Plus One

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 1 Peeli Kannukal Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 1 Peeli Kannukal

Peeli Kannukal Questions and Answers

Peeli Kannukal Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 3 Anargha Nimisham Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 3 Anargha Nimisham

Anargha Nimisham Questions and Answers

Anargha Nimisham Summary

Students can Download Chapter 2 Units and Measurement Questions and Answers, Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Units and Measurement

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement One Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Physics Chapter 2 Questions And Answers Question 1.
How many seconds are there in a light fermi?
(a) 10^-15
(b) 3.0 × 10⁸
(c) 3.33 × 10^-24
(d) 3.3 × 10^-7
Answer:
(c) 3.33 × 10^-24
One light fermi is time taken by light to travel a distance of 1 fermi ie. 10^-15m
1 light fermi = \(\frac{10^{-15}}{3 \times 10^{8}}\) = 3.33 × 10^-24s.

Units And Measurements Questions And Answers Pdf Hsslive Question 2.
Which of the following pairs have same dimensional formula for both the quantities?

1. Kinetic energy and torque
2. Resistance and Inductance
3. Young’s modulus and pressure

(a) (1)only
(b) (2) only
(c) (1) and (3) only
(d) All of three
Answer:
(c) (1) and (3) only

Plus One Physics Units And Measurements Questions And Answers Question 3.
Give four dimensionless physical quantities.
Answer:
Angle, Poisson’s ratio, strain, specific gravity.

Plus One Physics Units And Measurements Questions Question 4.
The dimensions of plank constant are the same as those of______.
Answer:
Angular momentum

Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 5.
A physical quantity P = \(\frac{\sqrt{a b c^{2}}}{d^{3}}\) measuring a, b, c and d separately with the percentage error of 2% , 3%, 2% and 1% respectively. Minimum amount of error is contributed by the measurement of
(a) b
(b) a
(c) d
(d) c
Answer:
(b) a
P = \(\frac{\sqrt{a b c^{2}}}{d^{3}}\)

The minimum amount of error is contributed by the measurement of a.

Plus One Physics Second Chapter Questions And Answers Question 6.
The number of significant figures in 11.118 × 10^-6 is
(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 5
(d) 4
Answer:
As per rules, number of significant figures in 11.118 × 10^-6 is 5.

Class 11 Physics Ch 2 Important Questions Question 7.
What is the number of significant figures in 0.06070?
Answer:
4.

Plus One Physics Important Questions And Answers Pdf Question 8.
If f = x², What is the relative error in f?
Answer:
\(\frac{2 \Delta x}{x}\).

Hsslive Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 9.
Which of the following measurement is more accu¬rate?
(i) 7000m
(ii) 7 × 10²m
(iii) 7 × 10³m
Answer:
(i) 7000 m

Units And Measurements Questions And Answers Pdf Question 10.
Which of the following measurements is most, accurate?
(a) 5.0 cm
(b) 0.005 cm
(c) 5.00 cm
Answer:
(c) Is most accurate because it has three significant figures. Greater is number of significant figures, more accurate is the measurement.
(a) has 2 significant figures
(b) has 1 significant figure.

Units And Measurements Class 11 Numericals With Solutions Question 11.
Name three physical quantities having same dimension.
Answer:
Work, Energy, and Torque.

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement Tw0 Mark Questions and Answers

Units And Measurements Class 11 Questions Answers Question 1.
Using dimensional analysis derive the relation F = ma. Where the symbols have the usual meaning.
Answer:
Force on a body depends on mass(m), acceleration (a) an
F α m^aa^bt^c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^a(LT^-2)^bT^c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^aL^bT^-2a+c
Equating the powers, we get a = 1 ,b = 1, -2b + c = -2, c = 0
F = m¹a¹t⁰ = ma.

Plus One Physics Chapter 2 Previous Year Questions Question 2.
Use your definition to explain how simple harmonic motion can be represented by the equation y = a sin ωt
(a) Show that the above equation is dimensionally correct
Answer:
Y = a sin ωt
sin ωt has no dimensions. Hence we get L = L
Hence this equation is dimensionaly correct.

Questions On Error Analysis Class 11 Question 3.
Fill in the blanks.

1. The curved surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 2 cm and height 20 cm is_____m² (Write answer in 3 significant digits)
2. Im = ______ ly

Answer:
1. Curved area = 2πl
= 2 × 3.14 (2 × 10²) × 20 × 10²
= 2.51 × 10^-6m²

2. l ly= 9.46 × 10¹⁵ m
lm = \(\frac{l \mathrm{ly}}{9.46 \times 10^{15}}\) ≈ 10^-6ly.

Physics Chapter 2 Class 11 Numericals Question 4.

1. Give a physical quantity with a unit and no dimension.
2. Arrange the following in the descending order.
   1 light year, 1 parsec, 1 astronomical unit

Answer:

1. Angle has no dimension. But it has unit.
2. 1 parsec, 1 light year, 1 astronomical unit.

Dimensional Analysis Questions And Answers Pdf Question 5.
Magnitude of force F experienced by a certain object moving with speed V is given by F = KV². Where K is a constant. Find the dimensions of K.
Answer:
F = KV²

Class 11 Physics Chapter 2 Important Questions With Answers Question 6.
What is the maximum percentage error in the measurement of kinetic energy if percentage errors in mass and speed are 2% and 3% respectively?
Answer:
E = \(\frac{1}{2}\)v²

% error in KE = % error in mass + 2 × % error in speed
= 2% + 2 × 3% = 8%.

Units And Measurements Class 11 Important Questions Pdf Question 7.
Solve the following with regard to significant figures.

1. 5.8 + 0.125
2. 3.9 × 10⁵ – 2.5 × 10⁴

Answer:
1. 5.8 + 0.125 = 5.925
Rounding to first decimal point, we get 5.9

2. 3.9 × 10⁵ – 2.5 × 10⁴
= 3.5 × 10⁵ – 0.25 × 10⁴
= 3.65 × 10⁵
Rounding to first decimal place, we get 3.6 × 10⁵.

Question 8.
What is maximum fractional error in
i) (a + b)
ii) a – b
iii) ab
iv) \(\frac{a}{b}\)
Given ∆ a and ∆ b are absolute errors in measurements a and b.
Answer:

Question 9.

1. What is the fractional error in aⁿ? (Given absolute error in a is ∆ a)
2. What is absolute error in the measurements according to least count?
   • 3.0 kg
   • 25 s
   • 5.62 cm

Answer:
1. n\(\frac{\Delta a}{a}\)

2. The measurements according to least count:

• 0.1 kg
• 1 s
• 0.01 cm

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A stone is thrown upwards from the ground with a velocity ‘u’.

1. What is the maximum height attained by the stone?
2. Check the correctness of the equation obtained in (a) using the method of dimensional analysis.

Answer:
1. H = \(\frac{u^{2}}{2 g}\) ___(1)
u = u, v = o, a = -g, h = ?
We can find maximum height using the equation
u² = u² + 2as
0 = u² + 2 × -g × H
2gh = u²
H = \(\frac{u^{2}}{2 g}\)

2. Dimension of H = L
Dimension of u = (LT^-1)
Dimensions of time (t) = T
Dimension of g = (LT^-2)
substituting these values in eq(1) we get
L = \(\frac{\left(L T^{-1}\right)^{2}}{\left(L T^{-2}\right)}\)
L = L.

Question 2.
Derive an empirical relationship for the force experienced on the car in terms of mass of the car m, velocity v, and radius of the track r using dimensional analysis.
Answer:
Centripetal force may depends on mass (m),radius(r) and velocity(v)
F α m^ar^bv^c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^aL^b(LT^-1)^c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^aL^bL^cT^-c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^aL^b+cT^-c
Equating we get a = 1, b + c = 1, c = 2, b = -1
Substituting these values in eq(1),we get
F = \(\frac{M V^{2}}{r}\).

Question 3.
Dimensional formula of a physical quantity indicate how many times fundamental quantity is involved in the measurement of the quantity.

1. What is the dimensional formula of coefficient of viscosity?
2. Write any two drawbacks of dimensional analysis.

Answer:
1. F = ηA\(\frac{d V}{d x}\)

2. The method of dimensional analysis has the following drawbacks:

• It gives no information about the dimensionless constant involved in the equation.
• The method is not applicable to equations involv¬ing trigonometric and exponential functions.
• This method cannot be employed to derive the • exact form of the relationship if it contains sum
  of two, or more terms.
• If the given physical quantity depends on more than three unknown quantities, the method fails.

Question 4.
Principle of homogeneity is based on the fact that two quantities of same nature can be added.

1. What do you mean by principle of homogeneity?
2. Velocity V depends on the time t as V = at² + bt + c. Find dimension of constants a, b, and c.

Answer:
1. For the correctness of an equation, the dimensions on either side must be the same. This is known as the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.

2. V = at² + bt + c
M⁰L¹T^-1 = aT² + bT + c
According to principle of homogenity, we get
aT² = M⁰L¹T^-1
a = \(\frac{\mathrm{M}^{0} \mathrm{L}^{1} \mathrm{T}^{-1}}{\mathrm{T}^{2}}\)
= M⁰L¹T^-3.

Question 5.
If x = a + bt + ct² where x is in meter and t in second.

1. Find the dimensional formula of ‘b’.
2. If error in the measurement of time is 2%. What will be the error in x?

Answer:
1. According to principle of homogeneity, the dimensions of both sides must be same.
ie. L = a + bT + cT²
ie : L = bT, b = L/T

2.

% error in x = 3 × %. error in ‘t’ = 3 × 2% = 6%.

Question 6.
A physical quantity P is related to four observables a, b, c as P = \(\frac{a^{3} b^{2}}{\sqrt{c d}}\). The % error in the measurement of a, b, c, and d are 1%, 3%, 4%, 2% are respectively.

1. What do you mean by error in a measurement?
2. What is the % error in the measurement of P?

Answer:
1. The result of every measurement by any measuring instrument contains some uncertainty. This uncertainty is called error.

2.

% error in
P = 3 × 1 + 2 × 3 + 1/2 × 4 + 1/2 × 2
= 3 + 6 + 2+ 1
P = 12%

Question 7.
Rahul measured the height of Ramesh in different trials as 1.67m, 1.65m 1.64m, and 1.63m.

1. Find the mean absolute error?
2. Find the percentage error?

Answer:
1. Arithametic mean,

a_mean = 1.645m = 1.65
absolute error,
∆a₁ = a_mean – a₁
∆a₁ = 1.65 – 1.67 = -0.02
∆a₂ = 1.65 – 1.65 = 0
∆a₃ = 1.65 – 1.64 = 0.01
∆a₄ = 1.65 – 1.63 = 0.02
Mean absolute error

= 0.012

2. percentage error = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{a}_{\text {mean }}}{\mathrm{a}_{\text {mean }}}\) × 100
= \(\frac{0.012}{1.65}\) × 100
= 0.75%.

Question 8.
In a particular experiment Ramu used the relation F = AB + (P + Q) Y to calculate force.

1. Which principle is used to check the correctness of the equation (1)
2. If the dimensional formula of Y is M⁰L¹T^-1, then find the dimensional formula of P

Answer:
1. Principle of homogenity

2. F = AB + (P+Q)Y
F = AB + PY + QY
MLT^-2 = AB + PY+ QY
According to principle of homogeneity
MLT^-2 = PY
M¹L¹T^-2 = P M⁰L¹T^-1
ie. P = \(\frac{M^{\prime} L^{1} T^{-2}}{M^{0} L^{1} T^{-1}}\) = M¹T^-3

Question 9.

1. Which of the following is precise
   • A vernier calliperse with 40 divisions on sliding scale
   • An optical instrument that can measure length of the order of wavelength of light.
2. Is it possible to increase the accuracy of screw gauge by increasing the number of divisions on the head scale?

Answer:
1. (i) L.C of vernier caliperse = \(\frac{1}{40}\) = 0.025mm
= 0.025 × 10^-3m
= 2.5 × 10^-5m.

(ii) L.C of optical instrument = 6000A°
= 6000 × 10^-10m
(Taking λ of visible light = 6000°A)= 6 × 10^-7m

2. Yes. Because L.C proportional to number of division on the headscale. So with the increase in number of divisions, the least count will increase. This leads to increase the accuracy of above screw guage.

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement Four Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In an experiment with common balance the mass of a body is found to 2.52g, 2.53g, 2,51g, 2.49g and 2.54g in successive measurements. Calculate

1. The mean value of the body
2. Mean absolute error
3. Percentage error

Answer:
1. Mean value, M_mean
= \(\frac{2.52+2.53+2.51+2.49+2.54}{5}\)
= 2.5g

2. Absolute error,
Absolute error ∆m₁ = |2.52 – 2.52| = 0
∆m₂ = |2.52 – 2.53| = 0.01
∆m₃ = |2.52 – 2.51| = 0.01
∆m₄ = |2.52 – 2.49| = 0.03
∆m₅ = |2.52 – 2.54| = 0.02
∴ Mean absolute error
\(\frac{0+0.01+0.01+0.03+0.02}{5}\)
∆m_mean = 0.014g

3. Percentage error = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{m}_{\text {mean }}}{\mathrm{m}_{\text {mean }}}\) × 100
= \(\frac{0.014}{2.52}\) × 100 = 0.556.

Question 2.
While discussing the period of a pendulam, one of the student argued that period depends on the mass of the bob.

1. What is your opinion?
2. How will you prove your argument dimensionally?

Answer:

1. Period is independent of mass of the bob
2. The principle of homogeneity of dimensions also helps to derive a relationship between the different physical quantities involved; This method is known as dimensional analysis.

The period of the simple pendulum may possibly depend upon:

• The mass of the bob, m
• The length of the pendulum, I
• Acceleration due to gravity, g
• The angle of swing, q

Let us write the equation for the time period as t = k m^a l^b g^c q^d
where, k is a constant having no dimensions; a, b, care to be found out.
The dimensions of, t = T¹
Dimensions of. m = M¹
Dimensions of, l = L¹
Dimensions of, g = L¹T^-2
Angle q has no dimensions (since, q = arc/radius = L/L)
Equating the dimensions of both sides of the equation, we get,
T¹ = M^aL^b (L¹T^-2)^c
ie. T¹ = M^aL^b+c+ T^-2c.
The dimensions of the terms on both sides must be the same. Equating the powers of M, L and T.

a = 0; b + c = 0; -2c = 1
∴ c = ^–\(\frac{1}{2}\), b = ^– c = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
Hence, the equation becomes,
t = kl^1/2g^-1/2
ie, t = k\(\sqrt{1 / g}\)
Experimentally, the value of k is found to be 2p.

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In an experiment with a common balance the mass of a ring found to be 2.52g, 2.5g, 2,51g, 2.49g and 2.54g in successive measurements. Calculate

1. The mean value of the mass of the ring
2. The absolute error in each measurement
3. Mean absolute error
4. Relative error
5. Percentage error

Answer:
1. The mean value of the mass of the ring.
M_mean = \(\frac{2.52+2.53+2.51+2.49+2.54}{5}\) = 2.52g.

2. The absolute error in each measurement.
∆m₁ = M_mean – m₁ = 2.52 – 2.52 = 0.00
∆m₂ = M_mean – m₂ = 2.52 – 2.53 = -0.01
∆m₅ = M_mean – m₅ = 2.52 – 2.54 = -0.02

3. mean absolute error = |∆m₁| + |∆m₂|………..+|∆m₅|
= 0.014

4. Relative error = δm = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{m}_{\text {mean }}}{\mathrm{m}_{\text {mean }}}=\frac{.014}{2.52}\) = 0.00555

5. Percentage error δm × 100 = 0.555%.

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement NCERT Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The volume of a cube of side 1 cm is equal to______m³.
2. The surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 2.0 cm and height 10.0cm is equal to____(mm)².
3. A vehicle moving with a speed of 18km h^-1 covers_____m in 1s.
4. The relative density of lead is 11.3.Its density is_____g cm^-3or_____kgm^-3.

Answer:
1. V = (1 cm)³
= (10^-2m)³
= 10^-6m³
So, answer is 10^-6.

2. Surface area = 2 πrh + 2 × πr²
= 2πr(h + r)
= 2 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 2 × 10(10 × 10 + 2 × 10)mm²
= 1 .5 × 10⁴mm²
So, answer is 1.5 × 10⁴

3. 18kmh^-1 = \(\frac{18 \times 1000}{3600}\)ms^-1
= 5ms^-1
So, answer is 5.

4. 11.3, 11.3 × 10³ or 1.13 × 10⁴.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks by suitable conversion of units:

1. 1 kgm²s^-2 = _____g cm²s^-2
2. 1 m =_____1 y
3. 3.0 ms² =______kmh^-2
4. G = 6.67 × 10^-11 Nm² (kg)^-2 =_____(cm)³s^-2g^-1

Answer:

1. 10⁷
2. 10^-16
3. 3.888 × 10⁴
4. 6.67 × 10^-8

Question 3.
A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 J, where 1 J = 1 kgm²S^-2. Suppose we employ a system of units in which the unit of mass equals α kg, the unit of length equals β metere, the unit of time is second, show that a calorie has a magnitude 4.2 α^-1 β^-2 γ² in terms of the new units.
Answer:
1 cal = 4.2kg m²s^-2

Dimensional formula of energy is [ML²T^-2]. Comparing with [M^aL^bT^c], we find that
a = 1, b = 2, c = -2

Question 4.
Which of the following is the most precise device for measuring length?

1. A vernier callipers with 20 divisions on the sliding scale.
2. A screw guage of pitch 1 mm and 100 divisions on the circular scale
3. An optical instrument that can measure length to within a wavelength of light?

Answer:
The most precise device is one whose least count is the least.
1. Least count = 1SD – 1 VD = 1 SD – \(\frac{19}{20}\) SD

2. Least count

3. Wavelength = 10^-5 cm = 0.00001 cm
Clearly, the optical instrument is the most precise.

Question 5.
State the number of significant figures in the following:

1. 0.007m²
2. 2.64 × 10²⁴kg
3. 0.2370gcm³
4. 6.320 J
5. 6.032 Nm^-2
6. 0.0006032 m²

Answer:

1. 1
2. 3
3. 4
4. 4
5. 4
6. 4

Question 6.
The length, breadth, and thickness of a rectangular sheet of metal are 4.234m, 1.005m and 2.01cm respectively. Give the area and volume of the sheet to correct significant figures.
Answer:
Area of the sheet = 2(l × b + b × t + t × l)
= 2(4.234 × 1.005 + 1.005 × 0.0201 + 0.0201 × 4.234)m²
= 2 (4.255 + 0.0202 + 0.0851)m²
= 2 × 4.3603m²
= 8.7206m²
= 8.72m²
Volume = lbt
4.234 × 1.005 × 0.0201m³
= 0.0855m³

Question 7.
A Physical qunatity P is related to four observables a, b, c and d as follows:
P = \(\frac{\mathrm{a}^{3} \mathrm{b}^{2}}{\sqrt{\mathrm{c}} \mathrm{d}}\). The percentage errors of measurement in a, b,c, and d are 1 %, 3%, 4% and 2% respectively. What is the percentage error in the quantity P? If the value of P calculated using the above relation turns out to be 3.763, to what value should you round off the result?
Answer:
P = \(\frac{\mathrm{a}^{3} \mathrm{b}^{2}}{\sqrt{\mathrm{c}} \mathrm{d}}\)

% error in P = 3% + 6% + 2%+2% = 13%
3.763 should be rounded off to 3.8.

Question 8.
A famous relation in physics relates ‘moving mass’ m to the ‘rest mass’ m₀ of a particle in terms of its speed v and the speed of light c. (This relation first arose as a consequence of special relativity due to Albert Einstein). Boy recalls the relation almost correctly but forgets where to put the constant c. He writes:
\(\frac{m_{0}}{\left(1-v^{2}\right)^{1 / 2}}\)
Guess where to put the missing e.
Answer:
From the given equation, \(\frac{m_{0}}{m}=\sqrt{1-v^{2}}\)
Since left hand side is dimensionless therefore right hand side should be also dimensionless.

The correct formula is m = m₀ \((\sqrt{1-\frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}})^{-1 / 2}\).

Students can Download Chapter 2 Units and Measurement Notes, Plus One Physics Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Physics Notes Chapter 2 Units and Measurement

Plus One Physics Notes Chapter 2 Summary
Introduction

a. Fundamental or base quantities:
Physics is based on measurement of physical quantities. Certain physical quantities are chosen as fundamental or base quantities. Length, mass, time, electric current thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity are such base quantities.

b. Units: Fundamental Units and Derived Units Unit:
Measurement of any physical quantity is made by comparing it with a standard. Such standard of measurement are known as unit. If length of rod is 5 m, it means that the length of rod is 5 times the standard unit ‘metre’.

Fundamental Unit:
The unit of fundamental or base quantities are called fundamental or base units. The base units are listed in table.

Derived Unit
The units of other physical quantities can be expressed as combination of base units. Such units are called derived units.
Example: Unit of force is kgms^-2 (or Newton). Unit of velocity is ms^-1.

The International System Of UnitsDerived Unit
System of Units: A complete set of fundamental and derived units is called a system of unit.

a. Different system of units:
The different systems of units are CGS system FPS (or British) system, MKS system and SI system. A comparison of these systems of unit is given in the table below, (for length, mass and time)

Note: The first three systems of units were used in earlier time. Presently we use SI system.

b. International System Of Unit (Si Unit):
The internationally accepted system of unit for measurement is system international d’ unites (French for International System of Units). It is abbreviated as SI.

The SI system is based on seven fundamental units and these units have well defined and internationally accepted symbols, (given in table – 2.1)

c. Solid Angle and Plane Angle:
Other than the seven base units, two more units are defined.
1. Plane angle (dq): It is defined as ratio of length of arc (ds) to the radius, r.


The unit of plane angle is radian. Its symbol is rad.

2. Solid Angle (dW): It is defined as the ratio of the intercepted area (dA) of spherical surface, to square of its radius.


The unit of solid angle is steradian. The symbol is Sr.

Unit And Measurement Class 11 Notes Pdf Chapter 2 Measurement Of Length
Two methods are used to measure length

• direct method
• indirect method.

The metre scale, Vernier caliper, screwgauge, spherometer are used in direct method for measurement of length. The indirect method is used if range of length is beyond the above ranges.

1. Measurement Of Large Distances:
Parallax Method:
Parallax method is used to find distance of planet or star from earth. The distance between two points of observation (observatories) is called base. The angle between two directions of observation at the two points is called parallax angle or parallactic angle (q).

Plus One Physics Chapter 2 Notes Pdf Parallax Method
The planet ‘s’ is at a distance ‘D’ from the surface of earth. To measure D, the planet is observed from two observatories A and B (on earth). The distance between A and B is b and q be the parallax angle between direction of observation from A and B.

AB can be considered as an arch A h B of length ‘b’ of a circle of radius D with its center at S. (Because q is very small, \(\frac{b}{D}\)<<1], Thus from arch-radius relation.

Thus by measuring b and q distance to planet can be determined. The size of planet or angular diameter of planet can be measured using the value of D. If the angle a (angle between two directions of observation of two diametrically opposite points on planet) is measured using a


Where d is diameter of planet.

2. Estimation Of Very Small Distances:
Size Of Molecule
Electron microscope can measure distance of the order of 0.6A0 (wavelength of electron).

3. Range Of Lengths:
The size of the objects in the universe vary over a very wide range. The table (given below) gives the range and order of lengths and sizes of some objects in the universe.

Units for short and large lengths
1 fermi = 1f = 10^-15m
1 Angstrom = 1A° = 10^-10m
1 astronomical unit = 1AU = 1.496 × 10¹¹m
1 light year = 1/y = 9.46 × 10¹⁵m
(Distance that light travels with velocity of 3 × 10⁸ m/s in 1 year)
1 par sec = 3.08 × 10¹⁶m = 3.3 light year
(par sec is the distance at which average radius of earth’s orbit subtends an angle of 1 arc second).

Units And Measurements Questions And Answers Pdf Hsslive Measurement Of Mass
Mass is basic property of matter. The S.l. unit of mass is kg. While dealing with atoms and molecules, the kilogram •is an inconvenient unit. In this case there is an important standard unit called the unified atomic mass unit( u).
1 unified atomic mass unit = lu
= (1/12)^th of the mass of carbon-12

1. Range Of Masses:
The masses of the objects in the universe vary over a very wide range which is given in the table.

Units And Measurements Class 11 Chapter 2 Measurement Of Time
To measure any time interval we need a clock. We now use an atomic standard of time, which is based on the periodic vibrations produced in a cesium atom. This is the basis of the cesium clock sometimes called atomic clock.

Plus One Physics Note Chapter 2 Definition of second:
One second was defined as the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 internal oscillations between two hyperfine levels of Cesium-133 atom in the ground state.
Range and Order of time intervals

Class 11 Physics Chapter 2 Notes Accuracy, Precision Of Instruments And Errors In Measurement
Error:
The result of every measurement by any measuring instrument contains some uncertainty. This uncertainty is called error.

Systematic errors:
The systematic errors are those errors that tend to be in one direction, either positive or negative.

Sources of systematic errors

1. Instrumental errors
2. Imperfection in experimental technique or procedure
3. personal errors

1. Instrumental errors:
Instrumental error arise from the errors due to imperfect design or calibration of the measuring instrument.
eg: In Vernier Callipers, the zero mark of vernier scale may not coincide with the zero mark of the main scale.

2. Imperfection in experimental technique or procedure:
To determine the temperature of a human body, a thermometer placed under the armpit will always give a temperature lower than the actual value of the body temperature. Other external conditions (such as changes in temperature, humidity, velocity……..etc) during the experiment may affect the measurement.

3. Personal Errors:
Personal error arise due to an individual’s bias, lack of proper setting of the apparatus or individual carelessness etc.

Random errors
The random errors are those errors, which occur irregularly and hence are random with respect to sign and size. These can arise due to random and unpredictable fluctuations in experimental conditions (eg. unpredictable fluctuations in temperature, voltage supply, etc.)

Unit And Measurement Notes Pdf Chapter 2 Least Count Error
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count. The least count error is the error associated with the resolution of the instrument. By using instruments of higher precision, improving experimental technique etc, we can reduce least count error.

1. Absolute Error, Relative Error And Percentage Error:
The magnitude of the difference between the true value of the quantity and the measured value is called absolute error in the measurement. Since the true value of the quantity is not known, the arithmetic mean of the measured values may be taken as the true value.

Physics Class 11 Chapter 2 Notes Explanation:
Suppose the values obtained in several measurements are a₁, a₂, a₃,………,a_n. Then arithmetic mean can be written as

The absolute error,
∆a₁ = a_mean – a₁
∆a₂ = a_mean – a₂
∆a_n = a_mean – a_n

a. Mean absolute error:
The arithmetic mean of all the absolute errors is known as mean absolute error. The mean absolute error in the above case,

b. Relative error:
The relative error is the ratio of the mean absolute error (Da_mean) to the mean value (a_mean).

c. Percentage error:
The relative error expressed in percent is called the percentage error (da).

Example:
Units And Measurements Class 11 Notes Pdf Download Question 1.
When the diameter of a wire is measured using a screw gauge, the successive readings are found to be 1.11 mm, 1.14mm, 1.09mm, 1.15mm and 1.16mm. Calculate the absolute error and relative error in the measurement.
Answer:
The arithmetic mean value of the measurement is

The absolute errors in the measurements are
1.13 – 1.14 = 0.02mm
1.13 – 1.14 = -0.01mm
1.13 – 1.09 = 0.04mm
1.13 – 1.15 =-0.02 mm
1.13 – 1.16 = 0.03mm
The arithmetic mean of the absolute errors

Percentage of relative error

2. Combination Of Errors:
When a quantity is determined by combining several measurements, the errors in the different measurements will combine in some way or other.

a. Error of a sum or a difference:
Rule: when two quantities are added or subtracted, the absolute error in the final result is the sum of the absolute errors in the individual quantities.
Explanation:
Let two quantities A and B have measured values A ± DA and B ± DB respectively. DA and DB are the absolute errors in their measurements. To find the error Dz that may occur in the sum z = A + B,
Consider
z + ∆z = (A ± ∆A) + B ± ∆B = (A + B) ± ∆A ± ∆B
The maximum possible error in the value of z is given by,

Similarly, it can be shown that, the maximum error in the difference.
Z = A – B is also given by

b. Error of product ora quotient:
Rule: When two quantities are multiplied or divided, the relative error in the result is the sum of the relative errors in the multipliers.
Explanation:
Suppose Z=AB and the measured values of A and B are A + DA and B + DB. They
Z + DZ = (A + DA) (B + DB)
= AB ± BDA ± ADB ± DADB
Dividing LHS by Z and RHS by AB, we get

c. Errors in case of a measured quantity raised to a power:
Suppose Z = A²

Hence, the relative error in A² is two time the error in A.
In general, if \(Z=\frac{A^{P} B^{q}}{C^{T}}\)
Then

Hence the rule: The relative error in a physical quantity raised to the power K is the K times the relative error in the individual quantity.

Chapter 2 Physics Class 11 Notes Significant Figures
Every measurement involves errors. Hence the result of measurement should be reported in a way that indicates the precision of measurement.

Normally, the reported result of measurement is a number that includes all digits in the number that are known reliable plus the first digit that is uncertain. The reliable digits plus the first uncertain digit are known as significant digits or significant figures.
Example:

• The length of a rod measured is 3.52cm. Here there are 3 significant figures. The digits 3 and 5 are reliable and the last digit 2 is uncertain.
• The mass of a body measured as 3.407g. Here there are four significant figures. The figure 7 is uncertain.

When the measurement becomes more accurate, the number of significant figure is increased.
Rules to find significant figures:
1. All the non zero digits are significant.
Example:
Physics Notes For Class 11 Kerala Syllabus Chapter 2 Question 1.
Find significant figure of

• 2500
• 263.25

Answer:

• In this case, there are two nonzero numbers. Hence significant figure is 2.
• In this, there are 5 nonzero numbers. Hence significant figure is 5.

2. All the zeros between two nonzero digits are significant, no matter where the decimal point is,
Example:
Units And Measurements Class 11 Notes Chapter 2 Question 2.
Find the significant figure

• 2.05
• 302.005
• 2000145

Answer:

• Significant figure is 3
• Significant figure is 6
• Significant figure is 7

3. If the number is less than 1, the zeros on the right of decimal point but to the left to the first nonzero digits are not significant.
Example:
Class 11 Physics Notes Units And Measurements Chapter 2 Question 1.
Find the significant figure of

• 0.002308
• 0.000135

Answer:

• 4 significant figures
• 3 significant figures

4. The terminal zeros in a number without a deci¬mal point are not significant.
Example:
Physics Class 11 Chapter 2 Question 1.
Find the significant figure of

• 12300
• 60700

Answer:

• 3
• 3

Note: But if the number obtained is on the basis of actual measurement, all zeros to the right of last non zero digit are significant.
Example: If distance is measured by a scale as 2010m. This contain 4 significant figures.

5. The terminal zeros in a number with a decimal point are significant.
Example:
Gvhss Payyoli Physics Notes Chapter 2 Question 1.
Find the significant figure of

• 3.500
• 0.06900
• 4.7000

Answer:

• 4
• 4
• 5

Method to find significant figures through scientific notation:
In this notation, every number is expressed as a × 10^b, where a is a number between 1 and 10 and b is any positive or negative power. In this method, we write the decimal after the first digit.
Example:
4700m =4.700 × 10³m
The power of 10 is irrelevant to the determination of significant figures. But all zeros appearing in the base number in the scientific notation are significant. Hence each number in this case has 4 significant figures.
Significant figures in numbers:-

a. Rules for Arithmetic operations with significant figures:
1. Rules for multiplication or division:
In multiplication or division, the computed result should not contain greater number of significant digits than in the observation which has the fewest significant digits.
Examples:
(i) 53 × 2.021 =107.113
The answer is 1.1 × 10² since the number 53 has only 2 significant digits.

(ii) 3700 10.5 = 352.38
The answer is 3.5 × 10² since the minimum number of significant figure is 2 (in the number 3700)

2. Rules for Addition and Subtraction:
In addition or substraction of given numbers, the same number of decimal places is retained in the result as are present in the number with minimum number of decimal places.
Examples:
(i) 76.436 +
12.5
88.936
The answer is 88.9, since only one decimal place is found in the number 12.5.

(ii) 43.6495 +
4.31
47.9595
The answer is 47.96 since only two decimal places are to be retained.

(iii) 8.624 –
3.1726
5.4514
The answer is 5.451

(iv) 6.5 × 10^-5 – 2.3 × 10^-6 = 6.5 × 10^-5 – 0.23 × 10^-5
= 6.27 × 10^-5
The answer is = 6.3 × 10^-5

Units And Measurements Class 11 Notes Pdf Chapter 2 Dimensions And Dimensional Analysis
All physical quantities can be expressed in terms of seven fundamental quantities. (Mass, length, time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance). These seven quantities are called the seven dimensions of the physical world.

The dimensions of the three mechanical quantities mass, length and time are denoted by M, L and T. Other dimensions are denoted by K (for temperature), I (for electric current), cd (for luminous intensity) and mol (for the amount of substance).

The letters [L], [M], [T] etc. specify only the nature of the unit and not its magnitude. Since area may be regarded as the product of two lengths, the dimensions of area are represented as [L] × [L] = [L]².

Similarly, volume being the product of three lengths, its dimensions are represented by [L]³. Density being mass per unit volume, its dimensions are M/L³ or M¹L³.

Thus, the dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental units of length, mass, time must be raised to represent it.
Note: The dimensions of a physical quantity and the dimensions of its unit are the same.

Class 11 Physics Notes Chapter 2 Dimensional Formula And Dimensional Equations
An equation obtained by equating a quantity with its dimensional formula is called dimensional equations of the physical quantities.
Examples:
Consider for example, the dimensions of the following physical quantities.
1. Velocity: Velocity = distance/ time = L/T = L¹T^-1 \The dimension of velocity are, zero in mass, 1 in length and-1 in time.

2. Acceleration:
Acceleration = \(\frac{\text { Change in velocity }}{\text { time }}=\frac{L^{1} T^{-1}}{T}=L^{1} T^{-2}\)

3. Force: Force = mass × acceleration
Dimensions of force = M × L¹T^-2 = M¹L¹T ^-2
That is, the dimensions of force are 1 in mass, 1 in length and -2 in time.

4. Momentum: Momentum = mass × velocity
Dimensions of momentum = M × L¹T^-1 = M¹L¹T ^-1

5. Moment of a force: Moment = force × distance
Dimensions of moment = M¹L¹T^-2 × L = M¹L²T ^-2

6. Impulse: Impulse = force × time
Dimensions of impulse = M¹L¹T^-2 × T = M¹L¹T ^-1

7. Work: Work = force × distance
Dimensions of work = M¹L¹T^-2 × L = M¹L²T ^-2

8. Energy: Energy = Work done
Dimensions of energy = dimensions of work = M¹L²T^-2.

9. Power: Power = work/time
Dimensions of power \(=\frac{M^{2} L^{2} T^{-2}}{T}p\) = M¹L²T^-3

Explain Parallax Method Class 11 Chapter 2 Dimensional Analysis And Its Applications
The important uses of dimensional equations are:

1. To check the correctness of an equation.
2. To derive a correct relationship between different physical quantities.
3. To convert one system of units into another.

1. Checking the correctness of an equation:
For the correctness of an equation, the dimensions on either side must be the same. This ‘ is known as the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.

If an equation contains more than two terms, the dimensions of each term must be the same. Thus, if x = y + z, Dimensions of x = dimensions of y = dimensions of z
Example :
Units And Dimensions Class 11 Chapter 2 Question 1.
Check the correctness of the equation s = ut + 1/2at² by the method of dimensions.
Dimensions of, s = L¹
Dimensions of, u = L¹T^-1
Dimensions of, ut = L¹T^-1 × T¹ = L¹
Dimensions of, a = L¹T^-2
Dimensions of, at² = L¹T^-2 × T² = L¹
The constant 1/2 has no dimensions. Each term has dimension L¹.
Therefore, dimensions of, ut + 1/2 at² = ¹
Thus, either side of the equation has the same dimen¬sion L1 and hence the equation is dimensionally correct.
Note: Even though the equation is dimensionally correct, it does not mean that the equation is necessarily correct. For instance the equation s = ut + at² is also dimensionally correct, though the correct equation, s = ut + 1/2 at².

2. Deriving the correct relationship between different physical quantities:
The principle of homogeneity of dimensions also helps to derive a relationship between the different physical quantities involved. This method is known as dimensional analysis.
Example :
Question 1.
Deduce an expression for the period of oscillation of a simple pendulum.
The period of the simple pendulum may possibly depend upon

• The mass of the bob, m
• The length of the pendulum, I
• Acceleration due to gravity, g
• The angle of swing, q

Let us write the equation for the time period as t = km^a l^b g^c θ^d
where, k is a constant having no dimensions; a, b, c are to be found out. ’
The dimensions of, t = T¹
Dimensions of m = M¹
Dimensions of, l = L¹
Dimensions of, g = L¹T^-2
Angle q has no dimensions (since, q = arc/radius = L/L) Equating the dimensions of both sides of the equation, we get,
T¹ = M^aL^b (L¹T^-2)^c
ie. T¹ = M^aL^b+cT^-2c
The dimensions of the terms on both sides must be the same. Equating the powers of M, L and T.
a = 0; b + c = 0; -2c = 1
∴ c = \(\frac{-1}{2}\), b = ^–c = \(\frac{1}{2}{/latex]
Hence, the equation becomes,
t = kl^1/2, 2g^-1/2
ie, t = k[latex]\sqrt{l/g}\)
Experimentally, the value of k is found to be 2p.
Limitations of Dimensional Analysis:
The method of dimensional analysis has the following limitations:

• It gives no information about the dimensionless constant involved in the equation.
• The method is not applicable to equations involving trigonometric and exponential functions.
• This method cannot be employed to derive the exact form of the relationship, if it contains sum
  of two, or more terms.
• If the given physical quantity depends on more than three unknown quantities, the method fails.

3. Conversion of one system of units to another:
Suppose we have a physical quantity of dimensions a, b and c in mass, length and time. The dimensional formula for the quantity is therefore, M^aL^bT^c. Let its numerical value be n, in one system in which the fundamental units of mass, length and time are M₁, L₁ and T₁ respectively. Then, the magnitude of the physical quantity
= n₁ M₁^aL₁^bT₁^c
Also, let the numerical value of the same quantity be n₂ in another system where the fundamental units of mass, length and time are M₂, L₂ and T₂respectively. Then the magnitude of the quantity
= n₂ M₂^aL₂^bT₂^c
Equating, n₂ M₂^aL₂^bT₂^c =
n₁ M₁^aL₁^bT₁^c

Example :
Question 1.
Find the number of dynes in one newton.
Answer:
Dyne is the unit of force in the C.G.S. system and newton is the S.I.unit. The dimensional formula for force is M¹L¹T^-2. In eqn. (1) let the suffix 1 refer to quantities in S.I and 2 those in the C.G.S. system.
Here, a = 1, b = 1 and c = 2

and n₁ = 1 (ie. one Newton)
By eqn. (1),
n₂ = 1 (1000)¹ (100)¹ (1)^-2 = 10⁵
ie. 1 newton = 10⁵ dynes.

Students can Download Chapter 3 Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Questions and Answers, Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II One Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 3 Questions And Answers Question 1.
The source documents provide information about the nature of ……………. involved in it.
(a) Transactions
(b) Accounts
(c) Journal
Answer:
(a) Transactions.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 3 Question 2.
Which of the following equation is correct ?
a. Assets = Equities
b. Assets = Capital + Liabilities
c. Assets + Expenses = Liabilities + Capital + Income
d. Capital = A – L
(i) a & b
(ii) a, b & c
(iii) a, b, c & d
(iv) d only
Answer:
(iii) All the above four

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 3 Notes Question 3.
Journal is the book of ……………
(a) Original entry
(b) Secondary entry
(c) Only cash transaction
Answer:
(a) Original entry.

Books Of Prime Entry Questions And Answers Pdf Question 4.
An ……………. is a formal record of all transactions relating to change in a particular item,
(a) Account
(b) Ledger
(c) Journal
Answer:
(a) Account.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Pdf Question 5.
If a firm borrows a sum of money, there will be
(a) Increase in Capital
(b) Decrease in Capital
(c) No effect on Capital
Answer:
(c) No effect on capital

Plus One Accountancy Textbook Questions And Answers Question 6.
The Purchase day book contains
(a) All Purchases
(b) Cash Purchases
(c) Credit Purchases
Answer:
(c) Credit Purchases

Transaction Textbook Answers Question 7.
Double column cash book records:-
(a) All transactions
(b) Cash and bank transaction
(c) Only cash transaction
(d) Only Credit transaction
Answer:
(b) Cash and bank transaction.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 1 Question 8.
Goods purchased on cash are recorded in the
(a) Purchase book
(b) Sales book
(c) Cashbook
Answer:
(c) Cashbook

Books Of Original Entry Questions And Answers Pdf Question 9.
Cashbook does not record transactions of –
(a) Cash nature.
(b) Credit nature.
(c) Cash and credit nature.
Answer:
(b) Credit nature.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 10.
Balancing of account means:
(a) Total of debit side
(b) Total of credit side
(c) Difference in total of debit and credit
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) The difference in total debit and credit

Accounting Transactions Exercises With Answers Question 11.
In sales daybook, all ………… sales of goods are recorded.
Answer:
Credit Sales.

Plus One Accountancy Textbook Answers Question 12.
The petty cashier generally works on ……… system.
Answer:
Imprest system.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 2 Question 13.
The cash book serves the dual purposes of …………..
Answer:
a journal and a ledger.

Journal Entries Questions And Answers Question 14.
When a transaction is recorded on both sides of the cash book but in different columns, such entry is called ……….
Answer:
Contra Entry.

Plus One Accountancy Important Questions Question 15.
The source document of purchase return is ………….
Answer:
Debit Note.

Journal And Ledger Class 11 Questions Question 16.
Cashbook is a …………. journal.
Answer:
Subsidiary.

Question 17.
Return of goods purchased on credit to the suppliers will be entered in …………. journal.
Answer:
Purchase Return/ Return outward book.

Question 18.
Assets are sold on credit are recorded in ……………….
Answer:
Journal Proper.

Question 19.
Credit balance shown by a bank column in cash book is ………..
Answer:
Overdraft.

Question 20.
A book maintained to record transactions, which do not find place in special journal, is known as …………..
Answer:
Journal proper/ Journal Residual.

Question 21.
………………… records the page number of the original book of entry on which relevant transaction is recorded.
Answer:
Journal Folio.

Question 22.
Purchased office stationery for Rs. 10,000. The account to be credited is ……….
Answer:
Cash.

Question 23.
The book in which all accounts are maintained is known as ……….
Answer:
Ledger.

Question 24.
Trade discount is allowed by …………….
Answer:
Manufacturer.

Question 25.
…………….. is process of transferring entries from book of original entry to the ledger.
Answer:
Posting.

Question 26
Cash discount is allowed by …………
Answer:
Creditor.

Complete the following on the basis of hints given:

Question 27.
Invoice – Source document of purchases
_____ – Source of sales return
Answer:
Credit Note

Question 28.
Bank Balance – Debit balance in cash book
__________ – Debit balance in pass book
Answer:
Bank overdraft

Question 29.
Pay-in-slip – Used for depositing cash in bank – account
________ – Used for withdrawing money from bank account
Answer:
Cheque

Find the Odd one and State reason.

Question 30.
Sales Return, Return inward, Credit Note, Debit Note
Answer:
Debit Note, it is related to purchase return but all others are related to sales return.

Question 31.
Journal, Ledger, Purchase Bill, Cash Book
Answer:
Purchase Bill.

Question 32.
…………. discount is allowed by the wholesalers to retailers for bulk purchase.
Answer:
Trade discount.

Question 33.
The process of balancing .of an account involves equalisation of both sides of the account. If the debit side of an account exceeds the credit side, the difference is put on the credit side. The said balance is
(a) A credit balance
(b) A debit balance
(c) None of the above
Answer:
(b) debit balance.

Question 34.
Find out the missing one on the basis of hint given Salary, Electricity Charges, Rent, Telephone Charges = ……..
Answer:
Indirect Expenses

Question 35.
What does the following entry mean?
Drawings A/c Dr 5,000
To Office furniture A/c 5,000
Answer:
The entry stands for withdrawn furniture for personal use of the owner.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of Double Entry Book-keeping?
Answer:
The recording of the debit aspect and the credit aspect of a transaction in the books of accounts is called double-entry bookkeeping. In this system, every transaction affects at least two accounts or each and every transaction has at least two aspects – a receiving aspect and a giving aspect.

Question 2.
What is a source documents?
Answer:
A voucher or source document is a written document to be used in support of entry made in the accounts. They provide information about the transaction involved and help in verifying the correctness of books of accounts. For example the receipts, bills, cash memos, invoices, salaries bill, wage bills, counterfoils of cheques, registration deeds, etc.

Question 3.
Indicate whether the following accounts will have ‘debit’ or ‘credit’ balances.

1. outstanding salaries
2. Return outwards
3. Sales returns
4. Carriage inward
5. Bad debts recovered
6. Depreciation
7. Drawings

Answer:

1. Outstanding salaries – Credit
2. Return outwards – Credit
3. Sales Returns – Debit
4. Carriage inward – Debit
5. Bad debts recovered – Credit
6. Depreciation – Debit
7. Drawings – Debit

Question 4.
X Co. Ltd supplied furniture to Mr. Ravi (a trader) on credit. At the time of examining the qualities of the furniture by Mr. Ravi, it was not as per the specification and he returns them to the X Co. Ltd.

1. Can you suggest which book shall Mr. Ravi records the return of goods?
2. Specify the source document.

Answer:

1. Purchase Returns Book/ Purchase Returns Journal
2. Debit Note

Question 5.
Pass Journal entry in the books of Saleem Stores during the month of April 2007.

• Commenced business with cash Rs. 6,000/-
• Furniture Rs. 40,000/- and building Rs. 70,000/-

Answer:

• Cash A/c Dr 6,000
• Furniture A/c Dr 40,000
• Building A/cDr 70,000
• To Capital A/c

[Being Commenced business with cash, furniture, and building]

Question 6.
A cash A/c will never show a credit balance. Why?
Answer:
As a person cannot spend more than his receipts, the receipt side or the debit side of the cash book will always be more than or equal to the credit side. But, it will never be less than the credit side. Hence a cash book always shows a debit balance or nil balance but never credit balance.

Question 7.
Mr. Amal intends to start a computer software unit. He purchased a building for Rs. 3,00,000, for which a sum of Rs. 2,00,000 has been raised by availing a bank loan, and Rs. 75000 has been raised from his friend, Biju Mathew. Show this transaction by developing an accounting equation.
Answer:
Assets = Liabilities + Capital

Question 8.
List out the essential particulars to be contained in a sales bill.
Answer:

1. Name and address of the firm.
2. Date, Amount, Description of goods.
3. Quantity, Signature, Seal, Bill no.
4. Name of the Customer.

Question 9.
‘CH’ Ltd makes a purchases of Electrical goods from Arya electronics on credit. Being the goods despatched by Arya electronics is not as per specifications, CH Ltd returns them to the supplier.

1. Can you suggest in which book shall CH Ltd. record the return of goods?
2. Specify the source document.

Answer:

1. Purchase return book or return outward book
2. Debit Note

Question 10.
“Cash Book is both a journal and a ledger” Elucidate the statement.
Answer:
Cashbook is basically a journal because all entries relating to cash are first made in the cash book. But in the meantime, it serves the purpose of a ledger since it is drawn in the form of an account.

Question 11.
State any two transactions that increase and decrease capital.
Answer:

1. Capital increases by net profit and fresh capital introduced.
2. Capital decreases by drawings and net loss.

Question 12
State the three fundamental steps in the accounting process.
Answer:
The three fundamental steps in accounting are. ..

1. Identifying financial transactions.
2. Recording business transactions.
3. Classifying business transactions.

Question 13.
What is contra entry? Write contra entry transactions.
Answer:
When a transaction is recorded on both sides of the cash book but in different columns, such entry is called contra entry.
eg:

1. Cash deposited in bank.
2. Withdrawn from bank for office use.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
With the following details write up the capital account of Mr. X.

1. Opening balance Rs. 87,000
2. Drawings Rs. 6,000
3. Net Profit Rs. 9,000
4. Interest on capital Rs. 8700
5. Interest on drawings Rs. 300

Answer:
Capital A/c of Mr.X

Question 2.
State the rules of debit and credit for all types of accounts.
Answer:
The term ‘debit’ is supposed to have derived from ‘debt’ and the term ‘credit’ from ‘creditable’. For convenience ‘Dr1 is used for debit and ‘Cr’ is used for credit. The effects of rules of debit and credit on various types of accounts are given as follows:

1. Increase in asset is debit and decrease in asset is credit.
2. Increase in liability is credit and decrease in liability is debit.
3. Increase in capital is credit and decrease in capital debit.
4. Increase in expenses is debit and decrease in expense is credit.
5. Increase in revenue is credit and decrease in revenue is debit.

Question 3.
With the help of the given cash book identify the transactions of Sourya stores.

Answer:

1. Started business with cash Rs. 1,00,000
2. Sold goods for cash Rs. 10,000
3. Purchased goods for cash Rs. 25,000
4. Cash deposited into bank Rs. 50,000
5. Rent paid Rs. 2,000

Question 4.
Enter the following transactions in simple cash book for November 2014.

Answer:

Question5.
Give journal entries for the following transactions

1. Ram started business with cash Rs. 80,000/- Building Rs. 1,50,000/-Machinery Rs. 1,20,000/ – and stock of goods Rs. 50,000/-
2. He purchased goods for Rs. 70,000 of which he paid Rs. 50,000 in cash and balance on credit from Mohan.

Answer:

Question 6.
From the following, prepare the purchase return book of Madhamohan Readymade Garments.

• 10/4/09 – Returned to Decent & Co- 4 Shirts @ Rs. 54 per Shirt.
• 15/4/09 – Returned to Kurian & Sons – 2 Shirts @ Rs. 30 per Piece
• 17/4/09 – Returned to Sapna Garments – 1 Churidar @ Rs. 100 per Piece.

Answer:

Question 7.
From the following prepare sales day book of Harihar Furniture Co.

• 1/10/08 – Sold on credit to Tendulkar – 4 tables @ Rs. 2000 and 20 chairs @ Rs. 300
• 10/10/08 – Sold to Ganguly -10 tables@ Rs. 1000 and 3 chairs @ 900,Trade discount 10%.
• 12/10/08 – Sold to sreenath, 2 tables @ Rs. 1000.

Answer:

Question 8.
Enter the following transactions in Sales Return Day Book of Cochin furniture.

• 4/10/09 – Mahesh & Co. returned 3 chairs @ 300
• 15/10/09 – Raveendran Traders returned 2 tables @ Rs. 3600
• 16/10/09 – Jayanath Agencies returned 2 chairs @ Rs. 200

Answer:

Question 9.
List out the appropriate source documents for recording the following transactions.

1. Purchased goods
2. Rent paid
3. Electricity charges paid
4. Salary paid
5. Repair charges paid
6. Water charges paid

Answer:

1. Invoice/Bill
2. Receipt from house owner
3. Receipt from KSEB
4. Payroll
5. Payment Voucher
6. Receipt from water authority.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Four Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1
Explain the terms:

1. Journal
2. Narration
3. Account
4. Ledger

Answer:
1. Journal:
Journal is the prime book in which transactions are entered first time from a source document. In other words, it is the book used for making primary record of day-to-day transactions chronologically. Recording of transactions in the journal is known as “Journalizing” and the recorded transactions are called journal entries. It is also called “Book of Original Entry or Book of Prime Entry”. A specimen form of a journal is given below.

2. Narration:
After entering each transaction in the journal, a brief explanation is provided below. This is called narration.

3. Account:
An account is a classified summary of transaction relating to a change in a particular item during a particular period.

4. Ledger:
A ledger is a collection of all accounts debited or credited in journals. The ledger is a book of second entry or final entry because transactions first entered in journal are finally incorporated in the ledger. It is also called “the Main or the Principal Book of Account of a business. The process of transferring journal entries into ledger is called “posting”.

Question 2.
What are the difference between books of original entry or journal and ledger?
Answer:

Question 3.
What do you understand by petty cash book?
Answer:
The book maintained by the petty cashier to record small payments of repetitive nature (petty payments) ie stationery, postage, carriage, traveling, etc are made by him during a particular period is called the “petty cash book”.

The petty cashier works under the supervision and control of the main cashier who advances a certain amount to the petty cashier in the beginning of a specific period. The petty cashier is permitted to make payments only below a particular limit.

Question 4.
Give an example of a business transaction that causes one asset to increase and another asset to decrease, with no effect on either liabilities or capital.
Answer:
Purchased Machinery for cash Rs. 10,000 or any other similar transaction. Here Machinery increases and cash decreases. Therefore no change happens on the total value of assets.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Prove that the accounting equations is satisfied in all the following transaction of Chikku.

1. Commenced business with cash Rs. 20,000/-
2. Goods purchased for cash Rs. 8,000/-
3. Bought furniture Rs. 3,000/-
4. Purchased goods on credit Rs. 7,000/-
5. Cash paid to creditors Rs. 4,000/-
6. Paid salary Rs. 500
7. Received commission Rs. 300
8. Withdraw for personal purpose Rs. 400.

Answer:

Question 2.
Record the following transactions in the purchase Journal of Suraj Agencies.

• 1/June/2008 -Purchased from sreeman Electronics 30 Philips Tube lights @ Rs. 100 10 Khaitan Ceiling Fans @ Rs. 800
• 4/June/2008 -Purchased from Sam & Sons 20 electric heaters @ Rs. 21 5 electric irons @ 240.
• 15/June/2008 – Purchased from Quilon Radio Services. 10 table fans @ Rs. 1200. 20 electric kettles @ 90. Less Trade discount @ 10%
• 16/June/2008 – Purchased from Bajaj Agency 50 Tii.be lights @ Rs. 140. Less Trade discount @ 5%.

Answer:

Question 3.
What is a special (subsidiary) Journal? Name the important special journals.
Answer:
The journals in which transactions of similar nature only are recorded may be termed as special journals or daybooks. The division of original entry into different Daybook is called the subdivision of the journal. The important special journals are:

1. Cash Book – for recording all cash transactions.
2. Purchases Day Book – for recording all the credit purchases of goods.
3. Sales Day Book – for recording all the credit sale of goods.
4. Purchase Return Book – for recording goods returned to suppliers.
5. Sales Return Book – for recording goods returned by customers.
6. Bill Receivable Book – for recording bill received from customers.
7. Bill Payable Book – for recording bills given to suppliers.
8. Journal Proper – If specialised journals are kept the journal is used only for recording those transactions that cannot be recorded in other journals. In this case the journal is known as Journal Proper or General Journal.

Question 4.
What is journal proper? Write the transactions recorded in journal proper.
Answer:
A book maintained to record transactions which do not find place in special journal is known as journal proper or journal residual.
Transactions recorded in journal proper are as follows:

1. Opening and closing entry.
2. Adjustment entry.
3. Rectification entries.
4. Transfer entries.
5. Sale or purchase of assets on credit.
6. Entries for endorsement and dishonor of bills of exchange.
7. Goods are withdrawn for personal use.

Question 5.
1. Remesh owes Kumar Rs. 5,000. He makes payments of the amount before the due date and Kumar allow him a discount of Rs. 500.
2. Narendran sold to Ravi goods of the catalog price of Rs. 50,000 at a trade discount of 10%. Pass Journal entries in the two cases.
Answer:

Question 6.
What do you understand by petty cash book? Write the advantages of petty cash book.
Answer:
The book maintained by the petty cashier to record small payments of repetitive nature (petty payments) ie stationery, postage, carriage, traveling, etc are made by him during a particular period is called the “petty cash book”.

The petty cashier works under the supervision and control of the main cashier who advances a certain amount to the petty cashier in the beginning of a specific period. The petty cashier is permitted to make payments only below a particular limit.

Advantages of maintaining petty cash book:

1. Saving of time and effort of chief cashier. He can concentrate on cash transactions involving large amounts of cash.
2. Effective control over cash disbursement. Cash control becomes easy because of division of work.
3. Convenient recording.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Six Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Prepare necessary subsidiary books from the following transactions


Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.
Record the following transactions in a Double column Cash Book.

• 1/5/09 – Opening balance of cash Rs. 2,800 1/5/09 – Opening balance of bank Rs. 3,500 3/5/09 – Rent paid by cheque Rs. 1,700 5/5/09 – Cash sales Rs. 4,500 7/5/09 – Purchases made Rs. 2,900.
• 9/5/09 – Deposited into bank Rs. 2,500.
• 13/5/09 – Received from Kamal Rs. 4,800.
• 18/5/09 – Paid to Saleem Rs, 1,300.
• 20/5/09 – Withdrawal from bank Rs. 1,800.
• 27/5/09 – Paid for purchase of machine tools Rs. 2,800.
• 30/5/09 – Deposited into bank Rs. 2,700.
• 31/5/09 – Salary paid by cheque Rs. 1,800.

Answer:

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Eight Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Journalise the following transactions:- 2008 April

1. Started business with cash – 30,000
2. Opened Bank Account – 12,000
3. Purchased Furniture – 2,000
4. Purchased goods – 10,000
5. Withdrawn from bank for office – 6000
6. Goods sold for cash – 8,000
7. Cash purchases from John – 5,000
8. Cash sales to Rajan – 4,000
9. Cash withdrawn for personal use – 500
10. Withdrew from bank for personal use 1000
11. Goods withdrawn for personal use 3000
12. Goods purchased on credit from Jagan 3000
13. Goods sold to Dinesh on credit 4000
14. Cheques issued to Jagan 4000
15. Goods returned to Jagan 1500
16. Goods returned by Dinesh 2000
17. Received commission 200
18. Paid to Alex Rs. 2000, Discount allowed by him Rs.200
19. Received from Bonoy Rs.4000, allowed him a discount Rs. 300.

Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare a cash book with cash and bank column from the following transactions.


Answer:

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Ullariv Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Ullariv

Ullariv Questions and Answers

Ullariv Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 6 Shasthrakriya Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 6 Shasthrakriya

Shasthrakriya Questions and Answers

Shasthrakriya Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 1 Kavyakalaye Kurichu Chila Nireekshanangal Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 1 Kavyakalaye Kurichu Chila Nireekshanangal

Kavyakalaye Kurichu Chila Nireekshanangal Questions and Answers

Kavyakalaye Kurichu Chila Nireekshanangal Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 4 Lathiyum Vediyundayum Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 4 Lathiyum Vediyundayum

Lathiyum Vediyundayum Questions and Answers

Lathiyum Vediyundayum Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 1 Kinav Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 1 Kinav

Kinav Questions and Answers

Kinav Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 4 Matsyam Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 4 Matsyam

Matsyam Questions and Answers

Matsyam Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 अनुताप Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 1 Chapter 1 अनुताप

Anuthap Hindi Chapter प्रश्न 1.
‘उसे शाक-सा लगा’ क्यों?
अनुताप
“बाबूजी आइए…… मैं पहुँचाए देता हूँ।”
एक रिक्शेवाले ने उसके नज़दीक आकर कहा,
“असलम अब नहीं आएगा।” “क्या हुआ उसको?”
रिक्शे में बैठते हुए उसने लापरवाही से पूछा। पिछले
चार-पाँच दिनों से असलम ही उसे दफ्तर पहुंचाता रहा था।

“बाबूजी, असलम नहीं रहा…”
“क्या?”
उसे शाक-सा लगा,
“कल तो भला चंगा था।
“उसके दोनों गुर्दो में खराबी थी, डाक्टर ने रिक्शा
चलाने से मना कर रखा था,”
उसकी आवाज़ में गहरी उदासी थी,
“कल आपको दफ्तर पहुंचाकर लौटा तो पेशाब बंद हो
गया था, अस्पताल ले जाते समय उसने रास्ते में ही दम तोड़ दिया था ……”
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 2.
इनके साथ हमदर्दी जताना बेवकूफ़ी होगीयहाँ यात्री का कौनसा मनोभाव प्रकट हो रहा है?
उत्तर:
श्रमिक वर्ग के प्रति उपेक्षा का मनोभाव और सहजीव के प्रति संवेदना हीनता का मनोभाव।

प्रश्न 3.
वह किसी अपराधी की भाँति सिर झुकाए रिक्शे के साथ-साथ चल रहा था, क्यों?
उत्तर:

अनुताप अनुवर्ती कार्य

ये प्रसंग किन-किन पात्रों से संबंधित हैं?

प्रश्न 4.
i) उसे शाक-सा लगा। उसकी
ii) आवाज़ में गहरी उदासी थी।
iii) उसने रास्ते में ही दम तोड़ दिया।
iv) कल की घटना उसकी आँखों के आगे सजीव हो उठी।
v) एकबारगी उसकी इच्छा हुई कि रिक्शे से उतर जाए।
vi) किसी कार के हार्न से चौंककर वह वर्तमान में आ गया।
vii) उसके लिए यह चढ़ाई खास मायने नहीं रखती थी।
viii) वह अपराधी की भाँति सिर झुकाए चल रहा था।
उत्तर:
i) यात्री को शाक-सा लगा।
ii) रिक्शेवाले की आवाज़ में गहरी उदासी थी।
iii) असलम ने रास्ते में ही दम तोड़ दिया।
iv) कल की घटना यात्री की आँखों के आगे सजीव हो उठी।
v) एकबारगी यात्री की इच्छा हुई कि रिक्शे से उत्तर जाए।
vi) किसी कार के हार्न से चौककर यात्री वर्तमान में आ गया।
vii) रिक्शेवाले के लिए यह चढ़ाई खास मायने नहीं रखती थी।
viii) यात्री अपराधी की भाँति सिर झुकाए चल रहा था।

प्रश्न 5.
यात्री का मन संघर्ष से भरा था। वह अपना संघर्ष डायरी में लिख रहा है। वह डायरी लिखें।
उत्तर:

2014 माच 5. बुधवार

नटराज नगरः
आज मेरे लिए बड़ा मानसिक संघर्ष का दिन है। रिस्शेवाला असलम की मृत्यु की खबर सुनकर मैं व्याकुल हो गया। असलम के प्रति मुझसे हमदर्दी का अभाव हुआ। मेरा दिल पश्चाताप से उत्पन्न अनुताप से भरा है। नटराज टाकीज़ के पास की चढ़ाई पार करते समय मुझे असलम की रिक्शे से उतरना था। मैं नहीं जानता था कि असलम के गुर्यों में खराबी थी। मज़बूत कदकाठी रिक्शेवाले से हमदर्दी से मैंने ज़रूर व्यवहार किया। फिर भी मेरा आत्मसंघर्ष मैं कैसे निकालूँ?

असलम के प्रति मेरी श्रद्धांजलि…. हे भगवान! मुझे माफी दें….. भगवान मुझे अच्छी नींद दें।

Hsslive Guru Plus One Hindi Notes प्रश्न 6.
असलम की मृत्यु की खबर
उत्तर:
पत्नी : लगता है आप बड़ी परेशानी में हैं?
यात्री : हैं… हाँ… आप ने ठीक समझी।
पत्नी : क्या हुआ?
यात्री : एक रिक्शावाला…
पत्नी : रिक्शावाला?
यात्री : मैं बताता हूँ।
पत्नी : हाँ…हाँ… क्या नाम है उसका?
यात्री : असलम।
पत्नी : आप और असलम के बीच….
यात्री : असलम की मृत्यु हो गयी।
पत्नी : अरे बापरे! कैसे?
यात्री : उसके दोनों गुदों में खराबी थी।
पत्नी : हे भगवान! तो?
यात्री : मैंने यह न जानकर उससे….
पत्नी : उससे?
यात्री : रिक्शा चला कर बिना हमदर्दी से व्यवहार किया।
पत्नी : आह!
यात्री : मैं पश्चाताप विवश हूँ।
पत्नी : मैं समझ सकती हूँ।
यात्री : पश्चाताप से उत्पन्न अनुताप से…..
पत्नी : अनुताप से…
यात्री : मेरे मन ने….,
पत्नी : साफ बताईए….
यात्री : मुझे उदास बना लिया है।
पत्नी : हाँ….हाँ… मैं ने अब समझ ली आप की परेशानी का कारण।
यात्री : मैं क्या करूँ?
पत्नी : चिंता छोडिए। असलम के परिवार के लिए कुछ हम कर देंगे।
यात्री : जरूर! आप एक चाय बनाईए।
पत्नी : जी हाँ….. अब तैयार होगा।

प्रश्न 7.
असलम के प्रति अपना व्यवहार
उत्तर:
यात्री अपराधी ही है। यह इसलिए है कि असलम के प्रति यात्री द्वारा दिखाई गयी उपेक्षा के कारण असलम की मृत्यु हो गयी थी।

प्रश्न 8.
हमदर्दी का अभाव
उत्तर:
अनुताप
सालों के बाद मैं उस दिन की याद में आत्मकथा लिखता हूँ। असलम नामक एक रिक्शावाला मुझे दफ्तर ले जाता था। एक दिन दफ्तर जाते समय असलम का साथी रिक्शावाले से मैंने समझा कि असलम मर गया है। असलम के दोनों गुर्दो में खराबी थी। डॉक्टर ने रिक्शा चलाने से उसे मना कर रखा था। मुझे यह नहीं मालूम था। यह न जानकर मैंने असलम से रिक्शा चलाया। रिक्शे में बैठ कर चढ़ाई पर मैंने उसे बड़ी परेशानी दी।

रिक्शा चलाते हुए असलम धीरे-धीरे कराह रहा था। बीच-बीच में एक हाथ से पेट पकड़ लेता था। दाहिना हाथ गद्दी पर जमाकर असलम बड़ी कठिनाई और परेशानी से चकाई पर रिक्शा खींच रहा था। वह बुरी तरह हाँफ रहा था। उसके गंजे सिर पर पसीने की नन्हीं नन्हीं बूंदें दिखाई देने लगी थीं। लेकिन असलम के प्रति मेरे व्यवहार में हमदर्दी का बड़ा अभाव हुआ था। आज सालों के बाद भी मेरे मन से असलम की दयनीय अवस्था का चित्र न मिट जाता। मेरा मन पश्चाताप से उत्पन्न अनुताप से आज भी भर रहा है। असलम! आप को मेडी श्रद्धांजली क्षमायाचना के रूप में मैं समर्पित करता हूँ।

प्रश्न 9.
पश्चाताप से उत्पन्न अनुताप
उत्तर:
मित्र : अरे! आप क्यों इतना उदास हैं?
यात्री : मैं…. उदास….
मित्र : हैं… हाँ… बड़ी उदासी मैं हैं आप
यात्री : आप ने ठीक समझा।
मित्र : अरे! बापरे! क्या हुआ?
यात्री : एक रिक्शावाला…
मित्र : हाँ…हाँ… क्या नाम है उसका?
यात्री : असलम।
मित्र : आप और असलम के बीच….
यात्री : असलम की मृत्यु हो गयी।
मित्र : अरे बापरे! कैसे?
यात्री : उसके दोनों गुदों में खराबी थी।
मित्र : हे भगवान! तो?
यात्री : मैंने यह न जानकर उससे….
मित्र : उससे?
यात्री : रिक्शा चला कर बिना हमदर्दी से व्यवहार किया।
मित्र : आह!
यात्री : मैं पश्चाताप विवश’हूँ।
मित्र : मैं समझ सकता हूँ।
यात्री : पश्चाताप से उत्पन्न अनुताप से…..
मित्र : अनुताप से…
यात्री : मेरे मन ने….
मित्र : साफ बताईए….
यात्री : मुझे उदास बना लिया है।
मित्र : हॉ….हाँ… मैं ने अब समझ लिया आप की उदासी का कारण।
यात्री : मैं क्या करूं?
मित्र : चिंता छोडिए। असलम के परिवार के लिए कुछ कर दीजिए।
यात्री : जरूर।

डायरी की परख, मेरी ओर से

प्रश्न 10.
घटना की सूचना है।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 11.
संवेदना की अनुभूति है।

प्रश्न 12.
आत्मसंघर्ष की अभिव्यक्ति है।

प्रश्न 13.
आत्मपरक शैली है।
उत्तर:
कहानी
ii) अलारक्खी क्यों हताश थी?
iii) उपर्युक्त अंश का संक्षेपण करें।
iv) अलारक्खी के उस दिन की डायरी कल्पना करके लिखिए।
v) उपर्युक्त अंश केलिए उचित शीर्षक दें।

नीचे दिए मुद्दों के आधार पर अनुताप शीर्षक की सार्थकता पर अपना विचार प्रकट करें-

प्रश्न 14.
पाठ के केंद्र भाव को सूचित करता है।
उत्तर:
अनुताप’ शीर्षक बिलकुल सार्थक है। पाठ का केन्द्रभाव यात्री का अनुताप ही है। इसको यह शीर्षक ठीक सूचित करता है। पाठ पढ़कर चरमसीमा तक पहुँचने के लिए शीर्षक हमें प्रेरित करता है। पाठ का संक्षिप्त हम शीर्षक से समझ सकते हैं। इन कारणों से अनुताप शीर्षक सार्थक और संगत है।

प्रश्न 15.
चरमसीमा तक पढ़ने को प्रेरित करता है।

प्रश्न 16.
संक्षिप्त, पर स्पष्ट है।

प्रश्न 17.
सार्थक एवं संगत है।

प्रश्न 18.
निम्नलिखित पाठभाग का अनुवाद मातृभाषा में कीजिए:
आगे वह कुछ नहीं सुन सका। एक सन्नाटे ने उसे अपने आगोश में ले लिया….। कल की घटना उसकी आँखों के आगे सजीव हो उठी। रिक्शा नटराज टाकीज़ पार कर बड़े डाकखाने की ओर जा रहा था। रिक्शा चलाते हुए असलम धीरे-धीरे कराह रहा था। बीच बीच में एक हाथ से पेट पकड़ लेता था। सामने डाक बंगले तक चढ़ाई ही चढ़ाई थी। एकबारगी उसकी इच्छा हुई थी कि रिक्शे से उतर जाए। अगले ही क्षण उसने खुद को समझाया था – रोज़ का मामला है….. कब तक उतरता रहेगा….. ये लोग नाटक भी खूब कर लेते हैं, इनके साथ हमदर्दी जताना बेवकूफी होगी….. अनाप-शनाप पैसे माँगते हैं, कुछ कहो तो सरे आम रिक्शे से उतर पड़ा था, दाहिना हाथ गद्दी पर जमाकर चढ़ाई पर रिक्शा खींच रहा था। वह बुरी तरह हाँफ रहा था, गंजे सिर पर पसीने की नन्हीं-नन्हीं बूंदे दिखाई देने लगी थीं…..।
उत्तर:

प्रश्न 19.
‘उसे शाक-सा लगा’ – क्यों?
उत्तर:
असलम की आकस्मिक मृत्यु की खबर सुनकर और जीवन की क्षणिकता के बारे में सोचकर यात्री को शाक-सा लगा।

प्रश्न 20.
‘उसकी आवाज़ में गहरी उदासी थी। क्यों?
उत्तर:
अपने साथी असलम की मृत्यु के कारण और उसको नष्ट हो जाने के कारण रिकशेवाले की आवाज़ में गहरी उदासी थी।

प्रश्न 21.
‘वह किसी अपराधी की भाँति सिर झुकाए रिक्शे के साथ-साथ चल रहा था’, क्यों?
उत्तर:
अपने सहजीव के प्रति दिखाई गई उपेक्षा से उत्पन्न पश्चाताप के कारण।

प्रश्न 22.
ये प्रसंग किन-किन पात्रों से संबंधित हैं?

a. उसे शाक-सा लगा।
उत्तर:
यात्री से।

b. उसकी आवाज़ में गरही उदासी थी।
उत्तर:
मज़बूत कदकाठी रिक्शेवाले से।

c. उसने रास्ते में ही दम तोड़ दिया।
उत्तर:
असलम से।

d. कल की घटना उसकी आँखों के आगे सजीव हो उठी।
उत्तर:
यात्री से।

e. एकबारगी उसकी इच्छा हुई कि रिक्शे से उतर जाए।
उत्तर:
यात्री से।

f. किसी कार के हार्न से चौंककर वह वर्तमान में आ गया।
उत्तर:
यात्री से।

g. उसके लिए यह चढ़ाई खास मायने नहीं रखती थी।
उत्तर:
मज़बूत कदकाठी रिक्शेवाले से।

प्रश्न 23.
वह अपराधी की भाँति सिर झुकाए चल रहा था।
उत्तरः
यात्री से।

प्रश्न 24.
‘वह किसी अपराधी की भाँति सिर झुकाए रिकशे के साथ चल रहा था।’ अपराधी की भाँति कौन चल रहा था?
उत्तर:
यात्री।

प्रश्न 25.
यात्री सिर झुकाए रिकशे के साथ अपराधी जैसे क्यों चल रहा था?
उत्तर:
असलम के प्रति दिखाई गयी उपेक्षा से उत्पन्न पश्चाताप के कारण।

प्रश्न 26.
यात्री के मनोभाव के साथ ‘अनुताप’ लघुकथा के शीर्षक का कोई संबंध है?
उत्तर:
‘अनुताप’ शीर्षक से बिल्कुल संबंध है। यात्री द्वारा असलम के प्रति दिखाई गयी उपेक्षा के कारण असलम की मृत्यु हो गयी थी। यात्री के मन में इससे उत्पन्न पश्चाताप ‘अनुताप’ शीर्षक से संबंधित है।

प्रश्न 27.
‘वह किसी अपराधी की भाँति सिर झुकाए रिकशे के साथ चल रहा था। यात्री पश्चाताप से विवश होकर अपनी बहन को पत्र लिखता है। प्रस्तुत पत्र तैयार करें।
उत्तर:
स्थान,
तारीख,

प्रिय बहन रमा,
तुम कैसी हो? ठीक हो न? मैं यहाँ पर ठीक हूँ। फिर भी, दो दिनों से मेरा मन बहुत दुःखित है। मेरे परिचय का एक रिक्शवाला था। वह मुझे रोज दफ्तर ले चलता था। उसका नाम असलम है। कल असलम की आकस्मिक मृत्यु हो गयी। उसकी मृत्यु में मेरा भी दायित्व है। उसके दोनों गुों में खराबी थी। लेकिन उसके प्रति मेरी ओर से बड़ी उपेक्षा हो गयी। उसकी मृत्यु केलिए यह भी एक कारण बना। उसके प्रति मुझसे दिखाई गयी उपेक्षा से उत्पन्न पश्चाताप और अनुताप से मेरा मन विवश हो रहा है। असलम के प्रति मेरी श्रद्धांजलि जरूर है। फिर भी, रमा मैं विवश हूँ।

मुझे जवाब देकर सान्तवना देना।

(हस्ताक्षर)
तुम्हारा भाई

सेवा में,
रमा,
गाँधी नगर,
कोच्ची

प्रश्न 28.
सूचनाः यह गद्यांश पढ़कर नीचे दिए प्रश्नों का उत्तर लिखें।
राम और श्याम अनाथ बालक थे। दिन भर काम करके वे जहाँ आश्रय मिलते वहाँ सो जाते थे। वे पढ़े-लिखे नहीं थे। बच्चे स्कूल जाते वक्त वे दोनों बडी इच्छा से देखते थे। एक दिन स्कूल जानेवाले एक बच्चे से उन्होंने अपने पढ़ने का आग्रह बताया। बच्चे ने स्कूल जाकर अपने अध्यापक से सारी बातें बताई। दूसरे दिन अध्यापक, प्रधानाध्यापक से चर्चा करके इन बालकों के पास आया। उनकी दीनता देखकर अध्यापक को बहुत दुख हुआ। उन्होने बालकों के पढ़ने का आग्रह भी समझा। वे उन दोनों को अपने घर ले गए, भोजन और कपडे दिए। स्कूल में भर्ती करवा दिया और रहने का आयोजन भी किया।

i) राम और श्याम के मन में क्या आग्रह था?
उत्तर:
पढ़ने का आग्रह था।

ii) अध्यापक को बहुत दुःख क्यों हुआ?
उत्तर:
राम और श्याम की दीनता देखकर

पढ़ने का आग्रह

अनाथ बालक राम और श्याम अनपढ़ थे। उनके मन में पढ़ने के लिए बड़ी इच्छा थी। उनकी इच्छा समझकरएक स्कूल के अध्यापक उन्हें मुफ्त में पढ़ने का प्रबंध कर दे दिया।

iv) संक्षेपण केलिए उचित शीर्षक दें।
उत्तर:
पढ़ने की इच्छा।

v) बच्चे ने स्कूल जाकर अपने अध्यापक से सारी बातें बताई। बच्चा और अध्यापक के बीच का वार्तालाप तैयार कीजिए।
उत्तर:
बच्चा : अध्यापक जी….
अध्यापक : हाँ…. हाँ… क्या बात है?
बच्चा : आज मैं स्कूल आते समय…..
अध्यापक : हाँ….. आगे बोलो…
बच्चा : दो अनाथ बालकों को देखा …..
अध्यापक : ओहो ……. फिर?
बच्चा : वे हमारे स्कूल में……
अध्यापक : स्कूल में?
बच्चा : पढ़ना चाहते हैं।
अध्यापक : अरे बापरे!
बच्चा : आप कृपया इनकी सहायता कीजिए।
अध्यापक : मैं प्रधान अध्यापक से बात करूँगा।
बच्चा : धन्यवाद गुरुजी।
अध्यापक : तुम क्लास जाओ।
बच्चा : जी गुरुजी।

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