Class 10

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 2 In search of the Source of Wind

Atmospheric phenomena like temperature, pressure, rain and wind are essential for the existence of life on the earth. Since the axis of the earth is tilted at an angle of 231/2°, solar energy received on the surface of the earth is not always uniform. Difference in temperature causes difference in pressure. This leads to change in the direction and velocity of winds. Winds that blow in different directions with different velocity considerably influence human life. The position of continents and oceans determine the nature of winds. Thus this unit discusses different atmospheric phenomena, the winds that cause due to these phenomena and the influence of these winds in human life.

→ Atmospheric pressure : The weight of atmospheric air.

→ Mercury barometer : The instrument used for the measurement of atmospheric pressure.

→ Hecto Pascal (hPa)/ millibar : The unit used for the measurement of atmospheric pressure.

→ The factors influencing atmospheric pressure : Temperature, altitude of a place, humidity.

→ Humidity: The quantity of water vapour present in the atmosphere.

→ Isobars: Imaginary lines drawn on maps joining places having the same atmospheric pressure.

→ Global pressure belts : Generally the earth experiences the same atmospheric pressure between certain latitudes. Those latitudinal zones are called global pressure belts.

→ Horse latitudes: The subtropical high pressure belt in the Atlantic ocean devoid of winds are known as horse latitudes.

→ Doldrum : The low pressure region about 5°N and 5°S of the equator characterised by feable wind is called doldrum.

Sslc Geography Chapter 2 Pdf

→ Wind : The horizontal movement of air from a high pressure zone to a low pressure zone is called wind.

→ The factors that influence the speed and direction of winds : Pressure gradient, Coriolis force and friction.

→ Coriolis force : Due to the force generated as a result of the rotation of the earth, any freely moving body on the earth’s surface gets deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

→ Ferrel’s Law : The law formulated by Admiral Ferrel on the deflection of winds under the influence of Coriolis force.

→ Planetary winds: The winds developed between global pressure belts and blow in the same direction throughout the year are called planetary winds.

→ Trade winds : The steady winds that blow continuously from subtropical high pressure belts to equatorial low pressure belt.

→ Westerlies: Winds that blow continuously from subtropical high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts.

→ Polar winds: Winds that blow from polar high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts.

→ Periodic winds : Winds that repeat at regular intervals of time and can be seasonal or diurnal.

→ Monsoon winds : Winds that change the direction with change in seasons.

→ Land breeze/ sea breeze : Winds that cause as a result of the unequal heating and cooling of land and sea and the resultant pressure change. Valley breeze : Winds that blow from valleys to the mountain tops during the day.

→ Mountain breeze: Winds that blow from the mountain tops to valleys during the night.

→ Local winds : Winds formed as a result of the local differences in atmospheric pressure.

→ Variable winds: Winds with entirely different characteristics formed during certain atmospheric situations.

→ Cyclones : A low atmospheric pressure at centre surrounded by high pressure regions with strong whirlwinds blowing.

→ Anticyclones : Phenomenon where strong whirl winds blow from high pressure centre to, the surrounding low pressure areas.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

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Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 2 In search of the Source of Wind

Answer the following. Score 1 each.

Choose the correct answer.

Sslc Social Science Important Questions Question 1.
The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Anemometer
Mercury barometer
Thermometer
Wind Vane
Answer:
Mercury barometer

Question 2.
The unit used to measure atmospheric pressure.
Millibar
Milligram
Millimeter
Celsius
Answer:
Millibar

Question 3.
The quantity of water vapour in atmospheric air.
Pressure gradient
Humidity
Dew
Density
Answer:
Humidity

Question 4.
The pressure belt where sun rays fall vertically throughout the year.
Subpolar low pressure belt
Subtropical high pressure belt
Equatorial low pressure belt
Polar high pressure belt
Answer:
Equatorial low pressure belt

Question 5.
The basis for the formation of global pressure belts
Temperature
Altitude
Rotation of the earth and the variations in the amount of solar energy
None of these
Answer:
Rotation of the earth and the variations in the amount of solar energy

Question 6.
Which of the following does not influence the speed and direction of winds’?
Pressure gradient
Friction
Altitude
Coriolis force
Answer:
Altitude

Question 7.
Winds that blow from subtropical high pres-sure belts to equatorial low pressure belt.
Trade winds
Polar easterlies
Westerlies
Periodic winds
Answer:
Trade winds

Question 8.
Monsoon winds are
planetary winds
local winds
periodic winds
variable winds
Answer:
periodic winds

Question 9.
The wind known as ‘snow eater ’
Chinook
Loo
Harmattan
Foehn
Answer:
Chinook

Question 10.
The hot dry winds that blow towards the southern valleys of the Alps mountains
Mistral
Chinook
Foehn
Loo
Answer:
Foehn

Question 11.
A low atmospheric pressure at the centre surrounded by high pressure regions
Cyclone
Anticyclone
Trade wind
Periodic wind
Answer:
Cyclone

Answer in a sentence.

Question 1.
The winds that helped Vasco da Gama to travel from Malindi port to Calicut port.
Answer:
Southwest monsoon winds.

Question 2.
What is the basic reason for the formation of winds. ‘
Answer:
Pressure differences over different latitudinal zones at the global level.

Question 3.
What is atmospheric pressure?
Answer:
The weight of atmospheric air on the earth’s surface.

Question 4.
What is average weight exerted by air on the earth’s surface?
Answer:
1034 mg per cm²

Question 5.
What is the rate at which atmospheric pressure decreases as height increases’?
Answer:
At the rate of 1 millibar per an altitude of 10 m.

Question 6.
When we go to high altitude places like Ootty, we feel clogging of ear. Why?
Answer:

• Low pressure in high altitude regions.
• Decrease in the amount of air.

Question 7.
Which pressure belt was a nightmare to ancient mariners? Why?
Answer:

• Equatorial low pressure belt.
• The air in this region ascends on a large scale and so feeble horizontal movement of air.

Question 8.
Equatorial low pressure belt with feeble winds is also known by another name. Which is that
Answer:

• Doldrum
• It means zone with no winds.

Question 9.
What is the reason for the low pressure experienced in the equatorial regions’?
Answer:
Since sun rays are always vertical here, air expands and rises vertically. This is the zone where the sun’s rays fall vertically throughout the year.

Question 10.
Which pressure belt is known as Horse latitude?
Answer:
Subtropical high-pressure belt.

Question 11.
Why is low pressure experienced in the subpolar regions’?
Answer:
Cold air is thrown up due to the rotation of the earth.

Sslc Social Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 12.
With the apparent movement of the sun, the shifting of pressure belt is more vivid in Northern Hemisphere. Why?
Answer:
Presence of continents/landmasses.

Question 13.
The westerlies are stronger in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. Why?
Answer:
Presence of vast oceans in the Southern Hemi-sphere.

Question 14.
Polar winds are known as polar easterlies. Why?
Answer:
Due to Coriolis force, polar winds blow from the east in both the hemispheres.

Question 15.
Who was the first to observe the shift in the direction of monsoon winds?
Answer:
Hippalus, the Arab scholar.

Question 16.
Name the winds formed as a result of the defection of south-east trade winds due to Coriolis effect.
Answer:
Southwest monsoon winds.

Question 17.
Name the winds formed when northeast trade winds get strengthened.
Answer:
Northeast monsoon winds.

Answer the following. Score 2 each.

Question 1.
What are the factors influencing atmospheric pressure? How are they related to atmospheric pressure?
Answer:
The factors influencing atmospheric pressure are temperature, altitude and humidity.
Temperature, altitude and humidity are inversely proportional to atmospheric pressure. As temperature, altitude and humidity increase, pressure decreases. In other words, as temperature, altitude and humidity decrease, pressure increases.

Question 2.
The atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. Why? Write the rate at which atmospheric pressure decreases.
Answer:

• The ratification of air with altitude is the reason for decrease in pressure.
• The rate at which pressure decreases is 1 Mb per an altitude of 10 m.

Question 3.
Mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders with them. Why?
Answer:
As height increases, the amount of air decreases. So required amount of air will not be available at high altitudes.

Question 4.
The weight exerted by air on earth’s surface is the atmospheric pressure, but atmospheric pressure is not experienced uniformly all over. Why?
Answer:
Temperature, altitude and humidity are the factors that influence pressure.
The variations in the distribution of temperature due to the spherical shape of the earth and the tilting of earth’s axis, difference in the altitude of regions and the variations in humidity influence pressure.

Question 5.
What is the relation between humidity and atmospheric pressure?
Answer:
The quantity of water vapour present in the atmosphere is called humidity. Humidity and atmospheric pressure are inversely proportional. Increase in the quantity of water vapour in a unit volume of air leads to decrease in atmospheric pressure.

Question 6.
Equatorial low pressure belt is also known as Doldrum. Why?
Answer:
Equatorial low pressure belt is situated between 5°N and 5°S. As the air in this zone ascends on a large scale due to high temperature, winds are very feeble here. So it is called Doldrum meaning the zone with no winds.

Question 7.
Though the air in subpolar regions is cold, low pressure is experienced here. Why?
Answer:
Though the cold air in subpolar regions remain close to the earth, the air is thrown up due to earth’s rotation. As the amount of air decreases, low pressure is experienced in the subpolar regions.

Question 8.
How does pressure gradient influence the speed of wind?
Answer:
The pressure gradient is said to be steeper when the pressure difference is more. In such places the speed of wind will be high also.

Question 9.
What is Coriolis force?
Answer:
Due to the earth’s rotation, freely moving bodies on the earth’s surface get deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This is known as Coriolis force. This was detected by the French mathematician Gustav Coriolis.

Question 10.
What is Ferrel’s law?
Answer:
Admiral Ferrel, an American scientist found out that the winds in the Northern Hemisphere deflect towards their right and those in the Southern Hemisphere deflect towards the left due to the Coriolis effect Which increases from equator to the poles. The law put forward by him on the basis of this is known as Ferrel’s law.

Question 11.
How does friction influence the speed of winds?
Answer:
The speed of wind will be high over ocean surfaces and level lands as the friction is less.
The friction is more along difficult terrains and places with dense forest cover. The speed of wind will be less in those places.

Question 12.
Polar winds are called Polar easterly winds. Why?
Answer:
Polar winds are the cold winds that blow from polar high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts.
Due to Coriolis force, polar winds in both the hemispheres blow from the east.

Question 13.
When we travel up to Ooty or Kodaikanal, we experience clogging of ears and slight breathing difficulty. Why?
Answer:
It is because of low pressure in high altitude regions. Altitude of a place determines change in atmospheric pressure. Ooty and Kodaikanal are high-altitude regions. We experience discomfort while traveling up to high altitude regions because it takes some time for our body to adjust to the difference that happens to atmospheric pressure. Due to this we experience clogging of ears and slight breathing difficulty.

Question 14.
In what way would equatorial region and polar regions experience atmospheric pressure?
Answer:

• Equatorial region – high temperature – low pressure
• Polar regions – low temperature – high pressure.

Question 15.
Air in coastal regions would show a higher humidity in comparison with that of inland areas. What could be the reason?
Answer:
Nearness to water body is the main reason. Coastal regions have high humidity due to nearness to water body. Inland regions are away from water bodies and have less humidity.

10th Social Science Important Questions Question 16.
Identify the following winds from the given hints.
a. Blow from subtropical high pressure belts to equatorial low pressure belt.
b. Blow from subtropical high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts.
c. Blow from polar high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts.
d. Blow from sea to land during day time.
Answer:
a. Trade winds
b. Westerlies
c. Polar winds
d. Sea breeze

Question 17.
The following are the features of some local winds. Identify them.
a. Since this wind reduces the severity of the cold, it is helpful for wheat cultivation in the Canadian Shields.
b. Causes a rise in the summer temperature of North Indian plains.
c. As the air heats up due to pressure from the descent, it helps in reducing the severity of cold in that region.
d. Improves the climate of West Africa.
Answer:
a. Chinook
b. Loo
c. Foehn
d. Harmattan

Question 18.
Explain:
High pressure
Low pressure
Answer:
High pressure:
If the atmospheric pressure of an area is higher than that of the surrounding regions, it can be designated as high pressure.

Low pressure:
If the atmospheric pressure of an area is less than that of the surrounding regions, it can be designated as low pressure.

Question 19.
Identify the following local winds.
a. A dry wind which blows from Sahara desert towards the West Africa.
b. The wind that blows towards the southern valleys of the Alps.
Answer:
a. Harmattan
b. Foehn

Question 20.
Arrange the columns suitably.

Answer:

Question 21.
The equatorial low pressure region was a nightmare for the ancient mariners. Why?
Answer:

• In ancient times, the ocean voyages were in yachts by making use of winds.
• The winds are feeble in equatorial regions due to high temperature and massive rising up of air.
• The region is also known as doldrum.
• The voyage across this region was difficult due to the lack of winds.

Question 22.
What are the variable winds? Give example.
Answer:
Winds with entirely different characteristics formed during certain atmospheric situations, e.g. Cyclones.

Answer the following. Score 3 each.

Question 1.
Choose the correct pair.
Factors Pressure
i. Temperature increases Increases
ii. Humidity decreases Decreases
iii. Altitude increases Increases
iv. Humidity increases Decreases
v. Temperature decreases Increases
vi. Altitude decreases Increases

A. i, ii, iii
B. ii, iv, v
C. i, ii, iii
D. iv, v, vi
Answer:
D. iv, v, vi

Question 2.
Temperature and pressure are inversely proportional. Explain.
Answer:
Air expands when it gets heated. The expanded air is less dense and hence it ascends. This results in lowering of atmospheric pressure.

The ascending air spreads to the sides and cools. On cooling, it becomes dense and descends. As a result, atmospheric pressure increases.

As temperature increases, pressure decreases and as temperature decreases, pressure increases.

Question 3.
Write the three basic reasons for the forma¬tion of global pressure belts.
Answer:

1. Variations in the amount of solar energy received.
2. Rotation of the earth.
3. Inclination of the earth’s axis.

Question 4.
Explain with examples that the peculiarities of the source regions influence the nature of wind.
Answer:

• Wind blowing from sea to land is called sea breeze. It is saturated with moisture.
• The winds blowing from dry regions are hot dry winds, and have less moisture content.

Question 5.
What are the factors that influence the speed and direction of winds?
Answer:

• Pressure gradient
• Coriolis force
• Friction

Question 6.
Why do trade winds blow from northeast and southeast directions?
Answer:
Trade winds blow from subtropical high pressure belts to equatorial low pressure belt.

Due to Coriolis force, these winds get deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. As a result, they blow towards west.

Thus trade winds blow from northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and southeast in Southern Hemisphere.

Question 7.
Westerlies are described as ‘Roaring Forties ‘Furious Fifties ’ and ‘Shrieking Sixties ’ in the Southern Hemisphere. Why?
Answer:

• Westerlies are very strong and powerful in the Southern Hemisphere due to the presence of the vast oceans there. Beyond 40°S, due to the absence of landmasses, they blow with great velocity.
• Along 40°S, westerlies are called Roaring forties.
• Along 50°S, westerlies are called Furious Fifties and along 60°S, they are called Shrieking Sixties.

Question 8.
The diagrammatic representation of some winds is given. Identify and name the winds.

Answer:

B – Westerlies in Northern Hemisphere.
C – Trade winds in North-South Hemispheres.

Question 9.
The following are the characteristics of planetary winds. Identify to which wind they are related.
Hints: Trade winds, Westerlies, Polar winds Correct direction of planetary winds

Answer:
a. Westerlies
b.Polar winds
c. Trade winds
d. Polar winds
e. Westerlies
f. Trade winds

Question 10.
The following are the factors influencing pres-sure. How do they affect pressure?
Temperature
Altitude
Humidity
Answer:

Question 11.
Write the factors for the occurrence of monsoon winds.
Answer:

• Apparent movement of the sun
• Coriolis force
• Differences in heating

Question 12.
Match the columns suitably.

Answer:

Question 13.
Find out an example for local wind in India. Write its features.
Answer:
Loo, a hot dry wind blowing in the North Indian plain

Features

• Hot dry wind that blows in North Indian plains during summer.
• Blowing from Rajasthan desert, Loo causes a rise in the summer temperature of North Indian plains.

Question 14.
Which are the Statements related to trade winds?
a. Blow from sub tropical high pressure belt to subpolar belts.
b. Blow from east direction to equatorial regions
c. Blow from east direction to subpolar belts
d. Blow towards equator in both hemispheres
e. Winds that converge at Intectropical zone.

i. a, b, c
ii. b, d, e
iii. b, c, e
iv. c, d, e
Answer:
ii. b, d, e

Question 15.
A. Mountain breeze
B. Valley breeze
Based on the features of the above winds answer the following questions,
a. Which wind blows during day time, A or B?
b. From where to where is the direction of wind during night time?
c. How is valley breeze formed?
Answer:
a. Valley Breeze occurs during day time, ie, B.
b. Mountain breeze formed during night blows towards the valley.
c. During the day time, the air in the valley gets heated up more than the air on the mountain top. As a result, the wind blows upslope from the valley. This is valley breeze.

Question 16.
i. The planetary winds that blow from subtropical high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure best are called westerlies. Why?
ii. These winds are stronger in the Southern Hemisphere. Why?
iii. By what other names are these winds known?
Answer:
i. The direction of these winds are mostly from the west.
ii. Due to the vast expanse of oceans in the South- em Hemisphere,
iii. Roaring Forties: along 40° latitudes
Furious Fifties: along 50° latitudes
Shrieking sixties: along 60° latitudes

Question 17.
Observe the pictures and answer the questions.


i. Which diagram represents low pressure region? Substantiate your answer.
ii. What is the name by which the smooth curved lines in the diagrams are known? What does it indicate?
Answer:
i. Diagram B represents low pressure region.
The value of isobars decreases towards the centre.

ii. Isobars These are imaginary lines joining places having equal atmospheric pressure.

Question 18.
Is the atmospheric pressure the same at all places given below? Write a note based on the factors influencing the atmospheric pressure.
Central Pacific region
Ootty
Polar region
Answer:
The factors influencing the atmospheric pressure are temperature, altitude and humidity. All these factors are inversely proportional to pressure.

Central Pacific region: As this is equatorial region, high temperature and high humidity are experienced. So low pressure is the result.

Ooty: As situated above sea level, there is a ratification of air and so the pressure is low.

Polar region: Since the sunrays are slanting, low temperature and high pressure.

Question 19.
Write the reason. .
i. The atmospheric pressure is low in the coastal regions and high in the interior regions.
ii. Low pressure is experienced throughout the year in the equatorial regions.
iii. Compared to plains, there is a decrease in the atmospheric pressure in the mountains.
Answer:
i. Difference in humidity. Humidity is the amount of water present in the atmosphere. If the quantity of water vapour is more in a unit volume of air, the atmospheric pressure will be less. Coastal regions have high humidity due to the nearness to waterbodies. So the pressure is low. But the interior regions experience high pressure as they are away from water bodies.

ii. Due to temperature. Sunrays fall vertically throughout the year in the equatorial regions. As the temperature is high, the air expands and rises up on a massive scale. As a result, low pressure is experienced.

iii. Difference in altitude. As height increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. The amount of air is less in the mountainous regions. This results in low pressure.

Answer the following. Score 4 each.

In Search Of The Source Of Wind Important Questions Question 1.
Write a note on monsoon winds.
Or
Analyse the role of trade winds in the occurrence of south west monsoon winds and north east monsoon winds.
Answer:
Winds that change their direction according to change in season are called monsoon winds.
Monsoon winds are formed due to the apparent movement of the sun, Coriolis force and differences in heating.
Sun’s rays fall vertically to the north of the equator during certain months due to the tilt of the earth’s axis. This leads to an increase in temperature along the region through which Tropic of Cancer passes. The pressure belts
also shift slightly northwards in accordance with this.

The south east trade winds cross the equator and move towards the north. As the trade winds cross the equator, they get deflected and transform into south west monsoon winds under the influence of the Coriolis effect. The low pressure formed over the land due to the intense day temperature attracts these sea winds and further contributes to the formation of south west monsoon winds. As a result of the formation of high pressure zones over the Asian landmasses during winter and low pressure zones over the Indian Ocean, the north east trade winds get strengthened. These are the north east monsoon winds.

Question 2.
Write the difference between land breeze and sea breeze.
Answer:
During day time, the land gets heated up quickly. As a result, the air in contact with the land also gets heated. This leads to the formation of low pressure over the land which causes comparatively cooler air to blow from the sea. This is known as sea breeze.

As the land cools faster than the sea during the night, it would be high pressure over the land and low pressure over the sea. This results in the movement of air from the land to sea. This is the land breeze.

Question 3.
Based on the hints given, identify the pressure belts.
a. The zone where sun rays fall vertically throughout the year.
b. Also known as Horse latitude.
c. The zones where low pressure are formed due to the rotation of the earth even though the air masses here are very cold.
d. The zones that experience severe cold throughout the year.
Answer:
a. Equatorial low pressure belt
b. Subtropical high pressure belt
c. Subpolar low pressure belts
d. Polar high pressure belts

Question 4.
Based on the given hints, identify the basic reasons for the formation of the pressure belts.
Hints: Amount of solar energy, rotation of earth

Answer:
a. Amount of solar energy
b. Rotation of earth
c. Rotation of earth
d. Amount of solar energy.

Question 5.
‘Global variation in the atmospheric pressure lead to the formation of winds ’. Explain this statement relating it with the formation of planetary winds.
Answer:

The horizontal movement of air form high pressure regions to low pressure regions is called wind. Steady winds blow from subtropical high pressure belts to equatorial low pressure belts (trade winds) and from subtropical high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts (westerlies).

Similarly, polar winds blow from polar high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts. Due to the variations in the distribution of solar energy received and the rotation of the earth, variations occur in the pressure belts formed. This is the reason for the formation of winds.

Question 6.
Write to which winds the following characteristics are related.
a. Blow from the east in both the hemispheres due to Coriolis force.
b. Blow strongly over the oceans of Southern Hemisphere.
c. Blow constantly towards equatorial low pressure belt.
d. Play a significant role in determining the climate of North America, North European countries and Russia.
Answer:
a. Polar winds
b. Westerlies
c. Trade winds
d. Polar winds

Question 7.
Match suitably.

Answer:

Question 8.
Complete the table on local winds over the places through which they blow.

Answer:
a. North Indian plains
b. Eastern slopes of the rocky mountain in North America
c. Southern val leys of the Alps mountain
d. Western Africa

Question 9.
South west monsoon winds are in fact the south east trade winds that blow in the southern hemisphere. Do you agree with this? Why?
Answer:
Sun’s rays fall vertically to the north of the equator during certain months due to the tilt of the earth’s axis. This leads to an increase in temperature along the region through which Tropic of Cancer passes. The pressure belts also shift slightly northwards in accordance with this.

The south east trade winds cross the equator and move towards the north. As the trade winds cross the equator, they get deflected and transform into south west monsoon winds under the influence of the Coriolis effect. The low pressure formed over the land due to the intense day temperature attracts these sea winds and further contributes to the formation of south west monsoon winds.

Question 10.
The given statements are related to two global pressure belts. Name them.
a. Extends up to about 5° N, 5° S of the equator.
b. Extends approximately over 30°N and 30°S.
c. Trade winds and westerlies blow from either side of this pressure belt.
d. Known as doldrum.
Answer:
a. Equatorial low pressure belt.
b. Subtropical high pressure belts.
c. Subtropical high pressure belts.
d. Equatorial low pressure belt.

Question 11.
Answer the questions based on the figure.

a. Globally, how many high pressure belts and low pressure belts are there?
b. What is the latitudinal extent of each pres-sure belt?
c. Equatorial regions experience low pressure throughout the year. Why?
Answer:
a. There are four high pressure belts and three low pressure belts globally.
b.

• Equatorial low pressure belt – between 5°N and 5°S on either sides of the equator.
• Subtropical high pressure belt – extends over 30° N (Northern hemisphere)
• Subpolar low pressure belt – extends over 60°N (Northern hemisphere)
• Polar high pressure belt – in the north pole (Northern hemisphere)
• Subtropical high pressure belt – over 30° S (Southern hemisphere) ‘
• Subpolar low pressure belt – over 60° S (Southern hemisphere)
• Polar high pressure belt – in the south pole

c. Equatorial regions experience high temperature throughout the year. Due to this, the air expands and rises vertically, resulting in low pressure.

Question 12.
Which are the pressure belts on either side of subtropical high pressure belts. Write notes on the winds formed from this pressure belt in the Northern Hemisphere. Which of these winds is most influenced by the Coriolis force?
Answer:

• Equatorial low pressure belt and subpolar low pressure belt.
• The winds formed from this pressure belt in the Northern Hemisphere are trade winds and westerlies.

Trade winds

• Blow continuously from north subtropical high pressure belt to subpolar low pressure belt.
• As these winds blow from the north east, they are known as north east trade winds.

Westerlies

• Blow continuously from north subtropical high pressure belt to subpolar low pressure belt.
• Blow in south west direction in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Westerlies are most influenced by the Coriolis force. It is because Coriolis force increases while advancing from the equator.

Question 13.
Observe the picture and answer the questions.
a. Which is the periodic wind marked in the picture?
b. In which season does it blow?
c. Why do these winds blow form Indian Ocean to Indian subcontinent?
d. In which direction do these winds blow? Why?

Answer:
a. Monsoon wind: South west monsoon wind.

b. During summer season of Northern Hemisphere.

c. Low pressure is formed over Indian subcontinent due to the intense day temperature. The Indian Ocean regions remain as high pressure during this time. So these winds blow from the Indian Ocean to Indian subcontinent.

d. South west monsoon winds blow from sea to land. The difference in pressure over land and sea is the reason.

Question 14.
Distinguish between mountain and valley breeze.
Answer:
Valley breeze: During day time, the air in the valley gets heated up more than the air on the mountain tops. As a result, the wind blows upslope from the valley. This is known as valley breeze.

Mountain breeze: During night, the air in the mountainous regions cools due to the intense cold conditions in that region. As cool air is denser, it blows towards the valley. This is known as mountain breeze.

Question 15.
Distinguish between cyclones and anticyclones.
Answer:
Cyclones are caused by the formation of low atmospheric pressure at the centre surrounded – by high pressure regions. Strong whirl winds blow towards such low pressure centres from the surrounding high pressure areas. Due to Coriolis effect, winds flow in the anticlockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere.

Anticyclones are phenomenon where strong whirl winds blow form the high pressure centres to the surrounding low pressure areas. Due to Coriolis effect, the pattern of wind is anticlockwise in Southern Hemisphere and clockwise in Northern Hemisphere.

Answer the following. Score 5 or 6 each.

Question 1.
Observe the picture an answer the questions.
i. Which are the pressure belts indicated by the letters A. B, C and D in the picture?
ii. How are the pressure belts A and B formed? Hi. Which are the planetary winds formed in these pressure belts? Write their features also.

i. A: Equatorial low pressure belt
B: Subtropical high pressure belt
C: Subpolar low pressure belt
D: Polar high pressure belt

ii. Equatorial low pressure belt This is the zone where the sun’s rays fall vertically throughout the year. Hence the temperature will be high in this zone all through the year. The air expands due to sun’s heat and rises up on a massive scale. So low pressure is formed here.
Subtropical high pressure belt The hot air ascending from the equatorial low pressure belt cools gradually and subsides at the subtropical zone due to the rotation of the earth. This is the reason for the formation of high pressure in this zone.

iii. Trade winds: The winds blowing continuously from subtropical high pressure belt to equatorial low pressure belt. As the winds blow from north east in this zone, they are known as north east trade winds.

Westerlies: The winds blowing continuously from subtropical high pressure belt to subpolar low pressure belt. The direction of these winds is from south-west. These winds are mostly influenced by Coriolis force.

Polar winds: Winds blowing from polar high pressure belt to subpolar low pressure belt. These winds blow from the east due to the Coriolis force.

Question 2.
Planetary winds influence global climate.
i. Substantiate this statement based on the influence of trade winds in the formation of monsoon winds.
ii. Write the pressure belts of northern hemisphere and the winds blowing between them.
Answer:
i. The north east trade winds blowing in the northern hemisphere and the south east trade winds blowing in the southern hemisphere lead to the formation of monsoon winds. Monsoon winds are winds that change direction in accordance with season. Monsoon is the seasonal reversal of wind in a year.

The factors responsible for the formation of monsoon winds are the apparent movement of the sun, Coriolis force and difference in heating. During the summer in the Northern Hemisphere, high temperature is experienced along the region through which the Tropic of Cancer passes. The pressure belts shift slightly northwards. The south east trade winds also cross the equator and move towards the north.

As the trade winds cross the equator, they get deflected and transfer into south west monsoon winds under the influence of the Coriolis effect. The low pressure formed over the land due to the intense day temperature attracts these sea winds and further contributes to the formation of south west monsoon winds. As a result of the formation of high pressure zones over the Asian landmass during winter and low pressure zones over the Indian Ocean, the north east trade winds get strengthened. These are the north east monsoon winds.

ii. Global pressure belts in the northern hemisphere.

• Equatorial low pressure belt: between 5°N and 5°S.
• Subtropical high pressure belt: 30°N
• Subpolar low pressure belt: 60°N
• Polar high pressure belt: 90°N
• Planetary winds in the Northern hemisphere:
• Trade winds: Blow from subtropical high pressure belt to equatorial low pressure belt.
• Westerlies: Blow from subtropical high pressure belt to subpolar low pressure belt.
• Polar winds: Blow from polar high pressure belt to subpolar low pressure belt.

Question 3.
Variations in atmospheric pressure occur in accordance with the variations in temperature, altitude and humidity experienced in a region. Explain how atmospheric pressure is related to these factors.
Answer:
The weight exerted by air on the earth’s surface is called atmospheric pressure. The variations in the density of air bring about variations in weight of air and thereby variations in atmospheric pressure. Temperature, altitude and humidity are inversely proportional to atmospheric pressure.

Temperature and atmospheric pressure :
Air expands when gets heated up. The expanded air is less dense and hence it ascends. This leads to lowering of atmospheric pressure. The ascending air spreads to the sides and cools. It becomes dense and decends. This results in sinking of cold air. As a result, atmospheric pressure increases. Thus as temperature increases, pressure decreases and as temperature decreases, pressure increases. Thus temperature and atmospheric pressure are inversely proportional.

Altitude and atmospheric pressure: The atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. The pressure decreases at the rate of 1 millibar per an altitude of 10 metres. The ratification of air with altitude is the reason for the decrease in atmospheric pressure.

Humidity and atmospheric pressure: The quantity of water present in atmospheric air is called humidity. Water vapour is lighter than air and hence it ascends. If the quantity of water vapour is more in a unit volume of air, then naturally the atmospheric pressure will be less. Thus humidity and atmospheric pressure are also inversely proportional.

Question 4.
Explain about Global pressure belts.
Answer:
The atmospheric pressure is uniform between certain latitudes. Based on that the earth’s surface is divided into different pressure belts. These are known as global pressure belts.

Equatorial low pressure belt: This pressure belt extends upto 5°N and 5°S of the equator. This is the zone where the sun’s rays fall vertically throughout the year. Hence the temperature will be high in this zone all through the year. The air expands due to sun’s heat and ascends on a massive scale. This is the reason for the formation of low pressure here. As the air in this zone ascends on a large scale, winds are feeble here. This pressure belt is also known as Doldrum, meaning the zone with no winds.

Subtropical high pressure belts: Subtropical high pressure belts extend about 30°N and 30°S. The hot air ascending from the equatorial low pressure belt cools gradually and subsides at the subtropical zone due to the rotation of the earth. This is the reason for the formation of high pressure belts all along this zone. These latitudes are also known as horse latitudes.

Subpolar low pressure belts: The pressure belts formed over 60°N and 60°S are the subpolar low pressure belts. As this zone is close to the poles, the air is colder here. Though the cold air remains closer to earth, the air is thrown up due to the rotation of the earth. As a result, low pressure is experienced all along the subpolar region.

olar high pressure belts: These zones experience severe cold throughout the year. As a result, the air remains chilled under the extreme cold that prevails over the poles. This contributes to the steady high pressure experienced here.

Question 5.
The factors that influence the speed and direction of winds are pressure gradient, Coriolis force and friction. Explain.
Answer:
The horizontal movement of air form high pressure zone to low pressure zone is called wind. The pressure belts shift according to the apparent movement of the sun. The nature of wind is influenced by variations in pressure, rotation of earth and the features of the region over which it blows.

Pressure gradient:The change in pressure with horizontal distance is termed as pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is said to be steeper when the pressure difference is more. In
such places, the speed of wind will also be more.

Coriolis force: French mathematician Coriolis observed that due to a force generated as a result of the earth’s rotation, freely moving bodies get deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This is known as Coriolis force. Admiral Ferrel, an American scientist noted that as winds are free movement of air, they get deflected. Coriolis force formed as a result of earth’s rotation, deflects the winds.

Friction: Friction is something that prevents the free movement of wind. The speed of wind will be high over ocean surface and level lands as the friction is less. On the other hand friction is more along difficult terrains and places with dense forest cover. So the speed of wind will be less in those places.

Question 6.
Explain about the planetary winds.
OR
Global pressure belts pave the way for the formation of planetary winds. Explain the inter-relationship between the two.
Answer:
Pressure differences exist globally between different latitudinal zones. These pressure difference lead to the formation of winds. The winds developed between global pressure belts are called planetary winds. There are three types of planetary winds.

1. Trade winds
2. Westerlies
3. Polar easterlies

1.Trade winds: Trade winds are the winds blowing from subtropical high pressure belts to equatorial low pressure belt. These winds blow as north east winds in Northern Hemisphere and south east winds in Southern Hemisphere. The zone where trade winds from both the Hemispheres converge is known as Inter Tropical Convergence Zone.

2. Westerlies: The winds blowing from the subtropical high pressure belts in both the hemisphere towards the subpolar low pressure belts are called Westerlies. As they blow from the west, they are called westerlies. In the Northern Hemisphere, they blow from the south western direction to the north eastern direction. But in the Southern Hemisphere, they blow from the north western direction to the south eastern direction. Due to the presence of vast oceans in Southern Hemisphere, the westerlies are very strong here. Here they are known by different names like Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties and Shrieking Sixties.

3. Polar easterlies: Polar regions are centres of high pressure. The polar winds are cold winds that blow from polar high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts. Due to Coriolis force, these winds blow from the east in both the hemispheres. Hence they are called Polar easterlies. Polar winds play a significant role in determining the climate of North America, North European countries and Russia.

Question 7.
Write a note on the periodic winds.
Answer:
Periodic winds are winds that repeat at regular intervals of time and can be seasonal or diurnal.
There are three types of periodic winds.

Monsoon winds: Monsoon winds are those that undergo seasonal reversal of direction. The term monsoon has derived from the Arabic word “Mausim” meaning season. Monsoon is a phenomenon in which reversal of direction
of winds occur in a year. The main factors responsible for the formation of monsoon winds are the apparent movement of the sun, Coriolis force and differences in heating.

Sun’s rays fall vertically to the north of the equator during certain months due to the tilt of the earth’s axis. This leads to an increase in temperature along the region through which Tropic of Cancer passes. The pressure belts also shift slightly northwards in accordance with this. The south east trade winds cross the equator and move towards the north. As the trade winds cross the equator, they get deflected and transform into south west monsoon winds under the influence of the Coriolis effect. The low pressure formed over the land due to the intense day temperature attracts these sea winds and further contributes to the formation of south west monsoon winds.
As a result of the formation of high pres¬sure zones over the Asian landmasses during winter and low pressure zones over the Indian Ocean, the north east trade winds get strength¬ened. These are the north east monsoon winds.

Land breeze and sea breeze: During day time, the land gets heated up quickly. As a result, the air in contact with the land also gets heated. This leads to the formation of low pressure over the land which causes compara-tively cooler air to blow from the sea. This is known as sea breeze.

As the land cools faster than the sea during the night, it would be high pressure over the land and low pressure over the sea. This results in the movement of air from the land to sea. This is the land breeze.

Mountain breeze and valley breeze :
Mountain breeze and valley breeze are winds experienced in mountainous regions. During the day, the air in the valley gets heated up more than the air on the mountain tops. As a result, the wind blows upslope form the valley. This is called valley breeze.

During the night, the air in the mountainous regions cools due to the intense cold conditions in that region. As cool air is denser, it blows towards the valley. This is called mountain breeze.

Wind Flow Direction In Kerala Question 8.
Write a note on local winds.
Answer:
Local winds are those that are formed as a result of the local differences in atmospheric pressure. Their effects are limited to a comparatively smaller locality and are weak. These are known by different names in different parts of the world.

Loo: Hot, dry winds that blow in the afternoons in the North Indian plains in summer are called Loo. These winds blowing from Rajasthan desert cause a rise in the summer temperature of North Indian plains.

Chinook: The hot and dry winds that blow down the eastern slopes of the Rocky mountain chains of North America are called Chinook. As a result of these winds, the snow along the eastern slopes of the Rockies melts away. So they are known as “Snow eater”. As they lessen the intensity of cold, suitable for the cultivation of wheat in the Canadian lowlands.

Foehn: The hot dry winds that blow towards the southern valleys of the Alps mountains are called Foehn. As the air heats up due to pressure from the descend, it helps in reducing the severity of cold in that region.

Harmattan: Hot dry wind that blows from the Sahara desert to West Africa. This wind improves the humid and sultry conditions of West Africa significantly.

Mangoshowers: Winds that blow in South India during summer and bring rainfall in Kerala and coastal Karnataka. It acquires the name owing to the fall of ripe mangoes on its arrival.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

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Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Seasons and Time

Sslc Geography Chapter 1 English Medium Question 1.
Identify the factor not responsible for the occurrence of seasons from among the following.
a. Revolution of the earth
b. Tilt of the earth’s axis
c. Parallelism of the earth’s axis
d. Rotation of the earth
Answer:
d. Rotation of the earth

Question 2.
The sun’s rays fall vertically between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Why?
Answer:
The movement of the earth around the sun in a fixed orbit is known as revolution. During revolution, the apparent position of the sun in relation to earth varies. The sun shifts apparently between Tropic of Cancer (23\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)°N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23 \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)°S). The position of the sun will be over the equator on March 21, over the Tropic of Cancer on June 21, over the equator again on September 23 and over the Tropic of Capricorn on December 22.

Thus the position of the sun in relation to earth varies apparently between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. This is known as the apparent movement of the sun. As a result, Sun’s rays fall vertically between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.

Question 3.
Explain the geographical importance of March 21, June 21, September 23 and December 22.
Answer:

March 21 and September 23: The apparent position of the sun during the earth’s revolution will be over the equator on March 21 and September 23. So equal amount of sunlight is received in both the hemispheres. Hence the length of day and night will be equal on these days in both the hemispheres. These days are called equinoxes.

June 21: From March 21 onwards, the sun apparently shifts from the equator northwards and leaches vertically over the Tropic of Cancer on June 21. This day is known as summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. On this day the Northern Hemisphere experiences the longest day and the shortest night and the Southern Hemisphere the longest night and the shortest day.

December 22: The apparent position of the sun shifts from the equator from September 23 and reaches vertically over the Tropic of Capricorn on December 22. This day is known as winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. On this day, the Northern Hemisphere experiences the shortest day and longest night and the Southern Hemisphere experiences the longest day and the shortest night.

Question 4.
Why is there an eastward increase and westward decrease in time?
Answer:
As the earth rotates from west to east, time advances towards the east and recedes towards the west. From a definite longitude, the time is estimated to increase by 4 minutes towards the east and decrease by 4 minutes towards the west for every degree of longitude. Since the rotation is from west to east, the sunrise is first experienced in the eastern part of a region.

Question 5.
Why is the International Date Line not straight unlike other longitudes?
Answer:
The 180° longitude line from the east and west of Greenwich line is the International Date Line. There is a time difference of 24 hours on both the sides of this line. It creates much difficulty if the same place records two different times with 24 hours difference.

To avoid this, certain adjustments have been made avoiding the land area along the 180° longitude. The line is in such a way that it passes through Bering Strait in the Pacific Ocean and avoids some of the inhabited islands. So the International Date Line is not a straight line. The travellers who cross this line from the west calculate time by advancing it by one day and those who cross the line from the east deduct one day.

Question 6.
There is periodic variation in the amount of sunshine over different places in both the hemispheres of the earth. Why?
Answer:

• Earth’s revolution
• Tilt of the earth’s axis
• Parallelism of the earth’s axis.

Question 7.
How much time does the earth take to complete the revolution?
Answer:
One year or 365\(\frac{1}{4}\) days.

Question 8.
What is a leap year?
A year in which February has 29 days.
Find out the leap years from 2000 to 2014.
Answer:

• Leap years:2000,2004,2008,2012 – N
• After:2016,2020,2024,2028
• Leap year occurs once in 4 years.
  Identify the days on which sun is closest and farthest from the earth.
• The earth comes closest to sun on January 3 and the distance is 147 million km. This day is known as perihelion.
• The earth is farthest from the sun on July 4 and the distance is 152 million km. This day is known as aphelion.

Question 9.
What will be the corresponding season in the Southern Hemisphere when it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere?
Answer:
It is winter in the Southern Hemisphere because the amount of solar energy received here will be less.

Question 10.
The change of season is not explicit in Kerala. Why?
Answer:
Kerala lies near the equator. So the seasonal change is not explicit here. Here the summer is hot while the winter is not very severe. High temperature is experienced on almost all days and so the amount of rainfall is also high. There is no marked difference in the length of day and night.

Sslc Social Science Geography Question 11.
The frigid zones do not experience all the seasons. Discuss the reason.
Answer:
In frigid zones, generally, summer season and winter season are experienced. The summer season here is cold and winter season is very severe. The northern frigid zone experiences continuous daylight for six months when the sun is in the Northern Hemisphere and the southern frigid experiences continuous night for 6 months.

From September to March when the sun is in the Southern Hemisphere, north polar or frigid zone experiences continuous night for six months and south polar region experiences continuous daylight for six months.

Question 12.
What is the peculiarity of day and night in the Southern Hemisphere on June 21?
Answer:
On June 21, the Southern Hemisphere experiences its longest night and shortest day.

Question 13.
What is the peculiarity of the day and night in the Southern Hemisphere on 22 December?
Answer:
On December 22, the Southern Hemisphere experiences its longest day and shortest night.

Question 14.
What is the season in the Southern Hemisphere when it is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere?
Answer:
Spring season

Question 15.
What are the peculiarities of winter season?
Answer:

• Winter season is severe in temperate and frigid zones.
• Severe cold and snowfall.
• Temperature falls below 0°C.

Question 16.
What might be the length of the day and night on the winter solstice day?
Answer:
On December 22, the winter solstice day, the sun will be vertically above the Tropic of Capricorn. So nights would be longer and days would be shorter in the Northern Hemisphere. But in the Southern Hemisphere, days would be longer and nights would be shorter.

Question 17.
If the earth’s axis was not tilted, would there be alternate summer and winter in both the hemispheres?
Answer:
If the earth’s axis was not tilted, the position of the sun would be always over the equator. If so, both the hemispheres would have received equal amount of sunlight throughout the year. There would not have been change in season on earth.

Question 18.
How is the duration of days and nights experienced at places within the Antarctic Circle while the sun is in the Southern Hemisphere?
Answer:
When the sun is in the Southern Hemisphere, continuous daylight is received for six months throughout in the places within the Antarctic Circle. Days are longer and nights are shorter.

Question 19.
What is the change that occurs in the duration of day in the Northern Hemisphere during Dakshinayanam?
Answer:

• Duration of day decreases.
• Duration of night increases.

Question 20.
What is the duration of day and night in the south polar regions when the sun is respectively over the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere?
Answer:

• When the sun is over the Northern Hemisphere, the south polar regions experience long nights and short days.
• When the sun is over the Southern Hemisphere, the south polar regions experience long days and short nights.

Question 21.
Is the local time in all the Indian states the same?
Answer:
The local time of each longitude varies. The local time of all the Indian states is different. This creates difficulty and confusion. To avoid this, the local time of the meridian that goes through the centre of a country is taken as the common time for the whole country.

Seasons And Time Class 10 Question 22.
What will be the hardships if there are several local times in a country?
Answer:

• Cannot prepare a railway time table applicable. throughout the country.
• Cannot give information on radio programmes.
• Cannot conduct a national level examination at a common time.

Question 23.
The people of which Indian state sees the sun first?
Answer:
The people of Arunachal Pradesh. The eastern part of any country sees the sun first. Arunachal Pradesh is the easternmost state of India.

Question 24.
What would be the longitudinal extent of each time zone?
Answer:

• 15° longitudinal extent
• Time difference is 1 hour.

Question 25.
Find the difference between the Indian Standard Time and the Greenwich Mean Time.
Answer:
The longitude of Greenwich is 0°. The standard meridian of India is 82 \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)°E or 82° 30 minutes. The longitudinal difference between India and Greenwich is 82\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)°. Time difference for 15° longitude is 1 hour. Time difference for 82\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)°
Longtiude = \(\frac{82^{\circ} 30 \text { minute }}{15}\) = 5 hours 30 minutes
As India is located to the east of Greenwich, the time in India will be 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

Question 26.
The countries with wide longitudinal extent need to calculate time on the basis of more than one standard meridian. Why?
Answer:
Each country in the world considers the longitude that passes through its middle as the standard meridian. The local time of the standard meridian is the common time for the eastern and western parts of the nation. If the time difference between the rising and setting of the sun in the eastern and western part of a nation is more than 2 hours usually, it leads to many difficulties and confusion. They are nations with wide longitudinal extent and so they take more than one standard meridian.

Time Zones:
There are 24 time zones in the world. Each time zone covers 15° of longitude. Russia has 11 time zones. USA has 5 time zones.

Question 27.
Why is the 82\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)°E longitude considered as the standard meridian of India?
Answer:
The longitudal extent of India is from 68°E and 97°E. This amounts to 30°. 82\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)° E longitude passes almost through the middle of these longitudes. So it has been fixed as the standard meridian of India. The line passes through Mirzapur near Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.

Question 28.
Calculate the time at each 15° longitude east and west of the Greenwich line up to 180° longitude.
Answer:

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

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Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 2 World in the Twentieth Century

Answer the following. Score 1 each.

A. Choose the correct answer.

Sslc Social Science Important Questions Question 1.
The members of Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Italy, Germany, Holland
Britain, France, Russia
Answer:
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Question 2.
Which of the following was not a member of Triple Entente?
Britain
Russia
Germany
Answer:
Germany

Question 3.
The movement not related to aggressive nationalism
Pan Slav movement
Pan German movement
Glasnost
Answer:
Glasnost

Question 4.
The country not involved in Moroccan crisis
France
Germany
Italy
Answer:
Italy

Question 5.
The most important treaty signed after the First World War
Non-Aggression Pact
Treaty of Versailles
Munich Pact
Answer:
Treaty of Versailles

Question 6.
The statement not related to Fascism
Support to democracy
Opposition to socialism
Military dictatorship
Answer:
Support to democracy

Question 7.
The military force of Hitler
Black Shirts
Red Shirts
Brown Shirts
Answer:
Brown Shirts

Question 8.
The members of Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan
Germany, France, Britain
Britain, Japan, Russia
Answer:
Germany, Italy, Japan

Question 9.
The UN Day is observed on
October 24
December 10
August 6
Answer:
October 24

B. Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What is known as imperialism?
Answer:
The distinctive phase of flow of finance capital to colonies is known as imperialism. Imposing a nation’s political, economic and cultural dominance on another nation is a fundamental feature of imperialism.

Sslc History Chapter 2 Important Questions Question 2.
Who were the members of Triple Entente?
Answer:
Britain, France, Russia
The ruling dynasties that lost power after the First World War.

• Romanov in Russia
• The Hohenzoliem in Germany
• The Habsburg in Austria-Hungary

Question 3.
What was known as ‘Holocaust’?
Answer:
Hitler held the view that the Jews were responsible for Germany’s ruin and humiliation. So Jews were massacred by Hitler and the Nazis enmasse in specially built concentration camps. This was known as Holocaust.

Question 4.
What were the objectives of Zionist Movement and PLO?
Answer:

• Zionist movement – to form a nation for the Jews.
• PLO – to establish a nation for the people of Palestine.

Question 5.
Name the members of Allied Powers.
Answer:
England, France, China

Question 6.
What is known as the policy of appeasement?
Answer:
When Germany, Italy and Japan attacked other nations, capitalist countries like Britain and France did not prevent the attacks. This policy which encouraged Fascist attack is known as the policy of appeasement.

Question 7.
What is known as Balfour Declaration?
Answer:
Britain took over the territory including Palestine after the First World War. Since the Jews helped Britain in the war, the then British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour declared the establishment of a Jewish nation in West Asia. This is known as Balfour Declaration.

Question 8.
Why was the Palestine Liberation Organisation formed?
Answer:
Palestinians became refugees following the formation of Israel. Palestine Liberation Organization was formed with the objective of establishing a nation for the Palestinians.

Question 9.
Which was the agreement recognised by Israel with the mediation of America in 1993 to recognize Palestine as a free nation?
Answer:
Oslo Pact.

Question 10.
‘War is to man what maternity is to woman’. Whose words are these?
Answer:
The words of Benito Mussolini who was the leader of Fascism in Italy.

Question 11.
Who led the Fascist reign in Italy? Which was the military force that he formed?
Answer:

• Benito Mussolini
• Black Shirts to suppress the opponents.

Question 12.
What was Nazism? Who started it?
Answer:
Nazism was a political ideology rooted in aggressive nationalism and anti-democratic principles.
Adolf Hitler started it in Germany.

Question 13.
Who were ‘Hibakusha’?
Answer:
The surviving victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Answer the following. Score 2 each.

Question 1.
Write the feature of capitalist economic system.
Answer:

• The economic system in which production and distribution are controlled by the capitalists with the aim to increase profit is known as capitalism.
• This economic system developed following the Industrial Revolution.

Question 2.
The mutual rivalry deliberately developed by imperialist powers led the world to a war.
a. Which were the crises that led to the First World War?
b. Which were the imperialist countries responsible for these crises?
Answer:
a. Moroccan crisis, Balkan crisis.
b. France and Germany were responsible for Moroccan crisis.
Turkey, Serbia, Austria and Russia were responsible for Balkan crisis.

Question 3.
One of the objectives of UNO is to save the succeeding generations from the scourge of war. Write the other objectives of UNO.
Answer:

• To protect international treaties and laws.
• To foster social and economic development of countries.
• Ensure human rights and protect the rights of nations.
• To co-operate for world peace and security.

Question 4.
What is called decolonization? Analyse its causes.
Answer:
The colonies of Asia and Africa started to secure freedom from the imperialist control after the Second World War. This is called decolonization.
Causes:

• Supremacy of imperialist countries was questioned.
• Freedom movement strengthened in colonies.
• Super powers like USA and USSR supported freedom movement in the colonies.

Question 5.
Name the military pacts formed during cold war.
Answer:

• North Atlantic Treaty Organisation – NATO
• South East Asia Treaty Organisation – SEATO
• Central Treaty Organisation – CENTO
• Warsaw Pact

Question 6.
What led to the emergence of a unipolar world under the leadership of USA?
Answer:

• Disintegration of Soviet Union
• End of cold war

Question 7.
What is meant by neo imperialism?
Answer:
Multinational companies which are registered in a country and functioning in many countries, began to interfere in the economic, social and cultural sectors of developing countries for serving the interests of capitalist countries. This is known as neo imperialism.

Question 8.
Write the features of globalisation.
Answer:

• Economic system of the country linked to global economy.
• The interests and motives of multinational companies are protected.
• Competition driven market came into existence.
• Trans-border flow of products, services, raw materials, capital, latest technology and human resources facilitated.

Question 9.
What is meant by aggressive nationalism? Write an example.
Answer:

• The policy of considering one’s own nation as the supreme and justifying whatever be the actions of the nation is called aggressive nationalism. European nations used this policy to invade other countries.
• Pan German movement is an example.

Question 10.
What is meant by bipolar politics?
Answer:
USA and USSR who were in the same ally during the Second World War gave leadership to capitalist bloc and socialist bloc respectively after the war. This ideological division is called bipolar politics.

Question 11.
What is the difference between liberalisation ‘ and privatisation?
Answer:

• Liberalisation:
  Adoption of liberal regulations and taxation systems to facilitate the import of multinational products to domestic markets.
• Privatisation :
  Privatisation of public sector undertakings in an attempt to promote private sector.

10th Social Science Important Questions Question 12.
What do you mean by Cold War? What was its base?
Answer:

• Enmity based on ideological conflict and diplomatic confrontation between the two power blocs was called Cold War.
• Ideological conflict and political distrust were its base.

Answer the following Score 3 each.

Question 1.
What is meant by colonization?
Answer:

• The European countries had established trade relationship with Asian, African and Latin American countries.
• Using political power and military forces, European countries economically exploited these nations.
• Later they became the colonies of European countries. This process is called colonization.

Question 2.
‘How did imperialism affect the colonial countries?
Answer:

• Traditional economic system of the colonies was destroyed.
• Administrative and judicial systems were replaced.
• Poverty and unemployment increased.
• Natural resources were widely exploited.
• People were forced to cultivate cash crops in lieu of traditional food crops.
• Indigenous arts, literature, language, culture and education system were destroyed.

Question 3.
Explain the background of Balkan crisis.
Answer:
The Balkan region is situated in Europe, close to the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1912, the Balkan League (Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro) defeated Turkey. However, the conflict among the allied nations in sharing the benefits of the war led to the break up of the League and resulted in wars among them.

Question 4.
How far was aggressive nationalism a cause for the First World War?
Answer:

• The European nations resorted to various strategies to succeed in their imperialistic competitions. Aggressive nationalism was one among them.
• The European nations used aggressive nationalism to invade other countries.
• Aggressive nationalism considers one’s own nation as the supreme and justifies whatever be the actions of the nation.
• Movements based on aggressive nationalism were Pan Slav Movement, Pan German Movement and Revenge Movement. This led to the First World War.

Question 5.
Analyse the results of the First World War.
Or
‘Any war will led to the destruction of mankind’. Explain this statement based on the results of the First World War.
Answer:

• Over 10 million people lost their lives or were injured in war.
• Liberation movements in Asia and Africa strengthened.
• Economic dominance of Europe diminished.
• Agriculture, industry and communication system were destroyed.
• Poverty, unemployment and inflation increased.
• In a bid to bring peace in the world, the League of Nations was formed.
• Emergence of Fascism and Nazism.

Question 6.
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important treaty signed at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. With whom was it signed! What were its provisions?
Or
How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Germany? Explain.
Answer:
The victorious powers in the First World War, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the defeated nation. Its main provisions were:

• German colonies were divided among victorious powers.
• Forced to pay a huge amount as war indemnity.
• The allies occupied the rich mines of Germany.
• All war guilt was imposed on Germany and she was disarmed.

Question 7.
Write the results of the World Economic Depression of 1929.
Answer:

• People who became pauper because of the war, couldn’t afford the commodities.
• European nations failed to repay their debts to the USA.
• Inflation became uncontrollable.
• Goods were kept unsold in factories.
• Banks collapsed.
• Acute unemployment and poverty.

Question 8.
Discuss the circumstances under which the Fascist Party came to power in Italy.
Answer:

• Italy got nothing, though she was with the victors in the First World War.
• Industrialists, in fear of Italy moving to socialism, were prompted to support fascism.
• Post-war destruction of industries, unemployment, increase in tax, inflation, etc. kept the people away from the government.

Question 9.
Write a note on Munich Pact.
Answer:

• Hitler put forth his claims over the prosperous Sudetanland, a region of Czechoslovakia.
• To discuss the issue, the representatives of Britain, France, Italy and Germany met in the . German city of Munich. They approved Germany’s claim over Sudetanland without consulting Czechoslovakia. This was the Munich Pact.
• Munich Pact is the best example of the policy of appeasement.

Sslc Social Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 10.
Prepare a table showing the leaders of non-aligned movement with their countries.
Answer:

Question 11.
Several strategies were adopted by America to establish her dominance over the world. Which are they?
Answer:

• Utilizing international agencies, America provided financial and military aids to countries of the world.
• Extended military alliances.
• Media were used to promote America’s vested interests.

Question 12.
Write a note on the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia. ,
Answer:

• Glasnost and Perestroika were Gorbachev’s two administrative reforms in Soviet Union.
• Glasnost was to implement openness in political processes.
• Perestroika was implemented to restructure the economic system of Soviet Union.

Question 13.
What forced the capitalist countries to begin production in their colonies in Asia and Africa?
Answer:

• Availability of raw materials.
• Cheap labour.
• Low cost involved in manufacturing and selling goods in colonies.

Question 14.
How did imperialist forces implement exploitative policies in the colonies?
Answer:

• By using legal system
• By using military force
• By using administrative measures

Question 15.
What were the conducive factors for the growth of Fascism and Nazism?
Answer:

• Economic destruction
• Aimlessness
• Rivalry against the victors

Question 16.
What were the factors that enabled Hitler to assume power in Germany?
Answer:

• The imposition of the humiliating Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
• Economic destruction and inflation
• Failure of German government and the resultant political uncertainty.

Question 17.
“Today I came bearing on olive branch in one hand and the freedom fighter s gun in the other. Don’t let the olive leaves fall from my hand. ” Whose speech is this? What made him make such a speech?
Answer:
The speech of Yaser Arafat, the leader of PLO in the UN Assembly in 1974.

Israel was formed in 1948. Following this, Israel seized Palestine, expelling the Palestinians from their homeland. The Palestinian refugees migrated to various Arab countries. It was in this context that the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed with Yaser Arafat as President to establish a nation for the Palestinians. Yaser Arafat made such a speech in order to create a state for Palestinians through peaceful means.

Question 18.
Which are the international organizations devising and executing various policies in favour of globalization?
Answer:

• World Bank
• International Monetary Fund
• World Trade Organization

Question 19.
Moroccan crisis was one of the crises created by imperialist countries. What was the Moroccan crisis?
Answer:
A secret treaty was signed between Britain and France in 1904. According to this, Britain recognised the claim of France over Morocco. The French claim over Morocco was opposed by Germany and she sent battleships to Moroccan port Agadir. This was the Moroccan crisis. France agreed to transfer a part of French Congo to Germany and Germany agreed to concede Morocco to France in return.

Question 20.
Liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation are the concepts of neo imperialism. Substantiate.
Answer:

• Liberalisation:
  Adoption of liberal regulations and taxation systems to facilitate the import of multinational products to domestic market.
• Privatisation:
  The policy of promoting private sector instead of public sector.
• Globalisation:
  Trans-border flow of products, services, raw materials, capital, latest technology and human resources facilitated.

Sslc Social Science Chapter Wise Questions Question 21.
Non – Alignment was the product of the then world situation. Analyse the world situation at the time of the adoption of non alignment and write the reasons that led to its formation.
Answer:
Following the Second World War, many Asian, African and Latin American countries became independent. These countries which suffered under long years of colonial oppression came to be known as Third World Countries. The world of that time was divided into capitalist bloc and socialist bloc.

They realized that cold war was yet another face of imperialism and that it would threaten world peace. The liberated nations decided not to join any of the blocs and formed the Non Aligned Movement. They understood that the race of super powers for weapons and a strong military force would pose harm to them. They realized that only a world sans wars and conflicts accelerates economic and social development.

Question 22.
Write a contribution each of the following leaders.
i) Mikhail Gorbachev
ii) Gamal Abdul Nasar
iii) Yasser Arafat
Answer:
i) Mikhail Gorbachev :
Glasnost for reform in political field and Perestroika for reform in economic field of Soviet Union.

ii) Gamal Abdul Nasar:
One of the leaders who introduced Non – alignment in lieu of the capitalist bloc and socialist bloc.

iii) Yasser Arafat:
Founded Palestine Liberation organization to establish a nation for the Palestinians.

Question 23.
Write note on the following.
i) Black Shirts
ii) Cold war
iii) Disintegration of Soviet Union
Answer:
i) Black Shirts :
The military force used by Mussolini to suppress opponents and to implement fascist policies.

ii) Cold War :
The enmity based on the ideological conflict and diplomatic confrontations between the capitalist bloc and socialist bloc was called Cold War.

iii) Disintegration of Soviet Union :
Due to the administrative measures of Mikhail Gorbachev and other reasons like deviation from the basic principles of socialism and corruption, Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991.

Question 24.
Analyse the problems faced by the Palestine people against the background of West Asian issues.
Answer:
Palestine was inhabited by Jews and Arabs. It became a British mandate after the First World War. Balfour declaration decided to establish a Jewish state in West Asia. In 1948, the Jewish state Israel was formed. Israel seized Palestine, expelling the Palestinians from their homeland. The Palestinian refugees migrated to various Arabs countries.

Question 25.
Which were the movements formed in connection with aggressive nationalism?
Answer:

• Pan Salv Movement:
  To unite the Slavic people of Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece in Eastern Europe under the leadership of Russia was the objective. Russia gave leadership to it.
• Pan German Movement:
  To unite Teutonic people in Central Europe and Balkan Provinces was the objective. It was led by Germany.
• Revenge Movement:
  To conquer Alsace- Lorraine under the control of Germany was the aim. The movement started in France.

The consequences of the First World War in Europe:

• As Europe was the focal point war, it had to bear the major burnt.
• European nations suffered serious set backs ‘ economically and politically.
• Ruling dynasties in Europe lost power. Eg: Hohenzollern in Germany, Habsburg in Austria-Hungary.

Question 26.
America gained much in the First World War. Substantiate.
Answer:

• War did not take place in USA. So she was not affected by the war.
• European nations which were destroyed in war took large scale loans from America.
• American dollar overtook British pound as the basis of foreign exchange holding.
• As a result, USA emerged as a new economic power.

Answer the following. Score 4 each.

Question 1.
Arrange the following events related to the Second World War in chronological order.
i) Dropping of atom bomb in Japan by USA
ii) Pearl Harbour attack of Japan.
iii) Munich Pact
iv) Nazi – Soviet Non- Aggression Pact
Answer:
i) Munich Pact (1938)
ii) Nazi – Soviet Non- Aggression Pact (1939)
iii) Pearl Harbour attack of Japan (1941)
iv) Dropping of atom bomb in Japan by USA (1945)

Question 2.
Complete the sun diagram given below.

Answer:

Question 3.
The humiliating provisions of the Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of Hitler in Germany. Substantiate.
Answer:

• The victorious powers signed the Treaty of Versailles with Germany in 1919.
• The Treaty imposed all war guilt on Germany and she was disarmed.
• Germany was forced to pay a huge amount as war indemnity to victorious powers.
• German colonies were divided among the victors.
• The allies occupied the rich mines of Germany.
• Germans felt humiliated when the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles were imposed on them. They were agitated and yearned for a leader who could avenge this unfair treatment and lead the country to economic progress.
• It was under these circumstances that the Nazi party leader Adolf Hitler gained popular support and came to power.

Question 4.
Evaluate the results of the Second World War.
Answer:

• Over 10 million people died.
• Freedom movements in Asia and Africa intensified.
• In a bid to preserve and maintain world peace, the United Nations Organization was formed.
• Economic system of European countries was destroyed.
• European dominance in world diminished.
• USA and Soviet Union emerged as global powers.
• Beginning of cold war and arms race.

Question 5.
Examine the circumstances that paved the way for the formation of Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer:

• The newly independent countries of Asia and Africa realized that cold war was yet another face of imperialism and that it would threaten world peace. They wanted to stay remain free.
• Arms race between super powers and the formation of military pacts.
• Cold war and arms race.
• The realization that the race of super powers for weapons and a stronger military force would pose harm to them.
• The formation of capitalist bloc under US A and socialist bloc under Soviet Union.

Question 6.
Examine the reasons for the disintegration of Soviet Union? How did this lead to a unipolar world?
Answer:

• Deviation from the basic principles of socialism.
• The administrative measures of Mikhail Gorbachev – Glasnost and Perestroika.
• Corruption and inefficiency of the bureaucracy.
• Failure in bringing about changes in economic sector.

In the absence of a socialist bloc, policies and programmes of the capitalist countries remained unquestioned. This had a wide impact on international relations. A unipolar world emerged under the leadership of USA instead of a bipolar world.

Question 7.
Globalisation posed some challenges to developing countries. What are they?
Or
How did globalisation affect the developing countries adversely?
Answer:

• The intervention of multinational companies challenged the concept of nation state.
• Led to the destruction of indigenous culture.
• Natural resources were looted.
• Public sector undertakings were destroyed.
• Price of agricultural products plunged.
• Government withdrew from social service sectors.

Question 8.
What are, the steps taken by Hitler to consolidate his power in Germany?
Answer:

• Socialists, communists, Jews and democrats were executed.
• Used newspaper, radio, cinema and education systems widely to propagate the ideologies of Nazism.
• Adopted an aggressive foreign policy and attacked neighbouring countries.
• All other political parties except the Nazi party were banned.
• Trade unions were banned.

Question 9.
Explain the terms Glasnost and Perestroika.
Answer:

• Glasnost and Perestroika were the two administrative reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev in Soviet Union.
• Glasnost was to implement openness in political processes. Accordingly, regulation on media and civil rights was taken off.
• Perestroika was implemented to restructure the economic system of the Soviet Union.
• It called for ending the price controls on production sector established by government and abating centralisation.

Question 10.
What were the factors that prompted the European countries to set up colonies in Afro- Asian nations?
Answer:

• Overproduction
• Availability of raw materials.
• Availability of markets to sell their industrial products.
• The disunity in the Afro-Asian nations.

Question 11.
Imperialism is the developedform of capitalism. Evaluate the statement.
Answer:
Factory system emerged as a result of Industrial Revolution. Capitalists invested in factories and production was increased. This increased their profit. The economic system in which production and distribution are controlled by the capitalist with the aim to increase profit is known as capitalism.

European countries produced more than they could accommodate in their domestic markets. This over-production forced them to search for markets. So they turned their attention to Afro- Asian nations for markets. Using political power and military forces, the European countries economically exploited these nations and later they became the colonies of European countries.

This is called colonization. Conflicts in capitalism,forced the capitalists to shift production from Europe to colonies. The phase of flow of finance capital to colonies is known as imperialism.

Question 12.
Do you think the Treaty of Versailles led to another war? Why?
Or
The Treaty of Versailles was a one sides Treaty. Substantiate the statement by analysing the provisions of the Treaty.
Answer:

• The Treaty of Versailles led to another war.
• The Treaty of Versailles signed with Germany disarmed her.
• War guilt was imposed on her.
• Germany was forced to pay a huge amount as war indemnity.
• German colonies were divided among allies.
• The allies occupied the rich mines of Germany.
• The Treaty humiliated the Germans.

They were agitated and yearned for a leader who could avenge this unfair treatment. The Germans sought someone who could restore the economic progress of Germany. It was in this circumstance that Hitler promised to save Germany from all humiliations. The measures taken by Hitler in Germany after assuming power led to the Second World War.

Question 13.
How did the World Economic Depression that began in USA affect the other countries?
Answer:
The economic depression began with the stock market crash in New York Stock Exchange on 24 October 1929. The investors rushed to sell their stocks which led to a massive volume of stock and trade. This led to abrupt and dramatic price decline. The depression affected not only America, but also the European nations. The production rate plunged. Unemployment became grave. Many lost their wealth. World trade completely collapsed. The European countries imposed heavy taxes on their colonies.

Question 14.
List the similarities of Fascism and Nazism.
Answer:

• Antagonism to democracy
• Opposition to socialism
• Glorifying the nation
• Adoring the purity of race
• Justifying war
• Diffusion to aggressive nationalism
• Deifying the past
• Indoctrination of ideologies through arts, literature and education.
• Military dictatorship
• Destruction of political rivals

Question 15.
Evaluate the present day relevance of Non- Aligned Movement.
Answer:
Non-Aligned Movement is the second largest international organisation in the world. NAM is the unity of countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America which were colonies of imperialist powers. NAM succeeded to some extent in reducing the intensity of cold war and arms race. It has great relevance in the unipolar world of today. NAM can expose the evils of globalisation and prevent the intervention of new imperialists on the social, economic and environmental sectors of third world countries.

Question 16.
The reforms of Gorbachev led to the disintegration of Soviet Union. Evaluate the statement.
Answer:
The reasons for the disintegration of Soviet Union are:

• Deviation from the basic principles of socialism.
• Failure in bringing about changes in economic sector.
• Corruption and inefficiency of bureaucracy.
• Administrative reforms of Gorbachev – Glasnost and Perestroika.

Glasnost was to implement openness in political processes. It removed regulation on media and civil rights. Perestroika was implemented to restructure the economic system of Soviet Union. It aimed at ending price controls on production sector and abating centralisation.

These two reforms were deviation from the communist ideologies. In this context, it can be said that Gorbachev’s reforms led to the disintegration of Soviet Union.

Question 17.
How did the imperialist crises cause the First World War? Explain.
Or
What was Moroccan Crisis? How was it solved?
Answer:
Moroccan crisis:
A secret treaty was signed between Britain and France in 1904. According to this, Britain recognised the claim of France over Morocco. The French claim over Morocco was opposed by Germany and she sent battleships to Moroccan port Agadir. This was the Moroccan crisis. France agreed to transfer a part of French Congo to Germany and Germany agreed to concede Morocco to France in return.

Balkan crisis :
The Balkan region is situated in Europe, close to the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1912, the Balkan League (Greece,Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro) defeated Turkey. However, the conflict among the allied nations in sharing the benefits of the war led to the break up of the League and resulted in wars among them.

Sslc Social Science Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 18.
What were the changes brought about by the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the international level?
Answer:

• Marked the end of the Cold War.
• Bipolar world ended.
• Unipolar world emerged.
• America emerged as an unquestionable power.

Question 19.
What were the consequences of the Industrial Revolution which began in England in the 18th century?
Or
What were the circumstances that led to the supremacy of Europeans in Asian and African countries?
Answer:

• Capitalists invested in factories and increased production.
• Increase in profit of capitalists.
• Production and distribution were controlled by private individuals with the aim to increase profit.
• The advent of large scale industries enhanced capital investment.
• Over production forced them to search for foreign markets.
• Industrial nations of Europe competed for foreign markets.
• Using political power and military forces, Asian and African nations were exploited.

Answer the following. Score 5/6 each.

Question 1.
Examine critically the causes and results of the First World War.
Or
Why is the First World War called the imperialistic war? Examine based on the
following hints.
Hints:
i) Imperialistic conflicts
ii) Military alliances
iii) Aggressive nationalism
iv) International crises
Answer:
The First World War was fought from 1914 to 1918. Its causes are discussed below.

i) Imperialistic Conflicts:
When the imperialist powers entered into mutual competition to conquer the world, conflicts among them became widespread. The international problems surfaced during this period caused mutual mistrust and enmity. The conflicts among imperialist powers led to the war.

ii) Military Alliances:
The competition among the imperialist powers drove them to sign military alliances. The Tripple Alliance was formed by Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. To counter this, Britain, France and Russia formed the Triple Entente. The formation of such alliances created an atmosphere of war in Europe.

iii) Aggressive Nationalism:
Aggressive nationalism was one of the strategies adopted by the imperialist countries to succeed in their competitions. The European nations used aggressive nationalism to invade other countries. Aggressive nationalists considered their own nations as the supreme and justified whatever be the actions of their nations. The Pan Slav Movement under Russia, the Pan German Movement under Germany and the Revenge Movement in France were examples for aggressive nationalism.

iv) International crises:
Imperialist rivalries drove the European countries into several crises. Some of them were Moroccan crisis and Balkan crisis.

Moroccan crisis:
A secret treaty was signed between Britain and France in 1904. According to this, Britain recognised the claim of France over Morocco. The French claim over Morocco was opposed by Germany and she sent battleships to Moroccan port Agadir. This was the Moroccan crisis. France agreed to transfer a part of French Congo to Germany and Germany agreed to concede Morocco to France in return.

Balkan crisis:
The Balkan region is situated in Europe, close to the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It was a part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1912, the Balkan League (Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro) defeated Turkey. However, the conflict among the allied nations in sharing the benefits of the war led to the break up of the League and resulted in wars among them.

Immediate cause:
The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria by Princep, a Serbian youth at the Bosnian capital Sarajevo in June 1914 was the immediate cause. Austria held Serbia responsible for it and declared war pESerbia on 28 July 1914. Almost all the nations of the world directly or indirectly were involved in it.

Results

• Over 10 million people lost their lives or were injured in war.
• Liberation movements in Asia and Africa strengthened.
• Economic dominance of Europe diminished.
• Agriculture, industry and communication systems were destroyed.
• Poverty, unemployment and inflation increased.
• In a bid to bring peace in the world, the League of Nations was formed.
• Emergence of Fascism and Nazism.

Question 2.
Germany and Italy were crushed by the First World War. But Fascism and Nazism played a key role in making them the important powers in the Second World War. Examine this.
Or
How did the growth of Fascism and Nazism become a cause for the Second World War and a threat to world peace?
Answer:
The First World War ruined Germany and Italy economically. Unemployment and poverty threw up people’s protests. The government of both the countries had to face popular unrest. The conditions of the victorious and the defeated nations in the First World War were miserable. Many European governments lost their power. Unemployment and poverty occurred. Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany rose to power, capitalizing on the political and economic chaos prevailing then.

Economic destruction, rivalry against the victors and aimlessness facilitated these forces to grab power.

Mussolini and Fascism:
Mussolini led Fascist reign in Italy. He resorted to despotic measures in the political and economic fields of Italy after coming to power. Violence and ferocity were the strategies of Fascism. Socialists, leaders of peasants and workers were considered as enemies of the state and executed them.

The aim of Mussolini was to restore ancient Roman Empire. Using the military force ‘Black Shirts’, Mussolini suppressed the opponents. His aggressive foreign policies led him to conquer Ethiopia and Albania. Italy’s run for dictatorship led to the Second World War.

Hitler and Nazism:
Nazism is the German version of Fascism. The Germans felt humiliated when the Treaty of Versailles was imposed on them after the First World War. It was at this time that Hitler and his Nazi party gained popular support. Hitler promised to save Germany from all humiliations. He adopted many measures to consolidate his power.

Socialists, communists, Jews and democrats were executed. Hitler held the Jews responsible for Germany’s ruin and humiliation. The Jews were massacred enmasse in specially designed concentration camps. A military force known as ‘Brown Shirts’ and a secret police troop ‘Gestapo’ were in charge of assaulting and massacring Jews.

Banned all political parties except the Nazi party. Trade unions were also banned. Military service was made compulsory. Taking advantage of the feeling of revenge among the Germans, Hitler adopted an aggressive foreign policy. He attacked Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Germany formed the military alliance with Italy and Japan. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War.

Question 3.
Explain Neo Imperialism and its features.
Answer:
In the post war period, a new kind of imperialism emerged. Multinational companies which are registered in a country and functioning in many countries, began to interfere in the economic, social and cultural sectors of developing countries for serving the interests of capitalist countries. This is known as Neo imperialism.

Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation are the concepts of neo imperialism.

• Liberalisation:
  Adoption of liberal regulations and taxation systems to facilitate the import of multinational products to domestic markets.
• Privatisation:
  Privatisation of public sector undertakings in an attempt to promote private sector:
• Globalisation:
  Economic system of the country linked to global economy. The interests and motives of MNCs are protected. Competition driven market came into existence. Trans-border flow of products, services, raw materials, capital, latest technology and human resources facilitated.

Question 4.
Explain the features of globalization and its impact on the world.
Answer:
Globalization
Africa the Second World War, a new kind of imperialism emerged. Multinational companies which are registered in a country and functioning in many countries began to interfere in the economic, social and cultural sectors of the developing countries for services the interests of capitalist countries. This is termed as neo imperialism.

The multinational companies competed with one another to control the resources and assets of third world countries. They promoted consumerism in third world countries to sell their products. Developing nations were considered as the markets for the multinational companies. Liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation were the concepts of neo imperialism.

Globalisation is the policy of transfer of products, services, raw materials, capital, latest technology and human resources across the borders of countries without any restriction.

Features of globalisation

• Economic system of the country linked to global economy.
• The interest and motives of multinational companies protected.
• Competition driven market came into existence.
• Trans-border flow of products, services, raw materials, capital, latest technology and human resources facilitated.

Impact of globalisation
Positive impacts of globalisation are:

• Globalisation opened up many opportunities and possibilities around the world.
• The transfer of goods, products and services beyond boundaries and the dissemination of information technology shaped the concept of global village.

Globalisation posed challenges to developing countries:

• Due to pressure from multinational products and marketing strategies, the economy of developing countries started to collapse.
• The intervention of multinational companies challenged the concept of nation state.
• Led to the destruction of indigenous culture.
• Price of agricultural products plunged.
• Public sector undertakings were destroyed.
• Government withdrew from social service sectors.
• Natural resources were looted.

Question 5.
Critically analyse the causes and results of the Second World War.
Answer:
The Second World War lasted from 1939 to 1945. Its causes are discussed below.

Formation of Military Alliances:
Following the Peace Treaty of 1919, the victorious nations shared the colonies of defeated nations. Germany and Italy had no colonies and no markets. Therefore they planned to conquer colonies and attack weak nations. In an effort to extend this policy of aggression, Italy, Germany and Jap&n formed an alliance called Axis Powers. Countering this alliance, Britain, France and China formed the Allied Powers.

Growth of Fascism and Nazism:
The First World War devastated both the allies. Many European governments lost their power. People were in misery. Unemployment and poverty followed. Capitalizing on the political and economic chaos, Fascists and Nazis came to power in Italy and Germany.

The Fascists and the Nazis opposed democracy and socialism, justified war, glorified the nation, adored purity of race, destroyed political rivals and believed in military dictatorship. The aggressive policies and their attacks on neighbouring countries led to the Second World War.

Failure of the League of Nations:
The League failed to stall the attacks of the Axis Powers. This led to the war.

Policy of Appeasement:
When Germany, Italy and Japan attacked other nations, capitalist countries like Britain and France did not prevent the attacks. They considered the Soviet Union as their chief enemy because they were opposed to socialism. This policy which encouraged Fascist attacks is known as the policy of appeasement.

Germany’s attack on Poland/Immediate cause:
Hitler claimed the Polish Corridor from Poland. Poland refused. So Germany attacked Poland on 1 September 1939. This was the beginning of the Second World War.

Results:

• Over 10 million people died.
• Freedom movements in Asia and Africa intensified.
• In a bid to preserve and maintain world peace, the United Nations Organization was formed.
• European dominance in world diminished.
• USA and Soviet Union emerged as global powers.
• Beginning of cold war and arms race.

Question 6.
Match the items related to Column A from Columns B and C.

Answer:

Question 7.
Match the items related to Column A from that of Columns B and C.

Answer:

Question 8.
Arrange the following events in chronological order.
i) Hitler’s attack on Poland
ii) Moroccan crisis
iii) Balkan crisis
iv) Munich Pact
v) Oslo Pact
Answer:
i) Moroccan crisis – 1904
ii) Balkan crisis – 1912
iii) Munich Pact – 1938
iv) Hitler’s attack on Poland – 1939
v) Oslo Pact – 1993

Question 9.
Arrange the following events in chronological order.
i) World Economic Depression
ii) Treaty of Versailles
iii) Formation of UNO
iv) Disintegration of Soviet Union
v) Formation of Israeli
Answer:
i)Treaty of Versailles – 1919
ii) World Economic Depression – 1929
iii) Formation of UNO – 1945
iv) Formation of Israel – 1948
v) Disintegration of Sbviet Union – 1991

Additional Information / Extra Reading

Mandatory Territories:
After the First World War, the German colonies were placed under the administration of one or more of the victorious nations, based on the Treaty of Versailles. Togoland, Cameroon, Pacific colonies like Islands of Carolina, Marshall Islands, German South West Africa, German East Africa, etc. were the colonies of Germany. The League of Nations handed over the administration of these colonies to the allies. The colonies thus governed by the allies were known as Mandatory Territories.

Gaurilo – Princip:
‘Black Hand Secret Society’ was a revolutionary group led by the Slavic community to free their country from the rule of Austria. Gaurilo Princip was a member of this terrorist group, which was assisted by the Serbian Government.

American Prosperity:
During the 1919-29 span, the American economy grew and reached its zenith. They put into effect many policy declarations and actions for the mounting growth of their economy. The industrial sectors had been freely conceded to the control of private owners. Most of the government owned institutions were handed over to the capitalists.

The tax levied on the imported goods were raised enormously. Active steps were taken to merge multinational corporations to form even larger corporations. As a result of all these, the economy showed drastic growth. During this period, the percapita average production was increased to 53%. With this America emerged as a major economic power.

Holocaust:
Hitler and Nazi party who upheld die principles of Aryans, considered Jews, communists and socialists as the reasons for the economic decline faced by Germany. Nazis stated that the caste revolts, demilitarization, penalty of war etc. are the instruments deployed by Jews to effect the downfall of Aryans. As a solution, Hitler decided to wipe out the entire Jews, communists, religious leaders, physically disadvantaged, mentally disadvantaged, etc.

The method devised to fulfil this notorious idea was the Holocaust. New laws were formulated to curtail the right of the Jews to work. Hitler employed additional tax on the Jews. He sought the help of the scientists, doctors and other technical experts for the mass killing. He massacred millions at the concentration camps, gas chambers and labour camps. The para military department of Nazi party, ‘Schutzstaffel’, headed the genocide.

Women prisoners were also tortured brutally. They were inhumanly tortured under the supervision of doctors. They were subjected to sterilization experiments using X-rays. Chemicals were injected to their wombs and were exposed to surgeries without anaesthesia. Joseph Mengele, known as the Angel of Death, was interested in conducting horrifying experiments on twins.

His experiments included cutting off body partly leaving his victims to suffer, injecting chemicals into childrens’ eyes, etc. So many were subjected to unimaginable tortures. Nazis massacred Jews of Poland, Rumania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Hungary, Greece, Yugoslavia, Netherlands, etc. Nazis killed 2.9 crores of Jews in 6 years.

Gas Chambers:
Hitler had opened up concentration camps at Treblinka, Befseck, Bergen-Belsen, Sachsenhausen, Hossenburg etc. Gas chambers,- hells on earth, were the prominent feature of these camps. Brutal tortures and mass killings were staged in gas chambers.

The prisoners-were led to the gas chambers, disguised as shower rooms and gassed them to death using poisonous gases like Zyklon B and Carbonmonoxide. The Nazis enjoyed the suffocation and sufferings of the victims in the gas chamber, through the specially made glass windows.

Swasthik
Hitler and Nazi party used swasthik as a symbol of their racial superiority. Swasthik, which had a heritage of 3000 years, had been used all over the world by different cultures and different religions like Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, etc. The word Swasthik means ‘good fortune’ or ‘well being’. Black swasthik in a white coloured circle on a red backdrop was the flag of Nazis.

Gestapo:
Gestapo was the secret police formed under the supervision of Adolf Hitter. In 1933, when Nazis came to power, the German Home Minister formed a special wing for spy work. It was the Gestapo. Gestapo enjoyed judicial independence and the power to arrest and imprison without trial. In certain concentration camps, it was the Gestapo who supervised the proceedings.

Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl
The diary was written by Anne frank, when gone to hiding, fearing Hitler’s Gestapo. The notes on the diary were the revelations of the tortures of cruelties of Nazis on the Jews. The diary, considered as a classic work in war literature, was begun writing on June 4, 1942.

The last note on the diaiy was scribbled by Anne on August 1,1944. Anne lovingly addressed the diary as Kitti. In August 1944, Nazis arrested Anne and her family. Anne died in the Bergun-Belgun concentration camp due to Typhus, in the March of 1945. In 1947, the notes of Anne Frank were published in the name ‘The Diaryofa Young Girl’.

Eventually it was translated into various other languages too. The inhuman tortures of the Nazi concentration camps were revealed to the outer world through the diary notes of this young girl.

Hitler in Films:
Hitler, his party and its activities were discussed not only in literature but also in cinema as well. The film on Hitler, ‘The Great Dictator’ by the world famous comedian, Charlie Chaplin, featured Hitler and Nazi party in a ridiculous manner. In the film, ‘Schindler’s List’, directed by the renoimed director Stephen Spielberg, the Jews in the concentration camps were protected by a German Catholic merchant named Oscar Schindler.

Recession in American Economy:
During 1920 s, one of the major traders of America was the stock market trade. Americans found another way to make money other than the profit shares they amassed from the shares of the American companies. This was succeeded by buying the shares of mutual trade companies.

This being a trend, the price of the shares in the share market rocketed sky high. Instead of the income made through the dividends, everyone tried to make money by selling the shares. Without even considering the status of the trades, many people began to sell the shares. By 1929, the rate of the shares reached its zenith. Many people tried to buy shares with borrowed money.

Industrialists who amassed large amounts of money, produced large quantities of goods in their factories. Goods piled up as the industrialists and workers lost their purchasing ability. Moreover, the economic profit America earned before, were restricted itself to the hands of a limited number of industrialists.

Share markets crashed, This was the root cause of the American recession. The America of 1929 was nothing but a land of closed mills, factories, markets, mines, banks and poverty stricken people who were thrown to the streets from the lap of luxury and prosperity.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 1 Revolutions that Influenced the World

History Sslc Question 1.
‘American War of Independence was a movement of the English against England’. Substantiate the statement.
Answer:
The earlier colonies in America were established by a group of people who exiled to America from the religious persecution of the King of England in the 17th century on a ship called ‘Mayflower’. They were known as the Pilgrim Fathers. By the 18th century, England had established 13 colonies in the eastern coast of North America.

The British treated these colonies as centers for collecting raw materials for their industry and as markets for selling their products. The American War of Independence was the struggle of the American colonies against the wrong policies and taxes of the mother country. The forefathers of the American colonies were English. So American War of Independence is treated as a movement of the English against England.

Question 2.
How did the resentment of the middle class lead to the French Revolution?
Answer:
The French middle class included traders, writers, lawyers, officials, teachers, bankers and farmers. They enjoyed low social status. They were dissatisfied with the social inequality and the prevailing social order. They played a key role in the production of wealth and its ownership, but they had no role in the administration of the state.
They realised that it was impossible for them to achieve their demands under the existing structure. Therefore they decided to overthrow the government by leading the revolution.

Question 3.
Arrange the following events in the chronological order.
i. February Revolution
ii. Long March
iii. American Declaration of Independence
iv. Tennis Court Oath .
Answer:
i. American Declaration of Independence
ii. Tennis Court Oath .
iii. February Revolution
iv. Long March

Question 4.
How did the French Revolution influence the reforms of Napoleon?
Answer:
The concepts of French Revolution namely nationalism, liberty, equality and fraternity inspired the reforms of Napoleon. Nationalism strengthened in France under his rule. His reforms helped to bring about national unity in France. Farmers were made owners of land.

The middle class were allowed to operate with the nobles. Prepared a new and uniform code of law for France by codifying the existing laws. Exercised the state’s control over the clergy. Established the Bank of France to centralise finance. Formed sinking fund to avoid public debt. He also brought a change from feudal rule to republican rule.

Question 5.
How did the colonial rule influence the Latin American countries?
Answer:
The majority of the migrants from Europe to Latin America were Spanish and Portuguese. After colonizing the entire Latin America, the Spanish and the Portuguese propagated their language, religion and customs there. They built houses and churches in Spanish style. Several schools were started for imparting Spanish system of education. The Spanish farming methods and crops were introduced.

Racial discrimination was enforced to natives in all walks of life. Looted the resources and enslaved the people. The colonial powers took away gold, silver, etc. from the Latin American mines. Never allowed the people of the colonies to engage in trade with other countries other than Spain. Through such policies, the European countries implemented colonial domination in Latin American countries.

Question 6.
‘Russian Revolution helped the progress of the working class’. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
Answer:
The statement is true.
The leaders of working class led the revolution against the autocracy of the Tsarist emperors in Russia. In Russia, farmers and factory workers led a miserable life. Trade Unions were formed to find remedies for the plight of workers. Worker’s organizations called Soviets were formed all over Russia to conduct strikes.

The workers organised a protest March in 1917 and captured the city of Petrograd. The Bolsheviks propagated that only proletarians’ (workers) government could eradicate centuries old economic backwardness and inequality. The Bolsheviks attained power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917.

Thus the first workers’ government assumed power in Russia under the leadership ofLenin. The new government distributed land among the workers, brought factories under public ownership and took many measures for the welfare of the workers.

Question 7.
How did China become a People’s Republic? Analyse.
Answer:
The Chinese Revolutions were against the foreign rule and monarchy. Dr. Sun Yat Sen led the revolution in 1911. It ended monarchy in China and made China a republic. Chiang Kai-Shek who succeeded Sun Yat-Sen asertained military autocracy in China. He gave opportunity for foreign powers including America to freely interfere in China and did not co-operate with the Communists.

Coal and iron industries, banking and foreign trade were all controlled by foreign countries. The Communists protested against the policy of Chiang Kai-Shek. They were brutally suppressed. In 1934, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the Communist Party started a journey from Kiangsi in South China and ended at Yanan in North Western China. Throughout the journey they seized out agricultural land and villages from lords and distributed them among the workers.

The journey covered around 12000 kms. So it is known as the ‘Long March’. Chiang Kai-Shek had to seek political asylum in Taiwan, when the Red Army of Mao Zedong captured the centre of Kuomintang rule. China became the People’s Republic of China on 1 October 1949 under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

Sslc History Chapter 1 Pdf Question 8.
List the 13 British colonies in North America.
Answer:

1. Georgia
2. South Carolina
3. North Carolina
4. Virginia
5. Maryland
6. New Jersey
7. Pennsylvania
8. Connecticut
9. Rhode Island
10. New York
11. Massachusetts
12. New Hampshire
13. Delaware

Question 9.
The mercantalist laws turned the American Colonial people against their mother land. Assess the statement.
Answer:
The British treated American colonies as centres for collecting raw materials for their industry and as market for selling their products. This policy implemented by the British merchants with the help of their motherland in the American colonies, is known as mercantilism. Several laws were implemented in the British colonies as part of this.

• Restriction on cargo ships :
  Only British ships must be used to carry goods to and from.
• Control over export:
  Products of colonies like sugar and wool could only be exported to England.
• Stamp duty :
  British stamp must be affixed on all legal documents, newspapers, license, etc.
• Import duty :
  Import tax must be paid for the import of tea, glass and paper.
  The above laws were harmful to the colonial people.

Question 10.
How did the laws implemented by the British affect the people of the colonies? Discuss based on the following hints.
i) Domestic trade in colonies
ii) Denial of rights
iii) Autocracy
iv) Inflation
Answer:
i) Domestic trade in colonies :
The controls and taxes in trade adversely affected domestic trade. The British treated the American colonies as centres for collecting raw materials for their industry and as market for selling their products. As part of Mereantalist Laws, products of colonies like sugar, wool, cotton and tobacco could only be exported to England, the goods to and from the colonies must be carried only in British ships and import tax must be paid for the import of tea, glass and paper.

ii)Denial of rights:
Imposed control over exports.

• British troops to be maintained in the colonies.
• British stamp must be affixed on all legal documents.

Exploitation :
Control over export, high tax, Stamp Act and the order to maintain British troops in the colonies paved the way for exploitation.

iii) Autocracy :
The Mereantalist laws denied the rights and freedom of the colonists. The imperialist policies of Britain led to the American War of Independence. Some of the autocratic policies of King George III of England led to the American revolution. The Townshend Act and the Stamp Act that Britain implemented in the colonies were examples of their autocracy.

iv) Inflation:
High tax and Stamp Act led to inflation.

Question 11.
The Revolution had been effected even before the war commenced. It was in the minds and hearts of people’. Evaluate the relevance of this remark made by John Adams, one of the leaders of the American War of Independence.
Answer:
The ideas of freedom and liberty that grew among the colonial people and the hatred towards the mother country were the main reasons behind the American War of Independence. The ideological conflict between the colonial people and the mother country influenced the American War of Independence. The attitude of freedom that grew among the colonial people forced them to oppose the laws of the mother country.

The ideologies of thinkers like John Locke and Thomas Paine also stimulated the people of the colonies to fight against the exploitative laws of the British. By raising the slogan ‘no taxation without representation’, the people of the colonies intensified their struggle against the British. From these, we can infer that the Revolution had been effected eyen before the war commenced, as stated by John Adams.

Class 10 History Chapter 1 Notes Kerala Syllabus Question 12.
Prepare a short note on the thinkers and their ideologies that inspired the American War of Independence.
Answer:
The ideologies of some thinkers inspired the people of the colonies to fight against the exploitive laws of the British. English thinkers like John Locke, Harrington and Milton stimulated the American War of Independence.

John Locke argued that ‘Every one has some fundamental rights. No government has the right to suspend them’. Thomas Paine said that ‘There is something absurd in supposing a continent (North America) be perpetually governed by a foreign power (England)’.

Thomas Paine through his Pamphlet ‘Common Sense’ declared that it was wise for the Americans to break the ties with Britain. Thomas Jefferson who was inspired by the ideologies of French thinkers asked the people of the colonies to organise the revolt and get independence.

Class 10 History Kerala Syllabus Question 13.
Prepare a flowchart illustrating the various events that led to the formation of the United States of America.
Answer:

Question 14.
Prepare a timeline on the various events that led to the American War of Independence.
Answer:

10th History Notes Kerala Syllabus Question 15.
Prepare a note on the ideologies of the American War of Independence that are reflected in the Constitution of India.
Answer:

• Republican system
• Written constitution
• Federation
• Fundamental Rights
• Bill of Rights
• Judicial Review

Question 16.
Analyse the chart given in Page 15 of Textbook and answer the following questions.
i. Which estate enjoyed higher social privilege and status and led a luxurious life in France?
ii. To which estate did the majority of people belong?
iii. Which estate exploited the common people and accumulated wealth?
iv. Which estate desired a change in the system? Why?
Answer:
i. Clergy (First Estate), Nobility (Second Estate)
ii. Third Estate
iii. Nobility and Clergy

iv. The members of the Third Estate desired a change in the system. The First and the Second Estates enjoyed all the rights and privileges. The Third Estate had no rights. They had to pay different types of feudal taxes to the clergy and the nobles. The members of the Third Estate who were dissatisfied with the social inequality in France led the revolution.

Question 17.
Examine the membership strength of each estate given in the table below. Relate it with the demand regarding the voting system.

Answer:
The French Parliament called ‘States General’ consisted of three estates. Traditionally, each Estate would vote as a group and had one vote. As a result, the nobility and the clergy could overrule the Third Estate. The first two Estates argued for Estate wise single voting system while the Third Estate demanded individual vote for each member of all the three estates. The total membership strength of the first two Estates was 593 and that of the Third Estate was 621.

The first two estates opposed the demand of individual vote for each member because the total membership strength of the Commons was more than that of theirs. Individual vote for each member meant that the Third Estate would get majority. Instead, Estate wise single voting system was allowed, the first and second Estate would get majority.

Question 18.
Analyse the events related to the French Revolution and evaluate how far it could attain the goals of liberty, equality and fraternity.
Answer:
The French Revolution

• Threatened the autocratic rulers of Europe.
• Ended the feudal system in Europe.
• Helped the growth of middle class.
• Led to the emergence of nationalism.
• Contributed the concept of people’s sovereignty.
• Proclaimed that nation is not merely a region, but the people.
• Stimulated all the later revolutions in the world.

Question 19.
Analyse the aims and influence of French Revolution.
Answer:
French Revolution is the most important event in modern world history. It was a revolution that took place in France in 1789 against despotic rule of kings and feudal system. Its aim was to reconstruct the society based on the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.

It is also known as the ‘Mother of Revolutions’. The French Declaration of the Human Rights is an important episode in the history of the world. The French revolution influenced the whole of Europe.

Question 20.
Examine the reforms and policies of Napoleon and identify the ideologies of French Revolution reflected in them.
Answer:

Class 10 Social Science Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Question 21.
Discuss the discriminations faced by the Latin American people.
Or
How did the exploitation and discrimination faced by the Latin American people lead to revolution?
Answer:
After colonizing the entire Latin America, the Spanish and the Portuguese propagated their language, religion and customs there. They built houses and churches in Spanish style. Instead of Latin American system of education, Spanish schools were established for imparting Spanish system of education.

The Spanish farming methods and crops were adopted. The native people were enslaved to work in plantations. The Latin Americans were not allowed to engage in trade with countries other than Spain. Racial discrimination towards the people of the colonies was enforced in all walks of life.

Question 22.
Enlist the countries of Latin America liberated from the colonial rule of the European countries.
Answer:

Question 23.
The Latin American Revolution was not only for political liberation, but also for the life and culture of the people. Substantiate the statement.
Answer:
The Spanish and the Portuguese who colonized South America destroyed the native culture there. They looted the wealth and resources of Latin American countries and even erased their traditional culture. Instead of Latin American languages, Spanish was made as the official language.

Schools were established for imparting Spanish system of education. They took away gold, silver, etc. from the Latin American mines. The things produced in Spain were not permitted to be made in the colonies. Enslaved the natives to work in plantations.

The Spanish farming methods and crops were adopted in the colonies. Racial discrimination towards the people of the colonies was enforced in all walks of life. So the Latin Americans organized the revolt against the Europeans in order to protect their life, culture and freedom.

Question 24.
Russian revolution was greatly motivated by the despotic rule of Tzar. Discuss.
Answer:

• The Tzarist emperors who ruled Russia were autocrats. They denied all rights and privileges of the people.
• The common people had no role in administration.
• Power and wealth were concentrated in kings and nobles.
• The landless fanners had to pay huge tax.
• Low agricultural and industrial production.

Time line on Russian Revolution

• 1894 : Coronation of Czar Nicholas 11.
• 1898 : Formation of Social Democratic Labour Party.
• 1903 : Split of Social Democratic Labour Party as Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
• 1905 : Bloody Sunday. Formation of Duma.
• 1914 : Beginning of First World War. Ignoring the protest from Duma, Tsar Nicholas 11 decided to participate in the war.
• 1917 March 12 : February Revolution. Nicholas 11  abdicated. A provisional government under Kerensky.
• 1917 : October Revolution. Bolsheviks under Lenin assumed power.
• 1924 : Formation of Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)
• Majority of the Russian industries were controlled by foreingners.

Question 25.
Analyse the circumstances that led to form a provisional government in Russia.
Answer:
Ignoring the protest from Duma, the Legislative body, Nicholas II, the then Tsar decided to participate in the First World War that started in 1914. A lot of Russian soldiers were killed in this war. Workers’ organizations called ‘Soviets’ were formed all over Russia to conduct strikes when famine, poverty and unemployment became acute. Food shortage became severe by 1917.

Thousands of women marched along the streets of Petrograd on 8 March 1917 clamouring for bread. The workers organized protest march in Petrograd. The soldiers also joined with the workers and captured Petrograd. Nicholas II was thrown out of power. A provisional government was formed under Alexander Kerensky, the Menshevik leader. This is known as February Revolution.

Sslc History Chapter 1 Notes Question 26.
Discuss the role of the October Revolution in establishing the proletariat government in Russia.
Or
Write a note on October Revolution.
Answer:
The provisional government of Russia failed to solve the problems of the people. A group of Soviets did not approve the provisional government. Lenin, who had been in Switzerland, came to Russia and strongly opposed the provisional government.

The Bolsheviks under Lenin propagated that only a proletarians’ government could eradicate centuries old economic backwardness and inequality. Lenin declared that what the people wanted was not war and famine, but peace and food.

In October 1917, the Bolsheviks organised an armed rebellion against the provisional government. Kerensky fled from the country and Russia came under the control of the Bolsheviks. This event, through which the Bolsheviks attained power, is known as the October Revolution.

Following this, a proletarians’ government came to power in Russia under Lenin. The new government seized the land owned by the nobles and distributed it among farmers. Factories, banks, transportation facilities and foreign trade were brought under public sector.

Question 27.
Compare the strategies of colonial powers in China with the strategies that they adopted in other colonies.
Answer:
The colonial powers of Europe and America adopted policies in China different from the ones they had implemented in the colonies of other parts of the world. They were opium trade and open door policy. Chinese silk, tea and earthernware were in great demand all over Europe. China gained huge profit through the export of these items. There was nothing to import to China from Europe.

As a result, the European traders suffered a great loss. As a remedy for this, the British traders imported opium, an intoxicant to China. This affected the Chinese trade and its consumption made the Chinese people mentally imbalanced. It resulted in economic and mental subjugation of the Chinese. Taking advantage of the weakness of China, the imperial powers exploited her.

To acquire the privilege that the other European . countries enjoyed in China. John Hey, the then State Secretary of the USA proclaimed the ‘Open Door Policy’. As per this policy, America argued for equal rights and opportunities for all countries in Chinese market. China was divided into different regions to be controlled by various countries. The aim of this policy was to create an opportunity for the USA to interfere in China. China was divided as markets for Europeans. Chinese became slaves of Europeans.

The European countries established colonies in Asia and Africa and adopted a policy to destroy the wealth and culture of those regions. They treated the colonies as centres to produce the goods that they need and also as markets to sell their products.

Question 28.
Examine the role of the Chinese government led by Sun Yat Sen in ending the foreign domination.
Or
Chinese Revolution of 1911 led to the liberation of China from foreign powers and monarchy. Examine the statement.
Answer:
The Manchu dynasty that ruled China favoured foreign interference and domination. In 1911, a revolution took place in China under the leadership of Dr. Sun Yat Sen against the Manchu dynasty. This ended monarchy in China. After the revolution, Kuomintang Party established a republican government in Southern China under the leadership ofSunYatSen. He gave importance to ideologies like nationalism, democracy and socialism.

• Nationalism : to expel the Manchu dynasty and the imperial powers.
• Democracy : to establish democratic rule.
• Socialism: to control capital and distribute land equally.

He decided to nullify the unjust treaties signed with the foreign countries and wanted to maintain equality with western countries.

Question 29.
Prepare a note on the role played by Mao Zedong to make China a peoples republic.
Answer:
China was under the despotic monarchy of Manchu dynasty. The revolution of 1911 under the leadership of Sun Yat Sen ended monarchy in China. The Kuomintang party under the leadership of Sun Yat Sen established a republican government in Southern China.

Following the Russian revolution, the Communist Party was formed in China also. The Party stood for the welfare of farmers and workers. In the beginning, the Kuomintang and the Communists co-operated with each other. But this co-operation was disturbed when Chiang Kai-Shek became the head of the Republic following the death of Sun Yat Sen.

The role of Mao Zedong:
Mao Zedong rose to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party. The Communists protested the policies of Chiang Kaishek. So they were brutally suppressed. In 1934. under the leadership of Mao Zedong, a journey started from Kiangsi in South China. The adventurous trip ended at Yanan in North Western China.

Throughout the journey, they seized out agricultural land and villages from lords and distributed them among farmers. The journey covered around 12000 kms. So it is know n as the ‘Long March’. Hence Mao Zedong and the Communist Party became the symbol of struggle of the Chinese against foreign power.

Chiang Kaishek had to seek political asylum in Taiwan when the Red Army of Mao Zedong captured the centre of Kuomintang rule. China became the People’s Republic of China on 1st October 1949 under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

Class 10 History Chapter 1 Questions And Answers Kerala Syllabus Question 30.
Prepare a Seminar paper on the liberation of China from foreign powers and monarchy and the formation of a republic.
Answer:
Seminar
Topic: Formation of People’s Republic of China Introduction:
In the twentieth century, China witnessed revolutions against the foreign rule and the monarchy. Ultimately it led to the formation of Chinese republic.

The colonial powers of Europe and America adopted policies in China different from the ones they had implemented in the colonies of other parts of the world. They were opium trade and open door policy.

Opium Trade:
China gained huge profit by the export of Chinese |ilk, tea and earthenware. The European traders Had nothing to export to China and so they suffered great loss. As a remedy, they exported opium, an intoxicant’to China. This affected the Chinese trade and its consumption made the Chinese people mentally imbalanced. It resulted in economic and mental subjugation of the Chinese.

Open Door Policy:
By the end of the 19th century, several European countries acquired many trade privileges in China. America could not acquire the privilege as it was not concerned about China at that time. To acquire the privilege, John Hey, the then State Secretary of the USA proclaimed the ‘Open Door Policy’.

As per this policy, America argued for equal rights and opportunities for all countries in Chinese market. The aim of this policy was to create an opportunity for the USA to enter China. As a result, China was divided into different regions to be controlled by the various countries.

The role of Dr. Sun Yat Sen:
The Mancliu dynasty in China favoured the foreign interference and domination. Some secret organizations in China revolted against this. This was known as Boxer Rebellion. Though this revolution failed, it stimulated the revolutions that came up later.

In 1911, another revolution took place under the leadership of Dr. Sun Yat Sen against the Manchu dynasty. This ended monarchy in China. After the revolution, the Kuomintang Party established a republican government in Southern China under the leadership of Sun Yat Sen. He decided to nullify the unjust treaties signed with the foreign countries and wanted to maintain equality with western countries.

The Kuomintang Republic adopted measures for the progress of agriculture and industry. China received assistance from Russia in various fields and the Chinese Communist Party was formed. In the beginning, the Kuomintang and the Communists co-operated with each other.

The Policies of Chiang Kaishek:
Following the death of Sun Yat Sen, Chiang Kaishek became the next ruler. The co-operation between, the Kuomintang and the Communists was disturbed during his rule. He was an anti-communist. Chiang ascertained military autocracy in China.

He gave opportunity for foreign powers including America to freely interfere in China and did not co-operate with the Communists. Coal and industries, banking and foreign trade were all controlled by foreign powers.

The role of Mao Zedong:
Mao Zedong rose to the leadership of Chinese Communist Party. The Communists protested the policies of Chiang Kaishek. So,they were brutally suppressed. In 1934, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, a journey started from Kiangsi in South China.

The adventurous trip ended at Yanan in North Western China. Throughout the journey, they seized out agricultural land and villages from lords and distributed them among farmers. The journey covered around 12000 kms. So it is known as the ‘Long March’.

Hence Mao Zedong and the Communist Party became the symbol of struggle of the Chinese against foreign power. Chiang Kaishek had to seek political asylum in Taiwan when the Red Army of Mao Zedong captured the centre of Kuomintang rule. China became the People’s Republic of China on 1^stOctober 1949 under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

History Class 10 Chapter 1 Kerala Syllabus Question 31.
Compare the revolutions that took place in America, Europe and Asia and complete the table.

Answer:

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

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Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 2 In search of the Source of Wind

Question 1.
Temperature, attitude and humidity are inversely proportional to atmospheric pressure.
Justify.
Answer:
The factors responsiblé for change in atmospheric pressure are temperature, altitude of a place and humidity.
As temperature increases, atmospheric pressure decreases and as temperature decreases, atmospheric pressure increases. Thus temperature and atmospheric pressure are inversely proportional.

As height increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. This is because of the decrease in the density of air with increase in height. At low heights, atmospheric pressure increases. Thus altitude and atmospheric pressure are inversely proportional.

Increase in the quantity of water vapour in a unit volume of air leads to a decrease in the atmospheric pressure and vice versa. Thus humidity and atmospheric pressure are inversely proportional.

Sslc Geography Notes Question 2.
Prepare a note on the role of solar energy and rotation of earth in the formation of pressure belts.
Answer:
The bases for the formation of pressure belts are the difference in the distribution of solar energy and rotation of earth. Sun is not always over the equator due to the inclination of the earth’s axis. With the migration of the sun, pressure belts also change position.

Low-pressure belt is formed near the equatorial regions because the sun’s rays are always vertical here and the amount of solar energy is high. In the polar regions where the sun’s rays are always slanting, high-pressure belts are formed. The hot air that rises from the equatorial regions cools and subsides at the subtropical zones (around 30°N and 30°S) due to the rotation of the earth. Subtropical high-pressure belts are formed in this way.

The air in the subpolar regions is very cold. But due to the rotation of the earth, these cold air masses are thrown up leading to the formation of subpolar low-pressure belts.

Question 3.
Describe how Coriolis effect causes the deflection of winds on the basis of the direction of winds mentioned below, a. Trade winds
b. Westerlies
Answer:
Trade winds blow as northeast winds in the Northern Hemisphere and as south-east winds in the Southern Hemisphere. This is due to Coriolis force.
Westerlies blow from the southwestern direction to the northeastern direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in the Southern Hemisphere, they blow from the northwestern direction to the southeastern direction. This is due to Coriolis effect.
Tropical deserts are situated on the western part of continents: Why?
Trade winds are responsible for this. Trade winds which carry water vapour from the oceans cause rainfall in the eastern coasts of the continents. As it moves towards the west, it loses watedr vapour and hence doesn’t cause rainfall in the western coasts of the continents. As a result, deserts are formed here.
Examples are:
Sahara – west of Africa.
Atacama – west of South America
Thar -west of India

10th Geography Notes Question 4.
Write a note on the role of winds in voyages using yachts.
Answer:

• Identify the direction of the wind and direct the yachts accordingly.
• Identify the season in which the winds blow towards the destination and also the nature of winds.
• Rely on winds that blow steadily in one direction.

Question 5.
Identify the factors that influence the atmospheric pressure. What is their relationship with atmospheric pressure?
Answer:

• Factors
• Temperature
• Altitude
• Humidify
• Relation: Temperature, altitude and humidity are inversely proportional to atmospheric pressure.

Question 6.
Observe the picture. Which place in the picture A or B has higher atmospheric pressure? Why?

Answer:

• B has high atmospheric pressure because it is situated near to sea level.
• A has low atmospheric pressure because it is at high altitude.
• The atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. The ratification of air with altitude is the reason for the decrease in atmospheric pressure.

Question 7.
Why do mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders?
Answer:
As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. The pressure decreases at the rate of 1 millibar per an altitude of 10 metres. Thus as altitude increases, there is a decrease in the amount of air.

Question 8.
Mark H for high pressure and L for low pressure. Write the reason for the difference in atmospheric pressure.

Answer:

• The first picture – L, second picture – H
• As temperature increases, atmospheric pres¬sure decreases. As temperature decreases, atmospheric pressure increases.
• During day time, the temperature is more. So air gets heated up, expands and rises resulting in low pressure.
• During night, the temperature is less. Cool air descends which results in high pressure.

Question 9.
Compared to colder regions, the tropical regions experience low atmospheric pressure. Why?
Answer:

• Variation in temperature
• In the tropical regions, sun rays are available in plenty. As a result, temperature increases and atmospheric pressure decreases. So tropical regions experience low atmospheric pressure.

Question 10.
High humidity means low pressure. Explain.
Answer:

• The quantity of water present in the atmosphere is called humidity. If the quantity of water vapour is more in a unit volume of air, atmospheric pressure will be less.
• When there is an increase in the water content in air, its density decreases. Less density of air means low pressure.

Question 11.
How does change in season lead to change in atmospheric pressure?
Answer:

• Change in season leads to change in the distribution of temperature.
• Change in season also brings about change in humidity.
• Change in temperature and humidity lead to change in atmospheric pressure.

Sslc Social Science Geography Notes Question 12.
Write a note on the classification of pressure belts.
Answer:

• The atmospheric pressure is uniform between certain latitudes. Based on that, the earth’s surface is divided into different pressure belts. They are known as global pressure belts.
• Difference in the amount of sun rays received over different parts of the earth cause the formation of different pressure belts,
• The pressure belts are
• Equatorial low pressure belt – between 5° N and 5° S
• Subtropical high pressure belts – about 30°N and 30°S
• Subpolar low pressure belts – about 60°N and 60°S.
• Polar high pressure belts – 90°N and 90°S.

Question 13.
If the earth did not rotate, would there have been low pressure in the subpolar region?
Answer:
No. Subpolar low pressure belts are formed due to the rotation of the earth. As these zones are close to the poles, the air is colder here. But the air is thrown up due to the rotation of the earth. As a result, low pressure belts are formed in the subpolar regions.

Question 14.
Complete the table by incorporating the names of different pressure belts and their latitudinal extent.

Answer:

Question 15.
How does pressure gradient influence the speed of wind1?
Answer:
The pressure gradient is said to be steeper when the pressure difference is more. In such places, the speed of wind will also be more.

Question 16.

In which of these situations, will the speed of wind be higher? Why?
Answer:

• In picture A, the distance between the isobars is less or they are seen closer. This leads to a steep pressure gradient. Due to this, the wind blowing here will be stronger.
• In picture B, the distance between the isobars is greater. Because of that, the wind blowing will be of less strength.
• Pressure gradient force is determined by the distance between the pressure lines.

Question 17.
Friction influences the speed and direction of winds. Explain.
Answer:

• The reason for friction is the objects that prevent the free movement of wind.
• Less friction means more speed of wind.
• The speed of wind will be high over ocean surfaces and level lands as the friction is less.
• Friction is more along difficult terrains and places with dense forest cover. The speed of wind will be less in those places.

Question 18.
Observe picture. As stated by Coriolis’s force, what is. the basis for the deflection to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere?

Answer:

• Rotation of the earth.
• The speed of rotation of earth decreases from equator to the poles.
• Centrifugal force created due to the rotation of the earth.

Question 19.
The winds developed between the global pressure belts can be generally called planetary winds. Observe the picture and note the planetary winds.
Answer:

• Trade winds
• Westerlies
• Polar easterlies.

Question 20.
Observe figure 2.9. Find out the direction and name of trade winds in the Southern Hemi-sphere.
Answer:

• Direction – Southeast
• Name – Southeast trade winds.

Question 21.
What could be the reasons for trade winds blowing from south-east and northeast directions?
Answer:

• Trade winds blow from subtropical high-pressure belts to equatorial low-pressure belt.
• As the trade winds get deflected due to Coriolis force and blow towards west, they blow from south-east and northeast directions.

Question 22.
Find out the direction of westerlies in both the hemispheres.
Answer:

• Westerlies blow from subtropical high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, westerlies blow from the south western direction to the north eastern direction. In the Southern Hemisphere, they blow from north western direction to the southeastern direction.

Question 23.
Planetary winds are named after their source of origin. The direction of westerlies is from the west. Find out the relevance of this statement.
Answer:

• Westerlies blow from subtropical high pressure belts to subpolar low pressure belts.
• Due to Coriolis force, winds get deflected and blow towards east. Thus the source of origin becomes west.

Question 24.
Explain the formation and features of monsoon winds.
Answer:
The factors responsible for the formation of monsoon winds are apparent movement of the Sun, Coriolis force and the difference in heating.

• Vertical rays of the sun are received between 23 1/2°N’ and 23 1/2°S.
• With the shift in pressure belts, South east trade winds cross the equator, deflect due to Coriolis effect and blow as south west monsoon winds.
• North east trade winds become north east monsoon winds.

Question 25.
Monsoon does not occur in the Northern European region. Why?
Answer:
The global winds of North European region are not blowing from oceans. The difference in the temperature of land and sea is not explicit here as in the monsoon regions.

Question 26.
Write the reason for the occurrence of land breeze and sea breeze.
Answer:

• The reaction of land and sea to sun’s heat is not uniform.
• The land heats up quickly during day time and cools quickly at night.
• The sea gets heated up slowly during day and can retain the heat for a longer period of time.
• The atmospheric temperature of day and night is different.

Question 27.
Write the basis for the formation of mountain breeze and valley breeze.
Answer:

• Difference in temperature during day and night on the top and bottom of mountains.
• Valley breeze occurs during the day and blows upslope from the valley. Mountain breeze occurs during the night and blows towards the valley.

28. Local winds blow locally and are not so powerful. Find examples for local winds.
Ans:
Local difference in pressure is the reason for local winds.

• Loo: Hot dry winds that blow in the North Indian plains.
• Chinook: Hot dry winds that blow over the eastern slopes of the Rocky mountains.
• Foehn: Hot dry winds that blow towards the southern valleys of the Alps.
• Harmattan: Hot dry winds that blow from the Sahara desert towards West Africa.
• Mangoshowers: Local winds that blow in South India during summer and give rainfall in Kerala and Karnataka coast. They help in the fall of ripe mangoes on its arrival.

Question 29.
Complete the flowchart

Answer:

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Students can Download Kerala Padavali Unit 3 Chapter 3 Athmavinte Velipadukal Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes Pdf, Activity, Kerala Padavali Malayalam Standard 10 Solutions helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Padavali Malayalam Standard 10 Guide Unit 3 Chapter 3 Athmavinte Velipadukal

Athmavinte Velipadukal Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes

Students can Download Adisthana Padavali Unit 2 Chapter 2 Onamuttath Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes Pdf, Activity, Adisthana Padavali Malayalam Standard 10 Solutions helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Adisthana Padavali Malayalam Standard 10 Guide Unit 2 Chapter 2 Onamuttath

Onamuttath Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 4 Landscape Analysis through Maps

Answer the following. Score ‘1’ each

Choose the correct answer.

Landscape Analysis Through Maps Important Questions Question 1.
Topographical maps are prepared in …………………. scale
large
small
medium
Answer:
large

Question 2.
Representation of elevation in maps with the help of broken lines.
Contour lines
Spot height
Form lines.
Answer:
Form lines

Question 3.
The colour used to depict grid lines in topographical maps
Brown
Red
Black
Answer:
Red

Question 4.
Inch sheets are prepared in …………………. scale.
1: 25000
1: 50000
1: 250000
Answer:
1:50000

Question 5.
Sheets with 1° latitudinal and longitudinal extent are called
Million sheets
Degree sheets
Inch sheets
Answer:
Degree sheets

Question 6.
To understand the relief of elevated landforms, contours with …………………. meter interval are used.
10
50
100
Answer:
100

Question 7.
Latitudinal and longitudinal location come under
Primary information
Cultural features
Physical features
Answer:
Primary information

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
Which maps are known as toposheets?
Answer:
Topographical maps

Question 2.
Where is the headquarters of Survey of India?
Answer:
Dehradun

Question 3.
Which maps are known as Survey of India maps?
Answer:
Topographical maps prepared in India.

Question 4.
Who gave leadership to the preparation of India’s topographical maps?
Answer:
Col. William Lambton began in 1802 and completed over a period of 50 years.

Question 5.
Name the British surveyor who recorded the correct measurements of the Himalayan mountain ranges.
Answer:
Col. George Everest

Question 6.
What are contour lines?
Answer:
Contours are imaginary lines drawn connecting places having equal elevation from sea level.

Question 7.
What is grid reference?
Answer:
The grid formed by the eastings and the northings in topographical maps is called grid reference.

Question 8.
Identify the wrong statement.
a. Cultivable lands are represented by green colour in topographical maps.
b. Roads are represented by red colour in topographical maps.
c. Both natural and man-made features are – included in topographical maps.
d. Forests are represented by green colour in topographical maps.
Answer:
Statement
a. Cultivable lands are represented by yellow colour in topographical maps.

Question 9.
Which is the important northings value in the 6 figure grid reference 115766?
Answer:
76

Question 10.
What does the symbol topographical map?
Answer:
Stream

Question 11.
  Identify the feature represented by this symbol in a topographical map.
Answer:
Graveyard

Question 12.
What is represented by the signs PO and IB in topographical maps?
Answer:
PO: Post office
IB : Inspection bungalow

Question 13.
These represent railway lines. What is the main difference between then?
Answer:

Question 14.
What is indicated by the numbers along with the contour lines in topographical maps?
Answer:
Altitude

Question 15.
The lines drawn in north- south direction in the toposheets are the Eastings. Why are these lines called so?
Answer:
The value of these lines increases eastwards.

16. In the toposheet numbered 45 \(\frac{f}{10}\), what does f indicate?
Answer:
F indicates degree sheet.

Answer the following. Score ‘2’ each

Question 1.
How is the word ‘topographic ’ derived?
Answer:
The English term ‘topographic’ is derived from the Greek terms ‘topo’ and ‘graphic’.
‘Topo’ means place and ‘graphic means to write or draw.

Question 2.
Which is the official agency in India responsible for the preparation of topographical maps? Why are restrictions imposed on the use of topographical maps?
Answer:
In India, the Survey of India is entrusted with the preparation of topographical maps.
Certain restrictions have been imposed on the use of topographical maps of strategic regions owing to the national security concerns.

Question 3.
Survey of India uses different scales for the preparation of topographical maps. Which are they?
Answer:
In India, topographical maps are prepared in scales 1:1000000, 1:250000, 1:50000 and 1:25000 for various purposes.

Question 4.
How did Mount Everest, the highest peak in the Himalayas get that name?
Answer:
The survey works in India began in 1802 under Col. William Lambton. Col. George Everest joined as an assistant to Lambton in 1818. This was the first survey that recorded the correct measurements of the Himalayan mountain ranges. As a tribute to George Everest who took charge of the survey after Lambton, the highest peak in the Himalayan mountain ranges was given the name Everest.

Question 5.
How are eastings and northings identified?
Answer:

• The north-south lines in red in a topographic map are called eastings.
• The east-west lines in red in a topographic map are called northings.

Question 6.
How much distance does each grid in the reference grid represent?
Answer:
The grid formed by the easting and the northing is called reference grid. Each grid with 2 cm width and 2 cm breadth covers an area of 1 km length and 1 km breadth on the earth’s surface.

Question 7.
What is the advantage of 6 – figure grid reference over 4-figure grid reference?
Answer:
Since geographic features differ in size, their location can be found out in two different ways using grids, namely 4-figure grid reference and 6-figure grid reference. Comparatively bigger geographic features are located through 4-figure grid reference. Eg: lake, fort, etc. Comparatively smaller geographic features are generally located through 6-figure grid reference method. Eg: Tube well, spring, well, etc.

• Question 8.
  A lake is located in the given grid. Locate the lake through 4-figure grid reference method.
  
  Answer:
  1576
  Explanation
• Find out the value of the eastings to the immediate left of the lake and write it. Here it is 15.
• Then find the value of the northing immediately to the south of the lake. Here the value is 76.
• Write the values of northings along with eastings. Thus the grid reference of the lake is 1576.

Question 9.
A spring is located in the given grid. Find its location through 6-figure grid reference method.

Ans:
324656
Explanation
Write the value of the easting to the left of the spring (32). Then divide the area upto the next easting into 10 equal parts and find the exact location on which the spring is located (4) and write it next to the value of the easting already found. Thus the number is 324.

Write the value of the northing just below the spring (65). Then divide the area upto the next northing into 10 equal parts and find the exact location on which the spring is located (6) and write it next to the value of the northing already found. Thus the number is 656.

By combining the easting number 324 and northing number 656, we get the 6-figure grid reference 324656.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Notes Kerala Syllabus Question 10.
Write notes on
a. Contour values
b. Contour intervals
Answer:
a. Contour values
Contours are imaginary lines drawn connecting places having equal elevation from the sea level. The respective altitude will be marked with each contour line. These are called contour values.
b. Contour interval
The difference between the values of two adjacent contours is called contour interval.

Question 11.
What do the closely spaced and widely spaced contours indicate?
Answer:

• The closely spaced contours represent steep slopes.
• The widely spaced contours represent gentle slopes.

Question 12.
What do these symbols indicate in a topographical map?

Answer:

Question 13.

symbols are largely used in a toposheet to represent transport. What is your inference regarding the transport facilities in this region?
Answer:

The transport facilities are limited in this region.

Question 14.
While preparing the topographical map of Kerala, the following symbols are marked more in Idukki district.

What do these symbols indicate? What inference can you draw from this about the total area of Idukki district?
Answer:

From this, it can be inferred that a considerable area of Idukki district constitutes forest.

Question 15.
Three fourth of the total area in a topographical map is shown in yellow colour. What is your inference regarding the main economic activity of the people in this region?
Answer:

• Yellow colour indicates cultivable land in topographical maps.
• So agriculture is the main economic activity in this region.

Question 16.
What are the methods of representing elevation in topographical maps other than contour lines?
Answer:

• Form lines
• Spotlight
• Triangulated height.
• Benchmark.

Question 17.
The contour lines are closely spaced at place P and are widely spaced at place Q in a toposheet. What is your inference regarding the slopes at places P and Q?
Answer:

• At P steep slope. The closely spaced contours represent steep slopes.
• At Q gentle slope. The widely spaced contours represent gentle slopes.

Answer the following. Score ‘3’ each.

Question 1.
What are topographical maps? Write examples for the surface features depicted in them.
Answer:
Topographical maps are large scale maps that depict in minute detail all natural and man made features on the earth’s surface.

There maps contain important surface features such as the undulations of the terrain, rivers, other water bodies, forests, agricultural land, barren land, villages, towns and transport and communication systems.

Question 2.
The number 45\(\frac{D}{10}\) is recorded on the top right 10 of a topographical map,
i. What do the factors ‘45 ’ and ‘D ’ indicate.
ii. What is the scale of this toposheet?
a. A 200
b. BM 220
c. 240
Answer:
i.

• 45 indicates million sheet.
• D indicates degree sheet.

ii. Scale = 1 : 50000

Question 3.
Which are the topographical maps prepared in the following scales?
1:1000000
1:250000
1:50000
Answer:
The million sheets covering 4° latitudinal and 4° longitudinal extent are prepared in the scale 1:1000000.
Degree sheets covering 1° latitudinal 1° longitudinal extent are prepared in the scale 1:250000.
Degree sheets are divided into 16 parts having 15 minutes latitudinal and 15 minutes longitudinal extent. These sheets are prepared in the scale 1:50000.

Question 4.
List the geographical information depicted using red colour.
Answer:

• Settlements
• Roads
• Paths
• Gridlines

Question 5.
Write notes on: a. Spot height a. Form lines a. Benchmark
Answer:
a. Spot height: Spot height represents the actual height of a place by recording the height in digits beside a black dot (•).
b. Form lines: When it is difficult to measure the elevation of places through land surveys due to rugged terrain, the elevation is represented with the help of broken lines. These are form lines.
c. Benchmark: The height of reservoirs and prominent buildings are recorded along with the letters BM.

Question 6.
How are the following symbols/hints known?

b. BM 220
c. 240
Answer:

Δ represents triangulated height. Height of places estimated through trigonometric surveys are recorded in maps using’ Δ’ symbol.
b. BM 220
The height of a place is denoted by BM.
c. 240
Spot height. It represents the actual height of a place by recording the height in digits beside a black dot (•).

Question 7.
Record the signs and symbols for the following geographical features.
a. Footpath
b. Spring
c. Stream
d. Healthcare
e. Well,
f. International boundary
Answer:

Question 8.
What is the method adopted to locate geographical features correctly in topographical maps?
Answer:
Places are located on maps and globes with the help of latitudes and longitudes. But it is difficult to show the precise location of geographical features in toposheets which are large scale maps. To solve this difficulty, north-south and east-west lines in red are incorporated in the toposheets. The north-south lines are called eastings and the east-west lines are called northings.

Question 9.
Compare the features of Eastings and Northings.
Answer:
Eastings

• These are north-south lines.
• Their value increases towards the east.
• The value of the eastings immediately left to the geographical feature is considered for identifying a location.

Northings

• These are lines drawn in east-west direction.
• Their value increases towards the north.
• The value of the northing immediately to the south of the feature in the map is considered for identifying a location.

Question 10.
Explain the method of 4 figure grid reference based on the given grid.

Answer:
The value of the easting to the immediate left of the figure (here fort) is to be written first (54). Then the value of the northing just south of the fort is written next to the value of easting (21). The grid reference of the fort is 5421.

Question 11.
Which geographical features are depicted using the colours yellow, black and brown in topographical maps?
Answer:

• Yellow colour: Cultivable land
• Black colour : • Boundary lines
• Non-perennial water bodies
• Latitudes and longitudes
• Railway and telephone lines
• Brown colour: ‘Contour lines and their values
• Sand dunes and sandhills

Question 12.
What things can be assessed from the contour lines in topographical maps?
Answer:

• Altitude of the place
• Nature of the slope
• Shape of the landform

Question 13.
What are primary information in topographical maps? Write examples.
Answer:
The general information given outside the margins in topographical maps are known as primary or marginal information.
Eg:

• Toposheet number
• Name of the place represented
• Scale of the map
• Contour interval
• Year of survey and agency

Question 14.
The contour lines of an area identified for erecting electric posts are given. Intervisibility of places has to be determined for this. What is intervisibility? Determine the ‘intervisibility between the places A, B and C by analysing the contours.

Answer:
Intervisibility: If any two places in a relief ‘ are mutually visible, it is known as intervisibility. If the places are not mutually visible, there is no intervisibility.
While analysing the contour lines and their spacing, the possibility of intervisibility is as follows.

Question 15.
Column A represents the contour lines and column B represents the respective landforms. Observe the columns and identify the correct option from among the following.

A. 1 and 2 are correct
B. 1 and 3 are correct
C. 2 and 3 are correct
D. All are correct
Answer:
B. 1 and 3 are correct

Question 16.
55 \(\frac{D}{1}\). Is the number of a toposheet. What do the parts 55, D and 1 indicate?
Answer:

• 55 indicates the Million sheet which includes this toposheet.
• D indicates the Degree sheet which includes the toposheet.
• I indicates the Inch sheet which includes the toposheet.

Question 17.
The boundaries in a topographical map are indicated as follows, Choose the correct pair from this.

A. c, ii. d,iii. b, iv. a
B. i. a, ii. b, iii. c, iv. d
C. i. b,ii. a, iii. d, iv. c
D. i. d, ii. c, iii. a, iv. b
Ans:
D. i. d, ii. c, iii. a, iv. b

Answer the following. Score ‘4’ each.

Question 1.
List the uses of topographic maps.
Answer:

• To analyze the physical and cultural features of the terrain
• For military operations and the preparation of military maps
• To identify and study the natural as well as the cultural resources of a region as part of economic planning.
• For urban planning

Question 2.
How are toposheets for the whole world prepared?
Answer:

• Toposheets for the whole world have been prepared in several sheets of same size and shape.
• 1800 sheets for regions between equator and 60° latitude in both the hemispheres.
• 420 sheets for regions between 60° and 88° latitudes is both the hemispheres.
• 2 sheets for poles between 88° and 90°.
• Thus the whole world is picturised in 2222 sheets.

Question 3.
Complete table by identifying the colours used to depict geographical features.

Answer:
a. Green
b. Red
c. Blue
d. Black
e. White
f. Brown
g.Red
h. Black

Question 4.
How is elevation represented in topographical maps?
Answer:
By means of

• Contour lines
• Spot height
• Triangulated height
• Form lines
• Benchmark
• Question 5.
  Which are the geographical features depicted in topographical maps using the colours green, blue and red?
  Answer:

Green :

• Forests
• Grasslands
• Trees and shrubs
• Orchards

Blue:

• Rivers, wells, pools, lakes, tube wells
• Oceans (Perennial water bodies)

Red:

• Settlements, roads, paths
• Gridlines

Question 6.
Explain the method of 6 figure grid reference based on the given grid.

Answer:
While determining the location of the tube well, the value of the easting to the left of it (84) is to be written first. Then divide the area upto the next easting into 10 equal parts and find the exact division on which the tube well is located and write it next to the value of easting already found (847). Next write the value of northing just below the tube well along with the easting’s value (84735). Then divide the area upto the next northing into 10 equal parts and find the exact division on which the tube well is located and write it with the values already written (847354). Thus 847354 is the 6 figure grid reference of the tube well.

Question 7.
What is intervisibility? What is its advantage? How can we assess the intervisibility between two places?
Answer:
In topographical map interpretation, if any two places are mutually visible, it is called intervisibility.

Advantage
Intervisibility assessment is applied for erecting electric posts, mobile towers, wireless transmission towers, etc.
For assessing the intervisibility, the shape of the terrain must be inferred from the contour lines. From the shape of the terrain, if two places are mutually visible, we can establish that these places are intervisible.

Question 8.
Write four examples each for physical features and cultural features in topographical maps.
Answer:
Physical features
Water bodies such as rivers, streams, springs, etc.

Different landforms
Contour lines, forests, elevations in different ways (Spot height, Benchmark, triangulated height)

Cultural features
Man made’ features, settlements, different types of roads, boundaries, places of worship, agricultural lands, post office, police station, bridges, etc. are a few cultural features shown in toposheets.

Question 9.
Classify the following as primary information, physical features and cultural features.

• Agricultural lands
• Boundaries
• Stream
• Elevation of the place
• Scale
• Contour interval
• Roads
• Latitudinal location

Answer:
Primary information

• Scale
• Contour interval
• Latitudinal location

Physical features

• Stream
• Elevation of the place

Cultural features

• Agricultural lands
• Roads
• Boundaries

Question 10.
Analyse the model grid and write notes based on the hints. –
Hints:
Cultural features
Physical features

Answer:
Physical features

• Well
• Tube well

Cultural features

• Road
• Bridge
• Settlements
• Fort
• Temple
• Church
• Railway line
• Graveyard

Question 11.
Analyse the model reference grid and answer the following questions.

i. Find the direction of the settlement with respect to the fort.
ii. Which is the geographical feature indicated by the letter A?
iii. Find the four-figure grid reference of fort.
iv. Identify the cultural feature in the grid 8436.
Answer :
i. East
ii. Water body
iii. 8134
iv. Church

Question 12.
Analyse the given reference grids and answer the following questions.

a. Locate the settlements in 4 figure grid reference method.
b. Locate the spring in 6 figure grid reference method.
c. Identity the features with the following grid references :
i. 473765 ‘
ii. 4676
Answer:
a.
The value of the easting to the immediate left of settlement = 47
The value of the northing just south of the feature = 78
The four-figure grid reference of settlement = 4778
b.
Value of easting =46
Location on subdividing = 5 (so 465)
Value of northing = 78. (so 46578)
Location on subdividing = 5 (so 465785)
The 6 figure grid reference of spring = 465785
c.
i. Tube well
ii. Fort

Question 13.
Analyse the given contour lines and answer the questions given.

a. How does the slope from P to Q differ from the slope from Q to R?
b. Which of the given landform is represented by these contour lines?

c. How is the spacing of contour lines and the nature of slope related?
Answer:
a. Contour lines are closely spaced from P to Q. This represents steep slope. Contour lines are widely spaced from R to Q. This represents gentle slope.
b. Figure D
c. Closely spaced contours represent steep slopes and the widely spaced contours represent gentle slopes.

Question 14.
List out the marginal information given in topographical maps.
Answer:
Marginal information given in topographical maps: The general information given outside the margins in topographical maps are known as marginal or primary information. The toposheet number, name of the area, latitudes and longitudes, values of northings and eastings, scale of the map, contour interval, years of survey and publication and the agency in charge of the survey are the marginal information in the toposheets.

Answer the following. Score ‘5/6’ each

Question 1.
Which of the geographical features are depicted using the following symbols?

Answer:
i. Tube well
ii. Spring
iii. International boundary
iv. Temporary house
V. Inspection Bungalow
vi. Reserve forest
vii. Resthouse
viii. Triangulated height
ix. Metalled road
x. District boundary

Question 2.
Determine the shape of land forms from the given contour lines. Check whether the places A, B, C and D have intervisibility.

Answer:

Question 3.
As part of preparing topographical maps, million sheets and degree sheets are prepared in different scales. Explain.
Answer:
Map series of India and the neighbouring countries are prepared in sheets numbering from 1 to 105. These are called million sheets. Each million sheet is divided into 16 parts. Degree sheets are also divided into 16 parts.

Million sheets
The million sheets covering 4° latitudinal and 4° longitudinal extent are prepared in the scale 1:1000000. Each of the sheets in this category is divided into 16 parts known as degree sheets.

Degree sheets
Each million sheet is divided into 16 parts in the order A, B, to P. Each of these sheets with 1 ° latitudinal and 10 longitudinal extent are known as degree sheets. They are prepared in the scale 1:250000.

Each degree sheet is divided into 16 parts with 15’ latitudinal and longitudinal extent. These sheets are prepared in 1:50000 scale.

Question 4.
Determine the shape of the landform using the given contour lines.
Answer:

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions