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HSE Kerala Board Syllabus HSSLive Plus One Chapter Wise Previous Questions and Answers Pdf Free Download in both English Medium and Malayalam Medium are part of Plus One Kerala SCERT. Here HSSLive.Guru has given Higher Secondary Kerala Plus One Chapter Wise Previous Year Important Questions and Answers based on CBSE NCERT syllabus.

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Students can Download Chapter 4 Business Services Notes, Plus One Business Studies Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 4 Business Services

Plus One Business Studies Chapter 4 Contents

• Meaning – Nature of Service – Differences between Services and Goods – Types of services
• Banks – Types of banks – Commercial bank – Functions of Commercial bank – e-Banking – Benefits of e-banking
• Insurance – Functions of insurance – Principles of insurance
• Types of insurance – Life insurance – Fire insurance – Marine insurance
• Communication services – Postal services Telecom services
• Transportation – Functions of Transportation
• Warehouse – Functions – Types of warehouses Services are those identifiable, essentially intangible activities that provides satisfaction of wants. For example, consulting a doctor for medical help, getting legal opinion from an advocate etc.

Business Studies Class 11 Chapter 4 Notes Pdf Nature of Services:
1. Intangibility:
Services are intangible, i.e., they cannot be touched. They are experiential in nature, eg: Treatment by a doctor.

2. Inconsistency:
Since there is no tangible product, services have to be performed according to the demand and expectations of the different customers, eg: Mobile services/Beauty parlour.

3. Inseparability:
Another important characteristic of services is the simultaneous activity of production and consumption being performed, i.e. They are inseparable, eg: ATM may replace clerk but presence of customer is a must.

4. Less Inventory:
Services cannot be stored for future use.

5. Involvement:
Participation of the customer in the service delivery is a must.

Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 4 Notes Difference between Services and Good:

Business Services Class 11 Explanation Types of service:
1. Business Services:
Business services are those services which are used by business enterprises for the conduct of their activities. For example, banking, insurance etc.

2. Social Services: Social services are generally provided voluntarily in pursuit of certain social goals. Eg. improve the standard of living for weaker sections of society, to provide educational services to their children etc.

3. Personal Services: Personal services are those services which are experienced differently by different customers, eg: tourism, restaurants, etc. Banking.

According to Banking Regulation Act 1949, banking means “accepting, for the purpose of lending and investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawable by cheques, draft, order or otherwise”. Banks can be classified into the following:

1. Commercial banks
2. Cooperative banks
3. Specialised banks
4. Central bank

1. Commercial Banks:
Commercial Banks are banking institutions that accept deposits and grant short-term loans and advances to their customers. There are two types of commercial banks, public sector and private sector banks.
(a) Public Sector Bank:
Public sector banks are those banks, which are owned and managed by the Government. eg. SBI, PNB, IOB etc. Presently there are 28 public sector banks in India

(b) Private Sector Bank:
Private sector banks are owned and managed by private parties. Eg. HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank and Jammu and Kashmir Bank etc. ICICI bank is the largest private sector bank in India.

2. Cooperative Banks:
Cooperative Banks are governed by the provisions of State Cooperative Societies Act. They managed on the principles of co-operation, self help and mutual help.

3. Specialised Banks:
Specialised banks are foreign exchange banks, industrial banks, development banks, export-import banks which provide financial aid to industries, joint venture projects and foreign trade.

4. Central Bank:
The Central bank supervises, controls and regulates the activities of all the commercial banks of that country. It also acts as a government banker. It controls and coordinates currency and credit policies of any country. The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of our country.

Business Services Class 11 Notes Insurance:
Insurance is an agreement between two parties whereby one party undertakes, in exchange for a consideration, to pay the other party an agreed sum of money to compensate the loss, damage or injury caused as a result of some unforeseen events.

• Policy: The agreement or contract entered into by the insured and insurer is known as a ‘policy’.
• Insurer: The firm which insures the risk of loss is known as ‘insurer’.
• Insured: The person whose risk is insured is called ‘insured’.
• Premium: The consideration in return for which the insurer agrees to compensate the insured is known as ‘Premium’.

Functions of Insurance:
1. Providing certainty:
Insurance provides certainty of payment for the risk of loss. The insurer charges premium for providing the certainty

2. Protection:
Insurance provides protection from probable chances of loss.

3. Risk sharing:
Insurance helps in sharing of risk. The premium collected from a large number of people are used for compensating the loss of a few.

4. Assist in capital formation:
The accumulated funds of the insurer received by way of premium are invested in various income generating schemes.

Functions Of Warehousing Class 11 Principles of Insurance:

1. Utmost good faith:
The insured must disclose all material facts about the subject matter to the insured. Otherwise the insurer can cancel the contract. The insurer must disclose all the terms and conditions jn the insurance contract to the insured.

2. Insurable interest:
The insured must have an insurable interest in the subject matter of insurance. Insurable interest means the interest shown by the insured in the continued existence of the subject matter or the financial loss he is subjected to on the happening of an event against which it has been insured.

3. Indemnity:
All insurance contracts, except life insurance are contracts of indemnity. According to the principle of indemnity, in the event of occurrence of loss, the insured will be indemnified to the extent of the actual value of his loss or the sum insured which ever is less. The objective behind this principle is nobody should treat insurance contract as the source of profit.

4. Subrogation:
According to this principle, after the insured is compensated for the loss to the property insured by him the right of ownership of such property passes on to the insurer. This is because the insured should not be allowed to make any profit, by selling the damaged property.

5. Causa proxima:
When the loss is the result of two or more causes, the proximate cause for the loss alone will be considered by the insurance company for admitting the claim.

6. Contribution:
In certain cases, the same subject matter is insured with one or more insurer. In case there is a loss, the insured is eligible to receive a claim only up to the amount of actual loss suffered by him.

7. Mitigation of loss:
This principle states that it is the duty of the insured to take reasonable steps to minimize the loss or damage to the insured property. If reasonable care is not taken then the claim from the insurance company may be rejected.

Types of Insurance:

Business Studies Insurance Notes Life Insurance:
It is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to pay a certain sum of money either on the death of the insured or on the expiry of a specified period of time in consideration of a certain amount (premium) paid by the insured either in lump sum or in installments.
Elements of Life insurance contract:

1. The life insurance contract must have all the essentials of a valid contract
2. Life insurance is a contract of utmost good faith
3. The insured must have insurable interest in the life assured
4. Life insurance is not a contract of indemnity

Types of life insurance policies:
1. Whole Life Policy:
In this kind of policy, the sum assured becomes payable only on the death of the policy holder.

2. Endowment Life Policy:
Here, the sum assured becomes payable either at the end of the stipulated period or on the premature death of the policyholder which ever is earlier.

3. Joint Life Policy:
Under this policy, the lives of two or more persons are insured jointly. The sum assured becomes payable on the death of any one, to the survivor. Usually, this policy is taken up by husband and wife jointly or by two partners of the firm.

4. Annuity Policy:
Under this policy, the assured sum or policy money is payable after the assured attains a certain age in monthly, quarterly, half yearly or annual installments.

5. Children’s Endowment Policy:
This policy is taken by a person for his/ her children to meet the expenses of their education or marriage. The agreement states that a certain sum will be paid by the insurer when the children attain a particular age.

Business Studies Class 11 Business Services Notes Fire Insurance:
Fire insurance is a contract whereby the insurer, in consideration of premium, undertakes to compensate the insured for the loss or damage suffered due to fire. The premium is payable in single installment.
A claim for loss by fire must satisfy the two following conditions:

• There must be actual loss;
• Fire must be accidental and non intentional.

Elements of Fire insurance contract:

1. The insured must have insurable interest in the subject matter.
2. Fire insurance is a contract of utmost good faith.
3. It is a contract of indemnity.
4. Fire must be the proximate cause of damage or loss.

Meaning Of Business Services Class 11 Marine Insurance:
Marine insurance is an agreement by which the insurance company agrees to indemnify the owner of a ship or cargo against risks which are incidental to marine adventures. eg: collision with other ship, collision of ship with the rocks, fire, storm etc. Marine insurance insures ship hull, cargo and freight.
Elements of Marine insurance contract:

1. Marine insurance is a contract of indemnity
2. It is a contract of utmost good faith
3. Insurable interest must exist at the time of loss
4. The principle of causa proxima will apply to it.

There are three types of Marine insurance. They are:
Ship or hull insurance:
when the owner of a ship is insured against loss on account of perils of the sea, it is known as Ship or Hull insurance.

Cargo insurance:
Marine insurance that covers the risk of loss of cargo is known as Cargo Insurance.

Freight insurance:
The shipping company may seek insurance of the risk of loss of freight. Such a marine insurance is known as freight insurance.

Differences between Life, Fire and Marine insurance:

Business Studies Class 11 Chapter 4 Notes Communication services:
Communication services are helpful to business for establishing links with the outside world viz., suppliers, customers, competitors etc. The main services which help business can be classified into postal and telecom.
1. Postal services:
Indian post and telegraph department provides various postal services across India. Various facilities provided by postal department are:
(a) Financial facilities:
They provide postal banking facilities to the general public and mobilise their savings through the saving schemes like public provident fund (PPF), Kisan Vikas Patra, National Saving Certificate, Recurring Deposit Scheme and Money Order facility.
(i) Mail facilities: Mail services consist of

• Parcel facilities that is transmission of articles from one place to another
• Registration facility to provide security of the transmitted articles
• Insurance facility to provide insurance cover for all risks in the course of transmission by post.

(b) Allied Postal Services

1. Greetings Post: Greetings card can be sent through post offices.
2. Media Post: Corporate can advertise their brands through post cards, envelops etc.
3. Speed Post: It allows speedy transmission of articles to people in specified cities.
4. e-bill post: The post offices collect payment of telephone, electricity, and water bills from the consumers.
5. Courier Services: Letters, documents, parcels etc. can be sent through the courier service.

2. Telecom Services:
The various types of telecom services are
1. Cellular mobile services:
Mobile communication device including voice and non-voice messages, data services and PCO services utilising any type of network equipment within their service area.

2. Radio paging services:
It means of transmitting information to persons even when they are mobile.

3. Fixed line services:
It includes voice and non-voice messages and data services to establish linkage for long distance traffic.

4. Cable services:
Linkages and switched services within a licensed area of operation to operate media services which are essentially one way entertainment related services.

5. VSAT services (Very small Aperture Terminal):
It is a Satellite based communication service. It offers government and business agencies a highly flexible and reliable communication solution in both urban and rural areas.

6. DTH services (Direct to Home):
It is a Satellite based media services provided by cellular companies with the help of small dish antenna and a set up box.

Chapter 4 Business Studies Class 11 Notes Transportation:
Transport refers to the activity that facilitates physical movement of goods and individuals from one place to another transportation removes the hindrance of place, i.e., it makes goods available to the consumer from the place of production.
Functions of Transport:

1. Helps in the movement of goods and materials from one place to another
2. Helps in the stabilisation of prices.
3. Helps in the social, economic and cultural development of the country
4. Helps in national and international trade
5. Facilitates large scale production
6. Generates employment opportunities
7. Increases growth of towns and cities
8. Connects all part of the world

Types of Transport:

1. Land Transport
   • Road Transport
   • Rail Transport
   • Pipeline Transport
2. Water Transport
   • Inland water Transport
   • Ocean Transport
3. Air Transport.

Business Studies Class 11 Chapter 4 Question Answers Warehousing:
Warehousing means holding or preserving goods in huge quantities from the time of their purchase or production till their consumption. Warehousing is one of the important auxiliaries to trade. It creates time utility by bridging the time gap between production and consumption of goods.
Functions of Warehousing

1. Warehouse helps in supplying the goods to the customers when it is needed.
2. By maintaining a balance of supply of goods warehousing leads to price stabilization.
3. By keeping the goods in the warehouse, the trader can relieve himself of the responsibility of keeping of goods.
4. The warehouse performs the function of dividing the bulkquantity of goods into smaller quantities.
5. Warehousing helps in the seasonal storage of goods to select businesses.
6. The functions of grading, branding and packing of goods can be done in warehouses.
7. The warehousing receipt can be used as a collateral security for obtaining loans.

Business Services Class 11 Notes Pdf Types of Warehouses:

(a) Private warehouses: Private warehouses are owned by big business concerns or wholesalers for keeping their own products.

(b) Public warehouses:
They are owned by some agencies, offer storage facilities to the public after charging certain fees. The working of public warehouses is subject to some govt, regulations. They are also known as Duty paid warehouses.

(c) Bonded warehouses:
These warehouses are used to keep the imported goods before the payment of import duties. It offers many advantages to the importer, i.e. The importer can releases the goods in part by paying the proportionate amount of duty. The goods can be branded, blended and packed in the warehouse itself.

(d) Government warehouses:
These warehouses are fully owned and managed by the government. For example, Food Corporation of India, State Trading Corporation, and Central Warehousing Corporation.

(e) Co-operative warehouses:
Marketing co-operative societies and agricultural oo operative societies have set up their own warehouses for members of their cooperative society.

Students can Download Chapter 7 Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Questions and Answers, Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion

Plus One Physics Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion One Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Physics Chapter 7 Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Question 1.
The dimension of angular momentum is
(a) M°L¹T^-1
(b) M¹L²T²
(c) M¹L²T^-1
(d) M²L¹T^-2
Answer:
(c) M¹L²T^-1
Angular momentum = Moment of inertia x angular velocity
(Angular momentum) = [M¹L²][T^-1] = [M¹L²T^-1].

Plus One Physics System Of Particles And Rotational Motion Question 2.
If the density of material of a square plate and a circular plate shown in figure is same, the centre of mass of the composite system will be

(a) inside the square plate
(b) inside the circular plate
(c) at the point of contact
(d) outside the system
Answer:
(a) inside the square plate

Plus One Physics Important Questions And Answers Pdf Question 3.
Why spokes are provided in by cycle wheel?
Answer:
This increases moment of inertia even when the mass is small. This ensures uniform speed.

Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 4.
A ballet dancer, an acrobat and an ice skater make use of an important principle in physics. Which is that principle?
Answer:
Conservation of angular momentum.

Physics Class 11 Chapter 7 Important Questions Question 5.
A cat is able to land on her feet after a fall. Which principle of physics is being used by her?
Answer:
Principle of conservation of angular momentum.

Hsslive Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 6.
A body is rotating in steady rate. What is torque acting on the body?
Answer:
Zero. Torque is required only for producing angular acceleration.

Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Pdf Hsslive Question 7.
A flywheel is revolving with constant angular velocity. A chip of its rim breaks and flies away. What will be the effect on the angular velocity?
Answer:
The reduction in mass will decrease moments of inertia. Hence angular velocity will be increased in order to conserve angular momentum.

Rotational Motion Class 11 Important Questions Question 8.
Is radius of gyration of a body constant quantity?
Answer:
No. It changes with change in position of the axis of rotation.

System Of Particles And Rotational Motion Class 11 Solutions Question 9.
What is another name for angular momentum?
Answer:
Moment of momentum.

Plus One Physics Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Two Mark Questions and Answers

Hss Live Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 1.
Moments of inertia of some bodies with axis are given in the table below. Fill in the blanks

Answer:

System Of Particles And Rotational Motion Questions And Answers Question 2.
Match the following:

Answer:
(a) Torque
(b) τ ∆ θ
(c) Rotational motion
(d) \(\frac{1}{2} \frac{L^{2}}{1}\).

System Of Particles And Rotational Motion Important Questions Question 3.
A cat is able to function its feet after a fall, taking the advantage of principle of conservation of angular momentum.

1. Give the law of conservation of a angular momentum.
2. Explain how cat is able to do so

Answer:
1. When there is no external torque, the total angular momentum of a body or a system of bodies are a constant.
τ = \(\frac{d L}{d t}\) (when τ = 0 , we get \(\frac{d L}{d t}\) = 0).
ie L = constant.
But L = Iω
∴ Iω = a constant.

2. When a cat falls, it stretches its body. So that the moment of inertia becomes large. As Iω = constant, the value of angular speed will be decreased due to the increased value of moment of inertia. So cat lands on its feet gently.

System Of Particles And Rotational Motion Class 11 Important Questions Question 4.
If the polar ice cap melts what will happen to the length of the day?
Answer:
For earth, angular momentum is a constant (Lω = constant, ie no torque acts on the earth). When the polar ice cap melts, the water thus formed will flow down to the equatorial region.

The accumulation of water in equatorial line will increase the moment of inertia I of earth. In order to keep the angular momentum as a constant, ω will decrease. The decrease in ‘ω’will increase the length of day.

System Of Particles And Rotational Motion Class 11 Question 5.
A girl has to lean towards right when carrying a bag in her left hand. Why?
Answer:
When a girl carries her bag in her left hand, the centre of gravity of system will shift towards left. In order to bring it in the middle, the girl has to lean towards right.

Question 6.
If the earth loses the atmosphere what will happen to the length of the day?
Answer:
For earth, the angular momentum (L = Iω) is a constant, because there is no torque acting on it. When earth loses the atmosphere, I decreases and ω increases to keep L as constant. Hence length of the day decreases.

Question 7.
A girl standing on a turn table. What happens to the rotation speed, if she stretches her hand?
Answer:
lf a girl rotating with a uniform speed on turn table, it’s angular momentum (L = Iω) will be a constant. When she suddenly stretches her hand, I Increases and ω decreases to keep L as constant.

Question 8.
How does a circus acrobat and a diver take advantage of conservation of angular momentum? Answer:
The diver while leaving the spring board, is throwing himself in a rotating motion. When he brings his hands and legs close, I decrease and ω increases. But before reaching water he will stretch his hands and legs. Hence I increases and ω decreases. So, that he gets a smooth entry into the water.

Plus One Physics Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A rigid body consists of ‘n’ particles of mass m1, m2, m3,……The body rotates about an axis with
an angular velocity ω1, ω2, ω3……..

1. Starting from the kinetic energy of a single particle, arrive at an equation for kinetic energy of rotation.
2. Moment of inertia is also called rotational inertia. Why?

Answer:
1. Consider a body rotating about an axis passing through some point O with uniform angular velocity ‘ω’. The body can be considered to be made up of a number of particles of masses m1, m2, m3……etc at distances r1, r2, r3……etc. All the particles will have same angular velocity ω But their linear velocities will be different say v1, v2, v3…….etc.

K.E of 1^st particle = \(\frac{1}{2}\)m₁v₁²
\(\frac{1}{2}\)m₁(r₁ω)²
(∵ v = rω)
K.E of II^nd particle = \(\frac{1}{2}\)m₂(r₂ω)²
∴ K.E of whole body =

But we know moment of inertia,

∴ KE = \(\frac{1}{2}\)Iω²
2. Rotation inertia is measured in terms of moment of inertia. Hence moment of inertia is also called rotational inertia.

Question 2.
The handle of a door is always found at one edge of the door which is located at a maximum possible distance away from hinges.

1. Give reason for it.
2. In which direction will the torque act while the door opens inside the room?
3. If the door handle is fixed at the middle of the door, what difference do you feel in the applied force to open the door.

Answer:
1. Torque τ = r F sin θ
From the above equation it is clear that, we get maximum torque when the handle of a door is located at a maximum possible distance (r) away from hinge.

2. The direction of torque is always along the axis of rotation of door.

3. If the door handle is fixed at middle, more force must be applied to get maximum torque that is required to open the door.

Question 3.
Moment of inertia depends on the mass, axis of rotation and distribution of mass of the body.

1. What are moment of inertia and radius of gyration?
2. How will you distinguish a hard boiled egg from a raw egg by spinning each on the table.

Answer:
1. Moment of inertia I = mr²
Radius of gyration K = \(\sqrt{\frac{I}{m}}\).

2. A raw egg has more monemt of inertia than boiled egg. Hence raw egg spins more time than boiled egg.

Question 4.
Table below given analogy between translational and rotational motions. Match the following.

Answer:

Plus One Physics Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Four Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
1. Show that the total angular momentum of a rotating system remains constant if no torque acts on the system

2. A disc of moment of inertia I₁ is rotating freely with angular speed ω1 and a second non rotating disc with moment of inertia I₂ is dropped on it as shown in the figure. The two then rotate as one unit. Find the angular speed of rotation of the system.
Answer:
1. we know torque τ = \( \frac{d L}{d t}\)
if τ = 0, we get \( \frac{d L}{d t}\) = 0
ie. L = constant.

2. we know if torque acting on the body is zero, its angular momentum will be conserved
ie. I₁ω₁ = I₂ω₂
angular momentum of system, ω₂ = \(\frac{I_{1} \omega_{1}}{\left(I_{1}+\mathrm{I}_{2}\right)}\).

Question 2.
A rigid body can rotate an axis with a constant angular velocity and angular momentum L.

1. What is its moment of inertia about the axis?
2. Obtain a mathematical expression for rotational kinetic energy.
3. If the orientation of the axis of rotation changes, what happens to its moment of inertia

Answer:
1. L = Iω
ie. I = L/ω

2. Consider a rigid body rotating about an axis passing through the point O. Let co be the uniform angular velocity of the body.

The body is imagined to be made up of large number of particles. Consider one such particle of mass ‘m’ at a distance ‘r’ from the axis of rotation.
Linear Velocity of the particle v = rω
K.E of the particle = 1/2mv² = 1/2 mr²ω²
K.E of whole body = Σ1/2mr²ω² = 1/2ω²Σmr²
K.E = 1/2Iω²
Where Σmr² = I, moment of inertia of the body.

3. Moment of inertia will be changed.

Question 3.
A platform diver holds his hands and legs straight and makes loops in air before entering into water.

1. State the principle behind this.
2. What happens when he tries to land in the pool by stretching his arms and legs?
3. In the above situation, rotational kinetic energy is not conserved. Explain.

Answer:
1. Conservation of angular momentum
Statement
Conservation of angular momentum states that, if the total torque acting on a system is zero, its angular momentum will be conserved.

2. Angular velocity decreases.

3. Initial kinetic energy K.E₁ = \(\frac{L^{2}}{2 I_{1}}\) ____(1)
where I₁ is the moment of inertia of diver when he makes loops in air
final kinetic energy K.E₂ = \(\frac{L^{2}}{2 I_{2}}\) _____(2)
where I₂ is the moment of inertia of diver when he stretches his hands
But I₁ < I₂
Hence from eq(1) and eq(2), we get
KE₁ > KE₂
which means that rotational kinetic is not conserved.

Question 4.
Moment of inertia of a thin ring of radius R about an axis passing through any diameter is 1/2MR²

1. What is the radius of gyration of the ring about an axis passing through any diameter.
2. A thin metal ring of radius 0.25m and mass 2kg starts from rest and roll down an inclined plane. If the linear velocity on reaching the foot of the plane is 2m/s, calculate its rotational kinetic energy at that instant.

Answer:
1.

2.

Question 5.

Figures show the two different spinning poses of a ballet dancer.

1. In which spinning pose, the ballet dancer has more angular speed?
2. State the principle used by the ballet dancer to increase his angular speed.
3. “In the above situation, rotational kinetic energy is not conserved” – Justify this statement.

Answer:
1. The pose shown in figure (B).

2. Statement of conservation of angular momentum.

3. I₁ω₁ = I₂ω₂
1/2 I₁²ω₁² = 1/2 I₂²ω₂²
I₁(1/2 I₁ω₁²) = (1/2 I₂ω₂²)I₂, I₁ > I₂
(1/2 I₂ω₂²) > 1/2I₁ω₁²

Plus One Physics Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The moment of inertia of a thin ring of radius R about an axis passing through any diameter is \(\frac{1}{2}\)MR²

1. To find the moment of inertia of the same ring about an axis passing through its centre of mass and perpendicular to its plane, which of the following theorem is used and state the theorem.
   • Perpendicular axis theorem.
   • Parallel axis theorem
2. What is the radius of gyration of the ring about an axis passing through its centre of mass and perpendicular to its plane?
3. A thin metal ring has a diameter 0.20 cm and mass 1 kg. Calculate its moment of inertia about an axis passing through any tangent.

Answer:
1. perpendicular axis theorem.

2. Moment of inertia of ring,
I = mr² ____(1)
Moment of inertia of ring in terms of radius of gyration,
I = mk² ____(2)
From eq(1) and eq(2), we get
mk² = mr²
radius of gyration, k = r.

3. I = I₀ + ma²

Question 2.
The earth is moving around the sun in an elliptical orbit and this brings out the seasons.

1. Name the physical quantity conserved in this.
2. As the earth approaches near the sun in its path, it moves faster. State whether this statement is correct or wrong. Why?
3. Determine the duration of the day on earth if it suddenly shrinks to 1/4^th of its present size while the mass of the earth remains unchanged. (Assume earth is a perfect sphere)

Answer:
1. Conservation of angular momentum.

2. This statement is correct.
When earth approaches near the sun, its moment of inertia decreases. To maintain angular momentum as constant, the angular velocity increases.

3. New volume of earth = 1/4 original volume of earth

Total angular momentum before shrinking = Total momentum after shrinking.
ie. I₁ω₁ = I₁ω₂
mr₁²ω₁ = m₂²ω₂ ______(2)
Sub eq(1) in eq(2)

we know period

T₂ = 3 hr
Duration of day T₂ = 3 hr.

Question 3.
1. Find the moment of inertia of a sphere about a tangent to the sphere, given the moment of inertia of the sphere about any of its diameters to be 2MR²/5, where M is the mass of the sphere and R is the radius of the sphere.
2. Given the moment of inertia of a disc of mass M and radius R about any of its diameters to be MR²/4, find its moment of inertia about an axis normal to the disc and passing through a point on its edge.
Answer:
1. Applying theorem of parallel axes, moment of inertia of sphere about a tangent

2. Using theorem of perpendicular axis, the moment of inertia of the disc about an axis passing through the centre of the disc

Using theorem of parallel axes, moment of inertia of the disc passing through a point on its edge and the normal to the disc

Question 4.
A solid cylinder of mass 20kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100rad s^-1. The radius of the cylinder is 0.25m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of the angular mementum of the cylinder about its axis?
Answer:
M = 20kg
angularspeed, co – 100 rad s^-1; R = 0.25m
Moment of inertia of the cylinder about its axis
= \(\frac{1}{2}\)MR² = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 20 × (0.25)²kgm² = 0.625kgm²
Rotational kinetic energy,
Er = \(\frac{1}{2}\)Iω² = \(\frac{1}{2}\) × 0.625 × (100)²J = 3125 J
Angular momentum,
L = Iω = 0.625 × 100 Js = 62.5 Js.

Question 5.
A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3kg and radius 40cm. What is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force of 30N? What is the linear acceleration of the rope? Assume that there is no slipping.
Answer:
M = 3kg, R = 40cm = 0.4m
F = 30N, α = ?, a = ?
The torque acting on the cylinder,
τ = force × radius of the cylinder = 30N × 0.4m = 12Nm
The moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder about its axis,
I = MR² = 3kg × (0.4)²m² = 0.48kgm²
Now, τ = Iα, where α is angular acceleration
∴ The angular acceleration of the cylinder, r 12
α = \(\frac{\tau}{I}=\frac{12}{0.48}\)rad s^-2 = 25 rad s^-2
The linear acceleration of the rope,
a = Rα = 0.4 × 25m s^-2 = 10 m s^-2.

Question 6.
Explain why friction is necessary to make the disc in roll in the direction indicated.

1. Give the direction of the frictional force at B, and the sense of frictional torque, before perfect rolling begins.
2. What is the force of friction after perfect rolling begins?

Answer:
Friction is necessary for rolling.

1. Frictional force at B opposes velocity of B. So, the frictional force is in the same direction as the arrow. The sense of frictional torque is such as to oppose angular motion, \(\overrightarrow{ω_{0}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{τ_{0}}\) are both normal to the paper, the first into the paper and the second coming out of the paper.
2. Frictional force decreases the velocity of the point of contact B. Perfect rolling ensures when this velocity is zero. Once this is so, the force of friction is zero.

Students can Download Chapter 8 Financial Statements – I & Financial Statements – II Questions and Answers, Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Financial Statements – I & Financial Statements – II

Plus One Accountancy Financial Statements – I & Financial Statements – II One Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Accountancy Financial Statement Questions And Answers Question 1.
Closing stock is valued at
(a) Market Price
(b) Cost Price
(c) Market Price or Cost Price whichever is less.
Answer:
(c) Market Price or Cost Price whichever is less.

Financial Statements Without Adjustments Class 11 Solutions Question 2.
Carriage inward is debited to …………… account.
(a) Trading account
(b) Profit and Loss Account
(c) Cash Account
Answer:
(a) Trading Account

Plus One Accountancy Textbook Questions And Answers Question 3.
Balance Sheet is prepared to find out ……………
(a) Capital
(b) Net Profit
(c) Financial position
Answer:
(c) Financial Position

Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Pdf Question 4.
Gross profit is the difference between ……………..
(a) Sales and Purchases
(b) Sales and total cost
(c) Sales and cost of goods sold
Answer:
(c) Sales and cost of goods sold

Trading And Profit And Loss Account Questions Question 5.
Interest on capital is ……………… to the business.
(a) Income
(b) Expenses
(c) Asset
Answer:
(b) Expenses

Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 6.
Wages paid before it has become due is shown in the balance sheet as ……………..
(a) Asset
(b) Liability
(c) Expenses
Answer:
(a) Asset

Financial Statement With Adjustment Class 11 Question 7.
Ameer’s trial balance contains the following information.

• Bad debt Rs.400
• Provision for bad debts Rs. 1600

It is desired to maintain a provision for bad debts at Rs. 1500. The amount to be debited to profit and loss a/c is ………….
(a) Rs. 3500
(b) Rs. 100
(c) Rs. 300
Answer:
(c) Rs. 300

Trade Expenses In Final Accounts Question 8.
Profit from Profit and Loss account is transferred to …………… account.
(a) Asset account
(b) Capital account
(c) Liability account
Answer:
(b) Capital Account

Trade Expenses In Profit And Loss Account Question 9.
The Financial statements consist of:
(a) Trial Balance
(b) Profit and Loss account
(c) Balance sheet
(d) Both b and c
Answer:
(d) Both b and c

Find The Odd One Out Rent Salary Insurance Plant And Machinery Question 10.
Choose the correct order of ascertainment of the fol¬lowing profits from the profit and loss account:
(a) Operating profit. Net Profit, Gross profit
(b) Operating profit, Gross Profit, Net Profit
(c) Gross Profit, Operating Profit, Net Profit
(d) Gross Profit, Net Profit, Operating Profit
Answer:
(c) Gross profit, Operating profit, Net Profit

Trading Account Questions And Answers Question 11.
Which of the following are not taken into account at the time of calculation of operating profit?
(a) Normal transactions
(b) Abnormal items
(c) Expenses of a purely financial nature
(d) Both a and c
Answer:
(c) Expenses of a purely financial nature

Trading Profit And Loss Account Questions And Answers Question 12.
If the insurance premium paid Rs. 1,000 and prepaid insurance of Rs. 400. The amount of insurance premium shown in profit and loss a/c will be:
(a) Rs. 1400
(b) Rs. 1000
(c) Rs. 400
(d) Rs. 600
Answer:
(d) Rs. 600

Financial Statement With Adjustment Class 11 Questions Question 13.
When the Manager is entitled to a commission of 10% on profits after charging such commission, it is calculated on profits before charging commission by the formula ………….
(a) 10/90
(b) 10/100
(c) 10/110
(d) 90/100
Answer:
(c) 10/110

Question 14.
Profit and Loss Account is an account prepared to find out ………………
Answer:
Net Profit or Net Loss.

Question 15
Income tax paid for the trader from the business is treated as …………..
Answer:
Drawings.

Question 16.
Adjustments are made in the final accounts to satisfy ………. principle of accounting
Answer:
Matching Principle.

Question 17.
Free samples distributed among customer’s will be credited to ……….. account.
Answer:
Advertisement Account.

Question 18.
…………….. is an expenditure of the revenue nature in the current year, the benefit of which accrues gradually or lasts for more than one accounting year.
Answer:
Deferred Revenue Expenditure

Question 19.
EBIT stands for …………………
Answer:
Earnings Before Interest and Tax

Plus One Accountancy Financial Statements – I & Financial Statements – II Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Find the odd one and state the reason.

1. Wages, carriage, Trade expenses, Freight
2. Income tax paid, Salary paid, Rent paid, Wages paid

Answer:

1. Trade expense – It is an indirect expense, all others are direct expenses.
2. Income tax paid – It is a personal expense of the Proprietor, all others are business expenses.

Question 2.
The sales and cost of goods sold by John Brothers are Rs. 40,000 and Rs. 28,000 respectively. What is the amount of his gross profit?
Answer:
Gross profit = Sales – Cost of goods sold
= 40,000 – 28,000 = Rs. 12,000

Question 3.
What are the financial statements?
Answer:
The term Financial Statements generally refers to two statements prepared at the end of an accounting period for an enterprise. These are Trading and Profit and Loss Account, showing profitability of the business operations and Balance sheet, showing the financial position of the enterprises.

Question 4.
A new manufacturer incurred huge expenditure in advertisement. Explain the nature of expenditure.
Answer:
Deferred Revenue Expenditure:
“Expenses incurred today, and the benefit of which accrue gradually in subsequent year is called Deferred Revenue Expenditure. For example Expenses like advertisement, which may be incurred in one lump sum but the benefit of which will be received only within a series of years. The proportionate amount due the current year must be arrived at and debited to the P/L account. The balance must be shown on the assets side of the Balance sheet.

Question 5.
Calculate the value of cost of goods sold.

• Opening stock – 10,000
• Net purchases – 5,000
• Direct expenses – 2,000
• Closing stock – 10,500

Answer:
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Net Purchases + Direct Expenses – Closing stock
= (10,000 + 5000 + 2000) – 10500 = Rs. 6,500

Question 6.
What is Operating profit?
Answer:
Operating profit is the profit earned through the normal operations and activities of the business. Operating profit can be calculated as follows:
Operating profit = (Gross profit – Operating expense) + Operating income.

Or

= Net Profit + Non-operating expenses – Non-operating income.
Examples of non-operating expenses are loss on sale of assets, interest paid etc. Non-operating incomes are dividend received, Profit on sale of assets.

Question 7.
Operating profit earned by M/s. Asoka & Sons in 2010-11 was Rs. 17,00,000. Its non-operating incomes were Rs. 1,50,000 and non-operating expenses were Rs.3,75,000. Calculate the amount of net profit earned by the firm.
Answer:
Net profit = Operating profit – Non-operating expenses + Non operating income = 1700000 – 375000 + 150000 Net Profit =Rs. 1475000

Question 8 .
Explain the treatment of goods distributed as sample to customers.
Answer:
In order to increase sales, goods may be distributed among customers free of cost. Such free goods are in the form of samples for test use. It is in the form of advertisement expense. The amount is to be deducted from the purchases in the trading account. The cost of the sample is to be shown as an expenses in the profit and loss account.

Question 9.
To tally a balance sheet, one has to strictly adhere to the basic accounting equation ‘Asset = Liabilities + Captial’. Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate.
Answer:
Every transaction has two aspects which are equal in value but opposite in nature. One of the aspects will form part of liability and the other one asset. Be¬cause of this feature of accounting equation, a balance sheet is always tallied.

Question 10.

• Closing stock – Rs. 30,000
• Sales – Rs. 1,00,000

Gross Profit 20% on sale

• Purchases – Rs. 60,000
• Direct Wages – Rs. 7000

Find out opening stock.
Answer:
Opening stock = Sales + Closing stock – (Purchases + Direct Expense + Gross Profit)
= 1,00,000 + 30,000 – (60,000 + 7,000 + 20,000)
= 1,30,000 – 87,000 = 43,000

Question 11.
Provide provision for bad debt @ 10% on debtors from the particulars given below.

• Good Debts Rs. 10,000
• Doubtful debts Rs. 50,000
• Bad debts Rs. 1000

Answer:
Provision for doubtful debts = Doubtful debts × % of provision for bad debt
= 50000 × 10/100 = Rs. 5000

Question 12.
Payment received from debtors does not result a change in the total assets. Comment.
Answer:
When the payment is received from debtors the asset, cash is increased and also a corresponding decrease happens on the asset, Debtors. Therefore, there won’t be any change in the value of total assets in effect.

Question 13.
What is meant by provision for discount on debtors?
Answer:
This is a discount which is being allowed by an enterprise to its debtors to encourage prompt payments. Discount likely to be allowed to customers in an accounting year can be estimated and provided for by creating a provision for discount on debtors. Here, it is to be remembered that provision for discount made on good debtors which are arrived at by deducting further bad debts and the provision for doubtful debts.

Plus One Accountancy Financial Statements – I & Financial Statements – II Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between capital and revenue expenditure.
Answer:
1. Capital expenditure increases earning capacity of business whereas revenue expenditure is incurred to maintain the earning capacity.

2. Capital expenditure is incurred to acquire fixed assets for operation of business whereas revenue expenditure is incurred on the day-to-day conduct of business.

3. Revenue Expenditure is recurring expenditure but capital expenditure is non-recurring by nature.

Question 2.
Differentiate between Direct and Indirect Expenses.
Answer:
1. Direct Expenses:
Means all expenses directly connected with the manufacture, purchase of goods and bringing them to the point of sale. Direct expenses include carriage inward, freight inwards, octroi, clearing charges, wages, factory lighting, coal, water, gas, fuel, import duty, cotton waste, royalty on production, heating, dock dues, customs duty etc.

2. Indirect expenses:
Are those expenses which are incurred after the manufacturing of goods. In other words, Indirect expenses are those expenses that are incurred to operate a business as a whole. Indirect expense include – carriage outward, rent, rates and tax, office expenses, selling and distribution expenses.

Question 3.
Mention the difference between a Balance Sheet and a Trial Balance. (Any two points).
Answer:

Question 4.
Calculate closing stock from the following

• Sales – 20,000
• Purchases – 12,300
• Return inwards – 500
• Carriage inwards – 400
• Return outwards – 1,000
• Gross Profit – 8000

Answer:
Trading Account

Question 5.
On 1^st January 2008, a firm had a stock of goods valued at Rs. 10,000. During the year the following transactions took place.

• Sales – 2,00,000
• Purchases – 1,20,000
• Carriage inwards – 500
• Sales returns – 2,000
• Purchase returns – 1,000
• Find out the amount of Gross Profit.

Answer:

1. Gross Profit = Net Sales – Cost of goods sold
2. Net sales = 2,00,000 – 2,000 = 1,98,000
3. Net Purchase = 1,20,000 -1000 = 1,19,000.
4. Cost of goods sold = 10,000 + 1,19,000 + 500 = 1,29,500
5. Gross Profit = 1,98,000 – 1,29,500 = Rs. 68,500

Question 6.
What do you mean by Profit and Loss Account.
Answer:
Profit and Loss a/c is an account prepared to find out the net profit earned or net loss incurred by a business during an accounting period. It is debited with all operating expenses and losses and credited with incomes and profit. This account begins with the Gross Profit or Gross Loss brought down from Trading A/c.

If the total of the credit side of this account is more than the total of the debit side, the difference is net profit. If the total of the debit side exceeds the total of the credit side, the difference is net loss. The amount of net profit or net loss transferred to capital account.

Question 7.
From the following information calculate operating profit.

• Cost of goods sold – Rs. 5,00,000
• Administrative expenses – 25,000
• Selling & Distribution expenses – 35,000
• Net sales – 7,50,000

Answer:

• Operating Profit = Gross Profit – (Operating expenses + Operating income)
• Gross Profit = Net sales – Cos of goods sold = 7,50,000-5,00,000 = 2,50,000
• Operating Expenses = Administration expense + Selling and Distribution exp.
• Operating Profit = 2,50,000 – (25,000+ 35,000) = Rs. 1,90,000

Question 8.
What do you mean by Deferred Revenue Expenditure? Can you present it with a suitable example?
Answer:
“Deferred Revenue Expenditure is an expenditure of the revenue nature in the current year, the benefit of which accrues gradually or lasts for more than one accounting year.”

Examples are advertisements of usually high amounts, cost of shifting business to a more convenient location, etc. The amounts spend on such expenses would be spread over the period for which the benefit arises. Suppose if a concern spends Rs. 5 lakh for advertisement and it is expected that the benefit of its lasts for 5 years, the amount to be treated as current year’s expenditure is only one fifth (1/5) of Rs. 5 lakhs ie. Rs. 1 lakh. The balance Rs. 4 lakhs would be treated as an asset.

Question 9.
State the reasons why the following items appear or not in the Profit and Loss A/c.

1. Bad debts
2. Drawings
3. Provision for bad debts.

Answer:

1. Bad debts is an indirect expenditure and hence it appears in the Profit and Loss A/c.
2. Drawings will reduce the capital a/c. Therefore, it cannot be shown in the P/L a/c.
3. Provision for bad debt is a charge against profit. Hence it will appear in the P/LA/c.

Question 10.
Mr. Narayanan, an accountant of Samay Ltd wrote off Rs. 2000 as bad debts in the year 2004. The total
Sundry debtors for the year 2005 is Rs. 26,000. During this year half of the bad debts written off in the last year were recovered. Give Journal Entry for the recovery of bad debts and also show how it will be dealt in the financial statement for the year 2005.
Answer:

Question 11.
What are adjusting entries? Why are they necessary for preparing final accounts?
Answer:
Entries which are given outside the trial balance are called adjustment entries, to record those entries a proper treatment is required according to the double-entry system. Here it is to be remembered that all the adjustments given outside the Trial Balance are posted at two places.

Adjustment is generally done for those items which are omitted or entered with the wrong amount and/or recorded under wrong heads. The following are reasons for recording or. incorporating these adjustment entries in preparation of final account.

1. Through these adjustment entries, we come to know the actual figure of profit or loss.
2. Because of these adjusting entries, we can assess the true financial position of an organisation based on accrual basis of accounting.
3. These adjustment entries enable us to records the omitted entries and help in rectifying all those errors.
4. These adjusting entries help in providing depreciation and making different provisions, such as Bad Debts and Depreciation.

Question 12.
What is meant by provision for doubtful debts? How are ‘the relevant accounts prepared and what journal entries are recorded in final accounts? How is the amount for provision for doubtful debts calculated?
Answer:
Provision for doubtful debts is a kind of arrangement about the expect bad debts from the debtors. Generally it is provided after deducting the amount of bad debts from the debtors. As provision for doubtful debts is made after preparing the trial balance, to record it we need a kind of adjustment entry in this regard we prepare debtors account and provision for doubtful debts account. For recording bad debts, the following journal entry is passed.

• Profit and Loss A/c Dr
  To Provision for Doubtful Debts A/c (Being provision for doubtful debts is created out of current year profits)

Computation of the Amount of Provision for Doubtful Debts As it is given at the end of a trial balance as an adjustment, little another related adjustment may be there for instance bad debts and discount on debtors. In this case provision for doubtful debt will be created after deducting the figure for bad debts out of the debtor figure.

Plus One Accountancy Financial Statements – I & Financial Statements – II Four Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Trading Account? Explain its purpose.
Answer:
The trading account is an account which shows the results of buying and selling of goods or services. It contains summarized form of all the transactions occurring during a trading period. This account is credited with direct incomes and debited with direct expenses.

Trading account is prepared to ascertain the gross result of the business. The gross result of the business is either gross profit or gross loss. If the net sales exceeds cost of goods sold then there is gross profit and if the opposite takes place, there is a gross loss.

Gross profit = Net sales – Cost of goods sold Gross Loss = Cost of goods sold – Net Sales Purposes of a trading account are:

1. To ascertain the gross profit or gross loss.
2. To enable the management to make a comparison of gross profit or gross loss with that of the previous year.
3. To ascertain different ratios such as gross profit ratio, ratio of cost of goods sold to sales etc.

Question2.
From the following details, prepare Trading Account.

• Opening stock – Rs. 12500
• Purchases – Rs. 22,000
• Purchase returns – Rs.2000
• Wages – Rs. 2000
• Carriage inwards – Rs. 500
• Sales – Rs. 57,000
• Sales returns – Rs. 3,000
• Closing stock – Rs. 15,000

Answer:
Trading Account for the year ended ………..

Question 3.
What is a Balance Sheet? Explain the needs for preparing Balance Sheet.
Answer:
A Balance Sheet is a statement prepared to ascertain the true position of assets and liabilities as on a particular date. It is prepared at the end of the accounting period, after the preparation of Trading and Profit and Loss account. It is called Balance sheet, as it is a statement prepared with the balance of accounts left after the preparation of Trading and Profit and Loss account.

It gives clear picture of the financial position of the concern. Accounts of Assets, liabilities and Owner’s equity are shown in the Balance Sheet. Items of liabilities and capital are shown on the left side, known as “liabilities” side and the item of assets are shown on the right-hand side, known as “Assets” side of the balance sheet. Balance sheet is prepared with the following objectives.

1. To ascertain the financial position of the concern.
2. To ascertain the nature of assets and liabilities of the firm.
3. To know about the source and application of funds.
4. To ascertain working capital as on the date of Balance sheet.
5. To ascertain the excess of assets over external liabilities.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Grouping and Marshalling of assets and liabilities?
Answer:
1. Grouping:
The term grouping means putting together items of similar nature under a common heading in the Balance sheet.

2. Marshaling:
Marshaling denotes the order in which the assets and liabilities are shown in the Balance sheet. They are arranged in the following two different ways.

a. In the order of liquidity:
Liquidity means the capacity to raise cash, Under these approach assets are presented in the order of their liquidity. ‘Cash’ being the most liquid item, it is shown as the first item whereas the least liquid item such as ‘Goodwill’ is shown as the last one. The most urgent liability is shown first and the least urgent to pay is shown last.

b. In the order of permanence:
Linder this approach, permanent assets, and liabilities are shown first followed by current assets and liabilities. Joint Stock Companies have to prepare their Balance sheet in the order of permanence. This is just the reverse of the order of liquidity.

Question 5.
Show the treatment in financial statements in respect of the following:

1. Outstanding expenses
2. Managers commission
3. Interest on capital

Answer:
1. Outstanding expenses:
Expenses that have been incurred during the current year, but the payment has not been made is called outstanding expenses. It must be added to respective expense account in the Trading and Profit and Loss account. It will be shown on the ‘liability’ side of the Balance sheet.

2. Managers Commission:
Commission on net profit, at a specific percentage, may be allowed to the manager of a business concern. The commission as a percentage of the net profit may be ‘before’ or ‘after’ charging such commission. In the absence of any special instructions, it is assumed that commission is allowed as a percentage of the net profit before charging such commission.

• If the commission is on the net profit before charging such commission, the formula is
  Profit before commission × \(\frac{\text { rate of commission }}{100}\)
• If the commission is on the net profit after charging such commission the formula is
  Profit × rate/(100 + rate)
• The amount of commission must be debited to Profit and Loss account and it must be shown as a liability in the Balance sheet.

3. Interest on capital:
Sometimes interest is paid on the Proprietor’s capital. Interest is allowed at a certain rate on the capital at the beginning of the year. Such interest is an expense to the business and is debited to Profit and Loss Account. It is shown in the liability side by adding the same to capital.

Plus One Accountancy Financial Statements – I & Financial Statements – II Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
From the following figures, prepare profit and loss account of M/s. Thomas and Sons for the year ended 31.03.2008.

• Gross Profit – 15000
• Printing charges – 750
• Salaries – 5000
• Carriage outwards – 500
• Interest received – 2000
• Bad debts – 500
• Insurance charges – 400
• Discount allowed 650
• Discount received – 750
• Advertisement – 440

Answer:
Profit and Loss Account of M/s. Thomas & Sons for the year ended 31.03.08

Question 2.
Arrange the following assets and liabilities in the order of liquidity and in the order of permanence.

Answer:

Question 3.
Write the adjustment entries for the following:-
a) Salary outstanding Rs. 5000.
b) Insurance prepaid Rs. 5100.
c) Depreciation of Machinery Rs. 4000
d) The commission received in advance Rs. 1000
e) Interest on drawing Rs. 400
Answer:

Question 4.
What are the closing entries? Give examples.
Answer:
The preparation of trading and profit and loss account requires that the balances of accounts of all concerned items are transferred to it for its compilation. For transferring the balance of all the ledger account to concerned head is done through closing entries.
For examples:
1. Opening stock account, purchase account, wages account, carriage inward account, and direct expense account are closed by transferring to the debit side of the trading and profit and loss account.
The journal entry is:

• Trading A/c Dr
• To opening stock A/c
• To Purchase A/c
• To Wages A/c
• To Carriage inward A/c
• To Direct Expense A/c

2. The purchase return account is closed by transferring its balance to the purchase account. The journal entry is:

• Purchase Return A/c Dr
• To Purchase A/c

3. The sales return account is closed by transferring its balance to the sales account as:

• Sales A/c Dr
• To Sales Return A/c

4. The Sales account is closed by transferring its balance to the credit side of the trading and profit and loss account.
The Journal entry is:

• Sales A/c Dr
• To Trading A/c

Plus One Accountancy Financial Statements – I & Financial Statements – II Six Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The following are the extracts from Trial Balance of a business.

• Sundry Debtors = 40,000
• Bad debts = 4,000
• Provision for bad debts = 5,000

Additional Information:

1. Provide further bad debts Rs. 2000
2. Create 10% provision for bad debts.

Pass Journal entries and show how these items will appear in the final accounts.
Answer:
Journal

Question 2.
Show the treatment of prepaid expenses,
depreciation, closing stock at the time of preparation of final accounts.

1. When given inside the trial balance.
2. When given outside the trial balance.

Answer:
Treatment of prepaid expenses, depreciation and closing stock at the time of preparing the final account.
1. When Given Inside the Trial Balance Prepaid Expenses:
When prepaid expenses are given in the trial balance itself it will be treated as current assets only and will be posted in the Assets Side of the balance sheet. No further adjustment will be required in this case.

Depreciation:
When depreciation is given in the trial balance it will be treated as an expenditure and will be shown in the debit side of the Profit and Loss Account. No further adjustment will be required in this case.

Closing Stock:
When closing stock is given in the trial balance it will purely be treated as assets and will be shown only in the Assets Side of the Balance sheet. No further adjustment will be required in this case.

2. When Given Outside the Trial Balance Prepaid Expenses:
When prepaid expenses are given outside the trial balance it will be treated as an Adjustment and will be posted at two places, first of all, it will be deducted from the concerned expenses in the debit side of Profit and Loss Account and after that, it will be treated as current assets and will be posted in the Assets side of the Balance Sheet.

Depreciation:
When depreciation is given outside the trial balance be treated as an adjustment and will be posted at two places to comply with the rules of the double-entry bookkeeping system. First of all the amount of depreciation will be shown in the debit side of Profit and Loss account as an expenditure and the amount of depreciation will be deducted from the concerned assets in the assets side of Balance Sheet.

Closing Stock:
When closing stock is given outside the trial balance it will purely be treated as an adjustment and will be posted at two places first of all the amount of closing stock will be shown at the credit side of Trading Account and after that it will be shown as an assets in the Assets side of the Balance Sheet.

Plus One Accountancy Financial Statements – I & Financial Statements – II Eight Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The following is the extract takes from the Trial Balance of Vimal.
Trial Balance as on 31.03.2008

Adjustments:

1. Salary outstanding has not been recorded – Rs.8000
2. Prepaid insurance was meant for Proprietor’s son.
3. Write off further Rs. 200 as bad debts and make a provision for doubtful debts @ 5%.
4. Depreciate furniture @ 10%.

You are required to prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31.03.2008 and Balance Sheet as on the date.
Answer:
Trading and Profit and Loss a/c for the year ended 31.03.2008

Balance sheet as on 31.03.2008

Question 2.
Prepare Trading and Profit and Loss a/c for the year ended 31.03.05 and Balance sheet as on that date from the following balance.


Answer:
Trading and Profit and Loss A/c of Mr. Babu for the year ended 31.03.05

Balance Sheet of Mr. Babu as on 31.03.05

Question 3.
The following is the Trial Balance of Vineeth as on 30.06.2008.

Additional Information:

1. Closing stock is valued at Rs. 8750.
2. Provide 5% of debtors for bad debts and 2% of debtors and creditors for discount.
3. Provide interest on capital at 10% and charge interest on drawings at 5%.
4. Depreciate delivery van by 20%.
5. Only one-fifth of advertisement is to be treated as expenses of current year.

Prepare Trading and Profit and Loss A/c for the year ended 30.06.2008 and also a Balance Sheet as on that date.
Answer:
Trading and Profit and Loss A/c for the year ended 30.06.08

Balance Sheet as on 30.06.2008

Note: Discount on Debtors
= (20000-1000) × 2/100 = 380
Discount on Creditors = 10500 × 2/100 = 210

Question 4.
Prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31.03.2005 and a Balance Sheet as on that date from the following balances.

Adjustments:

1. Stock on 31.03.05 Rs. 72,600.
2. Depreciate Plant and Machinery by 33 1/3%, Furniture by 10% and Freehold property by 5%.
3. Loose tools valued at Rs. 1,760 on 31.3.05.
4. Of the Sundry debtors Rs. 660 are bad and should be written off.
5. Maintain a provision of 5% debtors for doubtful debts.
6. The Manager is entitled to a commission of 10% of the net profits after charging such commission.

Answer:
1. Trading and Profit and Loss A/c for the year ended 31.03.2005


Balance Sheet as on 31.03.2005

Note: Manager’s Commission:
Net Profit before commission = 49280 (111870-62590)
Therefore, Managers commission @ 10% of Net Profit after charging commission = 49280 × 1°/110 = 4480

Question 5.
The following is the Trial Balance of Balu as on 31/12/2011.

Adjustments:

1. Closing stock Rs. 9,500
2. Depreciate plant and machinery at 10% p.a
3. Interest on loan at 12% is due for the whole year.
4. Write off further Rs.400 as bad debts and provision for bad debts is to be made equal to 5% on debtors.
5. Provide 2% for discount on debtors.

Prepare Trading and Profit and Loss A/c for the year ended and Balance sheet as on 31/12/2011.
Answer:
Trading and Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31/12/2011


Balance sheet as on 31/12/2011

Question 6.
The following is the Trial Balance of Mahesh as on 31/3/11.

Adjustments:

1. Closing stock Rs. 65,000
2. Insurance prepaid Rs. 400
3. Commission earned but not received amounts to Rs. 300
4. Write off 1/5 of leasehold premises and provide a depreciation of 10% on plant and machinery.
5. Debtors include goods of the cost of Rs. 4,000 sent on sale or return basis at an invoice price of Rs. 5,000. The goods are likely to be returned.
6. Transfer 10% of net profit to reserve. Prepare Trading and Profit and Loss A/c and Balance Sheet.

Answer:
Trading and Profit and Loss A/c for the year ended 31/3/2011.


Balance Sheet as on 31/03/2011

Note:
Reserve = 10% of net profit
79,500 -16,800 = 62,700 x 10% = 6,270

Question 7.
From the following balance extracted from the books of M/s. Hariharan Brother, you are required to prepare the trading and profit and loss account and a balance sheet as on December 31, 2005.

Adjustments:

1. Closing stock Rs. 14000
2. Wages outstanding Rs.600, Salaries outstandings Rs. 1,000, Rent outstanding Rs. 200.
3. Fire Insurance premium includes Rs.1200 paid in July 01, 2005, to run for one year from July 01, 2005, to June 30, 2006.
4. Apprenticeship Premium is for three years paid in advance on January 01, 2005.
5. Stationery bill for Rs. 60 remain unpaid.
6. Depreciation on Premises @ 5%, furniture @ 10%, Machinery @ 10%.
7. Interest on loan given accrued for one year @ 7%.
8. Interest on investment @ 5% for half year to December 31, 2005, has accrued.
9. Interest on capital to be allowed at 5% for one year.
10. Interest on drawings to be charged to him ascertained for the year Rs. 160.

Answer:
Books of Hariharan Bros.
Trading and Profit and Loss account for the year ended December 31, 2005


Balance Sheet as at December 31, 2005

Question 8.
Prepare the trading and profit and loss account of M/s.Roni Plastic Ltd. from the following trial balance and a balance sheet as at March 31,2006.


Adjustments:

1. Depreciation on land and building at 5% and Motor vehicle at @ 15%.
2. Interest on loan is @ 5% taken on April 01, 2005
3. Goods costing Rs. 1200 were sent to a customer on sale on return basis for Rs.1400 on March 30, 2006, and has been recorded in the books as actual sales.
4. Salaries amounting to Rs. 1400 and Rates amounting to Rs. 800 are due.
5. The bad debts provision is to be brought up to @ 5% on Sundry debtors.
6. The closing stock was Rs. 13,700.
7. Goods costing Rs. 1,000 were taken away by the proprietor for his personal use but not entry has been made in the books of account.
8. Insurance prepaid Rs. 350.
9. Provide the Manager’s commission at @ 5% on Net profit after charging such commission.

Answer:
Books of Roni’s Plastic Ltd.
Trading and Profit and Loss account for the year ended December 31, 2006


Note: New provision for bad debt = (38200 -1400) 5/100 = 1840
Balance Sheet as on 31.3.2006

Question 9.
From the following balances extracted from the books of Raga Ltd. prepare a trading and profit and loss account for the year ended December 31, 2011, and a balance sheet as on that date.

The additional information is as under

1. The closing stock was valued at the end of the year 20,000.
2. Depreciation on plant and machinery charged @ 5% and land and building @ 10%.
3. Discount on debtors @ 3%.
4. Make a provision @ 5% on debtors for bad debts.
5. Salary outstanding was? 100 and wages prepaid was? 40.
6. The manager is entitled a commission of 5% on net profit after charging such commission.

Answer:
Trading and Profit and Loss Account as on 31^st December 2011

Balance Sheet as on 31^st December 2011

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Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes, Chapters Summary HSSLive

Unit 1 Kinav

• Chapter 1 Sandarsanam
• Chapter 2 Ormayude Njaramb
• Chapter 3 Verukal Nashtapedunnavar
• Chapter 4 Matsyam

Unit 2 Kalca

• Chapter 1 Kayalarikathu
• Chapter 2 Cinemayum Samoohavum Kalavupoya Cyclum
• Chapter 3 Kazhinjupoya Kalaghattavum
• Chapter 4 Kaippad Kelkkunnundo?

Unit 3 Ullariv

• Chapter 1 Kavyakalaye Kurichu Chila Nireekshanangal
• Chapter 2 Oonjalil
• Chapter 3 Anargha Nimisham
• Chapter 4 Lathiyum Vediyundayum

Unit 4 Uravu

• Chapter 1 Peeli Kannukal
• Chapter 2 Anukampa
• Chapter 3 Muhyadheen Mala
• Chapter 4 Vasanavikrithi
• Chapter 5 Samkramanam
• Chapter 6 Shasthrakriya

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Plus One Malayalam Previous Year Question Papers and Answers

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Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 9 आनंद की फूलझडियाँ Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Hindi Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 9 आनंद की फूलझडियाँ

Anand Ki Fuljhadiya Plus One Hindi Chapter 9  प्रश्न 1.
पात्र और घटनाओं का सही मिलान करें।

उत्तर:

आनंद की फुलझड़ियाँ Plus One Hindi Chapter 9 प्रश्न 2.
संक्षेपण करें: “एक बूढ़ा आदमी, जिसके बाल सफ़ेद हो गए थे इसके फल मेरे नाती-पोते खाएँगे।”
उत्तर:

सत्कृत्य:
बूढ़े आदमी से नवजवान ने समझा कि पेड़ पौधे लगाने से प्रकृति सुन्दर हो जाती है और भविष्य में उपयोग में आता है।

Hindi Plus आनंद की फुलझड़ियाँ Chapter 9 प्रश्न 3.
संभ्रांत महिला रेलगाड़ी से कुछ चीजें बाहर फेंकती जा रही है तब सहयात्री और संभ्रांत महिला के बीच का संभावित वार्तालाप तैयार करें।
उत्तर:
संहयात्री : यह आप क्या फेंक रही हैं?
महिला : मैं…….?
सहयात्री : हाँ…. हाँ…….
महिला : तुम देखते नहीं?
सहयात्री : इसलिए तो पूछता हूँ।
महिला : ये तो बीज हैं।
सहयात्री : बीज?
महिला : हाँ… हाँ… फल-फूलों के बीज हैं।
सहयात्री : इनको खिड़की से क्यों फैंकती हैं?
महिला : इनमें कुछ जड़ पकड़ लेंगे।
सहयात्री : तो फिर?
महिला : तब फायदा होगा।
सहयात्री : फायदा? किस प्रकार?
महिला : फूलेंगे, फलेंगे।
सहयात्री : तब?
महिला : मनुष्य के लिए उपयोगी होंगे।
सहयात्री : अरे बापरे! आप तो महान कार्य कर रही हैं।
महिला : यह लो….आप भी फेंकिए।
सहयात्री : हाँ…… हाँ….. दीजिए।

Apoorv Anubhav Class 11 Summary In Hindi Chapter 9 प्रश्न 4.
मान लें, रेलगाड़ी में सफर करनेवाली वृद्ध संभ्रांत महिला की नज़र डिब्बे में चिपके हुए विज्ञापन पर पड़ती है जो रक्तदान के महत्व को रेखांकित करता है। संकेतों के सहारे वह विज्ञापन तैयार करें।

• समभाव
• सहिष्णुता
• मानव-प्रेम
• जीवनदान

उत्तर:

स्वास्थ्य मंत्रालय का विज्ञापन
‘रक्तदान महादान है।’

भाईयो,…… बहनो,…..
रोगावस्था में पीड़ित भाई-बहनों से समभाव रखिए । सहिष्णुता और अनुकंपा रखकर जान बचाने के लिए रक्तदान करके सहायता दीजिए। रक्तदान जीवनदान ही है!! सरकारी रक्तदान केन्द्रों में जाकर खुशी से रक्तदान कीजिए!! आपका रक्त कटेगा नहीं बढ़ेगा!! दूसरों की जान बचेगी।

Plus One 9 Hindi आनंद की फुलझड़ियाँ प्रश्न 5.
‘आज भी वह रक़म अमेरिका में ज़रूरतमंदों के हाथों में घूम रही है’ – मान लें, वह रक़म अपने वर्तमान अनुभवों का आत्मकथा के रूप में ज़िक्र करती है। वह आत्मकथांश लिखें।
उत्तर:

मैं हूँ जरूरतमंदों के सामने

मैं रकम हूँ। मैं साधारण रकम नहीं। मैं एक अपूर्व रकम हूँ। मैं जन्म से अमेरिकी हूँ। अमेरिका के प्रसिडेंट बेंजमिन फ्रैंकलीन के हाथों से मेरा जन्म हुआ। मुझे प्रसिडेंटजी ने एक गरीब विद्यार्थी की सहायता में दिया था। मैंने उसे भाग्यवान् बनाया। विद्यार्थी ने मुझे वापस करने के लिए प्रसिडेंट के पास गया। लेकिन, बेंजमिनजी ने उससे बतायाः “आप इसे अपने ही पास रखिए और जब आपके पास कोई ऐसा ही ज़रूरतमंद आये तो उसे यह दे दीजिए” । उस व्यक्ति ने ऐसा ही किया। आज भी मैं अमेरिका के ज़रूरतमंदों के हाथों में घूम रही हूँ। मैं कितना सौभाग्यवान हूँ! ज़रूरत पड़े, मुझे बुलाईए। मैं ज़रूर आऊँगा।

मेरे इतने जीवनकाल से मैंने समझा कि समाज की पूँजी धनवानों के हाथों में है। पूँजी का समुचित विवरण से समाज का संतुलन होता है। जरूरतमंदों के हाथों में पूँजी का सौगुना मूल्य होगा। मैं रकम, पूँजी समान है। मैं जरूरतमंदों को जीवनदान करता हूँ।

Plus One Hindi आनंद की फूलझडियाँ Important Questions and Answers

प्रश्न 1.
ज़मीन कौन खोद रहा था?
उत्तर:
एक बूढ़ा आदमी।

प्रश्न 2.
बूढ़े आदमी क्या बो रहे हैं?
उत्तर:
आम की गुठलियाँ।

प्रश्न 3.
नौजवान के प्रश्न पर बूढ़े का उत्तर क्या था?
उत्तर:
भविष्य में दूसरों की भलाई के लिए आम की गुठलियाँ बो रहा हूँ।

प्रश्न 4.
पूर्वजों के मनोवृत्ति का फल क्या है?
उत्तर:
वर्तमान के लोगों के लिए भलाई होती है।

प्रश्न 5.
लेखक ने सुंदर स्वभाव की परिभाषा कैसे दी है?
उत्तर:
अशा दूसरों को सुख और आनंद पधुंचानेवाले सात्विक आनंद का स्वभाव।

प्रश्न 6.
हमारे पूर्वजों की इसी मनोवृत्ती का फल है, जो हम जगह-जगह अमराई देखते हैं। कौन-सी मनोवृत्ति?
उत्तर:
अपने स्वार्थी जीवन को त्यागकर दूसरों को सुख और आनंद पहुँचाने के सुंदर स्वभाव की मनोवृत्ति ।

प्रश्न 7.
बूढ़ा आदमी का ‘आम की गुठलियाँ बोना’ घटना का मुख्य आशय क्या है?
उत्तर:
हमें दूसरों को सुख और आनंद पहूँचानेवाले सात्विक आनंद के स्वभाव अपनाना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 8.
मान लें, रेलगाड़ी में सफर करनेवाली वृद्ध संभ्रांत महिला की नज़र डिब्बे में चिपके हुए विज्ञापन पर पड़ती है जो रक्तदान के महत्व को रेखांकित करता है। संकेतों के सहारे वह विज्ञापन तैयार करें।

• समभाव
• सहिष्णुता
• मानव-प्रेम
• जीवनदान

उत्तर:

स्वास्थ्य मंत्रालय का विज्ञापन
‘रक्तदान महादान है।’

भाईयो,…… बहनो,…..
रोगावस्था में पीड़ित भाई-बहनों से समभाव रखिए। सहिष्णुता और अनुकंपा रखकर जान बचाने के लिए | रक्तदान करके सहायता दीजिए। रक्तदान जीवनदान ही है!! सरकारी रक्तदान केन्द्रों में जाकर खुशी से रक्तदान कीजिए!! आपका रक्त कटेगा नहीं बढ़ेगा!! दूसरों की जान बचेगी।

प्रश्न 9.
संभ्रान्त महिला किस उम्मीद से फल और फूलों के बज़ फेंक रही है?
उत्तर:
उनमें से कुछ भी अगर जड़ पकड़ लेगें तो लोगों का इससे कुछ फायदा होगा।

प्रश्न 10.
निम्नलिखित गद्यांश पढ़ें और प्रश्नों का उत्तर लिखें।

एक वृद्ध संभ्रांत महिला रेलगाड़ी से सफ़र कर रही थी। वे खिड़की के पास बैठकर, बीच-बीच में अपनी मुट्ठी से कुछ चीज़ बाहर फेंकती जा रही थीं। एक सहयात्री ने, जो यह देख रहा था, पूछा, “यह आप क्या कर रही हैं?” उस महिला ने जवाब दिया, “ये सुंदर फलों और फूलों के बीज़ हैं। मैं इन्हें इस उम्मीद से फेंक रही हूँ कि इनमें से कुछ भी अगर जड़ पकड़ लेंगे तो लोगों का इससे कुछ फायदा होगा । पता नहीं इस रास्ते से फिर गुजरूँ या न गुजरूँ, इसलिए क्यों न मैं इस संधि का उपयोग क लूँ?”

i. रेलगाड़ी से कौन यात्रा कर रहीं थी?
उत्तर:
एक वृद्ध संभ्रात महिला।

ii. वे क्या कर रही थीं?
उत्तर:
अपनी मुट्ठी से सुंदर फलों और फूलों के बीज़ बाहर फेंकती जा रही थीं।

iii. सहयात्री ने क्या पूछा?
उत्तर:
सहयात्री ने पूछा : यह आप क्या कर रही हैं?

iv. गद्यांश का संक्षेपण करें।
उत्तर:
एक वृद्ध संभ्रात महिला रेलगाड़ी से सफर करते समय सुंदर फलों और फूलों के बीज़ बाहर फेंकती जा रही थीं। उनका उद्धेश्य था कि उनमें से कुछ भी अगर जड़ पकड़ लेंगे तो, लोगों का उससे कुछ फायदा होगा।

v. संक्षेपण केलिए उचित शीर्षक दें।
उत्तर:
जन-सेवा।

प्रश्न 11.
हमें किसके परे रहना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
घर भौतिकवाद और भोग-विलास की हाय-हाय से परे ।

प्रश्न 12.
किस प्रकार के लोगों को देखकर मानव जाति के भविष्य पर श्रद्धा और विश्वास कर सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
जमाने के अंधकार में भी आनंद की फुलझड़ियों से प्रकाश फैलाते रहनेवालों को देखकर ।

प्रश्न 13.
बेंचमिन फ्रांक्लिन ने विद्यार्थी की मदद कैसे की?
उत्तर:
उन्होंने विद्यार्थी को बीस डॉलर देकर मदद की।

प्रश्न 14.
कुछ दिनों के बाद विद्यार्थी डॉलर लौटाने आए तो फ्रांक्लिन ने क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
उन्होंने कहा : “मुझे याद तो नहीं है कि मैंने यह रक़म आपको कब दी। लेकिन खैर, आप इसे अपने ही पास रखिए और जब आपके पास कोई ऐसा ही जरूरतमंद आए तो उसे यह दे दीजिए।”

प्रश्न 15.
बीस डॉलर किनके हाथों में घूम रही है?
उत्तर:
जरूरतमंदों के हाथों में।

प्रश्न 16.
ज़रूरतमंद कौन-कौन हो सकता है?
उत्तर:
सहायता मिलने के लिए व्याकुल रहनेवाले सभी लोग ज़रूरतमंद होते हैं।

प्रश्न 17.
हमारा जीवन मुसीबतों से भरा पड़ा है । कैसे?
उत्तर:
अब लड़ाई, गरीबी, महंगाई और गुलामी से।

प्रश्न 18.
दुनिया रहने लायक कैसे बनी?
उत्तर:
निस्वार्थ और आदर्श-प्रिय लोगों की उपस्थिति से।

प्रश्न 19.
पैसा वापस देने आया छात्र औह बेंजमिन फ्रैंकलीन के बीच का वार्तालाप तैयार करें?
उत्तर:
छात्र : नमस्कार जी!
फ्रैंकलीन : नमस्कार।
छात्र : आप मुझे जानते हैं?
फ्रैंकलीन : याद नहीं, लगता है कि देखा है।
छात्र : मैंने आप से कुछ डॉलर माँग लिया था।
फ्रैंकलीन : कब?
छात्र : कुछ साल पहले मेरी पढ़ाई केलिए। अब मेरी पढ़ाई खतम हुई। वह डॉलर वापस देने आया हूँ।
फ्रैंकलीन : यह डॉलर मुझे नहीं, किसी ज़रूरतमंद को दो।
छात्र : आप का मन कितना अच्छा है!
फ्रैंकलीन : तुम से कोई ज़रूरतमंद व्यक्ति माँगे है तो उसे यह डॉलर दो। जाओ।
छात्र : ठीक है, धन्यवाद ।

प्रश्न 20.
किसके लिए छीना-झपटी होती थी?
उत्तर:
टिकट लेने के लिए।

प्रश्न 21.
टिकट बाबू किन बातों को सुना-अनसुना करके अपना काम करते रहे?
उत्तर:
टिकट लेने के लिए छीना-झपटी करनेवालों के परिहासों और धमकियों को।

प्रश्न 22.
टिकट बाबू की परेशानी का कारण क्या था?
उत्तर:
टिकट लेने के लिए बड़ी भीड़ थी। वहाँ पर छीना-झपटी होती थी। छोटी-सी खिड़की से टिकट के लिए घुसानेवाले अनेक हाथों को टिकट देने केलिए टिकटबाबू अकेला था।

प्रश्न 23.
टिकट बाबू पर इन शब्दों का अजीब असर पड़ा । क्यों?
उत्तर:
लेखक ने टिकट बाबू की परेशानी समझकर बड़ी सहानुभूति से व्यवहार करके मुसाफिरों को शांत किया।

प्रश्न 24.
टिकट बाबू को नई ताकत कैसे मिली?
उत्तर:
लेखक की सहानुभूति के शब्दों से टिकट बाबू को नयी … ताकत मिली।

प्रश्न 25.
टिकट बाबू का हृदय कब मोम-सा हो गया?
उत्तर:
टिकट बाबू के प्रति लेखक सहानुभूति दर्शाने पर।

प्रश्न 26.
टिकट बाबू से संबंधित घटना का ज़िक्र करते हुए लेखक अपने मित्र को पत्र लिखता है। वह पत्र तैयार करें।
उत्तर:

स्थान,
तारीख,

प्रिय मित्र रामू,

तुम कैसे हो? ठीक हो न? यहाँ पर मैं ठीक ही हूँ।
रामू, कुछ दिन पहले अपने काम से मुंबई जाने के लिए मैं टिकट लेने गया। वहाँ पर बड़ी छीना-झपटी होती थी। टिकट बाबू बड़ी परेशानी में था। लोग हल्ला करते थे, टिकट बाबू का परिहास करते थे। कुछ लोग उनको धमकी भी करता था। लेकिन टिकट बाबू इन बातों को सुना- अनसुना करके आपना काम करते रहे। मैं पास ही खड़ा था। मैंने बड़ी सहानुभूति से टिकट बाबू के बारे में यात्रियों से बात की। मेरी सहानुभूति देखकर टिकटबाबू को बड़ा आश्वास मिल गया। उन्होंने जल्दी मेरा टिकट दे दिया और एक नए उत्साह से अन्य यात्रियों को वे टिकट देने लगे।

प्रिय मित्र, दुसरों की कठिनाइयों को समझकर हमें व्यवहार करना चाहिए। हमारे कर्म और वचन से दूसरों को आश्वास मिला चाहिए।
यहाँ पर तुम कब आवोगो? तुम्हारी प्रतीक्षा में मित्र,

(हस्ताक्षर)
शेवड़े।

पताः
नाम

प्रश्न 27.
क्लर्क का तमाम दिन कैसे बीतता है?
उत्तर:
बैंक के रूखे आँकड़ों से माथापच्ची करते -करते क्लर्क का तमाम दिन बीतता है।

प्रश्न 28.
क्लर्क के किस गुण का सम्मान किया गया?
उत्तर:
अच्छी हस्तलिपि का।

प्रश्न 29.
क्लर्क का चेहरा प्रसन्नता से क्यों खिल उठा?
उत्तर:
लेखक के थोड़े-से शब्दों द्वारा क्लर्क के जीवन में किंचितमात्र सुख पहुँचने पर।

प्रश्न 30.
लेखक को क्यों प्रसन्नता महसूस हुई?
उत्तर:
प्रय लेखक को थोड़े-से शब्दों द्वारा बैंक के क्लर्क के जीवन में थोड़ा सुख पहूँचते देखकर लेखक को प्रसन्नता महसूस हुई।

प्रश्न 31.
बैंक का क्लर्क अपनी हस्तलिपि की तारीफ सुनने पर बहुत खुश हुआ। घर आने पर पत्नी उसकी खुशी का कारण जानना चाहती है-दोनो के बीच का संभावित वार्तालप लिखें।
उत्तर:
पत्नी : आज आप बहुत खुश है ….
क्लर्क : हाँ-हाँ….
पत्नी : कारण क्या है?
क्लर्क : एक कारण है।
पत्नी : मुझे भी बताओ….
क्लर्क : तुम जानना चाहती हो?
पत्नी : क्यों नहीं?
क्लर्क : तुम अनंत गोपाल शेवड़े को…
पत्नी : ओहो… सुप्रसिद्ध लेखक?
क्लर्क : जानती हो उन्हें?
पत्नी : सुनी तो है।
क्लर्क : आज उन्होंने मेरे बैंक में…
पत्नी : बैंक में?
क्लर्क : आये थे।
पत्नी : तो ?
क्लर्क : उन्होंने मेरी हस्तलिपि की …..
पत्नी : प्रशंसा की?
क्लर्क : हाँ…हाँ…
पत्नी : बड़ी बात है।
क्लर्क : हाँ…हाँ…

प्रश्न 32.
बैंक क्लर्क ने अपनी डायरी में क्या लिखा होगा? वह डायरी तैयार करें।
उत्तर:
तारीख
आनंद नगर :
आज का दिन बहुत अच्छा है। आज मुझे मिली प्रशंसा एक पंखुडी के समान मुझे अब भी सहलाती है। वह आदमी कितना अच्छा है! आज पहली बार बैंक के बोरिंग समय में कुछ राहत मिली। उस आदमी ने खाता खोलने के लिए आया था। मैं उनका नाम और पता लिखते समय उन्होंने मेरी हस्तलिपि पर ध्यान दिया और कहा ‘ब्यूटिफुल’! मेरा मन खुशी से भरा। सब लोगों ने मेरी हस्तलिपि देखी थी, पर किसीने भी मुझ से कुछ नहीं कहा था । अब मैं गर्व का अनुभव करने लगा। बड़ी खुशी से मैंने उनसे बातें कीं। पत्नी से भी यह बात कही। यह दिन में कभी नहीं भूलूंगा।

प्रश्न 33.
आनंद की फुलझड़ियाँ निबन्ध में लेखकने रेल विभाग के एक टिकट बाबू से करुणा प्रकट की थी। उस दिन के टिकट बाबू की डायरी तैयार करें।
उत्तर:

तारीख

आनंद शहर :
आज का दिन अच्छा दिन था। एक आदमी ने मुझे आज ठीक समझा है। यह बात मेरे मन में खुशी भरती है। यात्रियों की भीड़, उनकी परेशानियाँ, धमकियाँ आदि – आदि ने मुझे बहुत परेशानियाँ देती थीं। टिकट कौंटर में हर दिन अकेला रह गया हूँ। मेरी कठिनाइयों पर किसी ने ध्यान नहीं किया था। पर आज एक सज्जन ने मुझपर ध्यान देकर मेरी मदद की। टिकट लेने केलिए खड़े लोगों से मेरी परेशानियों के बारे में बताने की कृपा उन्होंने की। यह एक अजीब बात थी। उनकी सहानुभूति देखते वक्त मेरा हृदय मोम जैसा बन गया। वे शब्द मेरे मन में सांत्वना देने लायक थे। उस घटना के बाद मैं शांत भाव से टिकट देने में समर्थ हुआ।

वे कौन होंगे? जाते वक्त उन्होंने कहा कि फिर मिलें। ज़रूर उनसे मिलना चाहिए। ऐसे सज्जनों से परिचय पा लेना कितनी अच्छी बात है! आज का दिन मैं कभी नहीं भूलूंगा।

प्रश्न 34.
निम्नलिखित अर्थों के समानार्थी मुहावरों को लेख से छाँटकर लिखें।
(नष्ट होना, विपत्ति के दिनों के बाद सुख का दिन आना, सहन करना, हिम्मत करना, किसी के अच्छे काम की न्यायदृष्टि से प्रशंसा करना)
उत्तर:
रसातल में जाना = नष्ट होना
दिन फिरना = विपत्ति के दिनों के बाद सुख का दिन आना
ताना कसना = सहन करना
दिल कडा करना = हिम्मत करना
दाद देना = किसी के अच्छे काम की न्यायदृष्टि से प्रशंसा करना

प्रश्न 35.
सूचनाः यह गद्यांश पढ़िए और नीचे दिए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए:

नाविक भोलाराम रेलगाड़ी के वातानुकूलित डिब्बे में बैठ रहे थे। उनके पास काफ़ी रुपये थे। एक लड़की भी उस डिब्बे में आ बैठी। उसने नाविक से बातें शुरू की। उसने अपनी गरीबी का जिक्र किया तो नाविक ने पूछा कि इतनी गरीबी में भी वातानुकूलित डिब्बे में तुम क्यों यात्रा कर रही हो? तब लड़की ने कहा कि उसकी शादी तय हो चुकी है। और अपने ससुरालवालों को प्रभावित. करने केलिए वह इस डिब्बे में यात्रा कर रही है। फिर उस लड़की ने नाविक से कुछ रुपया माँग लिया तो उसने देने से इनकार कर दिया। तब लड़की ने उसको धमकी देकर कहा कि मुझे बीस हज़ार रुपये दें दो, नहीं तो मैं तुम्हारे ऊपर झूठे इल्ज़ाम लगाउँगी। गाड़ी रुकी तो लड़की ने पुलिस से कहा कि नाविक ने अपने हाथ से मेरा मुँह बंद कर लिया और दूसरे हाथ से मुझे खींचकर मेरी इज्जत लूटने की कोशिश की है। लेकिन जाँच करने पर पुलिस को मालूम हुआ कि नाविक के दोनों हाथ कटे हुए हैं। झूठे इल्ज़ाम लगाने के अपराध में लड़की पकड़ी गयी।
(इल्ज़ाम – आरोप, इज्जत लूटना – अपमानित करना)

i) इस गद्यांश से कौन सा सन्देश मिलता है?
उत्तर:
हमें कभी भी कपट न होना चाहिए।

ii) इस गद्यांश का संक्षेपण करें और उचित शीर्षण लिखे।
उत्तर:
कपटता :
एक लड़की ने भोलाराम नामक एक बिना हाथवाला नाविक के साथ रेलगाड़ी में यात्रा करते समय धोखा देने की कोशिश की। पुलिस आकर लड़की को पकड़ा।

प्रश्न 36.
हिंदी भारत की राजभाषा एवं राष्ट्रभाषा है- ‘सीखें हिंदी, सिखाएँ हिंदी’ – इस विषय पर निबंध लिखिए।
उत्तर:

सीखें हिंदी, सिखाएँ हिंदी

भारत में अनेक भाषाएँ हैं। भाषाओं को उपभाषाएँ और प्रादेशिक भाषाएँ भी हैं। लेकिन भारत के अधिकांश लोगों से बोलनेवाली भाषा हिंदी है। इसलिए हिंदी को भारत की संपर्क भाषा के रूप में माना जाता है। हिंदी भारत की राजभाषा एवं राष्ट्रभाषा है। हिंदी एक सरल भाषा है। हमें यह जानने से खुशी होगी कि संसार में सबसे ज्यादा बोलनेवाली तीसरी भाषा हिंदी है। आज हिंदी अन्तर्देशीय भाषा के रूप में प्रचलित होती जाती है।

भारत विविधता का देश है। लेकिन हिंदी एकता की कड़ी है। भारत की संस्कृति हिंदी से जुड़ी रहती है। हिंदी समृद्ध साहित्य से भी संपन्न है।

हिंदी का प्रचार करना प्रत्येक भारतीय का दायित्व है। हिंदी के प्रचार से भारत में एकता बढ़ेगी। इससे यह .मतलब नहीं है कि अन्य प्रादेशिक भाषाएँ महत्वपूर्ण नहीं है और वे तिरस्कृत हो जायें। प्रादेशिक भाषाओं का भी संरक्षण होना चाहिए। हिंदी के प्रचार से भारत की अखंडता सदा सुरक्षित रखें।

आनंद की फूलझडियाँ Previous Years Questions & Answers

प्रश्न 1.
निम्नलिखित सहायक बिंदु के आधार पर वार्तालाप तैयार कीजिए।
संभ्रान्त महिला रेलगाड़ी से कुछ चीजें बाहर फेंकती जा रही थी। तब सहयात्री और संभ्रान्त महिला के बीच का संभावित वार्तालाप तैयार कीजिए। सहायक बिंदुः

• रेलगाड़ी से चीजें बाहर फेंकना
• सहयात्री द्वारा पूछा जाना
• निःस्वार्थ सेवा
• दुनिया में रहने लायक

उत्तर:
सहयात्री : यह आप क्या फेंक रही हैं?
महिला : मैं……?
सहयात्री : हाँ…. हाँ…….
महिला : तुम देखते नहीं?
सहयात्री : इसलिए तो पूछता हूँ।
महिला : ये तो बीज हैं।
सहयात्री : बीज?
महिला : हाँ… हाँ… फल-फूलों के बीज हैं।
सहयात्री : इनको खिड़की से क्यों फैंकती हैं?
महिला : इनमें कुछ जड़ पकड़ लेंगे।
सहयात्री : तो फिर?
महिला : तब फायदा होगा।
सहयात्री : फायदा? किस प्रकार?
महिला : फूलेंगे, फलेंगे।
सहयात्री : तब?
महिला : मनुष्य के लिए उपयोगी होंगे।
सहयात्री : अरे बापरे! आप तो महान कार्य कर रही हैं।
महिला : यह लो….आप भी फेंकिए।
सहयात्री : हाँ…… हाँ….. दीजिए।

प्रश्न 2.
मान लीजिए, आनंद की फूलझड़ियाँ इस निबंध का लेखक आत्मकथा लिखता है। आत्मकथा में टिकट बाबू के प्रसंग का उल्लेख है। निम्नलिखित सहायक बिंदु के आधार पर वह आत्मकथांश तैयार कीजिए।
सहायक बिंदुः

• लेखक का मुंबई जाना।
• टिकट काऊंटर के पास भीड़ लगना ।
• टिकट बाबू का परेशान होना ।
• लेखक द्वारा टिकट बाबू के प्रति सहानुभूति प्रकट करना।

उत्तर:
आत्मकथा  :
कुछ साल पहले की बात है। मुझे जल्द ही मुंबई पहूँचना था। मैं टिकट लेने केलिए टिकट काउंटर पहूँचा । लड़ाई के कारण गाड़ियों की संख्या कम थी। इसलिए काउंटर के पास बहुत भीड़ लगी हुई थी। टिकट बाबू परेशानी से टिकट बनाते थे। लेकिन भीड़ ज्यादा होने के कारण उसे ठीक तरह से सभी लोगों को टिकट बन नहीं पा रहे थे। लोगों की ओर से कई प्रकार के बुरे टिप्पणियाँ उन पर हो रहे थे। इसका असर उपनर और बुरी तरह से हो रहे थे। बाबू कितने ही ईमानदारी से काम करें लोग उनपर शक से बात करते थे। यह सब देखकर मुझे बहुत दुख हुआ। वह पूरी ताकत से काम कर रहे थे, फिर भी लोग उनपर गालियाँ दे रहे थे। मैं वहाँ के लोगों को समझाया कि बाबू बहुत कोशिश कर रहे हैं और उसे कुछ समय दीजिए। मैं बाबु से ऐसे बातें किया कि उसे कुछ आश्वास मिला। मेरा सहानुभूति का असर उनपर हुआ। वह फिर पूरी कोशिश की और मुझे धन्यवाद भी अदा की। मुझे पूरा यकीन था कि अच्छे वाक्यों का अच्छा असर हो जायेगा।

आनंद की फूलझडियाँ Summary in Malayalam

आनंद की फूलझडियाँ शब्दार्थ

Students can Download Chapter 3 Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation – An Appraisal Notes, Plus One Economics Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Economics Notes Chapter 3 Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation – An Appraisal

Background of the economic reforms
India introduced economic reforms in 1991. It was due to several reasons. Important among them are:

• Policies such as MRTP and FEMA prevented large scale domestic and foreign investments.
• Reserving certain sectors exclusively for the public sector prevented private investment less attractive for such sectors.
• Gulf war and subsequent events created a severe foreign exchange crisis in our country.
• Import bill of petroleum products increased alarmingly leading to BoP deficit.
• Political instability.

Plus One Economics Chapter 3 Notes Liberalisation
Liberalization implies liberating trade from unwanted government controls and restrictions. Indian economy prior to the nineties was following a restrictive policy and excessive government interferences in all economic activities. This interference created the license-permit-raj as indicated earlier. This has led to extensive corruption, red-tapism, undue delay, and inefficiency. Most of the policies such as the licensing system, FERA, MRTP hindered economic growth, and industrialisation. The aim of the liberalization policy was very comprehensive, promoting economic growth by reducing factors hindering it and makes the economy very competitive at international standards.

Liberalisation policies included reforms in the following sectors.

• Industrial sector reforms
• Financial sector reforms
• Tax reforms
• Foreign exchange reforms

Plus One Economics Chapter 3 Notes Pdf Privatisation
Privatisation refers to any process that reduces the participation of the state/public sector in the economic activities of a country. In other words, the conversion of ownership or management of a government-owned enterprise into a private enterprise is known as privatization or denationalization. India started privatization as part of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). The process of privatisation can take place either by the withdrawal of government ownership and management of public sector companies or by the outright sale of public sector companies (disinvestment).

Economics Notes Class 11 Kerala Syllabus Aims of disinvestment:

1. Better performance of public sector units (PSUs) through better management techniques
2. Enforcing financial discipline and improving financial performance
3. Enhancing the ability of companies to raise financial resources from the market
4. Raising revenue of the government from sale of equity
5. A strong impetus to the flow of FOI (Foreign Direct Investment)

Plus One Economics Notes Chapter 3 Globalisation
Globalisation is a complex phenomenon. The term globalisation indicates the opening up of domestic economy for the world market, or integration of an economy with global economy. It involves creation of network and activities transcending economic, social and geographical boundaries. It attempts to establish links in such a way that the happening in India can be influenced by events happening miles away. Integration of economies is possible through interlinking domestic market with world market through foreign trade. Therefore, it is treated as a very complex phenomenon.

Plus One Economics Notes Pdf Outsourcing
Outsourcing is an important feature of globalisation. It is practice where a company hires regular service from external sources mostly from other countries which previously provided internally or within the country.

Plus One Economics Malayalam Notes World Trade Organisation (WTO)
WTO was founded in 1995 replacing GATT. GATT was established in 1948. Following are the aims of WTO.

• Provides equal opportunities to all participating nations in international trade.
• To ensure optimum utilization of world resources and protect the environment.
• Remove of tariffs (tax) and non-tariffs (quota). This leads to the removal of restrictions on trade thereby facilitating free-entry and free exit of goods
• To encourage multi-lateral trade (more than two nations) rather than bilateral trade (two countries).
• Extension of a trade by including trade in services like banking, insurance communication.
• To include Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), commonly known as Patent Rights and Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) within the span of international trade.

Students can Download Chapter 3 Motion in a Straight Line Notes, Plus One Physics Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Physics Notes Chapter 3 Motion in a Straight Line

Plus One Physics Chapter 3 Notes Pdf Summary
Motion In A Straight Line
In this chapter, we shall learn how to describe motion. For this, we develop the concepts of velocity, acceleration and relative velocity. We also develop a set of simple equations called Kinematic equations.

• Motion: Motion is change in position of an object with time.
• Rectilinear motion: The motion along a straight line is called rectilinear motion.
• Point object: If the distance travelled by the body is very large compared with its size, the size of the body may be neglected. The body under such a condition may be taken as a point object. The point object can be represented by a point.

Example:

• The length of bus may be neglected compared with the length of the road it is running.
• The size of planet is ignored compared with the size of the orbit in which it is moving.

Position, Path Length And Displacement
1. Reference point, Frame of reference:
In order to specify position of object, we take reference point and a set of axes. Consider a rectangular coordinate system consisting of three mutually perpendicular axes, labelled x, y, and z axes. The point of intersection of these three axes is called origin (O) and serves as the reference point.

The coordinates (x, y, z) of an object describe the position of the object. To measure time, we place a clock in this coordinate system. This coordinate system along with a clock is called a frame of reference.

Straight-line motion in coordinate system

To describe the motion along a straight line we can choose x-axis. The position of a carat different time are given in the figure 3.1. The position to the right of 0 is taken as positive and to the left of 0 as negative. The position coordinates of point P and Q are +360m +240m. The position coordinate of R is-120m.

2. Path Length (Distance):
The total length of the path travelled by an object is called path length.
Explanation:
Consider a car moving along straight line. The positions of car at different time are given in the x-axis. (See figure 3.1)
Case-1:
The car moves from 0 to P. In this case the distance moved by car is OP = +360.
Case-2:
The car moves from 0 to P and then moves back from P to Q.
In this case, the distance travelled is OP + PQ = +360 + (+120) = +480m.

3. Displacement:
The distance between initial point and final point is called displacement.

OR

The change of position of the particle in a particular direction is called displacement.
Explanation:
Consider a car moving along a straight line. The positions of car at different time is given in the x-axis.
See figure (3.1)
Let us take two cases
Case-1:
The car moves from 0 to P, in this case displacement = (360 – 0) = 360
Case-2:
The car moves from 0 to P and moves back from P to Q.
In this case,
Displacement = 240m
Let x₁ and x₂ be the positions of an object at time t₁ and t₂. Then displacement in time Dt = (t₂ – t₁) can be written as Dx = x₂ – x₁
If x₁ < x₂, Dx is positive and if x₂ < x₁, Dx is negative.
Note: The magnitude of displacement may or may not be equal to the path length traversed by an object.

4. Position Time Graph:
Motion of an object can be represented by a position-time graph.
Position time graph for a stationary object:
For a stationary object, the position does not change with time. Hence the position time graph will be a straight line parallel to time axis.

Position time graph in a uniform motion:
Uniform motion:
A body is said to be uniform motion, if it undergoes equal displacements in equal intervals of time. In uniform motion velocity is constant The figure below shows the positiontime graph of such a motion.

Plus One Physics Chapter 3 Notes Question 1.
The position-time of a car is given below. Analyze the graph and explain the motion of car.

Answer:
The car starts from rest a time t=0s from the origin 0 and picks up speed till t=10s. After 10 sec, the car moves with uniform speed till t=18 sec. Then the brakes are applied and the car stops at t = 20s and x = 296m.

Class 11 Physics Chapter 3 Notes Question 2.
Draw the position-time for an object

1. moving with positive velocity
2. moving with negative velocity.

Answer:
1.

2.

Average Velocity And Average Speed
1. Average Velocity:
The average velocity of a particle is the ratio of the total displacement to the time interval.

Explanation:
To explain average velocity, consider a position time graph of a body given below.

Let x₁ be the position of body at a time t₁ and x₂ be the position at t₂.
The average velocity during the time interval Dt = (t₂ – t₁)

where Dx = x₂ – x₁, and Dt = t₂ – t₁,
\(\overline{\mathbf{v}}\) is the average velocity.

Motion In A Straight Line Class 11 Notes Pdf Question 3.
Find the slope of position time graph given below of uniform motion and explain the result.

Answer:

Slope of displacement time graph gives average velocity.

Class 11th Physics Chapter 3 Notes Question 4.
Displacement time graph of a car is given below.

1. Find the average velocity during the time interval 5 to 7 sec.
2. Find the average velocity by taking slope in the interval 5 to 7 sec.

Answer:
1.

2. Slope, tan q

In this case, slope and average velocity are equal in the same interval.

2. Average Speed:
Average speed of a particle is the ratio of the total distance to total time taken.

Physics Chapter 3 Class 11 Notes Question 5.
A car is moving along a straight line. Say OP in figure. It moves from 0 to P in 18s and returns from P to Q in 6s. What are the average velocity and average speed of the car in going?

1. From 0 to P? and
2. from 0 to P and back to Q. (See Figure 3.1)

Answer:
1. Average velocity

Average speed

In this case the average speed is equal to the magnitude of the average velocity.

2. In this case
Average velocity

Average speed

In this case the average speed is not equal to the magnitude of the average velocity. This happens because the motion here involves change in direction. So that the distance is greater than displacement.
Note: In general, the velocity is always less than or equal to speed.

Instantaneous Velocity And Speed
Nonuniform Motion:
A body is said to be nonuniform motion, if it undergoes unequal displacements in equal intervals of time.

OR

A body moving with varying velocity is called nonuniform motion.

1. Instantaneous Velocity:
Chapter 3 Physics Class 11 Notes Question 6.
Why the concept of instantaneous velocity is introduced?
Answer:
In nonuniform motion the average velocity tells us how fast the object has been moving over a given interval. But it does not tell us how it moves at different instants during that interval. For this we define instantaneous velocity. The velocity at an instant is called instantaneous velocity.
Explanation:
Position-time of a body moving along a straight line is given below.

Let us find average velocity in the interval 2 sec (3s to 5s), centered at t = 4 sec. In this case, the slope of line P₁P₂ give the value of average velocity, ie. Slope of P₁P₂,

Decrease the value of Dt from 2.to 1 sec. (ie. 3.5 to 4.5 sec). Then line P₁P₂ becomes Q₁Q₂. Then the slope of gives average velocity overthe interval 3.5 sec to 4.5sec.
ie. slope of Q₁Q₂

In the limit Dt ® 0, gives the instantaneous velocity at t = 4sec and its value is nearly 3.84m/s.

Motion In A Straight Line Class 11 Notes Question 7.
When average velocity of a body becomes instantaneous velocity?
Answer:
In the limit, Dt goes to zero, the average velocity becomes instantaneous velocity.

But lim \(\lim _{\Delta t \rightarrow 0} \frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t}=\frac{d x}{d t}\)
\Instantaneous velocity,

Here \(\frac{d x}{d t}\) is the differential coefficient of x with respect to time. It is the rate of change of position with respect to time at an instant.

Class 11 Physics Notes Chapter 3 Question 8.
The table given below gives the value of \(\frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t}\) for Dt equal to 2s, 1s, 0.55, 0.1s and 0.01s centered at t = 4 sec. (See figure given above). What conclusions can be made from this table?
Answer:
The value of average velocity \(\left(\frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t}\right)\) becomes instantaneous velocity (3.8 m/s), in the limit of Dt goes to zero, (ie Dt is infinitesimally small).

Class 11 Physics Chapter 3 Notes Pdf Download Question 9.
The position of an object moving along x-axis is given by x = a + bt² where a = 8.5m, b = 2.5 m/s² and t is measured in seconds

1. What is the velocity at t = 0s and t = 2s.
2. What is the average velocity between t = 2s and t = 4s?

Answer:
1.

when t = 0
we get v = 2 × 2.5 × 0
v = 0
when t = 2sec
v = 2 × 2.5 × 2 v = 10m/s.

2. The average velocity

Note: If a body is moving with constant velocity, the average velocity is the same as instantaneous velocity at all instants.

2. Instantaneous Speed:
The speed at an instant is called instantaneous speed.
Note:

• The average speed over a finite interval of time is greater or equal to the magnitude of the average velocity.
• Instantaneous speed at an instant is equal to the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at that instant.

Motion In Straight Line Notes Pdf Acceleration
1. Average Acceleration:
Average acceleration of a particle is ratio of the change in velocity to the time interval.

Explanation
Consider a body moving along a straight line. Let v₁ and v₂ be the instantaneous velocities at time t₁ and t₂ respectively.


where Dv = change in velocity, Dt = Time interval

2. Instantaneous Acceleration:
Acceleration at any instant is called instantaneous acceleration.
Explanation
In the limit Dt ® 0, (Dt goes to zero) the average acceleration becomes instantaneous acceleration.
ie. Instantaneous acceleration

Instantaneous acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.

3. Uniform Acceleration:
A body is said to be in uniform acceleration, if velocity changes equally in equal intervals of time.

Motion In A Straight Line Class 11 Pdf Question 10.
The velocities of two bodies A and B are given in the tables. From this table, find which body is moving with uniform acceleration. Explain.
Body A

Body B

Answer:
The body A is moving with uniform acceleration be-cause the velocity of body increases at the rate of 2 m/s².
The body B is moving with constant velocity. Hence this motion is called uniform motion.

4. Velocity-Time Graph For Uniformly Accelerated Motion:

An example for velocity-time of a uniformly accelerated motion is given in the above figure.
Let v_t1 and v_t2 be the velocities at instants t₁ and t₂respectively.
The slope of graph in the interval (t₂ – t₁) can be written as,

∴ tan q = acceleration
Thus the slope of the velocity-time gives the acceleration of the particle.

Motion In A Straight Line Notes Pdf Question 11.
Velocity-time of a body is given below. From this graph draw corresponding acceleration time graph.

Answer:
The slope of velocity-time graph increases in the interval (0 – 10) sec which means that acceleration of the body increases in this interval.

Velocity is constant in the interval (10 – 18) sec. Hence ’ the slope is zero which means that acceleration is zero in this range.

The slope in the interval (18 – 20) sec is constant and negative. Hence acceleration in this is a negative value. The acceleration – time graph for the above motion is given below.

Motion In Straight Line Class 11 Notes Question 12.
The position-time graph of a car is given below.

1. Draw corresponding velocity-time graph. Explain the reason for your answer.
2. From velocity-time graph draw acceleration-time graph and identify the regions of

• positive acceleration
• Negative acceleration
• zero acceleration.

Answer:
1. In the time interval (0 – t₁) sec, the slope of x – t graph increases which means that velocity is increasing in this time interval.

In the time interval (t₁ – t₂) sec, slope is constant. Hence velocity remains constant in this time interval.

In the time interval (t₂ – t₃) sec, the slope is decreasing and finally becomes zero. Which means that velocity decreases to zero.

2. Slope is constant throughout the interval (0 – t₁) sec which means that acceleration constant.

In the interval (t₁ – t₂) sec, slope is zero. Which means that acceleration is zero in this region.

Slope is constant (but negative) in the interval (t₂ – t₃)sec. Hence acceleration is constant and negative in this time interval.

Motion In A Straight Line Class 11 Notes Pdf Download Question 13.
Find the region of

1. positive acceleration
2. zero acceleration
3. negative acceleration from the above x-t graph

Answer:

1. Region OA – Positive acceleration
2. Region AB – zero acceleration
3. Region BC – Negative acceleration

Straight Line Class 11 Notes Question 14.
Match the following.

Answer:
1) – d, 2) – c, 3) – b, 4) – a.

5. Area Under Velocity-Time Graph:
Area under velocity-time graph represents the displacement over a given time interval.
Explanation
Consider a body moving with constant velocity v. Its velocity-time graph is given below.

The area of the rectangle has height v and bast t. Therefore,

Note: The acceleration and velocity of a body cannot change values abruptly at an instant. Changes are always continuous.

Kinematic Equations For Uniformly Accelerated Motion
For uniformly accelerated motion, we can derive some simple equations.

1. Velocity-time relation
2. Position-time relation
3. Position-velocity relation

These equations are called kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion.
1. Velocity-Time Relation:

Consider a body moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration ‘a’. Let ‘u’ be initial velocity and ‘v ‘ be the final velocity at time t.
We know acceleration a = \(\frac{\text { Change in velocity }}{\text { Time interval }}\)
a = \(\frac{v-u}{t}\)
at = v – u

2. Position-Time Relation:

Consider a body moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration a. Let ‘u’ be initial velocity and ‘v’ be the final velocity. ‘S’ is the displacement travelled by the body during the time interval ‘t‘.
Displacement of the body during the time interval t,
S = average velocity × time
\(S=\left(\frac{v+u}{2}\right) t\) _____(1)
But v = u + at ____(2)
Substitute eq.(2) in eq.(1), we get

3. Position-Velocity Relation:
\(S=\left(\frac{v+u}{2}\right) t\) _____(1)
But v = u + at
\(\frac{v-u}{a}\) = t _____(2)
Substitute eq.(2) in eq.(1)

2as = v² – u²
v² – u² = 2as

Free-fall:
An object released (near the surface of earth) is accelerated towards the earth. If air resistance is neglected, the object is said to be in free fall. The acceleration due to gravity near the surface of earth is 9.8 m/s².
Note: Free-fall is a case of motion with uniform acceleration.

Question 15.
A body is allowed to fall freely. Draw the following graph.

1. Acceleration-time
2. Velocity-time
3. Position-time

Answer:
1.

2.

3.

Stopping distance of vehicles:
When brakes are applied to a moving vehicle, the distance it travels before stopping is called stopping distance.

Question 16.
Derive an expression for stopping distance of a vehicle in terms of initial velocity (u) and retardation (a).
Answer:
Let the distance travelled by the vehicle before it stops be ‘s’.
Then we can find ‘s’ using the formula
v² = u² + 2as
0 = u² + -2as

3.7 Relative Velocity
Suppose the distance between two bodies changes with time in magnitude, or in direction or in both. Then each body is said to have a velocity relative to the other.

For example, consider two cars A and B moving in the same direction with equal velocities. To a person in A, the car B would appear to be rest.

Hence the velocity of B relative to A is zero.
ie. V_BA = 0
Similarly, the velocity of A with respect to B is zero.
or V_AB = 0
Let A be moving with a velocity V_A and B be moving with a greater velocity V_B in the same direction. Then the person in A feels that the car B is moving away from him with a velocity V_BA. The velocity of B relative to A

For an observer in B, the car A is going back with a velocity. The velocity of A relative to B
V_AB = -(V_B – V_B).

Question 17.
The position-time graph of two bodies A and B (at different situations) are given in the following graphs. Find the relative velocities of the following graph.

Answer:
a) The slope of Aand B are equal. Hence velocity of A and B are equal. So velocity of A with respect to B, V_AB = 0

b) The body A and B meet at t = 3sec

Velocity of A w.r. to B, V_AB = V_A – V_B
= 20-10 = 10 m/s Velocity of B w.r. to A, V_BA = V_B – V_A
= 10 – 20 = -10 m/s

c) The body A and B meet at t = 1 sec.
The velocity of body in the interval t = 1 sec,

Velocity of A w. r. to B,
V_AB = V_A – V_B
= 20 – 10 = 30 m/s
Similarly velocity of B w.r. to A,
V_BA = V_B – V_A
= 10 – +20 = -30 m/s
The magnitude of V_BA or V_AB (=30 m/s) is greater than the magnitude of velocity A or that of B.

Students can Download Chapter 1 Sets Questions and Answers, Plus One Maths Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Maths Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Sets

Plus One Maths Sets Three Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Maths Chapter Wise Previous Questions And Answers Question 1.
There are 200 individuals with a skin disorder, 120 had been exposed to the chemical A, 50 to chemical B and 30 to both chemical A and B, Find the number of individuals exposed to

1. Chemical A but not chemical B. (1)
2. Chemical B but not.chemical C. (1)
3. Chemical A or chemical B. (1)

Answer:
1. Given; n(U) = 200; n(A) = 120;
n(B) = 50; n(A∩B) = 30
n (Chemical A but not chemical B)
= n(A ∩ B’) = n(A) – n(A ∩ B) = 120 – 30 = 90

2. n (Chemical B but not chemical A)
= n(A’ ∩ B) = n(B) – n(A ∩ B) = 50 – 30 = 20

3. n (Chemical A or chemical B)
= n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
= 120 + 50 – 30 = 140.

Plus One Maths Sets Previous Questions And Answers Question 2.
In a survey of 400 students in a school, 100 were listed as taking apple juice, 150 as taking orange juice and 75 were listed as taking both apple as well as orange juice. Find how many students were taking neither apple juice nor orange juice.
Answer:
Let A – Apple juice; O – Orange juice be the sets.
Given; n(U) = 400; n(A) = 100;
n(O) = 150; n(A ∩ O) = 75
n (neither apple juice nor orange juice)
= n(A’ ∩ O’) = n((A ∪ O)’)
= n(U) – n(A ∪ O)
= 400 – [n(A) + n(O) – n(A ∩ O)]
= 400 – [100 + 150 – 75] = 400 – 175 = 225.

Plus One Maths Sets Questions And Answers Pdf Download Question 3.
In a committee, 50 people speak French, 20 speak Spanish and 10 speak both Spanish and French. How many speaks at least one of these two languages?
Answer:
Let F – French; S – Spanish be the sets.
Given; n(F) = 50; n(S) = 20;w(F ∩ S) = 10
n (speaks at least one of these two languages)
= n(F ∪ S) = n(F) + n(S) – n(F ∩ S)
= 50 + 20 – 10 = 60.

Plus One Maths Textbook Questions And Answers Question 4.
In a group of 65 people, 40 like cricket, 10 like both cricket and tennis, how many like tennis only and not cricket? How many like tennis?
Answer:
Let C – Cricket; T – Tennis be the sets.
Given;
n(C’ ∪ T) = 65; n(C) = 40; n(C ∩ T) = 10
n(C ∪ T) = n(C) + n(T) – n(C ∩ T)
⇒ 65 = 40 + n(T) – 10 ⇒ n(T) = 35
n (tennis only and not cricket)
= n(T ∪ C’) = n(T) – n(T ∩ C) = 35 – 10 = 25.

Plus One Maths Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Pdf Question 5.
Let A and B be two sets such that n( A) = 20, n(A ∪ B) = 42, n(A ∩ B) = 4. Find

1. n(B) (1)
2. n(B – A) (1)
3. n(A – B) (1)

Answer:

1. n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ∩ B)
   ⇒ 42 = 20 + n(B) – 4 ⇒ n(B) = 26
2. n(B – A) = n(B) – n(A ∩ B) = 26 – 4 = 22
3. n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A ∩ B) = 20 – 4 = 16.

Plus One Maths Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 6.
A = {x: x is a natural number less than 8}

1. Write in roster form. (1)
2. Write a subset of A containing all even numbers in A. (1)
3. Which of the following could not be the number of elements of power set of a set [2, 8, 10, 16]? (1)

Answer:

1. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
2. {2, 4, 6} or {2, 4, 6, 7}
3. 10. (since other are powers of 2.)

Plus One Maths Sets Four Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Maths First Chapter Questions And Answers Question 1.
Observe the Venn diagram.

1. Write in roster form. (1)
2. Verify that (A – B) ∪ (A ∩ B) = A (2)
3. Find (A ∩ B)’ (1)

Answer:

1. A = {1, 3, 4, 8} ; B = {2, 3, 5}
2. A – B = {1, 4, 8}; A ∩ B = {3}
   ⇒ (A – B) ∪ (A ∩ B) = {1, 3, 4, 8}
   Hence; (A – B) ∪ (A ∩ B) = A
3. (A ∩ B)’ = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Plus One Maths Sets Practice Problems Questions and Answers

Plus One Maths Chapter Wise Questions Question 1.
Write the following sets in roster form.

1. A = {x: x xis an integer and -3 < x < 7}
2. B = {x: x ∈ N; x ≤ 6}
3. C = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}
4. D = {x : x is a two-digit natural number such that the sum of its digits is 8}
5. E = {x: x ∈ Z; \(-\frac{1}{2}<x<\frac{9}{2}\)}

Answer:

1. A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2. B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
3. C = {a, e, i, o, u}
4. D = {17, 71, 26, 62, 35, 53}
5. E = {1, 2, 3, 4}

Plus One Maths Text Book Questions And Answers Question 2.
Write the following sets in Set builder form.

1. A = {3, 6, 9, 12}
2. B = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32}
3. C = \(\left\{\frac{1}{2}, \frac{2}{3}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{4}{5}, \frac{5}{6}, \frac{6}{7}\right\}\)
4. D = {5, 25, 125, 625}
5. E = {2, 4, 6……..} (1 score each)

Answer:

1. A = {x: x = 3n, n ∈ N, n< 4 }
2. B = {x: x = 2ⁿ; n ∈ N; n < 5 }
3. C = {x: x = \(\frac{n}{n+1}\); n ∈ N, n ≤ 6}
4. D = {x: x = 5ⁿ; n ∈ N, n ≤ 4 }
5. E = {x: x is an even number}

Plus One Maths Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Pdf Hsslive Question 3.
Write the following in interval form.

1. {x: x∈ R, -4 < x ≤ 6}
2. {x: x∈ R, 0 ≤ x < 7 }
3. {x: x∈ R, 3 ≤ x ≤ 4 } (1 score each)

Answer:

1. (-4, 6]
2. [0, 7)
3. [3, 4]

Plus One Maths Sets Questions And Answers Pdf Question 4.
Write the following in set builder form.

1. [0, 10]
2. [-2, 7)
3. (3, 4)

Answer:

1. {x: x∈ R, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 }
2. { x: x ∈ R, -2 ≤ x < 7 }
3. {x: x ∈ R, 3 < x < 4 }

Plus One Maths Questions And Answers Question 5.
Find Set A, B and Universal set U (1 score each)

Answer:
A = {e, f, d}; B = {a, b, c, d} and U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}

Hsslive Maths Textbook Answers Plus One Question 6.
Write all subset of the following

1. {1, 2}
2. {a, b, c}
3. Φ (1 score each)

Answer:

1. Φ, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}
2. Φ, {a}, {b}, {c} ,{a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}
3. Φ

Plus One Mathematics Questions And Answers Question 7.
Let A = {1, 2, {3, 4}, s, d, θ} , Which of the following statements are true/false and why?

1. 3 ∈ A
2. {1, {3, 4}} ∈ A
3. {1, 2, 3} ⊂ A
4. Φ ∈ A
5. 1 ⊂ A (1 score each)

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False

Important Questions For Class 11 Maths Sets Question 8.
If A = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8}; B = {2, 5, 7, 9, 10} and C = {4 , 5, 9, 10}. Find

1. A ∪ B
2. B ∪ C
3. A ∪ C
4. A ∩ B
5. B ∩ C
6. A∪ B ∪ C
7. A ∩ B ∩ C
8. (A ∩ B) ∪ (C ∩ A) (1 score each)

Answer:

1. A ∪ B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
2. B ∪ C = {2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10}
3. A ∪ C = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
4. A ∩ B = {2, 7}
5. B ∩ C = {5, 9, 10}
6. A ∪ B ∪ C = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
7. A ∩ B ∩ C = Φ
8. (A ∩ B) ∪ (C ∩ A) = {2, 7} u {4} = {2, 4, 7}

Plus One Maths Important Questions And Answers Question 9.
If A = {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12}; B = {2, 7, 9, 10} and C = {5, 9, 10, 12}. Find

1. A – B
2. B – C
3. A – C
4. B – A
5. C – A
6. (A ∪ B) – C
7. A – {B ∩ C)
8. (A ∩ B) – (C ∩ A) (1 score each)

Answer:

1. A – B = {4, 6, 8, 12}
2. B – C = {2, 7}
3. A – C = {2, 4, 6, 7, 8}
4. B – A = {9, 10}
5. C – A = {5, 9, 10}
6. (A ∪ B) – C = {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12} – {5, 9, 10, 12} = {2, 4, 6, 7, 8}.
7. A – (B ∩ C) = {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12} – {9, 10} = {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12}
8. (A ∩ B) – (C ∩ A) = {2, 7} – {12} = {2, 7}

Plus One Maths Previous Questions And Answers Question 10.
If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}; A = {2, 7, 9, 10} B = {5, 9, 10, 12} and C = {1, 4, 5, 7, 11}. Find

1. A’
2. B’
3. A’ – C
4. (B – A)’
5. B’ ∩ C’
6. (A ∪ B)’
7. A’ ∩ B’ (1 score each)

Answer:

1. A’ = { 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12}
2. B’ = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11}
3. A’ – C = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12} – {2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12} = {1, 4, 5, 11}
4. (B – A)’ = {5, 12}’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
5. B’ ∩ C’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11} – {2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12} = {2, 3, 6, 8}
6. (A ∪ B)’ = {2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12}’ = {1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11}
7. A’ ∩ B’ = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11} = {1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11}

Plus One Maths Text Book Answers Question 11.
If X and Y are two sets such that X ∪ Y has 50 elements, X has 28 elements and Y has 32 elements, how many elements does X ∩ Y have?
Answer:
Given; n(X ∪ Y) = 50; n(X) = 28; n(Y) = 32
n(X ∪ Y) = n(X) + n(Y) – n(X ∩ Y)
⇒ 50 = 28 + 32 – n(X ∩ Y)
⇒ n(X ∩ Y) = 60 – 50 = 10

Students can Download Chapter 4 Motion in a Plane Notes, Plus One Physics Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Physics Notes Chapter 4 Motion in a Plane

Summary
Motion In A Plane Class 11 Notes Pdf Introduction
In this chapter, we will study, about vector, its ’ addition, substraction and multiplication We then discuss motion of an object in a plane. We shall also discuss uniform circular motion in detail.

Plus One Physics Chapter 4 Notes Scalars And Vectors

a. Scalars:
A quantity which has only magnitude and no direction is called a scalar quantity.
Eg: length; volume, mass, time, work etc.

b. Vectors:
(i) The need for vectors:
In one dimensional motion, there are only two possible directions. But in two or three dimensional motion, infinite number of directions are possible. Hence quantities like displacement, velocity, force etc. cannot be represented by magnitude alone: Therefore in order to describe such quantities, not only magnitude but direction also is essential.

(ii) Vector:
A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called a vector quantity.
Eg: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, momentum.

1. Position and Displacement Vectors:
Position vector:
Consider the motion of an object in a plane. Let P be the position of object at time tw.r.t.origin given O.

A vector representing the position of an object P with respect to an origin O is called position vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}\) of the object. This position vector may be represented
by an arrow with tail at O and head at P.

The length of the line gives the magnitude of the vector and arrow head (tip) indicates its direction in space. The magnitude of OP is represented by |\(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}\)|.

Displacement vector:

Consider the motion of an object in a plane. Let P be the position of a moving object at a time t and p¹ that at a later time t¹. \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{OP}^{1}}\) are the position vectors at time t and t¹ respectively. So the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{PP}^{1}}\) is called displacement vector corresponding to the motion in the time interval (t – t¹).

2. Equality of vectors:
Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and direction.

The above figure shows two vectors \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) having the same magnitude and direction.
∴ \(\vec{A}\) = \(\vec{B}\).

Motion In A Plane Class 11 Notes Hsslive Question 1.
Observe the following figures (a) and (b) and find which pair does represents equal vectors?

Answer:
Figure a represent that A and B are equal vectors. Two vectors A¹ and B¹ are unequal, because they were in different directions.

Multiplication Of Vectors By Real Numbers
Multiplying a vector \(\vec{A}\) with a positive number I gives a vector whose magnitude is changed by the factor λ.

The direction λ\(\vec{A}\) is the same as that of \(\vec{A}\).
Examples:

A vector \(\vec{A}\) and the resultant vector after multiplying \(\vec{A}\) by a positive number 2.

A vector A and resultant vector after multiplying it by a negative number-1 and -1.5.

Addition And Subtraction Of Vectors – Graphical Method
Vectors representing physical quantities of the same dimensions can be added or subtracted. The sum of two or more vectors is known as their resultant.

1. When two vectors are acting in the same direction:

2. When two vectors act in opposite direction:
In this case, the angle between the vectors is 180°.

The resultant of the two vectors is a new vector whose magnitude is the difference between the magnitudes of the two vectors and whose direction is the same as the direction of the bigger vector.

3. When two vectors are inclined to each other:
The sum of two vectors inclined at an angle q can be obtained either by

• the law of triangle of vectors
• the parallelogram law of vectors

(i) Triangle method:
This law states that if two vectors can be represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in the same order, then the resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle taken in the reverse order.

Explanation
Consider two vectors \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) as shown in figure.

(ii) Parallelogram law of vector addition:
This law states that if two vectors acting at a point can be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the diagonal of the parallelogram through that point represents the resultant vector.
Explanation
Consider two vectors \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) as shown in figure.

To find \(\vec{A}\) + \(\vec{B}\), we bring theirtails to a common origin Q as shown below.


The diagonal of parallelogram OQSP, gives the resultantof (\(\vec{R}\) = \(\vec{A}\) + \(\vec{B}\)) of two vectors \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\).
Note: Triangle and parallelogram law of vector addition gives the same result, ie. the two methods are equivalent.

4. Substraction of vectors:

To substract \(\vec{B}\) from \(\vec{A}\), reverse the direction of \(\vec{B}\).

Then add –\(\vec{B}\) with \(\vec{A}\) using parallelogram law or tri¬angle law.

The resultant of \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) is given by \(\vec{R}\).
Null vector or zero vector:
A vector having zero magnitude is called a zero vector or null vector. Null vector is represented by \(\vec{O}\). Since the magnitude is zero, we don’t have to specify its direction.
Properties of null vector:

Class 11 Physics Motion In A Plane Notes Pdf Question 2.
Explain a zero vector using an example.
Answer:
Suppose that an object which is at P at time t, moves to p¹ and then comes back to P. In this case displacement is a null vector.

Resolution Of Vectors Unit Vectors
A vector divided by its magnitude is called unit vector along the direction of that vector. A unit vector in the direction of \(\vec{A}\) is written as \(\hat{A}\).

Orthogonal unit vectors:

In the Cartesian coordinate system, the unit vectors along the X, Y and Z directions are represented by \(\hat{i}\), \(\hat{j}\) and \(\hat{k}\) respectively and are known as orthogonal unit vectors.
For unit vectors

Resolution of vector into rectangular components:
The components of a vector in two mutually perpendicular directions are called its rectangular components.
Explanation

Consider a vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\) that lies in x-y plane as shown in figure. To resolve \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\), draw lines from the head of \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\) perpendicularto the coordinate axes as shown below.

The quantities A_x and A_y are called x and y components of the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\). Hence the vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\) can be written in terms of rectangular components as

Magnitude of \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\):

From the figure, the magnitude of \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\) can be written as,

Vectors Physics Class 11 Notes Pdf Question 3.
A vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\) in xyz plane is given below. A_x, A_y and A_z are the perpendicular components in x,y and z directions respectively.

1. Write \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\) in terms of rectangular components.
2. Write the magnitude of \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\).

Answer:

The magnitude of vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\) is

Vector Addition – Analytical Method
The graphical method of adding vectors helps us in visualizing the vectors and the resultant vector. But this method has limited accuracy and sometimes tedious. Hence we use analytical method to add vectors.
Explanation

The vectors obey commutative and associative laws. Hence

Projectile Motion Class 11 Notes Question 4.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of two vectors \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}\) in terms of their magnitudes and angle between them.
Answer:

Consider two vectors \(\vec{A}(=\overrightarrow{O P}) \text { and } \vec{B}(=\overrightarrow{O Q})\) making an angle q. Using the parallelogram method of
vectors, the resultant vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{R}}\) can be written as,

SN is normal to OP and PM is normal to OS. From the geometry of the figure
OS² = ON² + SN²
but ON = OP + PN
ie. OS² = (OP+PN)² + SN² ______(1)
From the triangle SPN, we get
PN = Bcosq and SN = Bsinq
Substituting these values in eq.(1), we get
OS² = (OP + Bcosq)² + (Bsinq)²
But OS = R and OP = A
R² = (A + Bcosq)² + B²sin²q
= A² + 2ABcosq + B²cos²q + B²sin²q
R² = A² + 2 ABcosq + B²

The resultant vector \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{R}}\) make an angle a with \overrightarrow{\mathrm{A}}. From the right angled triangle OSN,

But SN = Bsinq PN = Bcosq

Motion In A Plane

1. Position vector and displacement vector Position vector:

Consider a small body located at P with reference to the origin O. The position vector of the point ‘P’

Displacement vector


where Dx = x¹ – x¹, Dy = y¹ – y
Velocity:
If Dt is the time taken to reach from P to P¹
The average velocity, \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{av}}=\frac{\overrightarrow{\Delta r}}{\Delta \mathrm{t}}\) ____(3)
Substitute eq.(2) in eq.(3), we get

The direction of average velocity is the same as that of \(\overrightarrow{\Delta r}\).
The instantaneous velocity can be written as

Acceleration:
If the velocity of an object changes from \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{v}} \text { to } \overrightarrow{\mathrm{v}^{1}}\) in time Dt, then its average acceleration is given by

Instantaneous acceleration:
The acceleration at any instant is called instantaneous acceleration. When Dt goes to zero, the average acceleration becomes instantaneous acceleration.
ie. Instantaneous acceleration

Motion In A Plane With Constant Acceleration
Consider an object moving in xy plane with constant acceleration ‘a’. Let \(\vec{u}\) be the initial velocity at t=0 and \(\vec{v}\) be the final velocity at time t.
Then by definition acceleration

In terms of components
v_x = u_x + a_xt
v_y = u_y + a_yt
Displacement in a plane
If \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{r}_{0}}\) and \(\vec{r}\) be position vectors of particle at t = 0 and time t respectively, then
displacement = \(\vec{r}-\vec{r}_{0}\) _______(1)
For uniformly accelerated motion, displacement,

In terms of components
x = x₀ + u_xt + 1/2 a_xt²
y = y₀ + u_yt + 1/2 a_yt²
The eq.(2) shows that, the above motion in xy plane can be treated as two separate one dimensional motions along two perpendicular directions.

Relative Velocity In Two Dimensions
Consider two bodies A and B moving along a plane with velocities \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{A}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{B}}\). Then velocity of A relative to that of B is,

Similarly velocity of B relative to that of A

Projectile Motion
Projectile:
A body is projected into air and is allowed to move under the influence of gravity is called projectile.

Consider a body which is projected into air with a velocity u at an angle q. The initial velocity ‘u’ can be divided into two components ucosq along horizontal direction and using along vertical direction.

1. Time of flight:
The time taken by the projectile to cover the horizontal range is called the time of flight. Time of flight of projectile is decided by usinq. The time of flight can be found using the formula
s = ut + 1/2 at²
Taking vertical displacement s = 0, a = -g and initial vertical velocity = usinq, we get
0 = usinqt – 1/2gt²
1/2 gt² = usinqt

2. Vertical height:
Vertical height of body is decided by vertical component of velocity (usinq). The vertical displacement of projectile can be found using the formula v² = u² + 2as
When we substitute v=0, a = -g, s = H and u = usinq, we get
0 = (usinq)² + 2 – g × H
2gH = u²sin²q

3. Horizontal Range:
If we neglect the air resistance, the horizontal velocity (ucosq) of projectile will be a constant.
Hence the horizontal distance (R) can be found as
R = horizontal velocity × time of flight

The eq.(3) shows that, R is maximum when sin2q is maximum, ie. When q₀ = 45°.
The maximum horizontal range

Equation for path of projectile

Motion In A Plane Class 11 Pdf Question 5.
What is the shape of path followed by the projectile? Show that the path of projectile is parabola. The vertical displacement of projectile at any time t, can be found using the formula.
Answer:
S = ut+ 1/2at²
y = usinqt – 1/2gt²
But we know horizontal displacement, x = ucosq × t

In this equation g, q and u are constants. Hence eq.(4) can be written in the form
y = ax + bx²
where a and b are constants. This is the equation of parabola, ie. the path of the projectile is a parabola.

Uniform Circular Motion
The motion of an object along the circumference of a circle is called circular motion.
Uniform circular motion:
When an object follows a circular path at a constant speed, the motion is called uniform circular motion.
Period:
The time taken by the object to complete one full revolution is called the period.
Frequency:
The number of revolutions completed per second is called the frequency u of the circular motion.
If the period of a circular motion isT, its frequency

Angular Displacement (Dq):
The angle Dq in radians swept out by the radius vector in a given interval of time is called the angular displacement of the object.
Angular velocity:
The rate of change of angular displacement is called the angular velocity.

If T is the period of an object, then its radius vector sweeps out an angle of 2p radian.
Therefore in one second it sweeps out an angle \(\frac{2 \pi}{T}\).
∴ Angular velocity of the object

Expression for velocity and acceleration in uniform circular motion:

The direction of velocity is in the direction of tangent at that point. The change in velocity vectors \((\overrightarrow{\Delta v})\) is obtained by triangle law of vector as shown in figure (b).

a. Speed and angular speed in uniform circular motion:
Let the Dq be the angle constructed by the body during the time interval ∆t. The angular velocity can be written as

If the distance travelled by the object during the time Dt is Dr (ie. PP¹ = Ds) then speed

But Ds = RDq
where R = \(|\vec{r}|=|\overrightarrow{r^{\prime}}|\)
Substituting Dr = RDq in eq.(1)
we get

b. Acceleration in uniform circular motion:

The direction of this acceleration should be in the direction of \(\overrightarrow{\Delta V}\). The fig(b) shows that \(\overrightarrow{\Delta V}\) is towards the centre of the circular path. Hence the acceleration is directed towards the centre of the circle and is called centripetal acceleration.

The force which produces this centripetal acceleration is called centripetal force.
Centripetal force can be written as
F = ma_c

But ω = \(\frac{V}{R}\). Hence we get K

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Kerala Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting

Plus One Accountancy Introduction to Accounting One Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Business Studies Chapter 1 Notes Pdf Question 1.
Who among the following are not a user of accounting information?
(a) Management
(b) Investors
(c) Advertisers
(d) Lenders
Answer:
(c) Advertisers

Plus One Business Studies Chapter 1 Notes Question 2.
Spot the odd one out and state reason
(a) Loose Tools
(b) Copy Write
(c) Patent
(d) Goodwill
Answer:
(a) Loose Tools, is a Fixed assed, all others are intangible assets.

Plus One Business Studies Chapter 1 Question 3.
A Person who owes money to the business is a
(a) Debtor
(b) Investor
(c) Creditor
(d) Borrower
Answer:
(a) Debtor

Plus One Business Studies Notes Question 4.
Book-keeping is concerned with
(a) Analysis of transaction
(b) Recording of transaction
(c) Classification of transaction
Answer:
(b) Recording of transaction

Plus One Business Studies Notes In English Question 5.
Amount spent for purchasing fixed asset is a
(a) Revenue Expenditure
(b) Capital Expenditure
(c) Deferred Revenue Expenditure
Answer:
(b) Capital Expenditure.

Plus One Business Studies Chapter 1 In Malayalam Question 6.
Which quantitative characteristics of accounting in-formation is reflected when accounting information is clearly presented?
(a) Understandability
(b) Relevance
(c) Comparability
(d) Reliability
Answer:
(a) Understandability.

Plus One Business Studies Notes Pdf Question 7.
Which of the following is an example of a business transaction?
(a) Appointed Mr.Ram as the Manager of the business with a salary of Rs. 15,000.
(b) Obtain a loan of Rs. 1,00,000 to the business from Bank of India.
(c) Sent a quotation to Matha Traders worth Rs. 20,000.
Answer:
(b) Obtained a loan of Rs. 1,00,000 from Bank of India. Loan is taken meant for business. So it is a business transaction.

Hsslive Plus One Business Studies Notes Question 8.
Find the odd one out and state the reasons,
(a) share capital
(b) Debentures
(c) Sundry creditors
(d) Long-term loans.
Answer:
(c) Sundry creditors, all others are long term liabilities.

Business Studies Plus One Notes Question 9.
Value of goods remaining unsold at the end of an accounting period is termed as …………
Answer:
Closing Stocks

Plus One Business Studies Chapter Wise Notes Question 10.
Arun, a sole trader, draw Rs. 500 from the business for paying tuition fees to his child. This amount is termed as ……….
Answer:
Drawings.

Nature And Purpose Of Business Notes Pdf Question 11.
Assets minus liabilities are called ……….
Answer:
Capital.

Nature And Purpose Of Business Class 11 Notes Pdf Download Question 12.
………….. assets are those assets, which do not have any real value.
Answer:
Fictitious Assets.

Hss Live Business Studies Plus One Notes Question 13.
The amount earned by a business concern through sale of its products or providing services to customers is called ……
Answer:
Revenues.

Plus One Business Studies Notes In English Pdf Question 14.
The assets bought for long-term use in the business are termed as …………….. assets
Answer:
Fixed.

Hsslive Business Studies Plus One Notes Question 15.
Analysis of recorded data to bring entries of similar nature to one plane is called …………..
Answer:
Classifying.

Hsslive Plus One Business Studies Malayalam Notes Question 16.
A Person who is entitled to get money from the business is termed as …………
Answer:
Creditor

Question 17.
Information in financial reports is based on …………….. transaction.
Answer:
Economic.

Question 18.
All claims against the business are called ………………..
Answer:
Equity

Question 19.
The transaction is one wherein payment or receipt of money is postponed for a future date.
Answer:
Credit transaction.

Question 20.
Mr. Ismail, who is the owner of a Provision shop, took 50 kg. of rice worth Rs. 600 for his house-hold use. He should record this as
Answer:
Drawings.

Question 21.
Ravi, a trader purchased 100 notebooks from ‘Shyni stores’ on credit. How is Shyni stores related to Ravi?
Answer:
Shyni stores is the creditor of Ravi.

Question 22.
Who was the inventor of double-entry bookkeeping?
Answer:
Luca Pacioli

Question 23.
Expand AICPA
Answer:
The American Institute of Certified Public Accounts.

Question 24.
Identify the events not used to the accounting treatment.
(a) Commenced business with cash
(b) Bought Machinery for cash
(c) Cash Purchase of goods.
(d) The firm appointed an efficient Manger.
Answer:
(d) The firm appointed an efficient Manger.

Plus One Accountancy Introduction to Accounting Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Accounting.
Answer:
According to American Institute of certified Public Accountants, “Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part, at least, of a financial character and interpreting the results thereof.”

Question 2.
‘Accounting is the language of the business’. Why?
Answer:
Accounting is the language of the business:
The performance of business in terms of profit or losses is conveyed to users of accounting information in a systematic manner. The financial position of the business concerned is revealed through accounting information.

Question 3.
“Raju sold goods to Rahim on credit”. What relation exists between them? What are the accounting terms involved in it?
Answer:

• Rahim – Debtor
• Raju – Creditor

Question 4.
You are the accountant of a firm. What are the functions to be performed by you?
Answer:
Accounting provides information regarding the financial status of a business and results of its operations. The following are the important functions of accountant of a firm.

1. Recording transactions by referring source documents.
2. Preparing journal, subdivision of journal.
3. Preparing ledger accounts.
4. Summarising.
5. Making statements of interpretation 0 Reporting to Management.

Question5.
Users of accounting are classified as under:

1. Internal users – Management, Investor, Creditor, Bank, Employees, Stock exchange.
2. External Users – Customers, Government, Researchers, Lenders.

Do you agree with this classification, if not correct it?
Answer:
No,
1. Internal Users:

• Management
• Employees

2. External Users:

• Investors
• Creditors
• Bank
• Stock Exchange
• Government
• Customers
• Lenders
• Researchers

Question 6.
All business transactions are events. But all events are not business transactions. Comment.
Answer:
Events can be anything, some events can be expressed in monetary terms while others are not. Only those events which can be expressed in money, terms are business transactions. Transaction is an event or economic activity of a businessman in his business having exchange of money or money’s worth. While events is part of the business transaction.

Question 7.
Classify the following expenses into capital expenditure and revenue expenditure.

• Machinery purchased
• Rent paid
• Interest paid
• Purchased building
• The amount for repair of the building

Answer:
1. Capital Expenditure:

• Machinery Purchase
• Purchased building

2. Revenue Expenditure:

• Rent paid
• Interest
• paid Amount for repair of building

Question 8.
How will you define Revenue and Expenses?
Answer:
1. Revenue:
These are the amounts earned by a business concern through sale of its products or providing services to customers. The common items of revenues are sales, commission received, rent received, interest received, etc.

2. Expenses:
The amount spent in the process of earning revenue is termed as expenses. Examples are Wages, Salaries, rent, Interest paid, electricity charges, etc.

Question 9.
What is a capital expenditure? Give some examples?
Answer:
Capital expenditure represents the amount spent for the acquisition of assets, the benefit from which is derived over a period that extends beyond the accounting year. It is long term in nature.
Examples: Furniture purchased, Land Purchased, Building purchased, etc.

Question 10.
Explain the meaning of Gain and Profit.
Answer:
1. Profit: The excess of revenues of a period over its related expenses during an accounting year is profit. Profit increases the investment of the owners.

2. Gain: A profit that arises from events or transactions which are incidental to business such as sale of fixed assets, winning a court case, receipt of interest and dividend, etc. Gain is irregular in nature. Gains are part of capital receipt. Gains are also known as “non-operating income.”

Question 11.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 12.
Name the branches of accounting.
Answer:

1. Financial Accounting
2. Cost Accounting
3. Management Accounting

Plus One Accountancy Introduction to Accounting Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Classify the following assets into suitable head Goodwill, Building, Land, Patent, Cash, Oilwell, Copy-write, Debtors, Stock, mines, Bill receivable, Preliminary expenses.
Answer:

Question 2.
Define assets, Liabilities, and capital.
Answer:
1. Assets:
Assets are properties and things of value owned by the business which can be expressed in monetary terms. Examples of Machinery, Buildings, Stock, Debtors, Furniture, etc.

2. Liabilities:
Liabilities are the obligations that an enterprise owes. These represent the amount payable by the business in the future. They represent the claim against the asset of business. Examples Loans, Creditors, Bills payable, etc.

3. Capital:
Capital is the investment made by the owners for use in the business. It is owner’s claim on the total assets of the business and is also called “owners equity”.

Question 3.
Distinguish between:

1. Goods and Assets
2. Expense and Loss

Answer:
1. Goods and Assets:

• Goods refer to things in which the trader deals. But assets refers to things with which the trader deals.
• Goods are meant for resale, while assets are kept in the business permanently with the help of which the business is carried on.

2. Expense and Loss:

• Costs incurred by a business in the process of earning revenue are known as expense.
• The excess of expenses of a period over its related revenues is termed as loss. It decreases in owner’s equity.

Plus One Accountancy Introduction to Accounting Four Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Accounting has certain objectives to business Explain.
Answer:
The following are the important objectives of accounting.

1. Keeping of records of business transactions.
2. Ascertainment of Profit or Loss.
3. Ascertainment of financial position of business enterprises.
4. Providing meaningful information to different groups of people having interest in the business.

1. Keeping of records of business transaction:
The main purpose of accounting is to identify business transactions of financial nature and enter into appropriate books of accounts. The accounting records should be made properly and systematically, so that requisite information may be obtained at a glance.

2. Ascertainment of Profit or Loss:
The result of business (Profit or Loss) is available from the statement prepared for ascertaining it, called the Profit and Loss Account.

3. Ascertainment of financial position:
At the end of an‘ accounting year, a position statement known as the ‘Balance Sheet’ is prepared. The value of assets and liabilities are depicted in the Balance Sheet. The Balance sheet gives a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the concern.

4. Providing meaningful information to different groups of people having interest in the business:
Accounting records provide meaningful information to different groups of people having interest in the business.

Question 2.
Accounting information must possess certain qualitative characteristics. What are they?
Answer:
The following are the qualitative characteristic of accounting information.

1. Reliability: Accounting information will be reliable if it is free from error and faithfully represents what it seeks to represent.
2. Relevance: Information should be relevant and must be available in.time.
3. Understandability: Accounting information that is relevant must be capable of being understood by all its users.
4. Timeliness: Information must be available timely. If not, it loses its ability to influence decision.
5. Comparability: Accounting information should facilitate inter-firm comparison as well as interfirm comparison.
   Maximum Cputtishers

Question3.
Accounting and Book-keeping are viewed as distinct functions. Mention any four differences between Accounting and Book Keeping.
Answer:

Question 4.
“Accounting gives number of advantages to the business”. What are the important advantages of accounting?
Answer:
The following are the advantages of accounting
1. Provide Quantitative information:
Accounting helps in gathering quantitative information on profits earned by the business or loss sustained by them.

2. Helps in ascertaining financial position of the business that is, total assets owned and total liabilities owed.

3. Helps in making a systematic record of transactions, which can be used for future reference and appropriate retrieval.

4. Acts as an information system:
It provides adequate information to the interested users in a processed form.

5. Beneficial to different interested users of accounting information.

Question 5.
Accounting has certain ‘Limitations’. Explain.
The following are the limitations of accounting.
Answer:
1. It records only transactions which can be recorded in monetary terms:
Qualitative aspects like managerial skill, Services of experts, etc. are not recorded.

2. Accounting is a post mortem survey:
It records events as they have taken place. For example, expenses are recorded as incurred, assets are recorded at their cost of purchase. There is no scope for ascertaining what the appropriate expenditure or cost of acquisition should have been.

3. Effect of price level changes are not considered:
Transactions are always recorded in the books at cost price and not at market price.

4. Inexactness:
Accounting transactions are not exact. Different firms have their own different methods, so the results of the business will change in the practice.

Plus One Accountancy Introduction to Accounting Six Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What are the different types of assets? Explain briefly.
Assets are things of value owned. They may be subdivided into the following.
Answer:
1. Fixed Assets:
Fixed Assets are assets held on long term basis, such as land, buildings, machinery, plant, furniture, etc. These assets are used for the normal operations of the business.

2. Current Assets:
These are assets held on a short-term basis such as debtors, bills receivables, stock, cash in hand, cash at bank, etc. It is also known as “Floating asset.”

3. Fictitious Assets:
These are those assets, which do not have a physical form. They do not have any real value. Actually, they are not the real assets but they are called assets on legal and technical grounds. Examples are preliminary expenses, discount on issue of shares or debentures, etc.

4. Tangible Assets:
Assets having physical existence which can be seen, touched are known as tangible assets. These assets are land, building, plant, equipment, etc.

5. Intangible Assets:
These assets have no physical existence which cannot be touched, seen or felt. Examples are Goodwill, trademark, patent, copyright.

6. Wasting Assets:
Assets, whose value goes on declining with the passage of time, are known as wasting assets. Mines, oilwells, quarries are its examples.

7. Liquid Assets:
Liquid assets are those assets, which can be converted into cash at short notice. The examples of liquid assets are cash in hand, cash at bank, debtors, bills receivable, etc. Liquid assets = Current Assets – (Stock + Prepaid Expenses)

Question 2.
“Accounting provides information to various users.” Discuss accounting as an information system.
Answer:
Accounting plays a significant role in society by providing information to management at all levels (internal users) and to those having a direct financial interest in the enterprise (external users), such as present and potential investors, creditors. Accounting information is also important to those having an indirect financial interest, such as regulatory agencies, tax authorities, customers, labour unions, stock exchange, and others.

Internal users, mainly management, need timely information on cost of sales, profitability, etc. for planning, controlling and decision making. External users who have limited authority, ability and resources to obtain the necessary information have to rely on financial statements. The external users are interested in the following.

1. Investors and Potential investors:
Information on the risks and returns on investments.

2. Suppliers and Creditors:
Information on whether amounts owed will be repaid when due and on the continued existence of the business.

3. Customers:
Information on the continued existence of the business and thus the profitability of a continued supply of products, parts, and after-sales services.

4. Employees:
They are interested in getting their salary, welfare measures, bonus, working conditions, etc. which are all related to financial performance of the business.

5. Lenders:
Information on the creditworthiness of the business and its ability to repay loans and pay interest.

6. Government and other regulators:
Information on the allocation of resources and the compliance to regulators.

Students can Download Chapter 1 Nature and Purpose of Business Notes, Plus One Business Studies Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 1 Nature and Purpose of Business

1st Standard Malayalam Textbooks Chapter 1 Contents

• Economic and non-economic activities
• Business and its characteristics
• Business, Profession and Employment
• Classification of business activities
• Industry and commerce
• Objectives of business
• Business risk
• Factors to be considered before starting a business.

Activities which human beings undertake are known as human activities. We can divide these activities into two categories.

1. Economic activities
2. Non-economic activities

1. Economic Activities:
The human activities that are undertaken with an objective to earn money or livelihood is known as economic activities. eg: A worker working in a factory, a doctor operating in his hospital, a manager working in the office, a teacher teaching in a school etc.

2. Non-economic activities:
Activities are undertaken to derive psychological satisfaction are known as non economic activities. eg: Mother preparing food for her children, Praying, listening to radio or watching television, playing football with friends, etc.

Types of economic activities:

• Business
• Employment
• Profession

1st Standard Malayalam Chapter 1 Business:
Business may be defined as an economic activity involving the production or purchase and sale of goods and services with the main object of earning profit by satisfying human needs in the society.
Characteristics of business

1. Business is an economic activity with the object of earning profit.
2. Business includes all the activities concerned with the production or procurement of goods and services.
3. There should be sale or exchange of goods and services for the satisfaction of human needs.
4. Business involves dealings in goods or services on a regular basis. Normally, one single transaction of sale or purchase is not treated as business.
5. One of the main objectives of business is to earn maximum profit.
6. Business involves risk and uncertainty of income. Risk means the possibility of loss due to change in consumer taste and fashion, strike, lockout competition, fire, theft etc.

Malayalam Text Book Std 1 Pdf Download Employment:
Employment refers to that type of economic activity in which people engage in some work for others regularly and get salary or wages in return of their services.
Characteristics of Employment

1. There must exist employer-employee relationship.
2. There must be a service contract between the employer and employee.
3. Employees get salary or wages for their services
4. Regularity in service.

First Standard Malayalam Textbooks Chapter 1 Profession:
Profession refers to an occupation which requires specialized knowledge, skip and training. Its objective is to provide service to the society.
Characteristics of Profession

1. A profession requires specialized knowledge, training and skill
2. The membership of a professional body is a must
3. Professionals have a code of conduct
4. They charge fee in return of their service.

Comparison of Business, Profession and Employment:

Classification of Business Activities: Business activities may be classified into two categories

• Industry
• Commerce.

Chart showing business activities

1 Standard Malayalam Textbooks Chapter 1 Industry:
Industry refers to economic activities, which are connected with conversion of resources into useful goods. Industries may be divided into 3 categories.
They are
1. Primary industries:
Primary industries are connected with the extraction and production of natural resources and reproduction and development of living organisms, plants, etc. Such industries are further divided into two.
(i) Extractive industries:
These industries extract products from natural resources. eg: mining, farrqing, hunting, fishing etc.

(ii) Genetic industries:
These industries are engaged in activities like rearing and breeding of animals, birds and plants. eg: diary faming, paultry farming, floriculture, pisciculture etc.

2. Secondary industries:
Secondary industries deal with materials extracted at the primary stage. Such goods may be used for consumption or for further production. Secondary industries are classified into two.
They are:
(i) Manufacturing industries:
Manufacturing industries engage in converting raw materials into finished goods. eg: Conversion of rubber into cotton, timber into furniture rubber into tyres etc. Manufacturing industries may be further divided into four categories. They are,

• Analytical industry which analyses and separates different elements from the same materials. eg: Oil refinery
• Synthetical industry which combines various ingredients into a new product. eg: cement
• Processing industry which involves successive stages for manufacturing finished products. eg: Sugar and paper industry.
• Assembling industry which assembles different component parts to make a new product. eg: television, car, computer, etc.

(ii) Construction industries:
These industries are involved in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges, roads etc.

3. Tertiary industries:
These are concerned with providing support services to primary and secondary industries. eg: Transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, communication, advertising etc.

1st Standard English Book Chapter 1 Commerce:
Commerce is defined as all activities involving the removal of hindrances in the process of exchange of goods. It includes all those activities, which are necessary for the free flow of goods and services from the producer to the consumer. Commerce includes trade and auxiliaries to trade.
Commerce = Trade + auxiliaries to trade
Functions of commerce:

Malayalam 1st Standard Chapter 1 Trade:
Trade refers to sale, transfer or exchange of goods. Trade may be classified into two broad categories
They are:

1. Internal trade
2. External trade

1. Internal, domestic ot dome trade:
is concerned with the buying and selling of goods and services within the geographical boundaries of a country. This may further be divided into two. They are:-
(a) Wholesale trade:
Under wholesale trade, the trader purchases goods in large quantities from the producers, and sells them in smaller quantities to the retailers.

(b) Retail trade:
Under the retail trade, the trader buys in comparatively smaller quantities from the wholesalers or producers and sells them to ultimate consumers.

2. External or Foreign trade:
Foreign trade consists of exchange of goods and services between two or more countries. Foreign trade may be divided in to three.

• Import trade: If goods are purchased from a foreign country, it is called import trade.
• Export trade: When goods are sold to a foreign country, it is known as export trade.
• Entrepot trade: When goods are imported for export to other countries, it is known as entrepot trade.

Auxiliaries to Trade (Aids to trade):
Activities which assist trade are called aids to trade or auxiliaries to trade.

1. Transport & Communication:
Transport facilitates the movement of raw material to the place of production and the finished products from factories to the place of consumption. Communication helps the producers, traders and consumers to exchange information with one another.

2. Banking & Finance:
Banking helps business activities to overcome the problem of finance. Commercial banks lend money in the form of overdraft, cash credit, loans and advances etc… and they also provide many services required for the business activity.

3. Insurance:
The goods may be destroyed while in production process or in transit due to accidents, or in storage due to fire or theft, etc. Insurance provides protection in all such cases.

4. Warehousing:
The goods should be stored carefully from the time they are produced till the time they are sold. This function is performed by warehouses.

5. Advertising:
Advertising helps in providing information about available goods and services and create in them a strong desire to buy the product.

Multiple Objectives of Business:
The main objectives of a business are:
1. Market standing:
A business firm can succeed only when it has a good market standing. Market standing refers to the position of an enterprise in relation to its competitors.

2. Innovation:
Innovation means developing new product or services orfinding new ideas and new methods of production and distribution. Innovation accelerates the growth of an enterprise.

3. Productivity:
Productivity is ascertained by comparing the value of output with the value of input. Every enterprise must aim at greater productivity through the best use of available resources.

4. Physical and financial resources:
The business must aim at maximum utilization of available physical and financial resources, i.e. men, material, money and machine in the best possible manner.

5. Earning Profit:
Earning maximum profit is the primary objective of every business. Profit is required for survival and growth of a business.

6. Manager performance and development:
Efficient managers are needed to conduct and co-ordinate business activities. So it is the objective of an enterprise to implement various programs for motivating the managers.

7. Worker performance and attitude:
Every enterprise must aim at improving its workers performance by providing fair salary, incentives, good working conditions, medical and housing facilities.

8. Social responsibility:
It refers to the obligation of business firm to contribute resources for solving social problems and work in a socially desirable manner.

Malayalam Text Book Std 1 Chapter 1 Business Risks:
The term ‘business risks’ refers to the possibility of inadequate profits or even losses due to uncertainties or unexpected events. Business enterprises may face two types of risk, i.e. speculative risk and pure risk.

Speculative risks involve both the possibility of gain as well as the possibility of loss. It arise due to change in demand, change in price etc. Pure risks involve only the possibility of loss or no loss. The chance of fire, theft or strike is examples of pure risks.
Nature of Business Risks:

1. Business risks arise due to uncertainties.
2. Risk can be minimized, but cannot be eliminated. It is an essential part of business.
3. Degree of risk depends mainly upon the nature and size of business.
4. Profit is the reward for risk taking.

Causes of Business Risks: Business risks arise due to a variety of causes.
They are:

1. Natural Causes: it includes natural calamities like flood, earthquakes, lightning, heavy rains, famine, etc.
2. Human Causes: Human causes include dishonesty, carelessness or negligence of employees, strikes, riots, management inefficiency, etc.
3. Economic causes: These include change in demand, change in price, competition, technological changes etc.
4. Political Causes: Change in Govt, policies, taxation, licensing policy etc.

Starting a Business – Basic Factors:
Factors to be considered for starting a business:
1. Selection of line of business:
The first thing to be decided by any entrepreneur of a new business is the nature and type of business to be undertaken.

2. Size of the firm:
If the market conditions are favorable, the entrepreneur can start the business at a large scale. If the market conditions are uncertain and risks are high, a small size business would be better choice.

3. Choice of form of ownership:
The selection of a suitable form of business enterprise i.e. Sole proprietorship, Partnership or a Joint stock company is an important management decision. It depends on factors like nature of business, capital requirements, liability of owners, legal formalities, continuity of business etc.

4. Location of business enterprise:
Availability of raw materials and labour, power supply and services like banking, transportation, communication, warehousing, etc., are important factors while making a choice of location.

5. Financing:
Proper financial planning must be done to determine (a) the requirement of capital, (b) source from which capital will be raised and (c) the best ways of utilizing the capital in the firm.

6. Physical facilities:
Availability of physical facilities including machines and equipment, building and supportive services is a very important factor to be considered at the start of the business.

7. Plant layout:
Layout means the physical arrangement of machines and equipment needed to manufacture a product.

8. Competent worked force:
Every enterprise needs competent and committed employees to perform various activities so that physical and financial resources are converted into desired outputs.

9. Tax planning:
The promoter must consider in advance the tax liability under various tax laws and its impact on business decision.

Students can Download Chapter 1 Biological Classification Notes, Plus One Botany Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Botany Notes Chapter 1 Biological Classification

Two kingdom classification:

• It was proposed by Linnaeus, include two Kingdoms-Plantae & Animalia.
• In two kingdom classification following things are not considered

Cell structure, nature of wall, mode of nutrition, habitat methods of reproduction and evolutionary relationship .

Five kingdom classification:

• It was first proposed by R H.Whittaker (1969).
• It includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
• Blue green algae are placed in kingdom Monera.
• Chlamydomonas, Chlorella with Paramoecium and Amoeba are placed in kingdom protista
• Chlorophyll less and non cellulosic (chitin)type plants are placed in kingdom Fungi
• All photosynthetic plants are placed in-kingdom plantae
• All animals with mode of nutrition(ingestion) placed in kingdom animalia.
• The characteristics of classification are

Kite Victers Plus One Botany Notes Pdf Kingdom monera:
Types of bacteria:
Based on shape, bacteria are of 4 types

1. Spherical – Coccus
2. Rod – shaped – Bacillus
3. Comma – shaped – Vibrium
4. Spiral – Spirillum.

Based on nutrition, bacteria are of 3 types:

1. Photosynthetic autotrophic: Bacteria can synthesise their own food by using chlorophyll in the presence of light.
2. Chemosynthetic autotrophic: Bacteria can synthesise their own food from inorganic substrates.
3. Heterotrophs: They are depend on other organisms for food.

Plus One Botany Notes Archaebacteria:

• These bacteria can live in extreme conditions.
• Its cell wall structure is different from other bacteria

Types of archaebacteria:

1. Halophiles: They are found in salty areas
2. Thermoacidophiles: They are found in hot springs.
3. Methanogens: They are found in marshy areas and guts of ruminant animals eg-cows, buffaloes etc.

Importance in industry:
They are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung.

Eubacteria Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae):

• They have chlorophyll a similar to green plants called as photosynthetic autotrophs.
• Some of them found in polluted water bodies.

Significance of cyanobacteria:
They can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts and increases fertility of soil eg: Nostoc and Anabaena

Chemosynthetic autotrophs:
They oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP production.

Significance chemosynthetic autotrophs:
They play a great role in the recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur.

Heterotrophic bacteria:

• They depend upon others for getting energy.
• Most of them are decomposers.
• They are helpful in making curd from milk, production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume roots, etc.

Disease caused by bacteria:
Some are pathogens causing disease to plants and animals, eg: Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, and citrus canker in plants.

Cell division in bacteria:
Reproduction:

• Bacteria reproduce mainly by fission.
• Some bacteria produce spores during unfavourable conditions.
• In sexual reproduction, transfer of DNA from one bacterium to the other takes place

Mycoplasmas:
Salient features:

• They are the smallest living cells can survive without oxygen
• They are pathogenic in animals and plants
• They lack a cell wall.

Plus One Botany Chapter Wise Notes Kingdom Protista:
Salient features:

• They are single-celled eukaryotes.
• Their cell body contains a well defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• They are mainly aquatic.

Types of protist:
The kingdom include chrysophytes, Dianoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime moulds and Protozoans.

Plus One Botany Chapters Chrysophytes:

• They are diatoms(chief ‘producers’ in the oceans) and golden algae (desmids).
• Most of them are photosynthetic.

Salient features:

• In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells,which fit together as in a soap box.
• Their cell wall contain silica

Economic value:
Their cell wall deposited in ocean floor over billions of years in large amount called as ‘Diatomaceous earth’. It is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.

Plus One Botany Notes Hsslive Dinoflagellates:
Salient features:

• They are marine and photosynthetic
• Most of them have two flagella one lies longitudinally and the other transversely.

Harmful effects:

• Red dianoflagellates -Gonyaulax undergoes rapid multiplication and sea appear red (red tides).
• Toxins released by them kill other marine animals such fishes.

Plus One Botany Victers Notes Euglenoids:
Salient features:

• They are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water.
• Pigments of Euglenoids are identical to those of higher plants.
• They have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible.
• They have two flagella, a short and a long one.

Mode of nutrition:
They are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight (autotrophic) and predating on other smaller organisms in the absence of sunlight (heterotrophs). Hence nutrition is mixotrophic. Example: Euglena.

Plus One Botany Notes Victers Slime Moulds:
Salient features:

1. They are saprophytic protists.
2. They form an aggregation during favourable conditions called plasmodium which may grow and spread over several feet.
3. The plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips during unfavourable conditions.
4. They are resistant and survive for many years under adverse conditions.

Plus One Botany Notes Pdf Protozoans:
They are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites.
Type of protozoans:
1. Amoeboid protozoans:

• They live in freshwater or sea water
• They capture their prey by pseudopodia (false feet) as in Amoeba.
• Some are parasites as in Entamoeba

2. Flagellated protozoans:

• They possesss flagella.
• The parasitic forms cause diseases such as sleeping sickness. Example: Trypanosoma.

3. Ciliated protozoans:

• They are aquatic and have a cavity (gullet) that collect food from outside.
• They move with the help of cilia. Example: Paramoecium.

4 Sporozoans:
They are infectious due to the spore-like stage in their life cycle. eg: Plasmodium (malarial parasite) which causes malaria.

Hsslive Plus One Botany Notes Kingdom Fungi:
They are heteterotrophs, mainly 2 types

1. Saprophytes: They can absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates
2. Parasites: They are depend on living plants and animals

Symbiotic associations:

1. Lichens-Fungi forms an association with algae
2. Mycorrhiza-Fungi forms association with roots of higher plants.

Disease caused bv fungi:
They cause diseases in plants and animals. eg: wheat rust disease by Puccinia.

Salient features:

• Yeast is unicellular fungus but others are multicellular.
• Mycelium: lt is body of fungi contains many hyphae
• Hyphae It is the long, slender thread-like structures
• Some hyphae with multinucleated cytoplasm are called coenocytic hyphae.
• Others have septae or cross walls in their hyphae. eg: Penicillium.
• The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin and polysaccharides

Types of Reproduction:

1. Vegetative method: It takesplace by fragmentation, fission and budding.
2. Asexual method: It takesplace by spores called conidia orsporangiospores or zoospores.
3. Sexual reproduction: It takesplace by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.
4. The spores are produced in special structures called fruiting bodies.

Steps of sexual cycle:

In this, two haploid hyphae come together and fuse results in diploid cells (2n).

Dikarvotic stage in funai:

1. In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, after plasmogamy dikaryotic stage (n + n ) occurs for some time. Later these nuclei fuse and the cells become diploid.
2. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs and forms haploid spores.

Hss Live Plus One Botany Notes Phvcomycetes:
Salient features:

• They are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood.
• Their mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic.

Types of reproduction:
1 Asexual reproduction:
It takes place by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores (non-motile). These spores are produced in sporangium.

2 Sexual reproduction:
It is the fusion of gametes have similar structure (isogamous) or dissimilar structure (anisogamous or oogamous) and after fusion zygospore is formed. Examples are Mucor, Rhizopus (the bread mould) and Albugo (the parasitic fungi on mustard).

Hss Live Plus One Biology Notes Ascomycetes:
Salient features:

• They are commonly known as sac-fungi, eg-unicellular- yeast (Sacharomyces) or multicellular Penicillium.
• Some are coprophilous (growing on dung).
• Mycelium is branched and septate.
• The asexual spores are conidia produced on conidiophores.
• Sexual spores are called ascospores which are produced in sac like ascus.
• Spores are arranged in fruiting bodies called ascocarps.
• Examples are Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora.

Economic value:

• Neurospora is used in genetic studies.
• Edible members are morels and buffles.

Plus One Botany Notes Chapter 1 Basidiomycetes:
Salient features:

• Their mycelium is branched and septate.
• Some members grow as parasites and disease causing organisms e.g. rusts and smuts
• Common basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs

Reproduction:

1. The asexual spores and sex organs are not found but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation.
2. In sexual reproduction, plasmogamy occur by fusion of two vegetative cells of different strains. It results dikaryotic mycelia which gives rise to basidium. Later, karyogamy and meiosis takeplace in the basidium and producing four basidiospores.
3. The basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.
4. Examples -Agaricus (mushroom) Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust fungus).

Hsslive Botany Plus One Notes Deuteromvcetes:
Salient features:

• They are called as imperfect fungi because perfect stage or sexual reproduction is absent.
• Their asexual reproduction takes place with the help of conidia. ,
• The mycelium is septate and branched.

Economic value:

• Some members are decomposers play an important role in the mineral cycling.
• Examples are Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma.

Hsslive Botany Notes Plus One kingdom Plantae

1. Majority members are eukaryotic, chlorophyll-containing organisms.
2. Few members are partially heterotrophic- insectivorous plants or parasite. eg: Bladder wort and Venus fly trap are examples of insectivorous plants and Cuscuta is a parasite.

Different types of plant group:
The kingdom Plantae includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Life cycle:
It has two distinct phases – the diploid sporophytic and the haploid gametophytic – that alternate with each other.

Plus One Botany Biological Classification Notes Kingdom Animalia:
Salient features:

• It includes heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
• They are multicellular and their cells lack cell wall.
• Their mode of nutrition is holozoic (ingestion of food).
• Most of them are capable of locomotion.

Plus One Botany Kite Victers Notes Pdf Viruses, Viroids And Lichens:
R.H. Whittaker not placed acellular organisms such as viruses, viroids and lichens in five kingdom classification.

VIRUSES:
Historical aspects and Discovery

1. Name virus that means venom or poisonous fluid was given by Pasteur D.J. Ivanowsky.
2. Extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid).It was identified by M.W. Beijerinek (1898)
3. Viruses could be crystallised and crystals consist of proteins outside. It was identified by W.M. Stanley. (1935)

Salient features:

• Viruses are non living particle outside the living cell.
• It has an inert crystalline structure .
• They have living state inside the host and multiply by using host cell machinery-Ribosome. So they are called as obligate parasites.
• They are smaller than bacteria because they passed through bacteria-proof filters.

Structure of viruses:
Viruses contain proteins coat outside, either RNA or DNA inside, (i.e either single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA).

Symptoms and disease caused by viruses:
Disease:
Mumps, smallpox, herpes, influenza and AIDS
Symptoms in plants:

Viroids:
Strucure:
It has free RNA without protein coat.

Discovery:
T .O .Diener found that this infectious agent was smaller than viruses.

Disease:
It causes potato spindle tuber disease

Lichens:
They are symbiotic associations between algae and fungi.

Types of component:

1. The algal component is called phycobiont: (autotrophic) prepare food for fungi
2. The fungal component is called mycobiont: (heterotrophic) provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water for algae.

Significance:
Lichens are very good pollution indicators i.e they do not grow in polluted areas.

Ncert Supplementary Syllabus
Six kingdom classification:
It was proposed by Carl Woese. It includes kingdoms like Archaebacteria, Eubacteria Protista, Mycota, Plantae and Animalia.

Students can Download Chapter 2 Structure of Atom Questions and Answers, Plus One Chemistry Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Chemistry Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Structure of Atom

Plus One Chemistry Structure of Atom One Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Chemistry Structure Of Atom Questions Question 1.
Which of the following is not true for cathode rays?
a) They possess kinetic energy
b) They are electromagnetic waves
c) They produce heat
d) They produce mechanical pressure
Answer:
b) They are electromagnetic waves

Previous Hse Questions From The Chapter Structure Of Atom Question 2.
The mass of the electron = ________ kg
Answer:
9.11 × 10^-31 kg

Plus One Chemistry Chapter 2 Questions And Answers Question 3.
Bohr’s orbits are called stationary states because
a) Electrons in them are stationary
b) Their orbits have fixed radii
c) The electrons in them have fixed energy
d) The protons remain in the nuclei and are stationary
Answer:
c) The electrons in them have fixed energy

Structure Of Atom Class 11 Questions And Answers Pdf Question 4.
The metal which gives photoelectrons most easily is
a) Lithium
b) Sodium
c) Calcium
d) Cesium
Answer:
d) Cesium

Questions On Structure Of Atom Class 11 Question 5.
The orbitals having same energy are called ________ orbitals.
Answer:
degenerate

Questions On Quantum Numbers Class 11 Question 6.
Match the following:

1. Spherically symmetrical – d
2. Dumb-bell – s
3. Doubly dumb-bell – p

Answer:

1. Spherically symmetrical – s
2. Dumb-bell – p
3. Doubly dumb-bell – d

Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 Important Questions With Answers Question 7.
Which of the following set of quantum numbers is correct for an electron in 4/ orbital
a) n = 4 l = 4 ml = -4 ms = +14
b) m = 4 l = 3 ml = +4 ms = +14
c) n = 4 l = 3 ml = -3 ms =-14
d) n = 4 l = 3 ml = +4 ms = -14
Answer:
c) n = 4 l = 3 ml = -3 ms = -14

Structure Of Atom Class 11 Questions And Answers Question 8.
The limiting line of Balmer Series has the frequency of ________ .
Answer:
8.23 × 10¹⁴

Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 Important Questions Question 9.
The number of orbitals and the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a principal quantum level are
Answer:
n² & 2n²

Structure Of Atom Important Questions Question 10.
If the uncertainty in position and momentum of a particle like electrons are equal the uncertainty in velocity is ________
Answer:
\(\triangle V=\frac { 1 }{ 2m } \sqrt { \frac { h }{ \pi } } \)

Important Questions Of Atomic Structure Class 11 Question 11.
The total energy of an electron in a Bohr orbit is given by ________
Answer:
\(\frac{-Z e^{2}}{8 \pi \varepsilon_{0} r}\)

Plus One Chemistry Structure of Atom Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2
Of the following which is/are correct? Give justification.
a) n = 2 l = 1 m = 0 s = +½
b) n = 3 l = 3 m = 2 s =-½
c) n = 4 l = 3 m = 1 s = +½
d) n = 3 l = 2 m = 3 s = +½
Answer:
a) n = 2 f = 1 m = 0 s = +½
c) n = 4 f = 3 m=1 s= -½
Option b) is wrong because when n = 3, ^ =0, 1, 2
Option d) is wrong because when l = 2, m = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2

Question 3.
Match the following:
1. Anode rays – Nucleus
2. Cathode rays – Plum-pudding model
3. J.J Thomson – Proton
4. Thea-particle scattering experiment – Electron
Answer:
1. Anode rays – Proton
2. Cathode rays – Electron
3. J.J Thomson – Plum-pudding model
4. Thea-particle scattering experiment – Nucleus

Question 4.
Calculate the uncertainty in the determination of velocity of a ball of mass 200 g, if the uncertainty in the determination of position is 1 A.
[h=6.626 × 10^-34 J s]
Answer:

Question 5.
Which among the following sets of quantum numbers is/are not possible?
a) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = +½
b) n = 2, l= 1, m = 0, s = +½
c) n = 1, l= 0, m = 0, s = -½
d) n = 4, l = 2, m = 2, s = -½
Answer:
All sets are possible.

Question 6.
1. How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4?
2. How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having m_s value of –\(\frac{1}{2}\) for n = 4?
Answer:
1. For n = 4, l can have values 0, 1, 2, 3. Thus, there are four sub-shells in n = 4 energy level.
These four sub-shells are 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f.

2. For n = 4, the number of orbitals = (4)² = 16.
Each orbital can have one electron with m_s = –\(\frac{1}{2}\).
Thus, there are 16 electrons in sub-shells having n = 4 and m_s = –\(\frac{1}{2}\)

Question 7.
i) Name the principle which restricts the pairing of electrons in degenerate orbitals. .
ii) How many electrons can be accomodated in the sub-shell having n = 4 and l = 2?
Answer:
i) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity,
ii) 10 electrons (4d sub-shell).

Question 8.
If the electron is to be located within 5 x 10^-5A°, what will be the uncertainty in its velocity?
(Mass of the electron = 9.1 x 10^-31 kg).
Answer:
According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,

Question 9.
Nitrogen laser produces a radiation at a wavelength of 337.1 nm. If the number of photons emitted is 5.6 x 10²⁴per second, calculate the power of this laser.
Answer:

Plus One Chemistry Structure of Atom Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks suitably by studying the relationship of the given pairs:

1. Lyman : Ultraviolet:: Balmer: ……………..
2. s-subshell:spherical:: p-subshell: …………….
3. Rydberg’s formula: \(\frac{1}{\lambda}=R\left[\frac{1}{n_{1}^{2}}-\frac{1}{n_{2}^{2}}\right]\) :: de Broglie relation:

Answer:

1. Balmer: Visible
2. psubshell: dumb-bell
3. de Broglie relation: \(\lambda=\frac{h}{m v}\)

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

Answer:

Question 3.
Filling of electrons in the orbitals on a ground state atom is governed by three rules.
a) Which are the three rules?
b) State any one of them.
Answer:
a) 1) Aufbau principle
2) Pauli’s exclusion principle
3) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity

b) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity – electron pairing in orbitals of same energy will not take place until each degenerate orbital of a given subshell is singly occupied.

Question 4.
During a class room discussion, one of your friends argued that, “we can’t determine both position and velocity of an electron”.

1. Is it true?
2. Which principle is behind your answer?
3. State it.

Answer:

1. Yes. It is true.
2. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
3. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that it is not possible to determine simultaneously both position and momentum of a microscopic moving particle such as electron with absolute accuracy.

Question 5.
The arguments of two students is as given:
Student 1 : “We need four quantum numbers to represent an electron in a multi-electron atom.”
Student 2 : “We need only first three quantum numbers to represent an electron in a multi-electron atom.”
a) Which are the four quantum numbers?
b) Who is correct? Why?
c) Write the possible four quantum numbers of the valence electron of Na atom.
Answer:
a) The four quantum numbers are:
i) Principal quantum number (n)
ii) Azimuthal quantum number (l)
iii) Magnetic quantum number (m_l)
iv) Spin quantum number (m_s)

b) The argument of student 1 is correct. If there are two electrons in the same subshell the first three quantum numbers become the same. Hence we need fourth quantum number to identify the electron.

c) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +½

Question 6.
a) Identify the experiment associated with the following figure:

b) Explain the experiment done by Rutherford and give its observations.
c) Write the concludions of the experiment.
Answer:
a) It is the figure of α -particle scattering experiment (gold foil experiment).

b) In this experiment, a stream of high energy α – particles from a radioactive source was directed at a thin foil of gold metal which had a circular fluorescent zinc sulphide screen around it. Whenever α-particles struck the screen, a tiny flash of light was produced at that point. The α-particles striking the gold foil were analysed. It was observed that:

1. Most of the α – particles passed through gold foil undeflected.
2. A small fraction of the α – particles are deflected by small angles.
3. A very few α – particles(1 in 20,000) bounced back i.e., deflected by nearly 180°.

c) Rutherford drew the following conclusions regard¬ing the structure of atom from this experiment:

1. Most of the space in the atom is empty as most of the α – particles passed through the foil undeflected.
2. The positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a very small volume (called nucleus) that repelled and deflected the positively charged α – particles.
3. Volume occupied by the nucleus is negligibly small as compared to the total volume of the atom.

Question 7.
The 4s subshell has more energy than 3p subshell.
a) Is it true? Justify your answer.
b) StateAufbau principle.
Answer:
a) Yes. For both 4s and 3p subshells the (n+l) value is 4. But 4s, with high value of ‘n’ has higher en¬ergy.
b) Aufbau principle – In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies.

Question 8.
Two students were analysing the electronic configurations of the first 30 elements of the Periodic Table as part of an assignment. They found that two elements showed difference from other twenty eight elements.

1. Which are the two elements?
2. Write their electronic configurations.
3. Why they show this anomalous behaviour?

Answer:
1. ₂₄Cr and ₂₉Cu.
2. ₂₄Cr = 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d⁵ and ₂₉Cu = 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d¹⁰
3. This is due to the fact that exactly half filled and completely filled orbitals (i.e., d⁵, d¹⁰) have extra stability due to symmetrical distribution of electrons and maximum exchange energy.

Question 9.
Three box diagrams of 2p³ configuration are given below:
i)

1. Which one is correct?
2. Name the principle behind your answer.
3. State the principle.

Answer:

1. The correct one is (ii).
2. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
3. Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell does not take place until each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each i.e., it is singly occupied.

Question 10.
J.J. Thomson proposed his atom model in 1898.

1. Explain Thomson’s model of atom.
2. Why Thomson’s atom model is called plum pudding model or watermelon model?
3. What is the limitation of Thomson’s atom model?

Answer:
1. J.J. Thomson proposed that an atom possess a spherical shape in which the positive charge is uniformly distributed. The electrons are embedded into it in such a manner as to give the most stable electrostatic arrangement. The mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the atom. This model explained the overall neutrality of the atom.

2. Thomson’s model of atom can be visualised as a pudding or watermelon of positive charge with electrons embedded into it like the plums or seeds.

3. Thomson’s model was not consistent with the results of later experiments. It failed to explain the observations of Rutherford’s α-particle scattering experiment.

Question 11.
A student argued that the 3d orbitals will be filled only after the 4s orbital is completely filled in accordance with aufbau principle. Then another student opposed by saying that it is not true for certain elements like Cr and Cu.
a) Whose argument is correct?
b) Write electronic configurations of ₂₄Crand ₂₉Cu. Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) Both arguments are correct.
b) Cr and Cu have anomalous electronic configurations. This is because half filled and completely filled sub-shells have extra stability due to the symmetrical distribution of electrons maximum exchange energy.
₂₄Cr = 1 s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s¹ OR [Ar]3d⁵ 4s¹ This is due to the extra stability of half filled 3d⁵ sub-shell.

₂₉Cu = 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ OR [Ar]3d¹⁰ 4s¹ This is due to the extra stability of completely filled 3d¹⁰ sub-shell.

Question 12.
a) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose
outermost electronic configurations are given by
i) 3s¹
ii) 3p⁵?
b) Which of the following are isoelectronic species?
Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺, S^2-,Ar
c) What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 ms^-1? m
Answer:
a) i) 3s¹-Atomic number is 11 (Na)
ii) 3p⁵ -Atomic number is 17 (Cl)

b) Na⁺, Mg²⁺ (both of them have same no. of electrons, i.e., 10 each)

Question 13.
Quantum numbers are a set of four numbers used to designate electron in an atom.

1. How many electrons in an atom can have the following quantum numbers, n = 1, l = 0 ?
2. Give the quantum numbers of the valence electron of an atom with atomic number 13.
3. Draw the shape of orbital having n = 1 and l = 0.

Answer:
1. 2 electrons (i.e., 1s orbital)
2. The element with atomic number 13 is aluminium. ₁₃Al ⇒ [Ne] 3s²3p¹⁺
The valence electron is in the 3p orbital. Hence, the quantum numbers for the valence electron are n = 3, l= 1, m = -1, 0 +1
3. It is the 1s orbital

Question 14.
a) i) What is meant by line spectra or atomic spectra?
ii) Name the series of lines in the hydrogen spectrum belonging to the visible region.
iii) What is the wave length of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transmission from n = 4 to n = 2? (RH= 109677 cm-1)
b) State the principles/rules for filling of orbitals in atoms.
Answer:
a) i) Line spectra or atomic spectra are the spectra obtained from excited atoms due to emission of radiation. The emitted radiation is identified by the appearance of bright lines.
ii) Balmer series
iii) n₁ = 2, n₂ = 4

b)

1. Aufbau principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies.
2. Pauli’s exclusion principle: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
3. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell does not take place until each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each i.e., it is singly occupied.

Question 15.
Line emission spectra are often called finger print of atoms.
a) Justify the above statement.
b) Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a wave length (X) of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency and wave number of this yellow light.
Answer:
a) Each element has a unique line emission spectrum. The characteristic lines in atomic spectra can be used in chemical analysis to identify unknown atoms in the same way as finger prints are used to identify people.

Question 16.
1. How many orbitals are possible in a p-subshell. Which are they?
2. What is the shape of p-orbital?
3. Sketch the boundary surface diagrams of 2p orbitals.
Answer:
1. Three.
These are p_x, p_y and p_z orbitals.
2. Dumb-bell shaped.
3.

Question 17.
Electronic configuration of an element written by a student is given below:

a) Which rule is violated here?
b) Give the correct configuration.
c) What is the uncertainty in position of an electron if the uncertainty in its velocity is 1.159×107 m/s?
Answer:
a) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.

Plus One Chemistry Structure of Atom Four Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom is a modification of
Rutherford’s model.
a) Write any two merits of Bohr’s model.
b) Write any two demerits of Bohr’s model.
Answer:
a)

1. Bohr’s model could explain the stability of an atom.
2. Bohr’s model could explain the atomic spectrum of hydrogen.

b)

1. Failed to explain the finer details of hydrogen atom spectrum observed by using sophisticated spectroscopic techniques.
2. It could not explain the ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.

Question 2.
Consider the statement, “The two electrons of He atom have the same set of quantum numbers.”

1. Do you agree?
2. Name the principle applied here.
3. State the principle.
4. Write the all quantum numbers of outer electrons of the atom.

Answer:

1. No.
2. Pauli’s exclusion principle.
3. No two electrons in an atom can have same set of four quantum numbers.
4. Forthe1st electron: n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = +½.
   For the 2nd electron: n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = -½

Question 3.
Complete the following table with respect to the va¬lence electron of each element.

Answer:

Question 4
Analyse the following figure showing transitions of electrons in the hydrogen atom.

a) Name the series (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e).
b) Mention the region of the spectrum in which each series belongs to.
c) Explain how they are obtained.
d) Calculate the wave length of the first line of series (b).
[R_H = 109677 cm^-1]
Answer:
(a) = Lyman series,
(b) = Balmer series,
(c) = Paschen series,
(d) = Brackett series,
(e) = Pfund series

b)
Lyman series – UV region
Balmer series – Visible region
Paschen series – Infrared region
Brackett series – Infrared region
Pfund series – Infrared region

c) In hydrogen atom there is one electron which is present in first orbit in ground state. When energy is supplied this electron may be excited to some higher energy level. Since in a sample of hydrogen there are large number of atoms, the electrons in different atoms absorb different amounts of energies and are excited to different higher energy levels. Now, from excited states, the electron may return to ground state in one or more jumps. These different downward jumps are associated with different amounts of energies and hence result in the emission of radiations of different wavelengths which appear as different lines in the hydrogen spectrum.
Series – Obtained when electron jumps from any of the higher energy levels to
Lyman series – 1^st energy level
Balmer series – 2^nd energy level
Paschen series – 3^rd energy level
Brackett series – 4^th energy level
Pfund series – 5^th energy level

d) n₁ = 2, n₂ = 3, R_H = 109677 cm^-1

Question 5.
Quantum numbers are the address of an electron in an atom. Justify the statement by explaining different quantum numbers.
Answer:
Quantum numbers are certain numbers which are used to identify an electron in an atom.
The following four quantum numbers are used for this purpose.
1. Principal quantum number (n):
It determines the size and to large extent the energy of the orbital. It also identifies the shell. The value of ‘n’ ranges from 1 to a. With increase in the value of ‘n’, the number of allowed orbitals increases and are given by ‘n2’. All the orbitals of a given value of ‘n’ constitute a single shell of atom and are represented by letters K (n = 1), L (n = 2), M (n = 3), N (n = 4) etc. The size and energy of the orbital will increase with increase of ‘n’.

2. Azimuthal/Orbital angular momentum/Subsidiary quantum number (l): It defines the three dimensional shape of the orbital. For a given value of n, l can have n values ranging from 0 to (n-1). It gives an idea regarding the subshell in which the electrons are present.

3. Magnetic quantum number (m_l):
It gives information about the spatial orientation of the orbital with respect to standard set of coordinate axis. For any sub-shell, (2l+1) values of m_l are possible ranging from -l to +l including zero. The permitted values of m_l gives the number of orbitals in that sub-shell.

4. Spin quantum number (m_s) :
It refers to the orientation of the spin of the electron. An orbital can have two electrons. If an electron is spinning in the clockwise direction, it is given a spin quantum number value of+1/2 and if an electron is spinning in the anti-clockwise direction it is given spin quantum number value of -1/2. These are called two spin states of the electron and are represented by two arrows ↑ (spin up) and ↓. (spin down). Thus, the two electrons in an orbital should have opposite spins.

Question 6.
Dual nature of matter was proposed by Louis de Broglie.
a) Calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron with velocity equal to that of light.
b) State Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and give its mathematical expression.
Answer:

b) It states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously, the exact position and exact momentum (or velocity) of an electron.
Mathematically, it can be given as in the equation

∆x ⇒ uncertainty in position of the particle
∆px ⇒ uncertainty in momentum of the particle
∆vx ⇒ uncertainty in velocity of the particle
m ⇒ mass of the particle and
h ⇒ the Planck’s constant

Question 7.
Rutherford’s atom model had strong similarity to a small scale solar system. (4)
a) What are the important features of Rutherford’s. nuclear model of atom?
b) What are the drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of atom?
Answer:
a) i) The positive charge and most of the mass of the atom is densely concentrated in extremely small region of the atom called nucleus.
ii) The nucleus is surrounded by electrons that ’ move around the nucleus with a very high speed in circular paths called orbits.
iii) Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction.

b) i) It failed to explain the stability of atom,
ii) It says nothing about the electronic structure of atoms.

Question 8.
a) Calculate the momentum of a particle which has de Broglie wave length of 250 pm. (4)
b) The distribution of electron into orbitals of an atom is called its electronic configuration.
i) Give the valence shell electronic configuration of chromium atom.
ii) Which among the following configurations is more.stable, d4 ord5? Justify your answer.
Answer:
a) According to the de Broglie matter wave equation

b) i) ₂₄Cr → 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s¹
ii) d⁵ is more stable.
The d⁵ configuration is half filled. It has symmetrical distribution of electrons and maximum exchange energy. Hence, it has extra stability compared to d⁴ configuration.

Question 9.
a) Name and state the principle, which restricts the maximum number of electrons in an orbital to be two.
b) Using s, p, d, f notation represent the sub-shell with the following quantum numbers.
i) n = 1, l = 0
ii) n = 4, l=3
c) The uncertainty in the position and velocity of a particle are 10 cm and 5.27 × 10³m/s respectively. Calculate the mass of the particle (h=6.626 × 10^-34 J s).
Answer:
a) Pauli’s exclusion principle
No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
b) i) 1s ii) 4f
c) According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,

Question 10.
The photoelectric effect was first observed by H.Hertz.
a) What is photoelectric effect?
b) What are the observations of photoelectric effect experiment?
Answer:
a) It is the phenomenon of ejection of electrons when certain soft metals like potassium, rubidium, cae-sium, etc. are exposed to a beam of light.
b) i) The electrons are ejected from the metal surface as soon as the beam of light strikes the surface of metal.
ii) The number of electrons ejected is proportional to the intensity or brightness of light.
iii) For each metal, there is a characteristic minimum frequency (υ₀), known as threshold frequency below which photoelectric effect is not observed.

Question 11.
A mathematical representation is given below:
\(\Delta x \times \Delta p_{x} \geq \frac{h}{4 \pi}\)
a) Which principle is illustrated by this equation?
b) If the position of the electron is measured within an accuracy of ±0.002 nm, calculate the uncertainty in the momentum of the electron.
c) Using s, p, d notation represent the sub-shell with the following quantum numbers:
i) n = 3 l = 2
ii) n = 5 l = 1
Answer:
a) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

Plus One Chemistry Structure of Atom NCERT Questions and Answers

Question 1.

1. Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.
2. Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.

Answer:
1. Mass of one electron = 9.11 × 10^-31 kg
∴ Number of electrons in one gram = \(\frac{10^{-3} \mathrm{kg}}{9.11 \times 10^{-31} \mathrm{kg}}=1.098 \times 10^{27}\)

2. Mass of one electron = 9.11 × 10^-31 kg
∴ Mass of 1 mole of electrons = 9.11 × 10^-31 kg × 6.022 × 10²³ = 5.486 x 10^-7 kg
Charge on one electron = 1.602 × 10^-19 C
∴ Charge on one mole of electrons
= (1.602 × 10^-19C) × (6.022 × 10²³)
= 9.65 × 10⁴ C.

Question 2.
Write the complete symbol forthe atom with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A):
i) Z = 17, A = 35
ii) Z = 92, A = 233
iii) Z = 4, A = 9
Answer:

Question 3.
Electro.magnetic radiation of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionise the sodium atom. Calculate the ionisation energy of sodium in kJ mol^-1.
Answer:
Ionisation energy of sodium = Energy of one photon of radiation of wavelength.
Energy of photon = hυ

Question 4.
What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1 J energy?
Answer:
Suppose N photons of the light with wavelength 4000 pm can provide 1 J of energy.
Energy of N photons = Nhυ

Question 5.
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 10⁷m S^-1. (2)
Answer: