groups. His most important book is “Feudal Society”. It especially studies French society between 900 and 1300 AD. This deals with extensively with the social hierarchies, social relations, ownership and management of land and the popular culture of those days.

Question 2.
The region called Gaul later became France. On the basis of this statement, write about the early history of France.
Answer:
The early history of France-:
481 : Clovis-becomes the king of Franks.
486 : Clovis and the Franks attack north Gaul.
496 : Clovis and the Franks become Christians.
714 : Charles Martel becomes the’ Mayor of the Palace.
751 : Martel’s son Pepin overthrows the Frankish ruler and becomes the king, founding a new dynasty. Through conquests, he doubles the territory of his country.
768 : After Pepin, his son Charlemagne becomes the king.
800 : Pope Leo ill gives Charlemagne the title “Holy Roman Emperor”.
840 : From 840, there were attacks by the Vikings of Norway.

Question 3.
Priests were the first order. What were the other orders?
Answer:
The three orders were Priestly Class, Nobles, and Farmers.

Question 4.
Not everyone could become a priest. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Not everyone could become a priest. Serfs, physically or mentally handicapped people and women were denied priesthood. Men who became priests could not get married. Bishops were lords in the sphere of religion. They were, like the nobles, owners of huge, estates. They stayed in palatial bungalows.

Question 5.
The Catholic Church and Feudalism shared many things. Do you agree with this viewpoint? Critically examine the.relations between the Church and Feudalism.
Answer:
The Church was the richest institution in Europe. From the farmers, the Church collected tithes. One-tenth of the yearly income was taken as tithes. The Church also received a lot of contributions from the rich lords or nobles. Many of the feudal rituals and conventions were also practiced in the Church. For example, the practice of praying to stand on knees, with bent heads and folded hands was borrowed from feudalism. In the feudal system, a knight declared his loyalty to his Lord in this manner. Similarly, the word ‘Lord’ denoting God is also borrowed from feudalism. Thus we can see there was much in common between the Church and Feudalism.

Question 6.
Abbeys were different from churches. Explain how abbeys were different from churches in their structures.
Answer:
Devout Christians established abbeys that were different from churches. The monks who lived in the abbeys were not like the priests who lived among the people of cities and villages. The monies lived secluded lives. They stayed in small communities of religious people. The places where they stayed were called abbeys or monasteries. Monasteries were usually away from crowded centres. The persons who stayed in the abbeys were monks and their head was called Abbot.

There were many monasteries. But two of them became very famous. One was in Subiaco, Italy which was founded in 529 by St. Benedict. The other is the Cluny Abbey in Burgundy which was founded in 910.

The monks pledge to stay in the abbeys for the rest of their lives and spend their time in prayers, studies, farming, and other physical work. Women also could take religious vows and become Nuns. Nuns stayed in Convents. The nuns also could not marry.

Question 7.
The Abbeys have given great contributions to social and cultural spheres. Explain.
Answer:
The early abbeys were small communities with some 10 or 20 monks in each. But later they grew in size and some abbeys had hundreds of members. They . had big buildings and large estates. They also built schools, colleges, and hospitals around the abbeys. These abbeys have given great contributions in the spheres of Art and Knowledge. Abbot Hildegard was a gifted musician. The monks played a big role in the common collective prayers of the Congregations. They had kept copies of manuscripts of great books. This helped the growth of knowledge.

Question 8.
Writers have pointed out some drawbacks of the abbeys. Explain with examples.
Answer:
By the 14^th century, the abbeys started showing signs of unhealthy things. Some of them lost their values and forgot their goals. Then the writers started severely criticising and even mocking the monasteries. Langland’s ‘Pierce Plowman’ and Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” mock at the luxurious lives of some monks.

Question 9.
The Catholic Society welcomed the Holy Days. Why? Describe the reasons based on the relations between the Church and society.
Answer:
Christians started celebrating the 25th of December as the birthday of Christ (Christmas) and his resurrection after death as Easter. For the hardworking peasants, these were days free from work and they heartily welcomed them. Although these days were dedicated to prayers, people used most of the time for entertainment and feasting.

Question 10.
The economic base of feudalism is manorial estates. What are manorial estates? Explain their special features.
Answer:
A noble (lord) has his own manorial house. He was the one who controlled the villages around him. Some nobles controlled hundreds of villages. Peasants lived in villages. In a small manorial estate, there would be 12 families. But in big manorial estates, there could be 50 or 60 families. The manorial estate had all the things necessary for daily life. From the farms they got grain. Carpenters and ironsmiths repaired and maintained the farming implements and also arms. There were masons to repair the mansion of the lord. Women wove clothes. Children worked in the vineries of the lord. There the lords used to go for hunting. In the grasslands of the estate the .herds and flocks grazed. There was a church in the estate and also a fort for defence.

Question 11.
The social importance of the nobles came from their control over the land. Based on this statement explain the meaning of vassalage.
Answer:
It was their control over the land that placed the lords in the central point. This control resulted from vassalage. In the feudal system, the entire land belonged to the king”. The king distributed the land among the nobles. Thus the nobles became huge landlords. They became the vassals of the king. The nobles gave their land; to the peasants for cultivation. Thus the nobles became lords or masters and the peasants became dependents or serfs.

Question 12.
A manor was not fully self-sufficient. Do you agree with this view? Justify your answer.
Answer:
It is true that a manor was not fully self-sufficient, It needed salt, grinding stone and metallic pots from outside. Similarly, the nobles got their luxury items like musical instruments, home appliances and ornaments from outside.

Question 13
Knights were warriors and related to the nobles. Find out how knighthood originated and the knights kept up their relations with the nobles.
Answer:
From the 9^th century onwards, there used to be regional wars in Europe. The peasant soldiers were not competent enough to win these battles. There was a need for a good cavalry. This need resulted in the formation of a new group of people known as knights. The knights were soldiers or warriors. They were related to the nobles. The noble gave the knight an area of land called fief and the knight pledged to protect it. Fief Gould be transferred hereditarily. A fief could be anything between 1000 to 2000 acres. It had a house in which the knight and family could live, a church, a watermill, and a vinery. The land was used by the knight and he promised to fight for the noble. To maintain their physical fitness the knights engaged in different kinds of training and sports. A knight could serve more than one noble. But his real loyalty was to his particular noble who had given him his fief.

Question 14.
Farmers were of two kinds. Explain.
Answer:
Farmers were of two kinds. One was independent farmers and the other was serfs, who were not independent farmers.

Question 15.
Feudalism developed in England from the 11^th century. Based on this statement describe how feudalism grew in England.
Answer:
Feudalism developed in England from the 11^th century. The Angles and Saxons from Central Europe had started living in England in the 6^th century. The name England is a distortion of ‘Arigleland’.

In the 11^th century William, the Duke of Normandy crossed the English Channel with an army and defeated the Saxon king. From then onwards, England and France became bitter enemies. They often fought with each other for lands and trade. William, I made a map of the country and distributed it among the 180 Norman Nobles who had migrated to England with him. These Nobles became the king’s most important vassals. They had to give the king military service. They also had the obligation to give a fixed number of knights to the king. Soon the nobles started giving part of their land to the knights.

In return, the knights had to give similar services to, The lords as the lords were giving to the king. But the nobles could not use the knights for their private wars, as it was prohibited in England. Anglo-Saxon farmers became the serfs of the landowners. This is how feudalism grew in England.

Question 16.
Prepare a seminar paper showing the factors that affected the social and economic relations during the feudal age.
Answer:
During the feudal era, there were many processes that completely changed the prevailing social and economic relations. The factors that caused these changes were mainly the Environment, use of land and new agricultural technology.

From the 5^th century to the 10^th century, most parts of Europe were covered by dense forests. Naturally, these were very little agricultural land. Dissatisfied farmers ran away into the forests to escape from persecutions by their angry lords or knights. At this time Europe had a very cold climate. Extended winter periods adversely affected agriculture and crops. Production was drastically reduced.

But from the 11^th century, there were changes in the environment. The climate became warmer and the average warmth increased. This change in the climate was suitable for agriculture. Since there wasn’t much snow and ice, the farmers could plough and cultivate the land for longer periods.

Environmental historians show that in many parts of Europe forests receded. This helped in increasing agriculture. In the beginning, the agricultural technology was very primitive. They had only wooden ploughshares, pulled by bullocks. By using this plough, only the upper parts of the land could be ploughed. So they could not make use of the fertility of the deeper soil. Naturally, agriculture needed a lot ‘ of efforts. The lands were deepened by using hands. This was done once in four years and it needed a lot of physical efforts.

The biggest change in the economic sphere was the use of money. From the 11th century, money was used for transactions. Because of this personal relationship that was the basis of feudalism began to weaken. Nobles started demanding their taxes and shares in the form of money and not services.

Question 17
Describe the concept called the ‘The 4^th Order’ and prepare a note about the new cities and the city people.
Answer:
By the 11th century, the cities began to grow again. The reason for this was the surplus agricultural production. As the farmers began to produce enough grain to sustain the people in the cities, the cities began to grow. The farmers who had surpluses needed centres where they could sell their surplus, and where they could buy their work tools and clothes. This caused the growth of small markets and centres for selling things. Slowly they began to show the features of cities. There was a. square area, a church inside, roads along which there were shops and homes of merchants and an office where the administrators of the area met. Some cities grew around forts, estates of bishops . and big churches.

The majority of the city people were independent farmers or escaped serfs. These serfs did most of the unskilled jobs. There were different kinds of shops, big and small, and traders in the city. Gradually the cities needed specialized people like bankers and solicitors. In big cities, the population could be as many as 30,000. These cities were called the 4^th order.

Question 18.
From the 12^th century onwards, Cathedrals were built in France. Explain.
Answer:
Big churches are called Cathedrals. Although the owners of these cathedrals were monasteries, many people took part in their construction. They helped the construction by giving money, labour or material. The Cathedrals were built with stones. It took years to complete the work. As the construction was in progress, the areas around it were occupied by more and more people who came to live there. Some of , the cathedrals became pilgrimage centres. Around them, townships came up.

Question 19.
In the 14^th century, Europe faced a big crisis. Based on this statement discuss the reasons for this crisis.
Answer:
At the beginning of the 14^th century, the economic growth of Europe was reduced drastically. There were three reasons for that.
a) Change in the climate.
b) Lack of trade.
c) Plague.
By the end of the 13^th century, there were significant changes in the climate of Northern Europe. The warm climate disappeared and instead of cold climate came. This climatic change adversely affected cultivation. It was difficult to cultivate in higher areas. Storms and disturbances in the sea affected shipping and trade. This reduced the income to the people and the government. The government was not getting enough taxes both from the peasants as well as traders.

Then there was the plague or Black Death. It killed a lot of people and brought the economy to a standstill. It took a long time for Europe to overcome this sorry state of affairs.

Question 20.
Find out the reasons for the rise of despotic rulers and contrast them with traditional monarchies.
Answer:
The new despotic oilers were different from traditional kings. In the feudal system, the king was on top. But now things changed. King became the centre of society. The king needed the support of those who had power and authority. The king got this support through patronage. Many gave the king money to get this patronage. Thus money became very important. Merchants who were not nobles and bankers etc. could get into the royal court by giving money to the king. The king used this money to pay his soldiers. Thus the king allowed anti-feudal elements to get into the administrative system.

You can Download From the Beginning of Time Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 1 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 From the Beginning of Time

Question 1.
As people began to produce food, there were great changes in their lives. What were these changes?
Answer:
During the long history of mankind, until people learned to produce food, they found their food by collecting the flesh of dead animals, hunting animals and collecting roots or fruits from plants. They had learned to make stone weapons and communicate with one another. Later man began to get food by means of agriculture, and domesticating and growing animals. But they continued hunting and gathering food. Even today we find hunter-gatherer communities in some parts of the world.

Question 2.
“The fossils of man, stone weapons and cave drawings or pictures help us to understand the history of man. On the basis of this statement, find out the sources that throw light on the history of early men.
Answer:
The fossils of man, stone weapons and cave drawings or pictures help us to understand the history of man. But in the beginning, many scholars were not willing . to understand or acknowledge the importance of these discoveries. They even refused to acknowledge that they were the fossils of early people. They were doubtful about the capacity of the early people to make stone weapons and to draw pictures, it was after a long time that the scholars recognized the importance of the discoveries.

It is from the fossils that we get the evidence for the evolution of man. The time of the fossil can be determined through chemical testing. Otherwise by examining the remnants of the stone in which the. fossils are found their time can be established. Once the time of the fossils is determined, the order of the human evolution can be found out.

Question 3.
“There are different categories in the Homo Genus Explain.
Answer:
Homo Erectus:
The origin of this species was 1.8 million years ago. Homo Erectus, which means upright man, is the direct predecessor of modem man. It was Homo Erectus that discovered the use of fire and started using clothes. This human race, which appeared in Africa, was interested in migration. From Africa they spread to Europe and Asia.

Homo Sapiens:
This humankind appeared on earth after the homo erectus. Their origin was in Africa some 8 lakh years ago. Just like the homo erectus, the homo sapiens also moved to Europe and Asia. They were known as “Wise or Thinking Man”.

Question 4.
Hominids originated in Africa. Do you agree with this opinion? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Hominids originated in Africa. There are two evidences for this.

1. The apes in Africa are very close to Hominids.
2. Early hominid fossils were discovered from East Africa. The fossils discovered outside Africa are not as old as the ones found in East Africa.

Question 5.
In a classroom discussion, Sheeba opined that there are differences between hominoids and hominids. Do you agree with her opinion? If yes, describe them.
Answer:
Hominoids are apes. All apes which include Gorillas, chimps, humans, orangs gibbons, etc. are hominoids. But Hominids are great apes and exclude gibbons (lesser apes). All hominids are hominoids, but not all hominoids are hominids. Hominids belong to the family called Hominidae. All people come in this group. There are 4 features that make hominids different from others:

1. Bigger brain
2. Upright posture
3. Walkirig.on two legs
4. Special ability in the use of hands.

Question 6.
Hominids are divided into different genus (branches). Mention two important genus.
Answer:
Hominids are divided into different genus (branches) and the ‘two most important of them are Australopithecus and Homo.

Question 7.
Arrange chronologically (in the order of time):

1. homo habilis
2. homo erectus
3. homo sapiens
4. homo sapiens sapiens

Answer:

1. homo sapiens
2. homo erectus
3. homo sapiens sapiens
4. homo habilis

Question 8.
Match the items in column A & B.

Answer:

Question 9.
Babu: “Modern man originated in different places.”
Reena: “No. Modern man originated in one place.”
This is a part of a classroom discussion. With which opinion do you agree? Why?
Answer:
The place of origin of the modem man has been a much-discussed topic. Scholars have put forward two contradictory views on this issue. They are Regional Continuity Model and Replacement Model. Regional Continuity Modeh This model says that modem people originated in different places.

The early homo sapiens in many places slowly evolved as modem people and that is why the modem people in various parts of the world look different from one another at first sight. The regional differences in the features of people are the basis for such a view.

Replacement Model:
This model says that modem man originated in Africa. The spokesmen of this model say that modem people appeared in place of (the old species of people everywhere. As evidence to their claim, they put forward the hereditary and anatomical similarity of modem people.

This model points out that modem people are quite similar everywhere because they originated in the same place – Africa. The first fossils of modem people were discovered from Omo in Ethiopia. This evidence substantiates the Replacement Model.

Question 10.
For procuring food, the early people had used different ways. Explain.
Answer:
The early people got their food by gathering.huriting, taking the flesh from dead animals and fishing. They gathered vegetarian products like seeds, kernel of nuts, fruits arid roots. Some people believe that they stored food but for this, there is ho dear proof.

Although there are many fossils of bones, the fossils of vegetarian stuff have been rare. Remnants of plants and trees that have been burned down by sudden fire last for quite a long time, but archaeologists have not yet found such fossils.

It is natural that the early people collected the flesh of dead animals or the remnants of animals killed by carnivorous beasts. Early hominids ate mammals like rats and squirrels, birds and their eggs, crawling creatures and even insects like termites.

Question 11.
Fire was useful to the early man in many ways. Discuss how they used fire.
Answer:
It gave heat and light in the caves. It was used for cooking. It was used to harden timber. It was helpful in the making of tools. It was also used to drive away dangerous beasts.

Question 12.
“Early man used to make working tools.” Examine the relevance in this statement.
Answer:
The first proofs of man’s making and using working stone tools were got from Ethiopia and Kenya. We don’t know if these tools were made by man, woman or both. Most likely both men and women made such tools. Women must have made these tools to earn their food and also food their children after they had stopped breastfeeding them.

Question 13.
“Among all creatures only man has language.” On the basis of this statement write about the various views regarding the development of language.
Answer:
There are many views regarding the development of language.

1. Scholars say that hominids use first used gestures.
2. Another group argues that sounds (words) of emotional interjections preceded language.
3. There are others who believe that language developed from the calls (sounds) that primates made to one another. In the beginning, there were different sounds. Slowly they developed into a language.

Question 14.
What is anthropology?
Answer:
It is a branch of knowledge that studies human culture and the evolutionary levels of humans/ Anthropos in Greek means man and logos means study. Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies.

Question 15.
What is the Glacial Age?
Answer:
Once the earth surface was covered with thick ice sheets. This phenomenon is known as the Glacial Age. In the history of the earth there were 4 Such glacial ages. The last glacial age ended some 13,000 years ago. The period between two Glacial Ages is called Inter Glacial Period.

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Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Nomadic Empires

Question 1.
“The term ‘Nomadic Empires’ might look paradoxical.” Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Nomads are wanderers. They are organized as family groups. There is hardly any difference in their; economic life. Their political system is very ancient and uncivilized. But Empires have physical territories . and boundaries. Politically they are stable. The stability of an empire comes from its complex social and economic structures. It rules a vast region. Naturally, an empire should have an administrative system.

Question 2.
The History of Mongols is written by foreign scholars. Explain.
Answer:
It was Russian scholars who made the most valuable researches about Mongols in the 18th arid 19th centuries. The history of Mongols comes in the form of extensive notes prepared by travelers, merchants, warriors, and collectors of antiquity.

Question 3.
The goal of Genghis Khan was not merely a fellowship of the Mongol tribes. What were his other aims?
Answer:
Genghis. Khan unified the Mongol people. He reorganized them into a disciplined military power. It helped him in future conquests. His primary aim was to attack China.

Question 4.
The Mongols did not do any agriculture. On the basis of this statement explain what the means of livelihood of the Mongols were.
Answer:
Many Mongols were shepherds whereas others were hunters and gatherers of food. Shepherds had. domesticated horses and sheep. They also tamed cattle, goats, and camels. In the grassy plains of Central Asia (the modem Mongolia), they lived a nomadic life. It was a beautiful region with snow-capped mountains, plains, rivers and a desert (Gobi). The hunters and the gatherers of food lived in the Northern Siberian forests. Compared to the shepherds they were very humble. During the summer they lived by selling animal hides. The climate in their region was harsh. They had (Orig winter and brief, dry summer.

The Mongols did not do any farming. Their economic system was not capable of maintaining places with high or dense population. Therefore they did not have r any cities.

The Mongols lived in tents. They went on roaming the grassy plains with their flocks and herds both in the winter and also summer.

Question 5.
There were some links that kept the various sections and tribes of the Mongols together. Explain.
Answer:
The Mongols included various sections and tribes. There were Tatars, Khitans, Manchus, and Turkish tribes among them. The main link among them was their common language.

Question 6.
The Great Wall of China was built to protect the agricultural communities of North China from the attacks of the nomads, Based on this statement, describe the relations between the Mongolian nomads and the Chinese agricultural communities.
Answer:
China experienced a lot of problems because of the constant attacks by the nomads and therefore China built fortresses to protect her citizens from these attacks. Connecting these fortresses, China made defensive wall-chain. This is the famous Great Wall of China. This is one of the wonders of the world.

Question 7.
The life of Genghis Khan was full of misery and backlashes. Comment.
Answer:
The real name of Genghis khan is Temujin. He was born in 1162, in a region of the bank of River On on in the Northern side of the present Mongolia. When he was 12, his father was killed. Then it was his mother Hoelun who brought him and brothers up taking a lot of trouble. Temujin faced a lot of problems during the next 12 years. He was caught and was made a slave. Soon after his marriage his wife Borte was kidnapped by some people. Temujin had to fight hard to get his wife back.

By 1209 Genghis Khan defeated the Xi Xia people, in 1213 he crossed the Great Wall and defeated the Chin dynasty. He looted Peking. His fights with the Chin dynasty continued until 1234, Genghis Khan also attacked places like Amu Darya, Transoxiana, and Khwaresmia.

Question 8.
The major part of Genghis Khan’s life was spent on the battlefront. Do you agree with this view? Explain.
Answer:
It is true that the major part of Genghis Khan’s life was spent on the battlefront. His military successes are quite wonderful.
He used new strategies. He also changed traditional strategies that were used in the warfare in the grassy plains. The expertise of the Mongols and Turks in horse-riding gave his army speed and dynamism. These warriors could shoot even as they were riding their horses.

The cavalry in the plains was ready to move with great speed and face any type of weather. The rivers that were frozen during the winter were like highways for the warriors of Genghis Khan and they could easily enter the cities and camps of the enemies.

For the nomads, the fortressed camps of the enemies were hard to conquer. There they suffered huge losses. But Genghis Khan did not mind these obstacles. His engineers made machines to capture the fortresses. They also made firebombs which could be easily carried and used when needed. By using these technically advanced things Genghis Khan was able to defeat his enemies.

Question 9.
Under the successors of Genghis Khan, the Mongol lost their Western world. Give reasons for this.
Answer:
In the decades after 1203, the Mongolian army faced many defeats. In the 1260s, the Mongols lost their desire to maintain their Western regions. Vienna, Western Europe, and Egypt were once with the Mongols. But their withdrawal from the Hungariari Steppes and their defeat from the Egyptian army caused some new political ideas to emerge in their minds. The internal strife among the Mongols themselves and their over-enthusiasm in conquering China made them lose their Western world.

Question 10.
Prepare a seminar paper on the social-political and military arrangements of the Mongols.
Areas to be considered: Military structure, Courier system, Mongols and the Permanent Settlers, Formation of special hereditary system, Yassa.
Answer:
All the healthy males among the Mongols carried arms. In times of need, they served as an army. In short, the Mongolian army was small and uni-tribal. But with the unification of the different Mongolian tribes and with the wars with different peoples, there were changes in the nature and structure of Genghis Khan’s army. The army became big and multi-tribal. In the army, there were soldiers who accepted the authority of Genghis Khan willingly, like the Turkic Uyghurs and defeated the people like the Keraits. Genghis Khan unified the different tribes of Mongols and made them into a confederacy. He tried to destroy the earlier tribal identities of these tribes.

Genghis Khan organized his army on a decimal basis. The units were in multiples of 10. (10,100, 1000,10000, etc.)

The greatest contribution of Genghis Khan was the courier system called Yam he introduced. This Yam system was a relay system that linked different administrative units of his vast empire. At fixed distances, there were horsemen and messengers for carrying messages. To maintain this communication system, the nomadic Mongols had to give one-tenth of their animals (horses or other animals) to the authorities. This was known as Qubkar (kar means tax-likeour’karam’inMalayalam).

After the death of Genghis Khan, the courier system became more efficient. Its speed and reliance had surprised visitors. The great Khans used this relay system to effectively control their far-flung regions. The defeated people were not happy with the new nomadic rulers. After the attacks that took place in the first half of the 13th century, cities were destroyed, farms were left uncultivated and trade and handloom industries were reduced.

Thousands of people were. killed and many more were made prisoners. Right from the top to the bottom, people suffered different kinds of misery and pain. Since the canals in the internal region of the Iranian plateau were not repaired, the desert expanded. This caused environmental min. A good portion of the Khurasan Region never. recovered from this damage.

Once the attacks were over Europe and China were regionally connected. The trade relations between the two were also better. The trade and travel through the silk route reached their height under the Mongols, But the trade routes did not end with China. They extended to Mongolia, the heart of the Empire and Karakoram. Travel and communication were essential for the stability of the Mongol rule. The travelers were given a pass for their easy travel. Merchants had to give a tax (called Baj tax) for this.
In the 13^th century, the contradictions that existed between the nomads and the permanent settlers began to lessen.

The memories of Genghis Khan were cherished by his successors. It was his Yassa (Law) that helped him to be remembered by posterity. In the Assembly of Chiefs (Quriltai) in 1206 Genghis Khan declared his Yassa. It contained administrative controls and laws regarding the organization of hunting, army and postal system. By the middle of the 13^th century, the Mongols began to use the word Yassa to mean the “Laws of Genghis Khan”. Thus the Yassa of Genghis Khan helped him in keeping memory alive.

Question 11.
Sagi: Genghis Khan was an uncivilized attacker.
Usha: He was a great leader.
With whose opinion do you agree? Why?
Answer:
When we think of Genghis khan now, in our imagination, we imagine him to be a violent destroyer of cities and a brute who caused the death of thousands of people. In the 13th century, the city dwellers of China, Iran, and Eastern Europe looked at the Mongols with anger and hatred. But for the Mongols Genghis Khan was their greatest leader. He unified them.

He liberated them from the constant Tribal wars and the exploitation of the Chinese. To the Mongols, he was a great man who brought them prosperity, who formed an intercontinental empire, who recovered the trade routes and markets and who attracted travelers like Marco Polo.

Question 12.
The Mongols have given valuable contributions to world culture. Critically evaluate this statement.
Answer:
The Mongol Khans belonged to different. religious faiths. There were Believers of Shamanism, Buddhists, Christians, and Muslims among them. They did not impose their personal beliefs on others. The Mongol rulers employed members of all races and faiths in their administration and army. Theirs was a multi-racial, multi-lingual and multi-religious rule. Such a rule was quite unusual in those days. The Mongols followed an administrative system that could be imitated by the rulers like the Mughals in India

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Philosophy of The Indian Constitution

Philosophy of The Indian Constitution Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the political philosophy of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The political philosophy is contained in Preamble. The most important and precious part of the Constitution is the Preamble. It is the key to the Constitution and the yardstick to measure it. The philosophical and fundamental features of the Constitution are uncovered in the Preamble. The social and economic goals are also seen here. The Indian Constitution is not a mere book of rules. It contains moral values and viewpoints. It has a political philosophy of its own. The ideas in the Constitution should be in the background of the discussions that took place in the Constitutional Assembly.

Question 2.
The following chart shows the aspects related to the political philosophy of the Indian Constitution. Observe the chart and prepare a seminar paper.

Answer:
The +1 students of Ernakulam HSS organized a seminar on the topic “The Political philosophy of the Indian Constitution.” The class was divided into 7 groups and the points were discussed. After that, the leaders presented the views of each group.
a) Individual freedom: Our Constitution is very much concerned with Individual freedom. For example, we have the Fundamental Rights.
b) Social Justice: The mission of the nation is ensuring Social Justice. The different articles of the Constitution are the means for this. For example Article 16.
c) Respect for Diversity and Minority Rights: The Constitution guarantees the educational and cultural rights of the minorities in India.
d) Secularism: This is the cornerstone of the Indian Constitution. It treats all religions equally.
e) Universal Franchise: The Constitution ensures that all adults of 18 and above have their voting rights without any discrimination.
f) federalism : India is a Federation. The Centre-State relations are defined clearly.
g) National Identity: Our Constitution nurtures both national identity as well as a regional identify simultaneously.

Question 3.
India adopted a secularist pattern as different from the western model. Give the reasons.
Answer:
The political and social conditions in India are quite different from those of the West. Here we see unity in diversity. The Western Secularist view is that to ensure individual freedom and rights of the citizens, the nation and religion should be kept separate. In India, we treat all religions equally.

Question 4.
Elaborate on the political philosophy of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Constitution is the basic document of a nation. The government of any country works according to certain rules. Constitution is the basic document which describes the structure of the Nation, the rights of the government, the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities. In different countries of the world, there are different types of constitutions.

The most important and precious part of the Constitution is the Preamble. It is the key to the Constitution and the yardstick to measure it. The philosophical and fundamental features of the Constitution are uncovered in the Preamble. The social and economic goals are also seen here. The Indian Constitution is not a mere book of rules. It contains moral values and viewpoints. It has a political philosophy of its own. The ideas in the Constitution should be in the background of the discussions that took place in the Constitutional Assembly. The main points of the philosophy of the Indian Constitution are Individual freedom, Social Justice, Respect for Diversity and Minority Rights, Secularism, Universal Franchise, Federalism and National Identity.

Question 5.
Which among the following principles did India adopt for its secularism?
a) The nation has nothing to do with religion.
b) The nation has close ties with religion.
c) The Nation can use its discretionary powers in religion.
d) To abolish certain evil practices in the religion, the nation takes initiatives.
e) The nation recognizes the rights of different religious groups.
f) The nation has only limited powers in interfering in religious matters.
Answer:
c) The Nation can use its discretionary powers in religion.
d) To abolish certain evil practices in the religion, the nation takes initiatives.
e) The nation recognizes the rights of different religious groups.

Question 6.
The Indian Constitution has made some procedural achievements. Explain.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution has made some procedural achievements. There are 5 features which can be considered quite basic. They are:

• Rights of the religious minorities
• The right of the nation to intervene
• Universal adult franchise
• Federalism
• National identity.

Apart from these, the Constitution has achieved some practical gains.
They are mainly two;

1. The faith in discussions and consideration,
2. the attitude for reconciliation and inclusion.

Question 7.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare a short description on the criticisms against the Constitution of India.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is not beyond criticism. There have been many criticisms, but the most important of them are the following 3.
a) Unwieldy: The basis of this criticism is the feeling a constitution must be brief and precise. But since the Indian circumstances are quite different from others, this criticism does not have any validity.
b) It is not representative enough: The members of the Constituent Assembly were chosen with limited franchise. Universal franchise could not be used there. The Indian Constitutional Assembly was formed according to the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission and therefore we could not make it completely democratically representational. It was because in the Assembly there were representations from the Princely States and Territories directly under British control.
c) A Document with a foreign citizenship or Not Fully Indian: Figuratively it means the ideas and provisions of the Constitution were borrowed extensively from different constitutes of the world.

Question 9.
Who wrote the book “In Defence of Liberation’?
Answer:
K.M. Panicker

Question 10.
Nations that consider religion as a private or personal subject are called
Answer:
Secular Nations (States)

Question 11.
The Indian Constitutional Bill of ……….. was an important step in the history of universal adult franchise.
Answer:
1895

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Constitution as a Living Document

Constitution as a Living Document Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Are Constitutions static?
Answer:
No, they aren’t. Constitutions develop through amendments. The Constitution is the basic document of any nation. There is a need to bring in timely changes in it because of the social, political, economic and cultural changes that take place with the passage of time. The architects of the Constitution have made provisions to make amendments in the Constitution.

Question 2.
Explain the procedure for the amendment of the Constitution.
Answer:
Amendments to the Constitution:
Article 368 describes the right of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and the procedure for the amendment. Some sections of the Constitution can be easily amended but some sections are not o easy to amend. On the basis of amendment, the sections of the Constitution can be divided into 3. Some sections of the Constitution can be easily amended with a simple majority in the Parliament. But to amend some sections, 2/3 majority is needed.

To amend fundamental rights and Directive principles, 2/3 majority is needed. For amending some very important sections, the majority of the total number of the Parliamentarians and 2/3 majority of those present and voting is needed. Apart from this, recognition of the States is also necessary. At least half of the State Assemblies must favor the amendment. Subjects like election of the President, the executive rights of the Union and the States, Supreme Court, High Courts, relations between the Union and the States, the lists in the 7th schedule, the representation of the States in the Parliament, etc. come in the third group.

The Amendment Bills should be submitted to the President for his approval. Only when he signs them, they come into effect. A Bill for amendment can originate in any House. The Assemblies in the States can’t bring Bills of Amendments.

Question 3.
“At the same time, the Constitution must be flexible and rigid.” Do you agree?
Answer:
Yes, I do. If changes are to be brought in according to the social, political, economic and cultural changes that take place with the passage of time, the Constitution has to be flexible. But at the same time, it should be rigid so as to protect the rights of citizens, the basic structure of the nation, division of powers between the Centre and State, etc. It is not easy to amend a rigid Constitution.

Question 4.
“The Indian Constitution is a living document.” Comment.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is a living document. Since it has both flexible and rigid features, timely changes can be brought into it because of the changing social, political, economic and cultural circumstances. Through the various interpretations of the Constitution by the Supreme Court also the Constitution grows. So far some 100 amendments have been made and this clearly shows that the Constitution is living and growing.

Question 5.
There are three types of Constitutional amendments. Explain them.
Answer:
Amendments to the Indian Constitution can be made in three ways:
a) Some sections of the Constitution can be easily amended with a simple majority in the Parliament. Adding new States, formation of new States, formation of State Legislative Councils, Dissolution of the Councils, etc. come in this category.
b) To amend some sections, 2/3 majority is needed.
c) To amend fundamental rights and Directive principles, 2/3 majority is needed. For amending some very important sections, the majority of the total number of the Parliamentarians and 2/3 majority of those present and voting is needed. Apart from this, recognition of the States is also necessary. At least half of the State Assemblies must favor the amendment.
d) To prepare amendments, the Constitution has not made any special condition.
e) The procedure for amendment is included in article 368.

Question 6.
Clarify the concept of “Special Majority” and “Simple Majority”.
Answer:
Some amendments can be made by a simple majority in the Parliament. Adding new States, formation of new States, formation of State Legislative Councils, Dissolution of the Councils, etc. come in this category.

To amend some sections, 2/3 majority is needed.
To amend fundamental rights and Directive principles, 2/3 majority is needed. For amending some very important sections, the majority of the total number of the Parliamentarians and 2/3 majority of those present and voting is needed. Apart from this, recognition of the States is also necessary.

Question 7.
State whether the following are true or false.
Answer:
a) The President can’t return an Amendment Bill for the reconsideration of the Parliament.
b) Only elected members have the right to amend the Constitution.
c) The Judiciary can only interpret the Constitution in a different way and bring some changes, but it can’t take the initiative to amend it.
d) The Parliament can amend any section of the Constitution.
e) The Indian Constitution is a living document.
f) Secularism does not come in the basic structure of the Constitution.
Answer:
a) True
b) True
c) True
d) True
e) False
f) False

Question 8.
The Indian Constitution was amended 94 times during the last 60 years. Why have been there so many amendments?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is flexible enough to adapt to changes. During the period 1970-1990, Congress had the upper hand. The actions plans of the Congress were presented as Constitutional Changes. The later period was that of Coalition Governments. Even then many amendments were made. All this shows that our Constitution is a living one.

Question 9.
Prepare a note on the contents of Constitutional amendments made so far.
Answer:
We can classify the Constitutional amendments made so far into 3:

1. Technical or Administrative amendments.
2. Different interpretations.
3. Amendments through political adjustment and cooperation.

Apart from these, there have also been amendments of controversial nature.

Question 10.
The 42^nd Amendment was of the most controversial amendments so far. Explain.
Answer:
The 42^nd amendment passed by the Indian Parliament in 1976 is called ‘the little Constitution’. Many articles of the Constitution were amended. These changes were brought to overcome the Supreme Court order in the Kesavananda case. Some controls were brought in the powers of the Judiciary. Fundamental duties were added. In the Preamble, the words Secularism and Socialism were added. The life of the Parliament was raised from 6 years from 5 years. In short 42^nd amendment was made for the Emergency declared in 1975.

Question 11.
Who or what among the following are included in the constitutional amendment of India? In what way they are included?
a) Voters
b) State Assemblies
c) President
d) Governors
e) Parliament
f) Judiciary
Answer:
State Assemblies, President, Parliament

Question 12.
Which among the following were the controversial subjects of the 42^nd constitutional amendment?
a) It was done at the time of the declaration of Emergency. The declaration of Emergency itself was controversial
b) It did not have the special majority required.
c) It did not get the approval from the State Assemblies.
d) It contained many controversial issues.
e) It did not have the approval of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
a) It was done at the time of the declaration of Emergency. The declaration of Emergency itself was controversial.
c) It did not get the approval from the State Assemblies.
d) It contained many controversial issues.

Question 13.
Point out the main subjects included in the basic structure of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Basic structure of the Indian Constitution: These are the important subjects included in the Indian Constitution:

• Supremacy of the Constitution
• Federal system
• Secularism
• Democratic Republic nature
• Rule of Law, Judicial Review
• Fundamental Rights
• Social-Economic justice
• Parliamentary Government
• Independent Judiciary

The Supreme Court made a verdict that the Parliament has no authority to change the basic structure of the Constitution.

Question 14.
Open Constitutions which welcome changes are called …………
Answer:
Flexible constitutions

Question 15.
When was the Indian Constitution approved?
Answer:
26 November 1949

Question 16.
It was the …………. Amendment that included Fundamental Duties in the Constitution.
Answer:
42^nd

Question 17.
Who was the Chairman of the Commission appointed for the review of the Constitution?
Answer:
Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Local Governments

Local Governments Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the necessity of local governments?
Answer:
Apart from the Central Government and State Governments, it is the local self-governments that manage the developmental activities of district, urban centers, and rural areas. According to Gandhiji, the Father of our Nation, India’s soul lives in the villages. His dream was self-sufficient villages. The Makers of the Constitution included this idea in the Constitution. Later through the 73^rd and 74^th Amendments the Local Self-Government Institutions acquired their present shape and status.
The necessity for local governments:

• Local governments are close to people and they are able to solve the problems of the people quickly and cheaply.
• They can protect local interests.
• They are necessary to make use of local knowledge and the energy of the local community.
• They are the pillars of democracy. They ensure the participation of the people in the administration.
• It is through them decentralization and decentralized planning are done.

Question 2.
Examine the growth of local governments in India.
Answer:
There have been references to local governments in India also in the past. The father of the Indian local governments is Lord Rippon. But in 1687, the first local government in India, the Madras Corporation, was founded. Apart from the Central Government and State Governments, it is the local self-governments that manage the developmental activities of district, urban centers, and rural areas. According to Gandhiji, the Father of our Nation, India’s soul lives in the villages. His dream was self-sufficient villages. The Makers of the Constitution included this idea in the Constitution. Later through the 73^rd and 74^th Amendments, the Local Self-Government Institutions acquired their present shape and status.

Question 3.
Who laid the foundation of India’s modern local governments?
Answer:
Lord Rippon

Question 4.
Prepare a seminar paper on Panchayat Raj in India.
Answer:
The +1 Political Science students in Kannur Government HSS organized a seminar on the topic “Panchayat Raj in India”. The students were divided into groups, and the leaders of the groups presented the views of their groups.
Panchayat Raj in India/Three-tier administrative decentralization:

• In 1957 the Indian Government appointed a Committee with Balwant Rai Mehta as its chairman to study the rural development schemes.
• Panchayat Raj came into existence as per this Committee’s report.
• The Committee recommended a 3-tier system for decentralization of powers.
• In the village, there was Village Panchayat, at the block level there was Panchayat Samiti and at the district level there was Zila Parishad.

a) Village Panchayat:

• Panchayat is at the bottom of the village administration. Panchayat is a committee the members of which are elected directly by the people of the Panchayat.
• There are reservations for women and also Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe members.
• The main responsibilities of the Panchayat are sanitation, drinking water distribution, street lamps, land use, keeping cattle register, relief work, maintenance of roads, culverts, bridges, sewers and ponds, supervision of primary education, welfare of the backward classes and revenue collection.
• The Panchayat also has to maintain the birth-death register and propagate family planning.
• Apart from all these, the Panchayat can work as the agents of the Samiti for implementing developmental plans.
• Village panchayats are recommended to be agents for revenue collection.

b) Panchayat Samiti:

• This is the mid-level or Block level administrative setup.
• The members are indirectly elected. The members of the Samiti are: The chiefs of the village Panchayats in the block’s jurisdiction, nominated women members, Representatives of Cooperative Societies, the local MLA and the M.P.
• All the development projects in the Block are its responsibility.
• Their responsibility includes agriculture, animal husbandry, Cooperation, small scale irrigation, rural industries, primary education, local communication, sanitation, health, and medical help. It is the duty of the State Government to delegate powers to the Samiti.

c) Zila Parishad:

• This is the topmost part of the local government set up. The members of the Zila Parishad are Representatives of the Panchayat Samiti, Representatives of the SC’s and ST’s, Women Representatives, MLAs of the District and MP’s.
• The Presidents of the Panchayat Samiti will be ex-officio members.
• District level officers from spheres like medical, health, agriculture, veterinary, engineering education, welfare of Back Ward Classes, Public Works, etc.
• It is the Zila Parishad that examines and passes the budgets of Panchayat Samitis.
• It gets funds from the Government and distributes it among the Panchayat Samitis.
• It collects the various schemes of the Blocks of the district and coordinates them.
• It collects the various applications from Panchayat Samitis and forwards them to the State Government.
• It has the duty of supervising the working of the Panchayat Samitis.
• The Chairman of the Zila Parishad is the Collector. Otherwise, he can function as the Secretary of the Parishad.
• The recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta were approved by the Development Council in 1959.

Question 5.
Kochi is a Municipal Corporation in Kerala. Which are the other Municipal Corporations?
Answer:
Kozhikode, Thrissur, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram.

Question 6.
The 73^rd Amendment Act is a milestone on constitutional amendments. What were the changes brought by this Amendment?
Answer:
The 73^rd Amendment Act made the Panchayat Raj a Constitutional system.
It brought a 3-tier system by having Village-Block- District level Panchayats in all the States.
The block-level can be avoided if the State has less than 20 lakh population.
The Grama Sabha Concept is also included in the Amendment,
The Chairmen of the Block Panchayat and Zila Parishad will be elected by the concerned Panchayat members.
The local MLAs and MPs will be ex-officio members of the Block Panchayat.

The Chairman of the Grama Sabha will be elected as per the law approved by the State Government. Based on the population of the place, in all the 3 levels there will be proportionate representation for SC’s and ST’s.

One-third of the seats are reserved for ladies. Proportionate to the population, some Chairmen should be SCs and STs. One-third of the chairmen will be ladies.
Reservations are by rotation.

The duration for all Panchayat Raj Institutions is 5 years. After dissolution, elections must be done within 6 months and new committees are to be formed. The Act makes provision for the appointment of an independent State Election Commission.

It is the Governor who appoints the State Election Commission. The Act also makes provision for the appointment of a Financial Commission once in 5 years to look into the financial status of the Panchayats and give the Government suggestions.

Question 7.
Complete the Chart.

Answer:

Question 8.
What are the main differences between the local governments before the 73rd Amendment and after it?
Answer:
Local Governments before the 73^rd Amendment:
Before the 73^rd Amendment, local government was in the State list. The State Governments had full authority to makes laws in this.
Before the 73^rd Amendment, there was no condition that elections should be done immediately after the local government have been dissolved by the State Government.
Before the 73^rd Amendment, there was no reservation for women and SC’s and ST’s.
Before the 73^rd Amendment, it was the responsibility of the State Government to conduct elections for the local committees.
Before the 73^rd Amendment, in the local committees, dominant castes and feudal lords had the upper hand.

Local Governments after the 73^rd Amendment:
After the 73^rd Amendment, the power of the State governments to enact laws on local government was restricted. The States were now forced to make laws in conformity with the Amendment.
After the 73^rd Amendment, direct election came into effect.
After the 73^rd Amendment, the condition came that if the local governments are dissolved, within 6 months fresh elections must be conducted.
After the 73^rd Amendment, there was reservation for women and SC’s and ST’s.
After the 73^rd Amendment, the duty of conducting elections to the local governments was vested in a State Election Commission.
After the 73^rd Amendment, in the local committees, dominance of the dominant castes and feudal lords came to an end to a certain limit.

Question 9.
What were the changes brought about by the 73^rd and 74^th Amendments in the local administration?
Answer:
The 73^rd Amendment Act made the Panchayat Raj a Constitutional system.

• It brought a 3-tier system by having Village-Block- District level Panchayats in all the States.
• The block-level can be avoided if the State has less than 20 lakh population.
• The Grama Sabha Concept is also included in the Amendment.
• The Chairmen of the Block Panchayat and Zila Parishad will be elected by the concerned Panchayat members.
• The local MLAs and MPs will be ex-officio members of the Block Panchayat.
• The Chairman of the Grama Sabha will be elected as per the law approved by the State Government.
• Based on the population of the place, in all the 3 levels there will be proportionate representation for SCs and STs.
• One-third of the seats are reserved for ladies.
• Proportionate to the population, some Chairmen should be SCs and STs. One-third of the chairpersons will be ladies.
• Reservations are by rotation.
• The duration for all Panchayat Raj Institutions is 5 years. After dissolution, elections must be done within 6 months and new committees are to be formed.
• The Act makes provision for the appointment of an independent State Election Commission.
• It is the Governor who appoints the State Election Commission.
• The Act also makes provision for the appointment of Financial Commission once in 5 years to look into the financial status of the Panchayats and give the Government suggestions.

Urban Local Government and the 74^rd Amendment Act:
The formation of the urban local government and determining its powers have been made according to the Constitution.
The 74^th Amendment Act of 1992 came into effect in April 1993. It defines the rules, structure, and powers of the Municipal Administration.
According to the Act, the urban local governments have Municipal Corporations, Municipalities Urban Panchayats.

• For all the seats, there should be direct election.
• Councilors are elected from the Wards (Constituencies in the Town).
• There are reservations for SCs and STs.
• The duration of the Municipality is 5 years.
• The Government has the authority to dissolve the Municipality before the completion of its time.
• The Council established after the dissolution will continue in power for the remaining duration.
• To contest in Municipal election, one should be at least 25 years of age.
• Each State appoints a State Election Commission.
• The State Election Commission will prepare the voters’ list and make arrangements for the elections and it has full control over them.
• The State Governor appoints the Commissioner of the State Election Commission.
• Each State has to form State Finance Commission, District Planning Committee and Urban Development Committee. The Act which specifies the responsibilities of the Urban local self-government is included in the XII schedule of the Constitution. It has 18 matters.

Question 10.
How many Grama Panchayats are there in Kerala?
Answer:
999

Question 11.
Imagine your class as the Grama Sabha. Discuss the agenda of the meeting and suggest some steps to realize the goal.
Answer:
Grama Sabha is at the bottom of the 3-tier Panchayat Raj System. It is an integral part of the Grama Panchayat. In the Grama Sabha, all the voters of the village are members. It presents development plans, discusses them and takes decisions. The Ward Member will lead the meeting of the Grama Sabha. Under the Chairmen of various Standing Committees, the discussions are codified and decisions made.

Question 12.
“There are certain limitations in the functioning of the Local Governments.” Do you agree? Explain
Answer:
There are many obstacles on the way of the smooth functioning of the local governments.
Problems of Panchayat Rai:
The main problem is that the people’s civic responsibility is not good enough, maybe because of poverty and illiteracy. They don’t show much alertness or imagination.

Another problem is the indifference that the officials show in Panchayat Raj activities. Another problem is lack of money. Many workers in the local governments are not competent enough to do things properly. They are paid less. Many local governments are plagued with corruption and nepotism. There are also factionalism and political interferences.

The problems faced by the local governments can be solved only through making the people aware of them. They should know the essence of decentralization of power. They should know that decentralization is the means and people’s participation is the goal.

Question 13.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 14.
The administrative reforms made by ………… in 1882, were the starting point of the local self-governments of modem India.
Answer:
Lord Ripon

Question 15.
The Constitutional Amendments Acts ……… helped in the growth of the local self-government.
Answer:
73, 74

Question 16.
…….. is the basic level of the Panchayat Raj System.
Answer:
Grama Panchayat

Question 17.
The 74^th Constitutional Amendment regarding the local governments in the urban centres is known by the name ………..
Answer:
Nagar Palika System

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Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Federalism

Federalism Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Federalism?
Answer:
Federalism is the system by which powers of the nation are divided between the Centre and the States. If all the powers of the nation are concentrated in the Central government, such a system will be called unitary government. America is a Federal system But China is a unitary system.

Question 2.
Complete the following chart:

Answer:

Question 3.
Indian Federalism and American Federalism are different. Do you agree?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution follows the federal system. This is what article 1 states: “India that is Bharat shall be a Union of States.” When India became free on 15 August 1947, the integration of the Princely, States became necessary. Our Federation did not come into existence through an agreement among existing States. It is a creation of the self-identity of the Indian people through the Constitution. The American Federal system came into existence as the result of an agreement among 13 colonies. Today America is Federation of 50 States.

Question 4.
Explain how powers are divided among the States and the Centre in the Indian Federalism.
Answer:
In the 11th Section of the Constitution, Articles 245 to 263 deal with the relations between the States and the Centre. Article 246 talks about the 3 lists for legislation. The content of the 7th schedule is the three lists – Union List, State List, and the Concurrent List. On subjects mentioned in the Union List, the Parliament makes the Laws. It has 97 subjects. The most important subjects of the nation are in this list. The State List has subjects over which the States can make Laws. It has 66 subjects.

Over the subjects mentioned in the Concurrent List, both the Parliament and the State Assembly can make laws. It has 47 subjects. If any subject is not mentioned in the State List or Concurrent list, the Parliament will have the power to makes laws on that subject.

The main subjects in the Union List are: Defence, Armed Forces, Military Camps, the Fortresses of armed forces, arms and ammunition, nuclear energy, defence industry, Central Intelligence, Preventive Detention, Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Treaties and Agreements, Possessions abroad, Exchange of criminals, Passport, Visa, Migration, Pilgrimage outside the country, crimes against international laws, Railway, National Highways, National waterways, Shipping and Navigation, Light Houses, Big ports, Naval hospitals, air traffic, movement of goods, Post, Telephone, Broadcasting, Public Debt, Currency and Coin making, Foreign loans, Reserve Bank, Post Office and so on.

Main items in the State List: Law and Order, Police, Jail, Local government, public health.
Main items in the Concurrent list: Criminal Law, Criminal procedure, Marriage, divorce, etc.

Question 5.
Categorize the following and put in the appropriate columns: Police, education, defense, Foreign trade Banking, Jail, Forest, agriculture, adulteration.

Answer:

Question 6.
Critically examine the Indian Federalism.
Answer:
India is a Federation. All the features of a federation are found in the Indian Constitution.

• Written and Rigid Constitution
• Division of Authority
• Independent Federal Judiciary

The Indian Constitution stands for a strong federal system. It created a strong federal system. The following show strong Central control:

• All the most important subjects are in the Union list.
• Governors are appointed by the Centre.
• The Centre has the right to declare emergency.
• The Centre has Residuary Powers.

Question 7.
Name the Commission that was appointed to study the Centre-State relations
Answer:
Sarkaria Commission

Question 8.
Evaluate the Centre-State relations in India.
Answer:
The Constitution is merely framework of Federalism. It is the political processes that supply the flesh and blood to it. Therefore the changing political processes are the most important factor that influences Indian federalism.

Demand for administrative autonomy: Many States of India are clamoring for greater autonomy. Often this causes rifts between the Centre and the states. The role of Governors and President’s rule: The role of Governors has caused many rifts between the Centre and the states. Often the Governors have to work as yes-men to the Central Government. Presidential rule in case of Constitutional Emergency is also a matter of conflict.

Demand for New States: This is another headache for the Federalism. For example, the demand for Telangana State.
Inter-State Conflicts: Sometimes these conflicts grow to such levels that federalism itself is threatened.

Question 9.
There are States in India that demand autonomy. What are the major demands of such States?
Answer:
Many States and Political Parties demand more autonomy for States. But autonomy means different things to different States and Parties. By Division of authority what some States want is more powers to be given to them. Many States and Political Parties demand more self-rule for their States.

Another demand is that States must have their own sources of income and they should have greater control over their natural resources. Some States wanted autonomy so that they can control their resources.

A third demand is that Centre should not interfere with the State administration. The States can’t tolerate the intervention by the Centre. The fourth reason for self-rule is linked to cultural and language matters. The opposition to Hindi in Tamil Nadu and the imposition of Punjabi in Punjab are causes of protest. The domination of the Hindi speaking States over the other States often causes rifts. Some States protested saying that Hindi was being forcefully imposed on them.

Question 10.
Inter-State Conflicts are common in India. Explain with examples.
Answer:

• River-Water Conflict
• Boundary Conflict

River-water conflicts often become serious as they affect the drinking water and water for irrigation.
Examples are Kaveri Water conflict, Mullaperiyar problem.

Boundary problems also exist in many States. Although the States were formed on linguistic basis, there are many linguistic minorities living in the boundary areas. Example, the conflict between Maharashtra and Karnataka regarding Belgaum.

Question 11.
Which Indian State has got special status according to the Constitution?
Answer:
Jammu-Kashmir (Article 370).

Question 12.
Write down the years in which the following States were formed:
Kerala, Punjab, Sikkim, Goa, Uttaranchal, Nagaland, Jharkhand
Answer:
Kerala — 1956
Punjab — 1966
Sikkim — 1975
Goa — 1987
Uttaranchal — 2000
Nagaland — 1963
Jharkhand — 2000

Question 13.
There is an opinion Governors are responsible for aggravating the Centre-State Conflicts. Do you agree? Explain.
Answer:
I don’t fully agree. A Governor is appointed by the Central Government. Governor is the head of the State Executive. Governors being Central Government appointees often clash with the State Governments. In the matter of imposing President’s rule and the dissolution of the State Government, there often develop rifts between the Governors and State Governments. But it would be unfair to put the blame of bringing problems to Indian Federalism on the Governors alone. There are some other reasons too for the Centre-State Conflicts.

Question 14.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 15.
What is the relevance of Article 356?
Answer:
Article 356, which empowers the President to dissolve the democratically elected State government, has been often criticized. The first time it was used in Punjab in 1951. Before the election of 1967, the Article 356 was used 8 times. Three times it was in Kerala. By 1998, this article was used nearly a hundred times.

Question 16.
Point out the major topics of inter-state conflicts in India.
Answer:

1. River Water Conflict
2. Boundary Disputes

Since water is need for drinking and also for irrigation in the States, the overwater conflicts between States become highly complex. Examples are the Kaveri River water conflicts and the Mullaperiyar River Water conflicts.

There are also boundary conflicts between States. Although the States were formed on the basis of language, there are linguistic minorities staying in the border villages. For example, there is the conflict between Maharashtra and Karnataka about Belgaum.

Question 17.
An Administrative System in which two kinds of ……….. governments work is called
Answer:
Federalism

Question 18.
From the following, find out which one is included in the Concurrent List.
a) Banking
b) Agriculture
d) Education
d) Police
Answer:
Education

Question 19.
Cyber laws are examples for ………….
Answer:
Residual Powers

Question 20.
……..is a State which has a special status as per Article 370 of the Constitution.
Answer:
Jammu-Kashmir

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Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Judiciary

Judiciary Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is judiciary? Why do we need an independent judiciary?
Answer:
The Judiciary in a nation makes sure that there is law and order in the nation and justice prevails there. Although it is considered the 3rd branch of the government, it has equal importance with the other two. The yardstick of a nation’s competence is its judiciary. The Constitution of India has made the Judiciary a free Institution. Judiciary protects the rights of the citizens and it is the guardian of the Constitution.

The laws enacted by the Legislatures are interpreted by the Judiciary. By interpreting the laws, the Judiciary brings in new laws. It is the Judiciary that decides if the laws are vague or anti-Constitutional. It is the duty of the Judiciary to ensure rule of law in the country.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the independence of judiciary?
Answer:
By the independence of judiciary we mean the following:
a) The Executive and the Legislature should not interfere in the affairs of the judiciary. The judiciary is independent of the Executive and the Legislature.
b) The decisions of the Judiciary are not to be interfered with.
c) The Judiciary needs independence to pronounce judgments impartially, without fear or favor.
d) Judges should have an atmosphere in which they can deliver impartial judgments.
By independence of judiciary what is meant is not irresponsible or unilateral actions on the part of the Judiciary. Independent Judiciary is part of the democratic structure of the nation. Democratic values are to be protected. Therefore Judiciary should be loyal to the Constitution, to the democratic traditions and the people.
How can the independence of the Judiciary be ensured and maintained?
The independence of the Judiciary can be ensured and maintained by the following means:

• Mode of appointment
• Fixed period of tenure of office
• Financially independent
• Freedom from personal criticism
• Separation of the Executive and the Judiciary
• Handsome salary for the Judges
• Job Security

Question 3.
Who appoints the Supreme Court Judges?
Answer:
It is the President that appoints the Supreme Court and High Court Judges. After consulting the Chief Justice, the President appoints the other judges of the Supreme Court.

Question 4.
Removal of the Supreme and High Court Judges is a very difficult task. Why?
Answer:
The removal of the Supreme and High Court Judges is done through impeachment. Supreme Court Judges can continue in office until the age of 65. Any judge can resign by giving a letter to the President. The President has the authority to remove Judges on the basis of proven corruption of incompetence. But this can be done only if 2/3 majority of both the Houses with full membership passes a resolution to such an effect and requests the President for the removal of the Judge. Supreme Court Judges get allowances and free accommodation, apart from their salaries.

It is from the Consolidated Fund of India the Judges are given their salaries. The salary and other benefits of a Judge can’t be altered in a way that adversely affects him. The decisions and activities of the Judges done in their official capacity are not subject to any criticism. The Supreme Court has its own secretariat. It is the Chief Justice that appoints officials for the Secretariat. All this is done to keep the Judiciary as an independent and impartial organization.

Question 5.
Complete the following pyramid showing the structure of the Judiciary.

Answer:

Question 6.
……….. have Writ jurisdiction.
Answer:
The Supreme Court and High Courts that are Constitutional Courts.

Question 7.
Prepare a table showing the powers and duties of the Supreme Court, High Courts and District Courts.
Answer:

Question 8.
The Supreme Court is the highest Court in India. In that respect, evaluate the powers of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
Original Jurisdiction: In the following cases the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction.

• Conflicts between the Centre and one or more States.
• In conflicts where the Centre and a State or States are on one side and a State or States on the opposite side.
• Conflicts between States.
• In issues connected with the election of the President and Vice President.
• To implement Fundamental Rights as per Article 32.

Appellate Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court is the highest Appellate Court in India. Its Appellate Jurisdiction can be divided into 3 – Constitutional, Civil and Criminal.

Constitutional Cases: If the High Court testifies that the problem has some serious element of interpreting the Constitution, appeal can be given to the Supreme Court. Even if the High Court refuses to certify such a thing, if the Supreme Court feels that the case has some serious element of interpreting the Constitution, the SC can issue Special Leave of Appeal.

The Supreme Court can, on its own initiative, or on the request of the Attorney General, can ask the High Courts to move matters of public interest to the SC.

Civil Cases: If the high Court that testifies to the effect that the matter needs the decision of the SC, the case can be transferred to the SC.

Criminal Cases: In the following circumstances appeals against High Court Judgements can be made in the SC:
If an accused is left unpunished, a person or organization can file an appeal if it is felt that leaving the accused unpunished will cause some difficulty to the public. Here the Court is approached for protecting public interest. Since the Court is approached for public interest, such cases are called ‘Public Interest litigation’. Such cases usually come up in situation where there is a lack of drinking water, problems of the poor, pollution, etc. Today this has become the most energetic weapon in the hands of the Judiciary.

Public Interest Litigation:
a) Anybody who is interested in public interest, to defend the rights of others; to solve public problems, can approach the Court.
b) Since litigation is very costly in India, for defending people’s rights, this helps. In the Constitution, is stated that only the persons whose fundamental rights are violated can approach the court. But this condition has been made loose by the Supreme Court by letting Public Interest Litigation. Through this anybody can approach the court to defend the fundamental rights of others.

Question 9.
Name the Chief justice of India.
Answer:
Justice T.S. Thakur.

Question 10.
Binu: Judicial activism has highly influenced our political system.
Meena: But it has led to conflict between the Executive and the Judiciary.
On the basis of this conversation, explain the merits and demerits of judicial activism.
Answer:
Judicial activism has caused some bitter feuds and confrontations among the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary in India. When the Executive and legislature become weak, the Judiciary openly intervenes for the protection of the rights of the people. It is good for democracy but it has its weaknesses. Here are the merits and demerits of judicial activism.
Merits

• Through public interest litigation, the powers of the Courts increased and the people’s faith in them also increased.
• Judicial activism helped to reduce expenses for litigation.
• Judicial activism forced the Executive to carry out its responsibilities.

Demerits

• Increased workload for the Courts.
• It caused open clash between the Executive and Judiciary.

Question 11.
Prepare a note on Judiciary and rights.
Answer:
Judiciary and rights: In jurisprudence, rights and their remedies go hand in hand.

• Right without remedy is useless.
• The Constitution has given the rights and the remedies for their violation.
• Articles 32 and 226 of the Indian Constitution authorizes the Supreme Court and the High Courts to issue orders for the implementation of the rights.
• The fundament rights given in the 3rd part of the Constitution are to be implemented and the remedies for violation are given in Article 32.
• Article 32 empowers the citizens to approach the Court to get their fundamental rights implemented.
• Article 226 empowers the High Courts in the States to issue orders for the implementation of citizens’ rights.

Question 12.
Public interest litigation enables the courts to interfere in social issues. Comment.
Answer:
Article 226 talks about Public interest litigation. This is to ensure the citizens that they get their rights. In Kerala, there was a strike by government doctors. The Court then asked the government to solve the problem through negotiations. This court interference in the issue was because of Public interest litigation.

Question 13.
Identify examples where the Court/Judiciary acts as custodian of public interests.
Answer:

• Banning meetings in public places.
• Banning the use of loudspeakers on streets.

These are examples where Judiciary has acted as custodian of public interests.

Question 14.
Find the odd one out:
a) When other Judges are appointed to the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice is consulted.
b) Judges are not usually removed before their retirement.
c) A High Court Judge can’t be transferred to another High Court. .
d) The Parliament has no role in the appointment of Judges.
Answer:
A High Court Judge can’t be transferred to another High Court.

Question 15.
Prepare a note on Judiciary and Parliament.
Answer:
According to the principle of decentralization of powers, each component of the government has to carry out separate functions. Judiciary has the responsibility of looking at the laws passed by the Parliament and see if they are in keeping with the Constitutional principles. In the modern times, through judicial activism, Judiciary is interfering with the Legislature. But the Parliament has the power to impeach the Judges if they found incompetent or corrupt. In fact, for the Constitution to function smoothly, cooperation between these two organs is essential.

Question 16.
What is the importance of judicial review?
Answer:
lf the laws passed by the Legislature and implemented by the Executive are found to be contrary to the Constitution, the Judiciary has the right to declare such laws null and void. Using this right the Judiciary protects the rights of the citizens and thus it does a praiseworthy job.

Question 17.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 18.
How can the independence of the Judiciary be protected?
Answer:
The Constitution has made provisions for keeping the Judiciary independent and impartial. They are as follows:
a) Mode of Appointment of Judges: The Constitution has made provisions to make the appointment of Judges above politics. The Legislature does not have much role in the appointment of Judges. For a person to be appointed as a Judge he should have experience as an advocate. He should be well-versed in law. A person’s politics does not have any role in his appointment as a Judge.
b) Fixed Tenure: The fixed tenure ensures that the Judges can work independently as they can’t be easily removed from their posts. Only in very rare circumstances can a judge be removed. This stability in the job makes them fearless and act judiciously without fear or favor.
c) Financial independence: The Judiciary does not have to depend on the Executive or the Legislature for their financial needs. The Constitution has made the salaries and allowances of the Judges beyond the jurisdiction of the Legislature. It makes the Judiciary independent. Handsome salaries and allowances will help the Judges to be independent and they will be free from the temptation of accepting bribes or such financial benefits.
d) Freedom from personal criticism: The decisions and activities of the Judge should be from criticism. Judiciary has the power to punish people for contempt of court. It is believed that this provision will protect Judges from unjust criticism. Even the Parliament can’t discuss the behavior of a Judge except as part of his impeachment process. The Judiciary can thus take impartial decisions without being afraid of criticism.
e) Separating the Executive from the Judiciary: This is another way of protecting the freedom of the Judiciary. If his fundamental rights are violated, any person can approach the SC for redress. In the form of Writ, the SC can issue special orders. For defending Fundamental Rights, the SC can issue Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari. Through these Writs, the Judiciary can give orders to the Executive to take action.

Question 19.
What do you mean by writ Jurisdiction?

Question 20.
Who appoints the Judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts?
Answer:
The President

Question 21.
Which of the following are the jurisdictions of the Supreme Court?
a) Original jurisdiction
b) Appellate jurisdiction
c) Advisory jurisdiction
d) All of these
Answer:
All of these

Question 22.
By issuing …….. the Supreme Court can reestablish Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
Writs

Question 23.
The first Woman Judge of the Supreme Court was………
Answer:
Justice Fatima Biwi

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Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Legislature

Legislature Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A Parliament is necessary for the existence of democracy. Do you agree? Explain.
Answer:
Legislature is the Committee that makes laws for the day-to-day administration of the country and for the protection of the freedom and rights of its citizens. The laws that are carried out by the Executive are made by the Legislature. The people in a country through their right to’ vote choose their representatives. The Legislature thus established democratically is responsible to the people. In different countries, different types of Legislature can be found. It is based on the relations between the Executive and Legislature that governments are divided into Parliamentary and Presidential systems.

Question 2.
Name the two Houses of Parliament.
Answer:
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Question 3.
Who is the present Lok Sabha Speaker?
Answer:
Sumatra Mahakam

Question 4.
What are the powers and functions of Lok Sabha?
Answer:

• Legislation (law-making)
• Controlling the Executive
• Financial responsibilities
• Representation
• Discussions
• Administrative responsibilities
• Election responsibilities
• Judicial responsibilities

Question 5.
Prepare a table showing the powers of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

Question 6.
A bill when passed in the Indian Parliament becomes a law. What do you understand by a bill?
Answer:
A bill is the draft of the proposed law. If the Parliament approves the draft, it becomes a law. The law is to be approved by the President.

Question 7.
There are several procedures fora bill presented in the Parliament to become a law. Explain the procedure.
Answer:
Legislative Procedure in India: The procedure for passing the bills in the Parliament is explained in articles 107 to 122. According to that, each bill has to pass through 5 phases including 3 readings in the Houses.
a) First Reading: This is the presentation of the bill. After getting the permission of the House, a member presents the bill with a statement.
If the bill faces opposition, the one who presented the bill and the one objecting it is given opportunity to explain their stands. If the majority votes in favor of the Bill, it is published in the Government Gazette. If the bill is not very controversial, there is a precedent that there is no discussion in the first reading.
b) Second Reading: This is the 2nd phase. At this stage, all the important points of the bill are discussed. The presenter will ask the House to consider it urgently. Or he may request the bill to be sent to a Select Committee ora Joint Committee of both the Houses for consideration. He may also ask the bill to be circulated forgetting public opinion. Normally the bill is sent to a Select Committee.
c) The Committee Stage: This is the 3rd stage. The members to this Committee are appointed by the House. The Committee Chairman decides the time, date and venue of the meeting. The Select Committee will have members from the Opposition. The Members study the bill clause by clause and prepares a report to be presented in the House.
d) Report Stage: This is the 4th stage. The presenter asks the House to discuss the bill on the day it is scheduled for discussion. The Report may be unanimous or with differences in opinion. In the light of the Report, the House discusses each condition in the bill. This discussion may take quite some time. Each item in the bill is discussed extensively and then it is put to vote. During this time serious changes may happen in the bill and therefore this is the most crucial stage.
e) Third Reading: This is the last stage. On the appointed day the bill is presented in the House for final approval. No serious change is brought at this stage. Changes may be orally presented and quickly resolved. At the end of the discussion, the bill is put to vote. If the bill receives favourable vote from the majority of members present and voting, the bill is deemed to have passed. Then the bill is sent to the second House.

Question 8.
Complete the following flow chart

Answer:

Question 9.
Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. Comment.
Answer:
The Rights and Responsibilities of the Lok Sabha: The Lok Sabha has Legislative, Financial, Administrative and Election responsibilities. In the matter of ordinary law-making, Lok Sabha has greater power. If a bill passed by the Lok Sabha is rejected by the Rajya Sabha, the President can call a joint meeting of both the Houses. Since Lok Sabha has greater number of members, the Rajya Sabha will have to go with the Lok Sabha verdict. The Rajya can only delay things a bit. A bill may originate in any House, normally important bills are presented first in the Lok Sabha. Financial Bills can originate only in the Lok Sabha. Since the Lok Sabha has the freedom to reject any suggestions on Financial Bills, it has the monopoly over them.

Lok Sabha controls the Executive in the day-to-day administration. The Central Ministry is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Ministry will have to resign the moment it loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha. It can also bring a Non-Confidence motion. By asking questions, through resolutions and discussions, the Lok Sabha maintains control over the government. When the Appropriation bills are brought, the members get a chance to discuss the successes and failures of each department. Members of the Lok Sabha have voting right in the election of the President and Vice President. It has equal authority with the Rajya Sabha to bring any amendment. It has equal rights with the Rajya Sabha in impeaching the President, in removing Supreme Court and High Court Judges, in approving Resolutions for Emergency and Ordinances.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Money Bill?
Answer:
Money bills are those that deal with economic matters. They can originate only in the Lok Sabha. The process of Money Bill is different. After passing it, the Lok Sabha passes it on to the Rajya Sabha for suggestions. But Rajya Sabha has no power to change it or reject it. In 14 days’ time after the receipt of the bill by the Rajya Sabha, it should send it back to the Lok Sabha with suggestions. The suggestions can be accepted or rejected by the Lok Sabha. If the bill is not returned within 14 days, it will be considered to have been passed by both Houses. The Rajya Sabha has virtually no important role to play in the Money Bills.

Question 11.
How any members are there in the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
It has 545 members – 543 elected and 2 nominated.

Question 12.
Suggest the instruments of Parliamentary control.
Answer:

• Discussions and debates.
• Approving of rejecting the laws.
• Control through finances
• Motion of No-Confidence

Question 13.
The first item in the time-table of the Parliament is Question-Answer session. Then comes the Zero hour. What do you know about the Zero hour?
Answer:
When the Question-Answer session finishes, the Zero hour starts. It starts at 12 Noon and that is why it is called the Zero hour. During the Zero hour, urgent matters can be raised without giving prior notice.

Question 14.
Point out the importance of the law of anti-defection.
Answer:
Defection is when an elected member of a party refuses to obey party-whip and joins with other parties. Law of anti-defection makes such defections unlawful. The law envisages that the membership of the defected member should be canceled. This law ensures the stability of the government.

Question 15.
How many members are there in the Indian Parliament from Kerala?
Answer:
20 in the Lok Sabha and 9 in the Rajya Sabha.

Question 16.
Prepare a note on Parliamentary supremacy.
Answer:
Although both Britain and India have Parliamentary (Cabinet) System, the Parliaments in both countries do not have the same status. Since Britain has no written constitution, its Parliament has unlimited powers. It can pass or reject any law. Courts can’t question the Parliament there. The Parliament can even ignore Court decisions. In short, there is nothing the Parliament can’t do there.

Question 17.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 18.
What do you mean by Select Committee? How is it formed and operated?
Answer:
When the House wants a bill to be sent to the Select Committee, a Select Committee is formed. A Select Committee is formed to study a bill in detail and make its report. The chairman of the Committee is nominated by the Speaker. After studying the bill carefully, the committee presents its report to the House. When the work is over the Select Committee is disbanded.

Question 19.
Explain (a) Question Hour,
(b) Zero Hour and
(c) Adjournment Motion.
Answer:
Parliament meetings start at 11 a.m. Up to 12 Noon, it will be Question-Answer time. This is the time set apart for the members to ask questions to the Ministers on a particular topic.

When the Question Hour finishes, the Zero Hour starts. Since it starts at 12 Noon it is called the Zero hour. During the Zero hour, urgent matters can be raised without giving prior notice. 5 to 10 minutes are given for each matter. The agenda of the Parliament is pre-determined. But with the permission of the speaker, this can be changed. Keeping the pre-determined agenda away, the Speaker at times allows members to present matters of urgent importance. Adjournment Motion is for that.

Question 20.
The Upper House of the Parliament is …………
Answer:
Rajya Sabha

Question 21.
From which year was Rajya Sabha known by that name?
a) 1950
b) 1951
c) 1954
d) 1956
Answer:
1954

Question 22.
Lok Sabha was formed on ……….
Answer:
17 April 1952

Question 23.
When does the Zero Hour of the Parliament start?
Answer:
At 12 Noon

You can Download The Executive Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 4 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 The Executive

The Executive Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Executive?
Answer:
The different departments of the government like law-making, administration and dispensing justice are vested, through decentralization in the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary respectively. It is the Executive that manages the day-to-day affairs of the nation as per the Constitution and the Laws. It is the Executive that carries out the laws passed by the Legislature.

Question 2.
What are the different types of Executives?
Answer:

• Nominal Executive and Real Executive
• Single Executive and Plural Executive
• Parliamentary System and Presidential System
• Political and Permanent Executives
• Hereditary, Elected and Nominated Executives.

Question 3.
According to the Indian Constitution, the President has got a lot of powers. Explain.
Answer:
The Powers of the President are divided into many categories.
a) Executive Powers: As the Head of the Nation, he appoints all the persons holding important posts. The PM, Union Ministers, Governors, Finance Commission, Union Public Service Commission, Election Commission, etc are appointed by him. He also appoints Diplomats, Comptroller, and the Auditor General. He also dismisses them when necessary.
b) Legislative Rights: The President is also part of the Legislature. He has the authority to summon the Parliament, to abrogate it, to address it and to dismiss the LokSabha (85* Article). He nominates Members to the Parliament, issues Ordinances. His prior permission is needed to introduce Bills regarding special subjects like formation of new States and Money Bills. The most important thing is that for any Bill to become Law, his signature is necessary.
c) Judicial Powers: According to Article 72, the President has the power to stop, reduce and even cancel sentences, including death sentence, given by courts, including military courts. He has the power to appoint Supreme Court and High Court judges.
d) Military Powers: The President is the Commander-in-Chief. The authority to appoint Heads of our Armed Forces is vested on him. All his powers as the Commander-in-Chief will be subject to the Laws passed by the Parliament.
e) Emergency Powers: He has Emergency Powers to overcome any Emergency. The Constitution has envisaged three kinds of Emergencies.
i) National Emergency (352): He can declare emergency if there is a war, foreign attack or armed revolution threatening the security of the country or any of its parts. Such emergency needs the ratification of the Parliament in a month and if it is to continue during every six months. When an emergency is in force, the Central Government will have complete control over the State Legislatures and Executives. Moreover, the fundamental rights of the citizens except those in articles 21 and 22 will be suspended. Three times such emergencies were declared (1962, 1971 and 1975).
ii) State Emergencies or President’s Rule (356): This means the President has the power to assume the administration of any State if he feels that the conditions there have become so bad that the State government can’t rule there as per the provision of the Constitution. For that, one of the following conditions must exist: As per article 356, the President gets a report from the State Governor or the State Government fails to carry out the instructions of the Central Government. The Ordinance imposing President’s Rule in any State must be approved by the Parliament in two months’ time. By getting approval from the Parliament after six months, the President’s rule can be extended up to a year.
iii) Economic Emergency: If the President feels that the economic stability of the country is threatened, he can declare an economic emergency. When such an emergency is in place, the entire economic matters will be under the Central Government’s control. Such an emergency has not been declared so far.

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.
What is meant by the Discretionary Powers of the President?
Answer:
Discretionary Powers:

• The power to send back suggestions to the Cabinet for reconsideration.
• President’s Veto power: Except the Finance Bill, the President can suspend of deny the Bills passed by the Parliament.
• In the circumstances when no Party has a clear majority, the President, using his Discretionary Powers, can invite the leader of any party to form the government.

Question 6.
Exhibit in a table the major differences between Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government
Answer:

Question 7.
“President is only a rubber stamp.” Do you agree with this opinion? Why?
Answer:
I do not fully agree with this opinion. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army. All the decisions taken by the Cabinet are carried out in the name of the President.
The President has Discretionary Powers. The Discretionary Powers are:

• To send back suggestions to the Cabinet for reconsideration,
• President’s Veto power: Except the Finance Bill, the President can suspend of deny the Bills passed by the Parliament,
• In the circumstances when no Party has a clear majority, the President, using his Discretionary Powers, can invite the leader of any party to form the government.

Question 8.
Who were the first President and Vice President of India?
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad (President) & Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (Vice President).

Question 9.
Find the odd one out:
Answer:

• American President
• Indian President
• Swiss President
• British Queen

Question 10.
Pick out the one related to bureaucracy:
a) Nominal Executive
b) Permanent Executive
c) Political Executive
d) Multi-Member Executive
Answer:
Permanent Executive

Question 11.
Categorize the following into those related to the President & Vice president.
Answer:
a) Fixed period
b) Ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
c) Elected by an Electoral College
d) Will continue in office till the successor joins the post.
e) Calls meetings of Jpoth Houses of the Parliament
f) Takes oath before the Chief Justice of India
g) Appoints the Prime Minister
h) Chosen by the MPs
i) Should be eligible to be a member of the Lok Sabha
Answer:
President:

• Fixed period
• Elected by an Electoral College
• Calls meetings of both Houses of the Parliament
• Takes oath before the Chief Justice of India
• Appoints the Prime Minister
• Should be eligible to be a member of the Lok Sabha

Vice President:

• Ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
• Will continue in office till the successor joins the post.
• Chosen by the MP’s

Question 12.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 13.
The success of a government largely depends on the efficiency of the bureaucracy. Critically examine this statement.
Answer:
The success of a government depends on the efficiency of its bureaucracy. The Civil Service has many duties to perform
Civil Service Functions:
These can be divided into 4:
a) In the matters of administration, Civil Services have a responsibility to the people. Ruling does not happen in a vacuum. Government officers have responsibility to the Legislature and the public. In fact, government officials are the servants of the public.
b) Civil Service makes its own policy for smooth working. In fact, policy formation takes place in the Cabinet. It will have the approval of the Assembly. But the details regarding their practical implementation are left in the hands of the Civil Service.
c) Theoretically, the power of delegated legislation given to the Executive comes to the Civil Service. Thus Civil Service gives flesh and blood to the laws passed by the Legislature. The Ministers and members of the legislature may not be experts in the laws. Therefore the Civil Service gives expert advice at every stage of lawmaking.
d) Civil Service has the entire responsibility of carrying out the laws. Once a policy is formed and the Legislature makes a Law and it is approved by the Executive, the Civil Service has the duty to carry it out in actual practice.

Question 14.
Complete the following chart on the basis of the classification of Indian Civil Service.

Answer:

Question 15.
Point out the importance and role of Bureaucracy.
Answer:
See the answer to Question Number 13.

Question 16.
Who were the members of the Central Ministry in the last Administration?
Answer:
A.K. Antony, Vayalar Ravi, E. Ahmed, JK.C. Venugopal, K.V. Thomas, and Mullappally Ramachandran.

Question 17.
Explain the functions and powers of the Vice President.
Answer:
Apart from a President, India has a Vice President. He is chosen by the elected members of both Houses of the Parliament. His qualifications and duration of office are like that of the President. If the President’s post falls vacant somehow until it is filled the Vice President carries out the functions of the President. But this can’t last for more than six months. If the President can’t carry out his responsibility because of illness, ill-health or absence, the Vice President carries out the responsibility of the President. Moreover the Vice President is the Chairman of the RajyaSabha.

Question 18.
Nation’s Important Person – the real executive – foundation of the cabinet arch – political executive – incomparable-forms the future of the nation. On the basis of the above indicators, examine the powers and roles of the Prime Minister. Also, evaluate his role in the country.
Answer:
Responsibilities of the Cabinet The Responsibilities of the Cabinet can be grouped into 5: Policy formation, full control over the executive bureaucracy, ensuring cooperation among the departments and deciding their limits, economic control and control in appointments.

The Cabinet decides the common administrative policy of the Indian Union. It discusses all national and international problems and takes decisions on them. Ministers give leadership to the working of different departments. When they carry out their responsibilities, they ensure that they follow the instructions of the cabinet. The Cabinet controls the working of the executive bureaucracy. It is the cabinet that brings unity among the departments and solves any conflict that might arise among them. The Cabinet also decides how much money is to be spent by the Nation and how to find that money through revenue collection. The Cabinet prepares and budget and presents it for the Parliament’s approval. Cabinet decides what the new projects are to be undertaken and what new taxes are to be levied. It is true that the Parliamentary approval is necessary for all this.

Cabinet makes the most important appointments of the Indian Union. It also decides how many times Parliament Meetings have to be called and what should their agenda! be. It takes the initiative in law-making. It presents Bills in both Houses of the Parliament and gets them passed. Without the support of the Cabinet, the Bills presented by private members will be rejected. Thus Cabinet has a big role to play in Parliamentary Democracy.

Prime Minister:
In the Cabinet administrative system, the PM has a big role. The Indian PM has the same status as the British PM. The PM is the first among equals. In Latin, they say ‘primus inter pares’. But the other Ministers are not his subordinates. According to Sir Ivor Jennings, the PM is like the solar system where all the other planets go round the sun. Morley says the PM is the foundation of the Cabinet Arch. Prof. Lasky says that the PM holds the arch up or makes it fall. The PM has many responsibilities. His area of jurisdiction is also great. Constitutionally, the President appoints the PM.. But the President has no choice here. It is simply a mechanical act. The President is obliged to appoint the leader of the Party which has the majority or highest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. But if no party has a clear majority, the President may invite the leader of any Party whom he thinks can form the Cabinet. The President appoints other Ministers on the recommendations of the PM.

Although the PM is free in the appointment of the Cabinet, he will have to take into consideration many things. He will have to give deserving representation to various States, religious communities, minorities, economic interests, political groups and so on. But he has also to consider competence and consensus. The PM can demand the resignation of any Minister at any time. If a Minister refuses to resign, the PM can ask the President to remove him. The precedent is that if a Minister does not agree with any Policy matter, he should resign. People like Shanmukham Shetty, Dr. John Mathai, Shyamaprasad Mukherjee and V.V. Giri, etc. had resigned their posts as ministers.

The PM can shuffle the departments of the Ministers. When a PM resigns, the entire Cabinet resigns with him. Differences among the ministers and departments are solved by the PM. He supervises all departments. He decides the agenda of the Cabinet. He presides over Cabinet meetings. He is the link between the President and the Cabinet. It is through the PM the President gets to know what the government is doing. The secretariat of the PM helps him in doing his work.

The PM has four different positions. He is the leader of his party in the Parliament. By that, he controls the members of his party. Secondly, he is the leader of the Lok Sabha. It is he who represents the Lok Sabha and talks for it. Thirdly, he is the head of the cabinet. That way he is the person with the highest powers in the country. Fourthly he is the link between the President and the Cabinet. He has responsibility towards his party, Parliament and the Nation. He coordinates the work of different departments. In fact, a national election is the election of a PM. As the leader of the nation, the PM is looked upon with respect. Sir Ivor Jennings feels that the status of the PM depends on the person who occupies the position, his competence and his efforts and the leverage the other Ministers allow him. Charismatic leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru might overshadow other Ministers. If the PM is not competent enough, the Cabinet will be under the control of his colleagues and the Party.

Question 19.
Distinguish between single-member and multi-member executive. Give an example for each.
Answer:
Depending on the number of people at the head of the administration of the nation, Executive can be of two kinds – single-member and multi-member executive.
When the executive administration is vested in one person, it is single-member executive. E.g. America. When the executive administration is vested in more than one person equally, it is a multi-member executive.
E.g. Switzerland.

Question 20.
Who is the Head of the Indian Republic?
Answer:
President

Question 21.
The right of the President to send back bills to the Parliament for reconsideration is known as ………..
Answer:
Veto

Question 22.
By which article of the Constitution is the post of the Vice-President established?
Answer:
a) 62nd
b) 63rd
c) 64th
d) 65th
Answer:
63rd

Question 23.
Who was the first Speaker in India?
Answer:
GV. Mavlankar

Question 24.
The …………. consists of the Governor, Chief Minister, and Ministers.
Answer:
State Executive