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You can Download Writing and City Life Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 2 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Writing and City Life

Writing And City Life Extra Question And Answer Chapter 2 Question 1.
For recreating Mesopotamian history the most important sources are archaeological evidences. How do you evaluate this statement?
Answer:
Archaeological excavations were started, in Mesopotamia in the 1840s. Excavations in sites like Uruk and Mari continued for decades. The hundreds of buildings, statues, tombs, tools and seals in Mesopotamia and the thousands of written documents are useful sources in recreating Mesopotamian history.

Class 11 History Chapter 2 Important Questions And Answers Question 2.
Iraq is a land with different physical features. Explain.
Answer:
Iraq is a land with widely different physical features. In its North-Eastern region, there are green plains, rivers with their banks full of trees and hills covered with all sorts of flowers. There is enough rain for cultivating different crops. Agriculture started here between BC 7000 and 6000. On the Northern side of Iraq there is a grassy plain. This place was suitable for grazing cattle. Naturally, the people here got a better life than those of mere agricultural farmers.

In the Eastern side there were the tributaries of River Tigris and they offered excellent travel facilities towards the hilly regions. The southern side is a desert. It is in Iraq that the first writings and urban life started. The fertile silt deposited by Euphrates and Tigris Rivers made this area very suitable for cultivation and therefore it could nurture urban life.

Class 11 History Chapter 2 Extra Questions And Answers Question 3.
Agriculture was a main occupation of Mesopotamian people. What were their other occupations?
Answer:
Cattle herding and fishing.

Writing And City Life Important Questions And Answers Chapter 2 Question 4.
Urban life is very important. Explain the importance of urban life in Mesopotamia.
Answer:

1. Mutual dependence (between cities & cities, between cities & villages).
2. Division of labour
3. Social organizations.

Important Questions Of Writing And City Life Chapter 2  Question 5.
In Mesopotamia minerals were rare. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Mesopotamia was rich in food supplies. But minerals were rate there. In many parts of southern Mesopotamia, there weren’t enough stones to make work tools, seals and ornaments. The wood of the date palms and poplar trees of Iraq was not capable of being used in carts and wheels as it was too soft and brittle.

There weren’t minerals for making work tools, seals, pots, pans, and ornaments. Therefore the Mesopotamians got their clothes, timber, copper, lead, silver, gold, shells and different types of stones from Turkey and Iran.

Writing And City Life Question And Answer Chapter 2 Question 6.
Prepare a seminar paper on the Mesopotamian writing technique.
Answer:
Areas to be considered:

1. The development of writing
2. System of writing
3. Uses of writing

The development of writing: AH societies have languages. Certain sounds in the language give certain meanings. This is verbal exchange. When speech sounds are represented in visible forms, we have writing or script. Mesopotamians wrote on clay slates. The writer kneads clay and makes it into a size that he can hold in one hand, The surface would be smoothened. Using a special kind of sharp stiletto he makes wedge-shaped letter marks on the smooth surface. This is called cuneiform writing. After that, the clay-slate is dried in the sun. This way the clay slates become permanent like clay pots. These slates couldn’t be used again for writing other things.

System of Writing: A cuneiform symbol does not represent a mere consonant or vowel sound, but a number of letters. Therefore a Mesopotamian script writer had to leam hundreds of symbols. He should have had the competence to handle a wet clay-slate and write on it before it goes dry. Thus writing on the clay-slate was a highly skilled job. It was an intellectual exercise which translated the sound system of a language into a visible format.

Uses of Writing: Writing has given man invaluable contributions. There was a close tie between the writing of Mesopotamia and its urban life and trade. It was the kings that linked writing with trade.

Writing was used to store information and to exchange messages. Many saw Mesopotamian writing as a sign proclaiming the dominance of Mesopotamian urban culture.

The writing helped in communicating with other regions culturally and economically and to do the buying and selling on the basis of written agreements. In short, writing made trading easier. Writing helped in maintaining accounts and in keeping laws recorded. It was also useful for literary creations.

Writing And City Life Class 11 Important Questions Chapter 2 Question 7.
In South Mesopotamia, there were three kinds of cities. Which were they?
Answer:

1. Cities that grew around temples.
2. Cities that grew into commercial and trade centres.
3. Imperial Cities.

Important Question Of Writing And City Life Chapter 2 Question 8.
It was the control over the temples that helped kings to exercise their authority over people. Do you agree with this view? Justify.
Answer:
In due course, new institutions and traditions developed in the society. Powerful nobles began to work for their own welfare and also for the welfare of their community. The successful nobles attacked the weaker ones and looted precious things from them and gave them to the gods, beautifying the temples. They proclaimed themselves to be kings. They sent people around and got.stones and minerals for the prosperity of the community and also their gods. They also took steps to distribute the temple property efficiently. This helped the kings to get high status and authority over the people. In short, it was their control over the temples that helped them to have power over the people.

Writing And City Life Important Questions Chapter 2 Question 9.
There used to be confrontations between the shepherds and farmers of Mari. Why?
Answer:
When the shepherds passed with their flocks through the sown fields, the plants got destroyed. This destruction of the crops caused conflicts between the shepherds and farmers. Sometimes the nomadic shepherds attacked agricultural villages and forcefully took away things which the villagers had stored. Farmers, on their side, often refused to let the shepherds and their flock move.to the river through their farms. They also refused to give water from their canals to the shepherds and their flocks causing friction.

Class 11 History Chapter 2 Important Questions  Question 10.
For the Mesopotamians, urban life was very important. Examine the validity of this statement in the background of the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Answer:
Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem that shows the love and pride the Mesopotamians felt for their cities. This poem has 12 parts and it is at the end of the poem that their pride for their cities has been shown. Gilgamesh was the king of the city of Uruk. He was a great warrior and he conquered even faraway places.

The death of his close friend was a turning point in the fife of Gilgamesh. f he shock inflicted on him by v the death of his friend persuaded him to embark on a journey seeking the mystery of immortality. He crossed mountains and seas, but his journey was a failure and he returned to his city Uruk. He tried to console and comfort himself by walking on the city wall this way and that way.

The wall was built with baked bricks and he looked at the base of the wall with admiration. He wrote the epic poem sitting on the wall. He was able to find consolation by unburdening his load of sorrow bn the wall which his people had built. The pride he felt helped him to overcome his sorrow. The epic of Gilgamesh makes it clear that the city was like life-giving oxygen to the Mesopotamians.

Important Question Of History Class 11 Chapter 2 Question 11.
Describe the power of the Mesopotamian writing in the background of discoveries in the field of mathematics and astrology.
Answer:
The Mesopotamians gave great contributions in the realm of science. In fact, their contributions in the scientific area can be ascribed to their writing. For science, written material is necessary. Only then future generations of scholars can read it, understand it and improve it. The Mesopotamians have made great contributions in calendar-making, to fix the time of things and mathematics.

In Mathematics they discovered multiplication, division, square, square root and compound interest. Some clay slates where these things are recorded have been discovered. The square root they discovered differs only very slightly from the actual one.

Based on the rotation of the moon around the earth, a year was divided into 12 months, a month was divided into 4 weeks, and a day was divided into 24 hours, and an hour was divided into 60 minutes. This was a Mesopotamian discovery. Thus the calendar which was based on the lunar movement has been approved and accepted by the whole world.

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 2 The Trip of Le Horla Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 2 The Trip of Le Horla (Short Story)

The Trip of Le Horla (Short Story) Textual Questions and Answers

Travel Essay Plus One English Chapter 2 Question 1.
What is special about the sentences in the telegram?
Answer:
The sentences are not grammatical. The message is conveyed through short phrases.

Travel Essay In English For Students Plus One Chapter 2 Question 2.
What does the author compare the balloon to?
Answer:
The balloon is compared to a cake made of yellow cloth.

The Trip Of Le Horla Hss Live Chapter 2 Question 3.
What is the other thought that occurs to every mind?
Answer:
The other thought that occurs to every mind is a baby in the womb that is nourished through the umbilical cord until its birth.

Plus One English Unit 3 Notes Chapter 2 Question 4.
Express the attitude of the spectators and passengers towards the sport of ballooning.
Answer:
Some spectators think that the balloon will come down before reaching its destination. They also criticise several other things about the balloon. But the passengers are happy and excited about what they are going to do and they are optimistic about their success.

Sacred Turtles Of Kadavu Live Tv Report Chapter 2 Question 5.
What is the established custom mentioned here?
Answer:
Dining in the canteen of the gas-works by the passengers is the established custom mentioned here.

The Trip Of Le Horla Summary In Malayalam Chapter 2 Question 6.
When travellers come out, what do they see?
Answer:
When the travelers come out they see that the balloon is moving from side to side, enormous and transparent, a big golden fruit, a wonderful pear which is still ripening with the last rays of the setting sun. The basket is attached. The barometers and the siren are brought. Two trumpets, the eatables, overcoats, and raincoats were also there.

The Trip Of Le Horla Malayalam Summary Chapter 2 Question 7.
Name the passengers in the balloon.
Answer:
Jovis is the Captain. Then there are Lieutenant Mallet, M. Etierine Beer, M. Paul Bessand and the narrator, Guy de Maupassant.

The Trip Of Le Horla Question Answers Chapter 2 Question 8.
Who is posted as the officer on watch?
Answer:
Lieutenant Mallet is posted as the officer on watch.

Trip Of Le Horla Question Answers Chapter 2 Question 9.
Why does M. Eyries get out of the balloon? Is he regretful? Why?
Answer:
M. Eyries gets out of the balloon because the basket carrying the passengers has become too heavy for the balloon. He is regretful. He had planned for this flight and since he had to abandon it at the last minute he was unhappy. He would miss all the adventure and fun.

Plus One English The Trip Of Le Horla Question And Answer Chapter 2 Question 10.
What does M. Joliet’s deeds and words tell us about him?
Answer:
His words and deeds tell that M, Joliet is a chivalrous gentleman. He gallantly asks the ladies to stand aside a little because the rising balloon might throw sand on their hats. It shows how considerate he is to the ladies.

Plus One English The Trip Of Le Horla Chapter 2 Question 11.
Comment on the use of the word ‘liberty’.
Answer:
Maupassant has used the word ‘liberty’ in the most appropriate fashion. By cutting the rope that holds Le Horla to the ground, Le Horla is given the liberty to fly freely in the infinite skies like a bird.

Hsslive Guru Plus One English Notes Chapter 2 Question 12.
Describe the aerial view of Paris.
Answer:
Paris is like a dark bluish patch, cut by its streets. Domes, towers, and steeples of Paris are visible in the sky. Around it there is the plain, traversed by long roads amidst green fields and forests.

Hss Live Guru Plus One English Notes Chapter 2 Question 13.
Have you ever had an aerial view of a place?
Answer:
Yes, I had. Once I flew from Cochin to Mumbai and I had an aerial view of Mumbai.

Plus One English Chapter The Trip Of Le Horla Question Answer Question 14.
Can a view from an aeroplane be as picturesque as this balloon view? Why?
Answer:
No, it can’t be. Because an aeroplane flies at a much greater height and at a greater speed and so your view can’t be as picturesque as from a balloon which flies at a lower height and with less speed.

Hss Guru Plus One English Notes Chapter 2 Question 15.
How do the travellers know whether they are rising or sinking?
Answer:
Travellers know whether they are rising or sinking by throwing a cigarette paper out of the basket. If the paper falls down like a stone, it means the balloon is rising. If it appears to shoot skyward, the balloon is sinking.

The Trip Of Le Horla Questions And Answers Chapter 2 Question 16.
All the noises are easily recognisable. Mention the diverse sounds that reach the travellers’ ears.
Answer:
The noises that reach the travellers ears are the sound of wheels rolling on the streets, the snap of a whip, the shouts of drivers, the rolling and whistling of trains and the laughter of the boys running after one another. When they pass over a village, the noise of children’s voices is heard above the rest with much clarity.

Plus One English Textbook Activity Answers Unit 3 Chapter 2 Question 17.
How do the animals receive the balloon? How does the balloon appear before them?
Answer:
The dog’s bark. The cows low. To all the animals the balloon appears as a monster moving through the air. They are scared of it.

Plus One English Notes The Trip Of Le Horla Chapter 2 Question 18.
The delicious odours of the soil rise toward us, the smell of hay, of flowers, of the moist, verdant earth, perfuming the air … Identify the type of imagery used here.
Answer:
The imagery is that of a wedding – the bride eagerly and happily welcoming the groom.

Question 19.
What do you think would be the fate of the balloon?
Answer:
I think the balloon would get out of control.

Question 20.
Why does the Mallet ask the Captain to throw down half a handful of sand?
Answer:
Mallet asks the Captain to throw down half a handful of sand because by doing that the weight of the balloon would be reduced helping it to rise.

Question 21.
The balloon is both a free toy and a slave of the wind. Express your views on this statement.
Answer:
The balloon is both a free toy and a slave of the wind. The travellers raise and sink the balloon as they wish making use of the bag of ballast (sand, stones etc.) with them. This way it is a toy for them. But they can do nothing if it is caught by a storm and then the balloon becomes a slave and the travellers lose their control over it.

Question 22.
Can you observe odour? Why does the author say so?
Answer:
Normally we can’t observe odour. We can only smell it. The author says that it could be observed because he can see the balloon expanding because of the current of warm air and the gas going out by the escape-valve.

Question 23.
Comment on the expression: ‘losing its invisible blood by the escape-valve.’
Answer:
Blood keeps the body alive. In the case of the balloon, it is the gas that keeps it ‘alive’ – flying in the air. Gas is thus the invisible blood.

Question 24.
What do the mist-covered earth and star-studded sky indicate?
Answer:
The mist-covered earth and star-studded sky indicate that it is night and the balloon and its passengers are at a great height.

Question 25.
How is the rising of the moon described?
Answer:
A silvery light appears and makes the sky turn pale. It is rising from unknown depths, behind the horizon, on the edge of a cloud.

Question 26.
Look at the expression ‘delicious inertia. ’ Can you identify the figure of speech used here?
Answer:
The figure of speech used here is a Metaphor.

Question 27.
Why is space travel considered as ‘delicious inertia by the narrator?
Answer:
Inertia means apathy, unwillingness to move or . act. The narrator feels that space travel is wonderful and compares it to having delicious food. There is a great sensation of satisfaction and happiness while travelling in space in a state of inertia. They feel like birds that don’t even have to flap their wings.

Question 28.
Coin expressions to describe the balloon just like the author who calls the balloon’ a world wandering in the sky’ and ‘a wandering, travelling world.’
Answer:
‘Soaring, fleeting world’ and ‘a fleeting world in the sky’.

Question 29.
When does the balloon stop? Why?
Answer:
The balloon stops when it reaches a height of two thousand three hundred and fifty metres. The air pressure must have come down so the balloon stops rising and then it starts to descend.

Question 30.
How does the author describe the rapid descent of the balloon?
Answer:
The author says that they are going down very rapidly. M. Mallet asks the passengers to throw out more ballast. They are throwing out sand and stones to lighten the balloon so that it can fly upwards but their descent is so fast that the sand they throw flies back into their eyes.

Question 31.
How does the shadow of the balloon appear to the travellers?
Answer:
The travellers look down and see something running on the ground with great speed , jumping over ditches, roads and trees so easily but they cannot guess what it is until the captain tells them that it is the shadow of the balloon.

Question 32.
How far does the polar star guide the travellers?
Answer:
The polar star guides the travellers to Belgium which borders France on the south.

Question 33.
Do you think it is a scientific way to travel?
Answer:
Yes. The polar star is also called the North Star. It has been used by travellers for centuries to help them to know the direction as it remains constant in its position.

Question 34.
Who is the bewildered man? Why is he bewildered?
Answer:
Lieutenant Mallet who was watching the course of the balloon is the bewildered man. He is bewildered or confused because the balloon is moving so fast that he does not even know where they are. Comment on the reaction of the captain to the roaring wind.

Question 35.
Can you justify the Captain’s behaviour?
Answer:
The Captain knows that the sound they hear is the sound of a storm coming. He does not want to frighten his passengers so he says it is the sound of the waterfalls and nudges the narrator to keep silent. I can justify the Captain’s behaviour. If the passengers are frightened they may do something foolish and this would be very dangerous as they are in a small basket of a flying balloon.

Question 36.
Identify the sights and sounds that welcome the dawn.
Answer:

Question 37.
‘The world fleeing under our feet’ —what experience does the author try to convey?
Answer:
The world is running under our feet. The author uses a personification to convey the experience of rapid movement of the earth while he was travelling in the balloon.

Question 38.
If you were ¡n such a situation how would you react?
Answer:
If I were in a flying balloon and a storm was coming and we had to descend fast, I would do as the passengers in the balloon did. I would certainly be scared but would help out to ensure that we land as safely as possible.

Question 39.
‘Religiously enclosed’- what ¡s your opinion about the adverb used here? How ¡s the adverb connected with the verb ‘enclosed’?
Answer:
It shows how seriously and carefully things have to be dohe while travelling in a balloon. The phrase ‘religiously enclosed’ is a personification. The adverb ‘religiously’ denotes seriousness and care and it is used to describe the verb ‘enclosed’. The narrator means that the escape valve had been very carefully enclosed in a white bag so that all the passengers would be careful and treat it with respect and not meddle with it or touch it.

Question 40.
Why do you think the birds are hesitant to follow the balloon?
Answer:
The thunder is rumbling and so the birds are hesitant to follow the balloon which looks like a monster. They don’t want to be caught in the storm and by the monster.

Question 41.
List out the words and expressions that indicate the mad flight of the balloon.
Answer:
The mad flight of the balloon is described:

• The basket trembles and tips over.
• The guy-rope touches the tall trees.
• The balloon passes with frightful rapidity.
• Bewildered chickens, pigeons, and ducks fly away
• Cows, cats and dogs run, terrified, toward the house.

Question 42.
What action does Mallet perform?
Answer:
Mallet reaches for the rope to the escape valve and hangs on to it. Then the cord to the anchor is cut with a knife.

Question 43.
Comment on the visual effect of ‘the balloon landing’.
Answer:
The balloon landing is visualized like the fall of a wounded beast during a hunt. It is very effectively pictured as a wounded beast trying to escape. But then it falls down and struggles, finally breathing its last.

Question 44.
Describe the reception of the balloon by the peasants.
Answer:
The peasants ran towards the landing balloon and as they waited for the balloon to deflate, a few of the peasants were jumping and gesturing like savages. The peasants were accommodating and hospitable and helped the travellers to pack all their material and carry it to the nearest station.

The Trip of Le Horla (Short Story) Textual Activities Questions and Answers

Activity -1 (Think and respond)

Question 1.
Imagine that you get a chance to be the captain of a tour programme. What type of a captain would you like to become?
Answer:
I would like to be a smart and efficient tour programme captain. Everyone in the programme should enjoy and have fun.

List the qualities of an ideal Captain.

• Helpful
• Efficient
• Smart
• Resourceful
• Courageous
• Humorous

Activity – II (Live TV report)

Question 2.
Draft a live TV report of Le Horla’s take off.
Answer:
Next on our infotainment section we have Rahul Binoy reporting live on the story “Le Horla Conquers the Skies’ from the Gas works at La Villette.

Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Today is the day, 8th July, forLe Horla is taking off from La Villette. We are right in front of Le Horla, the hot air balloon. It is getting filled up and is swelling and wriggling like a huge worm. It is surrounded by some 300 enthusiastic people. Now the passengers are getting in. The Captain is Jovis. The others in the basket attached to the balloon are Lieutenant Mallet, M. Etierine Beer, M. Paul Bessand, and M. Patrice Eyries.

I see them talking animatedly. Now Patrice Eyries is coming down. It seems he can’t go because the balloon can’t take the weight of all of them. He walks away dejectedly. Poor guy! All his dream of an adventure is gone!

M. Joliet tells the ladies to keep off. When the balloon lifts sand will be thrown into their hats. He cuts the ropes that hold the balloon to the ground. Look! Le Horla is lifting upward like a bird lifts off. Up, up and up goes the balloon! People scream with joy! Le Horla climbs above the city of Paris and it is slowly disappearing! The sight of the earth from the balloon will be fantastic. We wish the passengers a lot of luck!

Activity – III (Dos and Don’ts)

Question 3.
While planning a trip, we have to consider many things. What are the dos and the don’ts while doing so?
Answer:
DOs

• Take a first aid kit.
• Wear appropriate clothes.
• Wear proper shoes.
• Ensure you have some drinking water.
• Keep enough money.
• If you are going abroad, ensure you have your . passport and visa with you.
• Have your camera.

DON’Ts

• Don’t carry expensive things
• Don’t overeat before you start a trip.
• Don’t carry too much luggage. Less luggage more comfort.
• Don’t try to show off by doing very risky things.
• Don’t get upset with small irritants.

Activity – IV (Comparison)

Question 4.
Nothing is more amusing, more delicate, more interesting than the manoeuvring of a balloon. What degree of comparison is used here?
Comparative Degree Read the passage on p. 88. Rewrite it comparing it with the life on earth.
Answer:
Now our minds and thoughts are more independent than they were when we were on earth. We are happier here because we have no regrets. We look and feel better here. Our journey here is wilder and more fantastic than any journey on earth because here the only thing we an see is the moon. We are a wandering, travelling world, like our sisters, the planets. The five of us have almost forgotten that we belong to the earth as we move in the space like birds. No crowds, no noise, no dust, no smoke! Beautiful blue sky and the right moon! We feel we are in heaven, floating through a stream of joy!

Activity – V (Narration)

Question 5.
Read the notes on the mode of narration given below:
Narrate the landing of the balloon from the point of view of one of the peasants there.

Mode of Narration	Description
First-person narration	In this mode, the narrator is usually the protagonist or central character in the story.
Second-person narration	Directions and instructions are usually narrated from the second- person’s perspective.
Third-person narration There are three distinct modes of third-person narration: objective, limited, and omniscient.
Third-person objective	The narrator does not reveal any of the characters’ thoughts or feelings.
Third-person limited	The narrator reveals the thoughts and feelings of one character through explicit narration.
Third-person omniscient V	The narration will reveal more than one character’s internal workings; the narrator is all-knowing.

Answer:
I see a huge balloon from which a basket is hanging over the canal at a distance. The basket trembles and tips over slightly. I can see a rope trailing behind touching the tall trees on both banks. Now it is passing with frightful speed over a large farm. The bewildered chickens, pigeons and ducks fly away. The terrified cows, cats and dogs run towards the house. I don’t know what is happening. Now the balloon is passing over the trees. I see the balloon and the basket shaking. Something falls down and suddenly the balloon stops. Soon it touches the ground. The basket touches the earth. Then it goes up again. Once more, it falls and bounds upward again and at last, it settles on the ground. The balloon is struggling madly like a wounded beast. Now it comes to a standstill. I see five men climbing out of the basket. There is the joy of success on their faces. My companions and I help them. They say they want to go to Heyst, a railway station nearby. They want to take the 20:20 train to Paris. We help them to carry their luggage to the station.

Activity – VI (Travel Essay)

Question 6.
Read the notes on Travel Writing on below:

Description of physical features	Paris spreads out beneath us, a dark bluish patch, cut by its streets, from which rise, here and there, domes, towers, steeples…
Practical issues related to travel	…two trumpets, the eatables, the overcoats and raincoats, all the small articles that can go with the men in that flying basket.
Experiences of the place	With the help of the accommodating and hospitable Belgian peasants, we are able, in a short time, to pack up all our materials…
Personal impressions	…we float along through space in delicious inertia. We have become something indescribable, birds who do not even have to flap their wings.

Now, write a travel essay, describing a ravel experience you had recently.
Answer:
My parents had promised me a foreign trip if I passed my SSLC with very high scores. I worked very hard and I passed with distinction. So my parents allowed me to go on a trip to Europe. Since travelling alone would be difficult, I decided to join a tour group organized by the company called Intersight, Kochi. The first problem was getting a European visa. The company said it would get it for me. I was planning to go in April. April is hot in Kerala, but in Europe it is still cold. So I had to get warm clothes for the trip. I also needed a good camera.

We started ourtravel from Kochi. The representative from the Intersight was there to organize things. I reported to the airport 3 hours before the take off time. After completing the check-in, I went for the immigration formalities. After a thorough body check, I was allowed to go into the comfortable waiting lounge.

We were flying by Qatar Airways to Zurich. The flight was announced and we got into the aircraft. It was a huge aircraft. The smiling airhostesses showed us to our seats. Soon we took off. We were served refreshments. Afterthat I watched an in-flight movie. After 3 hours, we landed at Qatar airport. It is a huge airport. We had to spend some time at the airport lounge to get our flight to Zurich.

The flight to Zurich was also by Qatar airways. We were served meals in the flight. After the meals I went off to sleep. Eight hours later, we landed at Zurich. We were taken to our hotel in a coach. It was then I came to know who the people in the group tour were. There was another boy of my age and soon we became friends.

Our first visit was to the Titlis Mountains, in the Alps. On our way, we saw the life of the people. How disciplined people were. How nicely they behaved on the roads. No animals and birds crossed the roads. We hardly saw anyone walking on the roads. On both sides there were fields. We could see cattle grazing. Switzerland is a beautiful country.

Soon we reached Titlis. We would be taken to the top by rope ways and lifts. We reached the top. The scene was breathtaking. The whole area was covered with snow and ice. People were skating. We went for an ice-tunnel walk. They have built a tunnel in the ice and I walked for nearly a kilometre inside the tunnel. Ice on top, ice at the bottom and ice on both sides. It was a wonderful experience. I was exhilarated. Tomorrow we would go to Paris by coach to see the Eiffel Tower and other wonderful sights of that great city.

Activity – VII (Progressive Tenses)

Question 7.
a. Read the notes and explanations given on page 89 of the Text.

But the clouds are gathering behind us…
Crows are crowing…

In the above segments, the action continues to take place even at the moment of speaking. The present continuous tense form of a verb is used in such a context. The verbs in the above segments of sentences (‘gather’ and ‘crow’) are in the present continuous tense form. Continuous tenses are also called progressive tenses.

We use the present continuous tense to denote

• something that is happening at the moment of speaking.
• something which is happening before and after a given time.
• something which we think is temporary.
• something which is new and contrasts with a previous state.
• something which happens again and again.
• for talking about the future; for something which has been arranged or planned.

Pick out the instances in the story where the present continuous tense form the verb is used.

Answer:

b. Form a sentence on your own:

Context	Sentence
happening at the moment of speaking	…………………………………..
happening before and after a given time	…………………………………..
something which is temporary	…………………………………..
something new which contrasts with a previous state	…………………………………..
happens again and again	…………………………………..
has been arranged or planned	…………………………………..

Answer:

To use the Simple Present and the Present continuous tenses correctly.

The simple present tense is usually used to

• refer to regular actions, current situations, or facts in general.
• refer to more long-lasting or permanent situations.
• refer to actions which are going to happen very soon.
• refer to short actions happening at the time of speaking; generally, in reviews of films or books.
• ……………………………………………………………………………….
• ……………………………………………………………………………….

Read and Reflect

Question 1.
Travel is more than a mere exploration of the physical features of a landscape. It takes us beyond the features of the landscape into its customs, traditions and rituals. This travel experience tells us about a strange ritual on a Fijian island.

The Trip of Le Horla (Short Story) About the Author:

– Guy de Maupassant

Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) was a popular French writer. He is considered to be one of the masters of the modern short story. The Trip of Le Horla is about his ride in a hot air balloon.

The Trip Of Le Horla Summary

Page 78 :
I got a telegram on the morning of July 8th. It read: “Fine day. Always my predictions, Belgian frontier. Baggage and servants leave at noon at the social session. Beginning of maneuvers at three. So I will wait for you at the works from five o’clock on, Jovis.’

At five o’clock sharp, I entered the gas works of La Villette.

The balloon is lying in the courtyard and appears like a cake made of yellow cloth. It is lying flat on the ground under a rope.

Page 79 :
Two or three hundred people are looking at it. Some are sitting and some are standing. Some are examining the basket. It is a nice little square basket for a human cargo. On its side in golden letters was written ‘Le Horia’ on a mahogany plate.

Suddenly the people begin to stand back as gas is entering into the balloon through a long tube of yellow cloth. The cloth is on the oil. It swells and moves about like a big worm. But another thought occurs to every mind. It is thus nature itself nourishes being until their birth. The creature that will rise soon begins to move. The attendants of Captain Jovis spread and put in place the net which covers it as Le Horia grows larger. The net will help the pressure to be regular and equally distributed at very point.

The crowd has begun to talk. Some men who look to be specialists ask us to come down. Many things have been criticised in this new type of balloon. We are about to experiment with it with so much pleasure and success. The balloon is growing slowly but surely.

Captain Jovis and his assistants are busy with the last details. The travellers go to dine in the canteen on the gas-works according to the established custom.

When we come out the balloon is swaying. It is big and transparent. It looked like a big fruit, a wonderful pear which is still ripening, covered by the last rays of the setting sun. The basket is now attached and the barometers are brought. The siren is also brought. There were also two trumpets, the eatables, the overcoats and raincoats – that the men can take in the flying basket. Captain Jovis is ready and he calls all the passengers.

Page 80 :
Lieutenant Mallet jumps aboard, climbing first on the aerial net between the basket and the balloon. From it he will watch, during the night, the movements of Le Horia across the skies. M.Etierine Beer gets in after him. Then comes M. Paul Bessand. Then comes M. Patrice Eyries. I am the last. (Note: In French M before a name means Mr. M. is the abbreviation for Monsieur which means Mr.) But the basket is too heavy for the balloon and M. Eyries has to get out. He was very sorry to do that.

M. Joliet stood erect on the edge of the basket. He begs the ladies very courteously to stand aside a little. He thinks he might throw sand on their hats in rising. Then he commands: ‘Let is loose’. He cuts with one stroke of his knife the ropes that keep the balloon to the ground. Le Horla gets it liberty!

In one second we fly skyward. Nothing can be heard. We float, we rise, we fly, we glide! Our friends shout with joy. They applaud but we can hardly hear them or see

them. We are already so far, so high! We are surprised. Are we really leaving these people down there? Is it possible? Paris spreads out under us. It looks like a dark bluish patch, cut by its streets. From there rise here and there domes, towers, steeples (church towers). Then there is the plain, traversed by long roads amidst green fields and black forest. The sun which could not be seen from below now appears.

We can see whether we are rising or sinking only by throwing a cigarette paper out of the basket now and then. If the paper falls down like a stone, it means the balloon is rising. If it appears to shoot skyward, the balloon is descending.

Page 81 :
The two barometers mark about 500 metres. We look with admiration the earth we are leaving. We are not attached to it in any way. It looks like a coloured map. But all its noises rise to our ears very distinctly. We hear the sound of wheels rolling on the streets, the snap of a whip, the shouts of drivers, the rolling and whistling of trains and the laughter of the boys running after one another. When we pass over a village, the noise of children’s voices is heard above the rest with much clarity.

The view is superb. It is dark on the earth. But we are still in the light. It is now past ten o’clock. Now we begin to hear slight country noises, especially the double cry of the quail. We can hearthe mewing of cats and the barking of dogs. The dogs have caught the smell of the balloon. They have seen it and they are giving the warning. We can hear them barking all over the plain. The cows also wake up in their barns. We can hear them lowing. All the beasts are scared of the monster moving through the air.

The delicious odours of the soil rise towards us. The smell of hay, of flowers, of the wet, green earth is scenting the air.

At times we rise, and then descend. Every few minutes Lieutenant Mallet says to Captain Jovis: ‘We are descending; throw down half a handful.’ And the captain takes a handful of sand from a bag kept between his legs and throws it overboard.

Page 82 :
Nothing is more amusing, more delicate and more interesting than the manoeuvring of a balloon. It is a big toy, free and Qjcile, but obedient. It is the slave of the wind which we can’t control. Any small thing that we throw overboard will make the balloon go up quickly. It can be a pinch of sand, half a sheet of paper, one or two drops of water or the bones of a chicken we have eaten.

The earth is sleeping. The beasts are awakened by our approach and they announce it everywhere. We now ‘observe’a strong and continuous odor of gas. We must have met with a current of warm air. The balloon expands, losing its invisible blood by the escape-valve.

We are rising. The earth no longer gives back the echo of our trumpets. We have risen almost 2000 feet. There is no light to consult our instruments. We know we are always rising. We can no longer see the earth. A light mist separates us from it. Above our heads twinkle innumerable starts.

A silvery light appears before-us and makes the sky turn pale. Suddenly the moon rises on the edge of a cloud. It seems to be coming from below and we are looking down at it from a great height. Clear and round it comes out of the clouds and slowly rises in the sky.

The earth now does not seem to exist. It is buried in milky vapours that resemble a sea. We are now in space with the moon which looks like another balloon. Our balloon looks like a larger moon, wandering amid the stars. We no longer speak, think nor live; we float along through space in delicious inertia. We have become something indescribable. We are now like birds that don’t even have to flap their wings.

Page 83 :
All memory has disappeared from our minds, all troubles from our thoughts. We have no more regrets, plans or hopes. We wildly enjoy the fantastic journey. We are a wandering travelling world. The planets are our sisters. This world has five men and they have forgotten the earth. The barometers mark twelve hundred metres, then thirteen, fourteen, fifteen hundred. The little rice papers fall about us.

We are now at two thousand metres. Then we go to 2350 and the balloon stops. We blow the siren but no one answers us. Now we go down rapidly, M. Mallet goes on screaming: Throw out more sand!’ The sand and stones we throw come back into our faces as if they are going up, thrown from below. Our descent is rapid.

Here is the earth! Where are we? It is now past midnight and we are crossing a broad, dry well-cultivated country. To the right is a large city. Suddenly from the earth rises a bright fairy light. It disappears and reappears. But one has no time to see clearly as the balloon passes quickly in the wind.

We are now quite near the earth. Beer exclaims: “See, what is that running over there in the fields? Isn’t it a dog? Something was running along the ground with great speed but we could not understand what it was. The captain says it is the shadow of our balloon and it will grow as we descend.

I hear a great noise of foundries in the distance. According to the polar star, we are heading straight for Belgium.

Page 84:
Our siren and our two horns are continually calling. We ask, “Where are we?” But the balloon is going so rapidly that the startled man has not even time to answer us. The growing shadow of Le Horla is fleeing before us over the field, roads and woods. It goes along steadily, going before us by about a quarter of a mile. I am leaning out of the basket, listening the roaring of the wind in the trees and across the harvest fields. I say to Captain Jovis that the wind is fast.

Jovis says they may be waterfalls. I insist it is the wind. Then Jovis nudges me. He does not want to frighten his happy, quiet passengers because he knows that a storm is pursuing us. Suddenly the lights of a town appear. There is such a wonderful flow of light that I feel I am in a fairyland. The clouds are gathering behind us, hiding the moon. But towards the east the sky is becoming clear blue, tinged with red. It is dawn. It grows rapidly and shows us all the little details of the earth – the trains, the brooks, the cows, the goats. All these pass beneath us with surprising speed. Cocks are crowing, but the voice of ducks drowns everything.

The early rising peasants are waving their arms telling us to drop. But we go along steadily watching the world fleeing under our feet. Ahead of us lies a bright highway. It looks like a big river full of islands.

Page 85 :
The captain asks us to get ready for the descent. He makes M. Mallet leave his net and return to the basket. We then pack the barometers and everything that could be damaged by possible shock. M. Bessand asks us to look at the masts to the left. He says we are at the sea. Fogs have hidden it from us until then. The sea is everywhere.

It is necessary to descend within a minute or two. The rope to the escape-valve was religiously enclosed in a little white bag. It was kept in sight of all so that no one would touch it. It is now unrolled and M. Mallet holds it in his hand. Captain Jovis looks for a favourable landing. Behind us the thunder is rumbling and not a single bird follows our mad flight.

We are passing over a canal. The basket trembles and tips over slightly. The guy-rope (the rope that keeps something fixed to the ground) touches the tall trees on both banks. We pass with frightful speed over a large farm. The bewildered chickens, pigeons and ducks fly away. The terrified cows, cats and dogs run towards the house. Only one-half bag of sand (stones) is left. Jovis throws it overboard. Le Horla flies lightly across the roof. The captain shouts The escape valve!’

M. Mallet reaches for the rope and hangs to it and we drop like an arrow. With the slash of a knife the cord which retains the anchqjais cut, and we drag this behind us through a field of beets. Here are the trees. He shouts: “Take care! Hold fast! Look out for your heads!” We pass over the trees. Then a strong shock shakes us. The anchor has taken hold. We are told that we are going to touch the ground. The basket touches the earth. Then it flies up again. Once more, it falls and bounds upward again and at last, it settles on the ground, while the balloon struggles madly like a wounded beast.

Page 86 : Peasants run toward us. They don’t dare to come near. One can’t set foot on the ground until the bag is nearly completely deflated. Some surprised men jump with the wild gestures of savages. All the cows that are grazing along the coast come towards us. They surround our balloon with a strange comical circle of horns, big eyes, and blowing nostrils.

With the help of the Belgian peasants, we pack up all our materials and carry them to t(ie station at Heyst. At 8.20, we take the train to Paris. The descent occurred at 3.15 in the morning.

Thanks to Captain Jovis, we were able to see in a single night, from far up in the sky, the setting of the sun, he rising of the moon and dawn of day, and to go from Paris to the mouth of the Scheldt (a river that flows through Belgium and empties into the North Sea).

The Trip Of Le Horla Glossary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 1 Glimpses of Greatness Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 1 Glimpses of Greatness

Let’s begin

Hsslive Plus One English Textbook Answers Question 1.
“Some are born great; some achieve greatness; some have greatness thrust upon them. ”-William Shakespeare (Twelfth Night).
Is greatness an innate trait? Is it acquired by the successful or thrust upon them? Discuss.
Answer:
I don’t think greatness is an innate trait. It is acquired by successful people. Look at the examples of Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Mother Theresa and Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. They all acquired their success by hard work, perseverance, courage and determination. Success is not thrust upon them. They worked for it and they got it.

Plus One English Unit 1 Question 2.
What qualities make people great? Discuss with your friends and write them in the boxes below:

English Plus 1 Unit 1 Question 3.
We strive to reach heights, achieve greatness and be successful ¡n life. But at times, it seems difficult. Now, look at the picture below:

What thoughts and feelings does it evoke in you?
Answer:
The boy has stage-fright and he is not confident to perform before the judges and the audience. He is trying to get away but he is being forced by his teacher to say something or sing.

Glimpses Of Greatness Questions And Answers Question 4.
Give a suitable caption to the picture.
Answer:
“The Reluctant Performer”.

Plus One English Textbook Answers Pdf Question 5.
Have you had any similar experience? If so, share it with your friends.
Answer:
Yes, J had. I was in the 10th Standard and I was asked to make a Welcome Speech on the School Day. I was not keen on doing it. But my Principal insisted that I should do it. I prepared a speech and studied it by heart. When I got on the stage on the School Day, I started shivering and shaking and my mind went blank. I could not say a word. The Principal had to prompt me to speak some words. I somehow stammered something and fled from the stage. It was the worst day of my life as my classmates teased me about my ‘Speech’.

Think And Respond

Hss Guru Plus One English Notes Question 1.
What made little Abe stand on the dry goods box and deliver the speech?
Answer:
Little Abe stood on the dry goods box and delivered the speech because he was replying to a stump speaker, who made the speech standing on the stump of a tree.

Plus One English Textbook Questions And Answers Question 2.
Do you think good dress, appearance, position in society, etc., are needed to present yourself before the public for a speech?
Answer:
I think in normal circumstances good dress, appearance, position in society, etc., are needed to present ourselves before the public for a speech. But in the case of some famous people like Abraham Lincoln and Mahatma Gandhi, good dress, appearance, etc., did not seem to matter. But these are exceptions and not the rule.

Hsslive Plus One English Notes Question 3.
What is the role of Dennis in bringing out the best in young Abe?
Answer:
Dennis was like a catalyst in bringing out the best in young Abe. Dennis recognised the capabilities of Abe and encouraged him to show them to the public. Dennis was a good friend of Abe and he wanted Abe to shine.

Plus One English Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Pdf Hsslive Question 4.
Do you think that everybody has some potential in them? Some people take the initiative, while others do not dare to showcase their talents. What do you think are the reasons for this? Write down your views.
Answer:
I think that everybody has some potential in them. Some people do not dare to showcase their talents because of many reasons:

• Lack of opportunity
• Lack of confidence
• Lack of encouragement
• Fear of failure

I. Read and Reflect

Scert Plus One English Textbook Solutions Question 1.
We are going to read the story of a young seagull. He was afraid to make his first flight. His parents helped him into action and thus made him ready to face the challenges of life.

Glimpses Of Greatness About This Unit

“Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.” Sir Winston Churchill.

Success is surely the fruit of perseverance. The great achievement of others can inspire us. Similarly, we can be an inspiration to many others. This Unit highlights the personality traits of some great people. It emphasises the qualities that are to be developed to become successful in life.

This Unit has the following:
a) An anecdote from the life of Abraham Lincoln – ‘Abe’s First Speech’.
b) A Story by Liam O’Flaherty – ‘His First Flight’.
c) A Speech by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam – 7 will Fly’.
d) A Short Biographical Sketch of Stephen Hawking – ‘Quest for a Theory of Everything’.
e) A Poem by Rudyard Kipling – ‘If’.

The Unit aims at equipping the students to face the challenges of life with courage, confidence and perseverance and to become unique in their own ways, upholding the values of life. The Unit also aims at building confidence in the students to use English effectively in different situations of their lives.

Glimpses Of Greatness About This Author

Abraham Lincoln (Abe) is one of the greatest American statesmen. He is known for his famous speeches. Here is the story of his first speech as a small boy.

Abe’S First Speech

Abe made his first speech when he was a boy. He was without shoes. One suspender held up his trousers. He wore a cheap straw hat. Through a hole in it, some of his hair stuck out.

Abe attended a political meeting with his friend Dennis Hanks. Dennis was Abe’s companion in splitting logs to make rail fences. The meeting was addressed by one stump speaker. Stump speakers were those trained political speakers who addressed the audience standing upon tree stumps. The speaker was shouting at the top of his voice and he was making wild signs with his hands.

At the end of the speech, Abe and Dennis did not agree with the views of the speaker. Dennis thought Abe could make a better speech than what the speaker had made. He got a dry goods box and asked Abe to reply to the earlier speaker.

Abe threw his straw hat to the ground. He got on to the dry goods box and delivered a speech. The crowd listened to the speech attentively and applauded him. Even the first speaker admitted that Abe’s was a fine speech and it answered every point in the speech made by him.

Dennis Hanks was very happy. He thought that Abe was the greatest man that ever lived. He went on saying how Abe was a better speaker than the trained campaign speaker.

(From ‘Abe Lincoln’s Anecdotes and Stories’ by R.D. Wordsworth)

Glimpses Of Greatness Glossary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 3 Muhyadheen Mala Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 3 Muhyadheen Mala

Muhyadheen Mala Questions and Answers

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 2 Kalca Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 2 Kalca

Kalca Questions and Answers

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 1 Peeli Kannukal Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 1 Peeli Kannukal

Peeli Kannukal Questions and Answers

Peeli Kannukal Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 3 Anargha Nimisham Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 3 Anargha Nimisham

Anargha Nimisham Questions and Answers

Anargha Nimisham Summary

Students can Download Chapter 2 Units and Measurement Questions and Answers, Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Units and Measurement

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement One Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Physics Chapter 2 Questions And Answers Question 1.
How many seconds are there in a light fermi?
(a) 10^-15
(b) 3.0 × 10⁸
(c) 3.33 × 10^-24
(d) 3.3 × 10^-7
Answer:
(c) 3.33 × 10^-24
One light fermi is time taken by light to travel a distance of 1 fermi ie. 10^-15m
1 light fermi = \(\frac{10^{-15}}{3 \times 10^{8}}\) = 3.33 × 10^-24s.

Units And Measurements Questions And Answers Pdf Hsslive Question 2.
Which of the following pairs have same dimensional formula for both the quantities?

1. Kinetic energy and torque
2. Resistance and Inductance
3. Young’s modulus and pressure

(a) (1)only
(b) (2) only
(c) (1) and (3) only
(d) All of three
Answer:
(c) (1) and (3) only

Plus One Physics Units And Measurements Questions And Answers Question 3.
Give four dimensionless physical quantities.
Answer:
Angle, Poisson’s ratio, strain, specific gravity.

Plus One Physics Units And Measurements Questions Question 4.
The dimensions of plank constant are the same as those of______.
Answer:
Angular momentum

Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 5.
A physical quantity P = \(\frac{\sqrt{a b c^{2}}}{d^{3}}\) measuring a, b, c and d separately with the percentage error of 2% , 3%, 2% and 1% respectively. Minimum amount of error is contributed by the measurement of
(a) b
(b) a
(c) d
(d) c
Answer:
(b) a
P = \(\frac{\sqrt{a b c^{2}}}{d^{3}}\)

The minimum amount of error is contributed by the measurement of a.

Plus One Physics Second Chapter Questions And Answers Question 6.
The number of significant figures in 11.118 × 10^-6 is
(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 5
(d) 4
Answer:
As per rules, number of significant figures in 11.118 × 10^-6 is 5.

Class 11 Physics Ch 2 Important Questions Question 7.
What is the number of significant figures in 0.06070?
Answer:
4.

Plus One Physics Important Questions And Answers Pdf Question 8.
If f = x², What is the relative error in f?
Answer:
\(\frac{2 \Delta x}{x}\).

Hsslive Plus One Physics Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 9.
Which of the following measurement is more accu¬rate?
(i) 7000m
(ii) 7 × 10²m
(iii) 7 × 10³m
Answer:
(i) 7000 m

Units And Measurements Questions And Answers Pdf Question 10.
Which of the following measurements is most, accurate?
(a) 5.0 cm
(b) 0.005 cm
(c) 5.00 cm
Answer:
(c) Is most accurate because it has three significant figures. Greater is number of significant figures, more accurate is the measurement.
(a) has 2 significant figures
(b) has 1 significant figure.

Units And Measurements Class 11 Numericals With Solutions Question 11.
Name three physical quantities having same dimension.
Answer:
Work, Energy, and Torque.

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement Tw0 Mark Questions and Answers

Units And Measurements Class 11 Questions Answers Question 1.
Using dimensional analysis derive the relation F = ma. Where the symbols have the usual meaning.
Answer:
Force on a body depends on mass(m), acceleration (a) an
F α m^aa^bt^c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^a(LT^-2)^bT^c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^aL^bT^-2a+c
Equating the powers, we get a = 1 ,b = 1, -2b + c = -2, c = 0
F = m¹a¹t⁰ = ma.

Plus One Physics Chapter 2 Previous Year Questions Question 2.
Use your definition to explain how simple harmonic motion can be represented by the equation y = a sin ωt
(a) Show that the above equation is dimensionally correct
Answer:
Y = a sin ωt
sin ωt has no dimensions. Hence we get L = L
Hence this equation is dimensionaly correct.

Questions On Error Analysis Class 11 Question 3.
Fill in the blanks.

1. The curved surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 2 cm and height 20 cm is_____m² (Write answer in 3 significant digits)
2. Im = ______ ly

Answer:
1. Curved area = 2πl
= 2 × 3.14 (2 × 10²) × 20 × 10²
= 2.51 × 10^-6m²

2. l ly= 9.46 × 10¹⁵ m
lm = \(\frac{l \mathrm{ly}}{9.46 \times 10^{15}}\) ≈ 10^-6ly.

Physics Chapter 2 Class 11 Numericals Question 4.

1. Give a physical quantity with a unit and no dimension.
2. Arrange the following in the descending order.
   1 light year, 1 parsec, 1 astronomical unit

Answer:

1. Angle has no dimension. But it has unit.
2. 1 parsec, 1 light year, 1 astronomical unit.

Dimensional Analysis Questions And Answers Pdf Question 5.
Magnitude of force F experienced by a certain object moving with speed V is given by F = KV². Where K is a constant. Find the dimensions of K.
Answer:
F = KV²

Class 11 Physics Chapter 2 Important Questions With Answers Question 6.
What is the maximum percentage error in the measurement of kinetic energy if percentage errors in mass and speed are 2% and 3% respectively?
Answer:
E = \(\frac{1}{2}\)v²

% error in KE = % error in mass + 2 × % error in speed
= 2% + 2 × 3% = 8%.

Units And Measurements Class 11 Important Questions Pdf Question 7.
Solve the following with regard to significant figures.

1. 5.8 + 0.125
2. 3.9 × 10⁵ – 2.5 × 10⁴

Answer:
1. 5.8 + 0.125 = 5.925
Rounding to first decimal point, we get 5.9

2. 3.9 × 10⁵ – 2.5 × 10⁴
= 3.5 × 10⁵ – 0.25 × 10⁴
= 3.65 × 10⁵
Rounding to first decimal place, we get 3.6 × 10⁵.

Question 8.
What is maximum fractional error in
i) (a + b)
ii) a – b
iii) ab
iv) \(\frac{a}{b}\)
Given ∆ a and ∆ b are absolute errors in measurements a and b.
Answer:

Question 9.

1. What is the fractional error in aⁿ? (Given absolute error in a is ∆ a)
2. What is absolute error in the measurements according to least count?
   • 3.0 kg
   • 25 s
   • 5.62 cm

Answer:
1. n\(\frac{\Delta a}{a}\)

2. The measurements according to least count:

• 0.1 kg
• 1 s
• 0.01 cm

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A stone is thrown upwards from the ground with a velocity ‘u’.

1. What is the maximum height attained by the stone?
2. Check the correctness of the equation obtained in (a) using the method of dimensional analysis.

Answer:
1. H = \(\frac{u^{2}}{2 g}\) ___(1)
u = u, v = o, a = -g, h = ?
We can find maximum height using the equation
u² = u² + 2as
0 = u² + 2 × -g × H
2gh = u²
H = \(\frac{u^{2}}{2 g}\)

2. Dimension of H = L
Dimension of u = (LT^-1)
Dimensions of time (t) = T
Dimension of g = (LT^-2)
substituting these values in eq(1) we get
L = \(\frac{\left(L T^{-1}\right)^{2}}{\left(L T^{-2}\right)}\)
L = L.

Question 2.
Derive an empirical relationship for the force experienced on the car in terms of mass of the car m, velocity v, and radius of the track r using dimensional analysis.
Answer:
Centripetal force may depends on mass (m),radius(r) and velocity(v)
F α m^ar^bv^c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^aL^b(LT^-1)^c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^aL^bL^cT^-c
M¹L¹T^-2 = M^aL^b+cT^-c
Equating we get a = 1, b + c = 1, c = 2, b = -1
Substituting these values in eq(1),we get
F = \(\frac{M V^{2}}{r}\).

Question 3.
Dimensional formula of a physical quantity indicate how many times fundamental quantity is involved in the measurement of the quantity.

1. What is the dimensional formula of coefficient of viscosity?
2. Write any two drawbacks of dimensional analysis.

Answer:
1. F = ηA\(\frac{d V}{d x}\)

2. The method of dimensional analysis has the following drawbacks:

• It gives no information about the dimensionless constant involved in the equation.
• The method is not applicable to equations involv¬ing trigonometric and exponential functions.
• This method cannot be employed to derive the • exact form of the relationship if it contains sum
  of two, or more terms.
• If the given physical quantity depends on more than three unknown quantities, the method fails.

Question 4.
Principle of homogeneity is based on the fact that two quantities of same nature can be added.

1. What do you mean by principle of homogeneity?
2. Velocity V depends on the time t as V = at² + bt + c. Find dimension of constants a, b, and c.

Answer:
1. For the correctness of an equation, the dimensions on either side must be the same. This is known as the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.

2. V = at² + bt + c
M⁰L¹T^-1 = aT² + bT + c
According to principle of homogenity, we get
aT² = M⁰L¹T^-1
a = \(\frac{\mathrm{M}^{0} \mathrm{L}^{1} \mathrm{T}^{-1}}{\mathrm{T}^{2}}\)
= M⁰L¹T^-3.

Question 5.
If x = a + bt + ct² where x is in meter and t in second.

1. Find the dimensional formula of ‘b’.
2. If error in the measurement of time is 2%. What will be the error in x?

Answer:
1. According to principle of homogeneity, the dimensions of both sides must be same.
ie. L = a + bT + cT²
ie : L = bT, b = L/T

2.

% error in x = 3 × %. error in ‘t’ = 3 × 2% = 6%.

Question 6.
A physical quantity P is related to four observables a, b, c as P = \(\frac{a^{3} b^{2}}{\sqrt{c d}}\). The % error in the measurement of a, b, c, and d are 1%, 3%, 4%, 2% are respectively.

1. What do you mean by error in a measurement?
2. What is the % error in the measurement of P?

Answer:
1. The result of every measurement by any measuring instrument contains some uncertainty. This uncertainty is called error.

2.

% error in
P = 3 × 1 + 2 × 3 + 1/2 × 4 + 1/2 × 2
= 3 + 6 + 2+ 1
P = 12%

Question 7.
Rahul measured the height of Ramesh in different trials as 1.67m, 1.65m 1.64m, and 1.63m.

1. Find the mean absolute error?
2. Find the percentage error?

Answer:
1. Arithametic mean,

a_mean = 1.645m = 1.65
absolute error,
∆a₁ = a_mean – a₁
∆a₁ = 1.65 – 1.67 = -0.02
∆a₂ = 1.65 – 1.65 = 0
∆a₃ = 1.65 – 1.64 = 0.01
∆a₄ = 1.65 – 1.63 = 0.02
Mean absolute error

= 0.012

2. percentage error = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{a}_{\text {mean }}}{\mathrm{a}_{\text {mean }}}\) × 100
= \(\frac{0.012}{1.65}\) × 100
= 0.75%.

Question 8.
In a particular experiment Ramu used the relation F = AB + (P + Q) Y to calculate force.

1. Which principle is used to check the correctness of the equation (1)
2. If the dimensional formula of Y is M⁰L¹T^-1, then find the dimensional formula of P

Answer:
1. Principle of homogenity

2. F = AB + (P+Q)Y
F = AB + PY + QY
MLT^-2 = AB + PY+ QY
According to principle of homogeneity
MLT^-2 = PY
M¹L¹T^-2 = P M⁰L¹T^-1
ie. P = \(\frac{M^{\prime} L^{1} T^{-2}}{M^{0} L^{1} T^{-1}}\) = M¹T^-3

Question 9.

1. Which of the following is precise
   • A vernier calliperse with 40 divisions on sliding scale
   • An optical instrument that can measure length of the order of wavelength of light.
2. Is it possible to increase the accuracy of screw gauge by increasing the number of divisions on the head scale?

Answer:
1. (i) L.C of vernier caliperse = \(\frac{1}{40}\) = 0.025mm
= 0.025 × 10^-3m
= 2.5 × 10^-5m.

(ii) L.C of optical instrument = 6000A°
= 6000 × 10^-10m
(Taking λ of visible light = 6000°A)= 6 × 10^-7m

2. Yes. Because L.C proportional to number of division on the headscale. So with the increase in number of divisions, the least count will increase. This leads to increase the accuracy of above screw guage.

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement Four Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In an experiment with common balance the mass of a body is found to 2.52g, 2.53g, 2,51g, 2.49g and 2.54g in successive measurements. Calculate

1. The mean value of the body
2. Mean absolute error
3. Percentage error

Answer:
1. Mean value, M_mean
= \(\frac{2.52+2.53+2.51+2.49+2.54}{5}\)
= 2.5g

2. Absolute error,
Absolute error ∆m₁ = |2.52 – 2.52| = 0
∆m₂ = |2.52 – 2.53| = 0.01
∆m₃ = |2.52 – 2.51| = 0.01
∆m₄ = |2.52 – 2.49| = 0.03
∆m₅ = |2.52 – 2.54| = 0.02
∴ Mean absolute error
\(\frac{0+0.01+0.01+0.03+0.02}{5}\)
∆m_mean = 0.014g

3. Percentage error = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{m}_{\text {mean }}}{\mathrm{m}_{\text {mean }}}\) × 100
= \(\frac{0.014}{2.52}\) × 100 = 0.556.

Question 2.
While discussing the period of a pendulam, one of the student argued that period depends on the mass of the bob.

1. What is your opinion?
2. How will you prove your argument dimensionally?

Answer:

1. Period is independent of mass of the bob
2. The principle of homogeneity of dimensions also helps to derive a relationship between the different physical quantities involved; This method is known as dimensional analysis.

The period of the simple pendulum may possibly depend upon:

• The mass of the bob, m
• The length of the pendulum, I
• Acceleration due to gravity, g
• The angle of swing, q

Let us write the equation for the time period as t = k m^a l^b g^c q^d
where, k is a constant having no dimensions; a, b, care to be found out.
The dimensions of, t = T¹
Dimensions of. m = M¹
Dimensions of, l = L¹
Dimensions of, g = L¹T^-2
Angle q has no dimensions (since, q = arc/radius = L/L)
Equating the dimensions of both sides of the equation, we get,
T¹ = M^aL^b (L¹T^-2)^c
ie. T¹ = M^aL^b+c+ T^-2c.
The dimensions of the terms on both sides must be the same. Equating the powers of M, L and T.

a = 0; b + c = 0; -2c = 1
∴ c = ^–\(\frac{1}{2}\), b = ^– c = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
Hence, the equation becomes,
t = kl^1/2g^-1/2
ie, t = k\(\sqrt{1 / g}\)
Experimentally, the value of k is found to be 2p.

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In an experiment with a common balance the mass of a ring found to be 2.52g, 2.5g, 2,51g, 2.49g and 2.54g in successive measurements. Calculate

1. The mean value of the mass of the ring
2. The absolute error in each measurement
3. Mean absolute error
4. Relative error
5. Percentage error

Answer:
1. The mean value of the mass of the ring.
M_mean = \(\frac{2.52+2.53+2.51+2.49+2.54}{5}\) = 2.52g.

2. The absolute error in each measurement.
∆m₁ = M_mean – m₁ = 2.52 – 2.52 = 0.00
∆m₂ = M_mean – m₂ = 2.52 – 2.53 = -0.01
∆m₅ = M_mean – m₅ = 2.52 – 2.54 = -0.02

3. mean absolute error = |∆m₁| + |∆m₂|………..+|∆m₅|
= 0.014

4. Relative error = δm = \(\frac{\Delta \mathrm{m}_{\text {mean }}}{\mathrm{m}_{\text {mean }}}=\frac{.014}{2.52}\) = 0.00555

5. Percentage error δm × 100 = 0.555%.

Plus One Physics Units and Measurement NCERT Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The volume of a cube of side 1 cm is equal to______m³.
2. The surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 2.0 cm and height 10.0cm is equal to____(mm)².
3. A vehicle moving with a speed of 18km h^-1 covers_____m in 1s.
4. The relative density of lead is 11.3.Its density is_____g cm^-3or_____kgm^-3.

Answer:
1. V = (1 cm)³
= (10^-2m)³
= 10^-6m³
So, answer is 10^-6.

2. Surface area = 2 πrh + 2 × πr²
= 2πr(h + r)
= 2 × \(\frac{22}{7}\) × 2 × 10(10 × 10 + 2 × 10)mm²
= 1 .5 × 10⁴mm²
So, answer is 1.5 × 10⁴

3. 18kmh^-1 = \(\frac{18 \times 1000}{3600}\)ms^-1
= 5ms^-1
So, answer is 5.

4. 11.3, 11.3 × 10³ or 1.13 × 10⁴.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks by suitable conversion of units:

1. 1 kgm²s^-2 = _____g cm²s^-2
2. 1 m =_____1 y
3. 3.0 ms² =______kmh^-2
4. G = 6.67 × 10^-11 Nm² (kg)^-2 =_____(cm)³s^-2g^-1

Answer:

1. 10⁷
2. 10^-16
3. 3.888 × 10⁴
4. 6.67 × 10^-8

Question 3.
A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 J, where 1 J = 1 kgm²S^-2. Suppose we employ a system of units in which the unit of mass equals α kg, the unit of length equals β metere, the unit of time is second, show that a calorie has a magnitude 4.2 α^-1 β^-2 γ² in terms of the new units.
Answer:
1 cal = 4.2kg m²s^-2

SI	New system
n1 = 4.2	n2 = ?
M1 = 1 kg	M2 = α kg
L1 = 1m	L2 = β meter
T1 = 1s	T2 = γ second

Dimensional formula of energy is [ML²T^-2]. Comparing with [M^aL^bT^c], we find that
a = 1, b = 2, c = -2

Question 4.
Which of the following is the most precise device for measuring length?

1. A vernier callipers with 20 divisions on the sliding scale.
2. A screw guage of pitch 1 mm and 100 divisions on the circular scale
3. An optical instrument that can measure length to within a wavelength of light?

Answer:
The most precise device is one whose least count is the least.
1. Least count = 1SD – 1 VD = 1 SD – \(\frac{19}{20}\) SD

2. Least count

3. Wavelength = 10^-5 cm = 0.00001 cm
Clearly, the optical instrument is the most precise.

Question 5.
State the number of significant figures in the following:

1. 0.007m²
2. 2.64 × 10²⁴kg
3. 0.2370gcm³
4. 6.320 J
5. 6.032 Nm^-2
6. 0.0006032 m²

Answer:

1. 1
2. 3
3. 4
4. 4
5. 4
6. 4

Question 6.
The length, breadth, and thickness of a rectangular sheet of metal are 4.234m, 1.005m and 2.01cm respectively. Give the area and volume of the sheet to correct significant figures.
Answer:
Area of the sheet = 2(l × b + b × t + t × l)
= 2(4.234 × 1.005 + 1.005 × 0.0201 + 0.0201 × 4.234)m²
= 2 (4.255 + 0.0202 + 0.0851)m²
= 2 × 4.3603m²
= 8.7206m²
= 8.72m²
Volume = lbt
4.234 × 1.005 × 0.0201m³
= 0.0855m³

Question 7.
A Physical qunatity P is related to four observables a, b, c and d as follows:
P = \(\frac{\mathrm{a}^{3} \mathrm{b}^{2}}{\sqrt{\mathrm{c}} \mathrm{d}}\). The percentage errors of measurement in a, b,c, and d are 1 %, 3%, 4% and 2% respectively. What is the percentage error in the quantity P? If the value of P calculated using the above relation turns out to be 3.763, to what value should you round off the result?
Answer:
P = \(\frac{\mathrm{a}^{3} \mathrm{b}^{2}}{\sqrt{\mathrm{c}} \mathrm{d}}\)

% error in P = 3% + 6% + 2%+2% = 13%
3.763 should be rounded off to 3.8.

Question 8.
A famous relation in physics relates ‘moving mass’ m to the ‘rest mass’ m₀ of a particle in terms of its speed v and the speed of light c. (This relation first arose as a consequence of special relativity due to Albert Einstein). Boy recalls the relation almost correctly but forgets where to put the constant c. He writes:
\(\frac{m_{0}}{\left(1-v^{2}\right)^{1 / 2}}\)
Guess where to put the missing e.
Answer:
From the given equation, \(\frac{m_{0}}{m}=\sqrt{1-v^{2}}\)
Since left hand side is dimensionless therefore right hand side should be also dimensionless.

The correct formula is m = m₀ \((\sqrt{1-\frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}})^{-1 / 2}\).

Students can Download Chapter 2 Units and Measurement Notes, Plus One Physics Notes helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Physics Notes Chapter 2 Units and Measurement

Plus One Physics Notes Chapter 2 Summary
Introduction

a. Fundamental or base quantities:
Physics is based on measurement of physical quantities. Certain physical quantities are chosen as fundamental or base quantities. Length, mass, time, electric current thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity are such base quantities.

b. Units: Fundamental Units and Derived Units Unit:
Measurement of any physical quantity is made by comparing it with a standard. Such standard of measurement are known as unit. If length of rod is 5 m, it means that the length of rod is 5 times the standard unit ‘metre’.

Fundamental Unit:
The unit of fundamental or base quantities are called fundamental or base units. The base units are listed in table.

Base quantity	Base unit
Length	Metre
Mass	kilogram
Time	Second
Electric current	Ampere
Thermodynamic Temperature	Kelvin
Amount of Substance	mole
Luminous Intensity	Candela

Derived Unit
The units of other physical quantities can be expressed as combination of base units. Such units are called derived units.
Example: Unit of force is kgms^-2 (or Newton). Unit of velocity is ms^-1.

The International System Of UnitsDerived Unit
System of Units: A complete set of fundamental and derived units is called a system of unit.

a. Different system of units:
The different systems of units are CGS system FPS (or British) system, MKS system and SI system. A comparison of these systems of unit is given in the table below, (for length, mass and time)

Note: The first three systems of units were used in earlier time. Presently we use SI system.

b. International System Of Unit (Si Unit):
The internationally accepted system of unit for measurement is system international d’ unites (French for International System of Units). It is abbreviated as SI.

The SI system is based on seven fundamental units and these units have well defined and internationally accepted symbols, (given in table – 2.1)

c. Solid Angle and Plane Angle:
Other than the seven base units, two more units are defined.
1. Plane angle (dq): It is defined as ratio of length of arc (ds) to the radius, r.


The unit of plane angle is radian. Its symbol is rad.

2. Solid Angle (dW): It is defined as the ratio of the intercepted area (dA) of spherical surface, to square of its radius.


The unit of solid angle is steradian. The symbol is Sr.

Unit And Measurement Class 11 Notes Pdf Chapter 2 Measurement Of Length
Two methods are used to measure length

• direct method
• indirect method.

The metre scale, Vernier caliper, screwgauge, spherometer are used in direct method for measurement of length. The indirect method is used if range of length is beyond the above ranges.

1. Measurement Of Large Distances:
Parallax Method:
Parallax method is used to find distance of planet or star from earth. The distance between two points of observation (observatories) is called base. The angle between two directions of observation at the two points is called parallax angle or parallactic angle (q).

Plus One Physics Chapter 2 Notes Pdf Parallax Method
The planet ‘s’ is at a distance ‘D’ from the surface of earth. To measure D, the planet is observed from two observatories A and B (on earth). The distance between A and B is b and q be the parallax angle between direction of observation from A and B.

AB can be considered as an arch A h B of length ‘b’ of a circle of radius D with its center at S. (Because q is very small, \(\frac{b}{D}\)<<1], Thus from arch-radius relation.

Thus by measuring b and q distance to planet can be determined. The size of planet or angular diameter of planet can be measured using the value of D. If the angle a (angle between two directions of observation of two diametrically opposite points on planet) is measured using a


Where d is diameter of planet.

2. Estimation Of Very Small Distances:
Size Of Molecule
Electron microscope can measure distance of the order of 0.6A0 (wavelength of electron).

3. Range Of Lengths:
The size of the objects in the universe vary over a very wide range. The table (given below) gives the range and order of lengths and sizes of some objects in the universe.

Units for short and large lengths
1 fermi = 1f = 10^-15m
1 Angstrom = 1A° = 10^-10m
1 astronomical unit = 1AU = 1.496 × 10¹¹m
1 light year = 1/y = 9.46 × 10¹⁵m
(Distance that light travels with velocity of 3 × 10⁸ m/s in 1 year)
1 par sec = 3.08 × 10¹⁶m = 3.3 light year
(par sec is the distance at which average radius of earth’s orbit subtends an angle of 1 arc second).

Units And Measurements Questions And Answers Pdf Hsslive Measurement Of Mass
Mass is basic property of matter. The S.l. unit of mass is kg. While dealing with atoms and molecules, the kilogram •is an inconvenient unit. In this case there is an important standard unit called the unified atomic mass unit( u).
1 unified atomic mass unit = lu
= (1/12)^th of the mass of carbon-12

1. Range Of Masses:
The masses of the objects in the universe vary over a very wide range which is given in the table.

Units And Measurements Class 11 Chapter 2 Measurement Of Time
To measure any time interval we need a clock. We now use an atomic standard of time, which is based on the periodic vibrations produced in a cesium atom. This is the basis of the cesium clock sometimes called atomic clock.

Plus One Physics Note Chapter 2 Definition of second:
One second was defined as the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 internal oscillations between two hyperfine levels of Cesium-133 atom in the ground state.
Range and Order of time intervals

Class 11 Physics Chapter 2 Notes Accuracy, Precision Of Instruments And Errors In Measurement
Error:
The result of every measurement by any measuring instrument contains some uncertainty. This uncertainty is called error.

Systematic errors:
The systematic errors are those errors that tend to be in one direction, either positive or negative.

Sources of systematic errors

1. Instrumental errors
2. Imperfection in experimental technique or procedure
3. personal errors

1. Instrumental errors:
Instrumental error arise from the errors due to imperfect design or calibration of the measuring instrument.
eg: In Vernier Callipers, the zero mark of vernier scale may not coincide with the zero mark of the main scale.

2. Imperfection in experimental technique or procedure:
To determine the temperature of a human body, a thermometer placed under the armpit will always give a temperature lower than the actual value of the body temperature. Other external conditions (such as changes in temperature, humidity, velocity……..etc) during the experiment may affect the measurement.

3. Personal Errors:
Personal error arise due to an individual’s bias, lack of proper setting of the apparatus or individual carelessness etc.

Random errors
The random errors are those errors, which occur irregularly and hence are random with respect to sign and size. These can arise due to random and unpredictable fluctuations in experimental conditions (eg. unpredictable fluctuations in temperature, voltage supply, etc.)

Unit And Measurement Notes Pdf Chapter 2 Least Count Error
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least count. The least count error is the error associated with the resolution of the instrument. By using instruments of higher precision, improving experimental technique etc, we can reduce least count error.

1. Absolute Error, Relative Error And Percentage Error:
The magnitude of the difference between the true value of the quantity and the measured value is called absolute error in the measurement. Since the true value of the quantity is not known, the arithmetic mean of the measured values may be taken as the true value.

Physics Class 11 Chapter 2 Notes Explanation:
Suppose the values obtained in several measurements are a₁, a₂, a₃,………,a_n. Then arithmetic mean can be written as

The absolute error,
∆a₁ = a_mean – a₁
∆a₂ = a_mean – a₂
∆a_n = a_mean – a_n

a. Mean absolute error:
The arithmetic mean of all the absolute errors is known as mean absolute error. The mean absolute error in the above case,

b. Relative error:
The relative error is the ratio of the mean absolute error (Da_mean) to the mean value (a_mean).

c. Percentage error:
The relative error expressed in percent is called the percentage error (da).

Example:
Units And Measurements Class 11 Notes Pdf Download Question 1.
When the diameter of a wire is measured using a screw gauge, the successive readings are found to be 1.11 mm, 1.14mm, 1.09mm, 1.15mm and 1.16mm. Calculate the absolute error and relative error in the measurement.
Answer:
The arithmetic mean value of the measurement is

The absolute errors in the measurements are
1.13 – 1.14 = 0.02mm
1.13 – 1.14 = -0.01mm
1.13 – 1.09 = 0.04mm
1.13 – 1.15 =-0.02 mm
1.13 – 1.16 = 0.03mm
The arithmetic mean of the absolute errors

Percentage of relative error

2. Combination Of Errors:
When a quantity is determined by combining several measurements, the errors in the different measurements will combine in some way or other.

a. Error of a sum or a difference:
Rule: when two quantities are added or subtracted, the absolute error in the final result is the sum of the absolute errors in the individual quantities.
Explanation:
Let two quantities A and B have measured values A ± DA and B ± DB respectively. DA and DB are the absolute errors in their measurements. To find the error Dz that may occur in the sum z = A + B,
Consider
z + ∆z = (A ± ∆A) + B ± ∆B = (A + B) ± ∆A ± ∆B
The maximum possible error in the value of z is given by,

Similarly, it can be shown that, the maximum error in the difference.
Z = A – B is also given by

b. Error of product ora quotient:
Rule: When two quantities are multiplied or divided, the relative error in the result is the sum of the relative errors in the multipliers.
Explanation:
Suppose Z=AB and the measured values of A and B are A + DA and B + DB. They
Z + DZ = (A + DA) (B + DB)
= AB ± BDA ± ADB ± DADB
Dividing LHS by Z and RHS by AB, we get

c. Errors in case of a measured quantity raised to a power:
Suppose Z = A²

Hence, the relative error in A² is two time the error in A.
In general, if \(Z=\frac{A^{P} B^{q}}{C^{T}}\)
Then

Hence the rule: The relative error in a physical quantity raised to the power K is the K times the relative error in the individual quantity.

Chapter 2 Physics Class 11 Notes Significant Figures
Every measurement involves errors. Hence the result of measurement should be reported in a way that indicates the precision of measurement.

Normally, the reported result of measurement is a number that includes all digits in the number that are known reliable plus the first digit that is uncertain. The reliable digits plus the first uncertain digit are known as significant digits or significant figures.
Example:

• The length of a rod measured is 3.52cm. Here there are 3 significant figures. The digits 3 and 5 are reliable and the last digit 2 is uncertain.
• The mass of a body measured as 3.407g. Here there are four significant figures. The figure 7 is uncertain.

When the measurement becomes more accurate, the number of significant figure is increased.
Rules to find significant figures:
1. All the non zero digits are significant.
Example:
Physics Notes For Class 11 Kerala Syllabus Chapter 2 Question 1.
Find significant figure of

• 2500
• 263.25

Answer:

• In this case, there are two nonzero numbers. Hence significant figure is 2.
• In this, there are 5 nonzero numbers. Hence significant figure is 5.

2. All the zeros between two nonzero digits are significant, no matter where the decimal point is,
Example:
Units And Measurements Class 11 Notes Chapter 2 Question 2.
Find the significant figure

• 2.05
• 302.005
• 2000145

Answer:

• Significant figure is 3
• Significant figure is 6
• Significant figure is 7

3. If the number is less than 1, the zeros on the right of decimal point but to the left to the first nonzero digits are not significant.
Example:
Class 11 Physics Notes Units And Measurements Chapter 2 Question 1.
Find the significant figure of

• 0.002308
• 0.000135

Answer:

• 4 significant figures
• 3 significant figures

4. The terminal zeros in a number without a deci¬mal point are not significant.
Example:
Physics Class 11 Chapter 2 Question 1.
Find the significant figure of

• 12300
• 60700

Answer:

• 3
• 3

Note: But if the number obtained is on the basis of actual measurement, all zeros to the right of last non zero digit are significant.
Example: If distance is measured by a scale as 2010m. This contain 4 significant figures.

5. The terminal zeros in a number with a decimal point are significant.
Example:
Gvhss Payyoli Physics Notes Chapter 2 Question 1.
Find the significant figure of

• 3.500
• 0.06900
• 4.7000

Answer:

• 4
• 4
• 5

Method to find significant figures through scientific notation:
In this notation, every number is expressed as a × 10^b, where a is a number between 1 and 10 and b is any positive or negative power. In this method, we write the decimal after the first digit.
Example:
4700m =4.700 × 10³m
The power of 10 is irrelevant to the determination of significant figures. But all zeros appearing in the base number in the scientific notation are significant. Hence each number in this case has 4 significant figures.
Significant figures in numbers:-

Numbers	Significant figures
1374	4
13.74	4
0.1374	4
0.01374	4
013740	5
1374.0	5
5100	2
51.00	4
5.100	4
3.51 × 103	3
2.1 × 10-2	2
0.4 × 10-4	1

a. Rules for Arithmetic operations with significant figures:
1. Rules for multiplication or division:
In multiplication or division, the computed result should not contain greater number of significant digits than in the observation which has the fewest significant digits.
Examples:
(i) 53 × 2.021 =107.113
The answer is 1.1 × 10² since the number 53 has only 2 significant digits.

(ii) 3700 10.5 = 352.38
The answer is 3.5 × 10² since the minimum number of significant figure is 2 (in the number 3700)

2. Rules for Addition and Subtraction:
In addition or substraction of given numbers, the same number of decimal places is retained in the result as are present in the number with minimum number of decimal places.
Examples:
(i) 76.436 +
12.5
88.936
The answer is 88.9, since only one decimal place is found in the number 12.5.

(ii) 43.6495 +
4.31
47.9595
The answer is 47.96 since only two decimal places are to be retained.

(iii) 8.624 –
3.1726
5.4514
The answer is 5.451

(iv) 6.5 × 10^-5 – 2.3 × 10^-6 = 6.5 × 10^-5 – 0.23 × 10^-5
= 6.27 × 10^-5
The answer is = 6.3 × 10^-5

Units And Measurements Class 11 Notes Pdf Chapter 2 Dimensions And Dimensional Analysis
All physical quantities can be expressed in terms of seven fundamental quantities. (Mass, length, time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance). These seven quantities are called the seven dimensions of the physical world.

The dimensions of the three mechanical quantities mass, length and time are denoted by M, L and T. Other dimensions are denoted by K (for temperature), I (for electric current), cd (for luminous intensity) and mol (for the amount of substance).

The letters [L], [M], [T] etc. specify only the nature of the unit and not its magnitude. Since area may be regarded as the product of two lengths, the dimensions of area are represented as [L] × [L] = [L]².

Similarly, volume being the product of three lengths, its dimensions are represented by [L]³. Density being mass per unit volume, its dimensions are M/L³ or M¹L³.

Thus, the dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental units of length, mass, time must be raised to represent it.
Note: The dimensions of a physical quantity and the dimensions of its unit are the same.

Class 11 Physics Notes Chapter 2 Dimensional Formula And Dimensional Equations
An equation obtained by equating a quantity with its dimensional formula is called dimensional equations of the physical quantities.
Examples:
Consider for example, the dimensions of the following physical quantities.
1. Velocity: Velocity = distance/ time = L/T = L¹T^-1 \The dimension of velocity are, zero in mass, 1 in length and-1 in time.

2. Acceleration:
Acceleration = \(\frac{\text { Change in velocity }}{\text { time }}=\frac{L^{1} T^{-1}}{T}=L^{1} T^{-2}\)

3. Force: Force = mass × acceleration
Dimensions of force = M × L¹T^-2 = M¹L¹T ^-2
That is, the dimensions of force are 1 in mass, 1 in length and -2 in time.

4. Momentum: Momentum = mass × velocity
Dimensions of momentum = M × L¹T^-1 = M¹L¹T ^-1

5. Moment of a force: Moment = force × distance
Dimensions of moment = M¹L¹T^-2 × L = M¹L²T ^-2

6. Impulse: Impulse = force × time
Dimensions of impulse = M¹L¹T^-2 × T = M¹L¹T ^-1

7. Work: Work = force × distance
Dimensions of work = M¹L¹T^-2 × L = M¹L²T ^-2

8. Energy: Energy = Work done
Dimensions of energy = dimensions of work = M¹L²T^-2.

9. Power: Power = work/time
Dimensions of power \(=\frac{M^{2} L^{2} T^{-2}}{T}p\) = M¹L²T^-3

 

Explain Parallax Method Class 11 Chapter 2 Dimensional Analysis And Its Applications
The important uses of dimensional equations are:

1. To check the correctness of an equation.
2. To derive a correct relationship between different physical quantities.
3. To convert one system of units into another.

1. Checking the correctness of an equation:
For the correctness of an equation, the dimensions on either side must be the same. This ‘ is known as the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.

If an equation contains more than two terms, the dimensions of each term must be the same. Thus, if x = y + z, Dimensions of x = dimensions of y = dimensions of z
Example :
Units And Dimensions Class 11 Chapter 2 Question 1.
Check the correctness of the equation s = ut + 1/2at² by the method of dimensions.
Dimensions of, s = L¹
Dimensions of, u = L¹T^-1
Dimensions of, ut = L¹T^-1 × T¹ = L¹
Dimensions of, a = L¹T^-2
Dimensions of, at² = L¹T^-2 × T² = L¹
The constant 1/2 has no dimensions. Each term has dimension L¹.
Therefore, dimensions of, ut + 1/2 at² = ¹
Thus, either side of the equation has the same dimen¬sion L1 and hence the equation is dimensionally correct.
Note: Even though the equation is dimensionally correct, it does not mean that the equation is necessarily correct. For instance the equation s = ut + at² is also dimensionally correct, though the correct equation, s = ut + 1/2 at².

2. Deriving the correct relationship between different physical quantities:
The principle of homogeneity of dimensions also helps to derive a relationship between the different physical quantities involved. This method is known as dimensional analysis.
Example :
Question 1.
Deduce an expression for the period of oscillation of a simple pendulum.
The period of the simple pendulum may possibly depend upon

• The mass of the bob, m
• The length of the pendulum, I
• Acceleration due to gravity, g
• The angle of swing, q

Let us write the equation for the time period as t = km^a l^b g^c θ^d
where, k is a constant having no dimensions; a, b, c are to be found out. ’
The dimensions of, t = T¹
Dimensions of m = M¹
Dimensions of, l = L¹
Dimensions of, g = L¹T^-2
Angle q has no dimensions (since, q = arc/radius = L/L) Equating the dimensions of both sides of the equation, we get,
T¹ = M^aL^b (L¹T^-2)^c
ie. T¹ = M^aL^b+cT^-2c
The dimensions of the terms on both sides must be the same. Equating the powers of M, L and T.
a = 0; b + c = 0; -2c = 1
∴ c = \(\frac{-1}{2}\), b = ^–c = \(\frac{1}{2}{/latex]
Hence, the equation becomes,
t = kl^1/2, 2g^-1/2
ie, t = k[latex]\sqrt{l/g}\)
Experimentally, the value of k is found to be 2p.
Limitations of Dimensional Analysis:
The method of dimensional analysis has the following limitations:

• It gives no information about the dimensionless constant involved in the equation.
• The method is not applicable to equations involving trigonometric and exponential functions.
• This method cannot be employed to derive the exact form of the relationship, if it contains sum
  of two, or more terms.
• If the given physical quantity depends on more than three unknown quantities, the method fails.

3. Conversion of one system of units to another:
Suppose we have a physical quantity of dimensions a, b and c in mass, length and time. The dimensional formula for the quantity is therefore, M^aL^bT^c. Let its numerical value be n, in one system in which the fundamental units of mass, length and time are M₁, L₁ and T₁ respectively. Then, the magnitude of the physical quantity
= n₁ M₁^aL₁^bT₁^c
Also, let the numerical value of the same quantity be n₂ in another system where the fundamental units of mass, length and time are M₂, L₂ and T₂respectively. Then the magnitude of the quantity
= n₂ M₂^aL₂^bT₂^c
Equating, n₂ M₂^aL₂^bT₂^c =
n₁ M₁^aL₁^bT₁^c

Example :
Question 1.
Find the number of dynes in one newton.
Answer:
Dyne is the unit of force in the C.G.S. system and newton is the S.I.unit. The dimensional formula for force is M¹L¹T^-2. In eqn. (1) let the suffix 1 refer to quantities in S.I and 2 those in the C.G.S. system.
Here, a = 1, b = 1 and c = 2

and n₁ = 1 (ie. one Newton)
By eqn. (1),
n₂ = 1 (1000)¹ (100)¹ (1)^-2 = 10⁵
ie. 1 newton = 10⁵ dynes.

Students can Download Chapter 3 Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Questions and Answers, Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions and Answers helps you to revise the complete Kerala State Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II One Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 3 Questions And Answers Question 1.
The source documents provide information about the nature of ……………. involved in it.
(a) Transactions
(b) Accounts
(c) Journal
Answer:
(a) Transactions.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 3 Question 2.
Which of the following equation is correct ?
a. Assets = Equities
b. Assets = Capital + Liabilities
c. Assets + Expenses = Liabilities + Capital + Income
d. Capital = A – L
(i) a & b
(ii) a, b & c
(iii) a, b, c & d
(iv) d only
Answer:
(iii) All the above four

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 3 Notes Question 3.
Journal is the book of ……………
(a) Original entry
(b) Secondary entry
(c) Only cash transaction
Answer:
(a) Original entry.

Books Of Prime Entry Questions And Answers Pdf Question 4.
An ……………. is a formal record of all transactions relating to change in a particular item,
(a) Account
(b) Ledger
(c) Journal
Answer:
(a) Account.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Pdf Question 5.
If a firm borrows a sum of money, there will be
(a) Increase in Capital
(b) Decrease in Capital
(c) No effect on Capital
Answer:
(c) No effect on capital

Plus One Accountancy Textbook Questions And Answers Question 6.
The Purchase day book contains
(a) All Purchases
(b) Cash Purchases
(c) Credit Purchases
Answer:
(c) Credit Purchases

Transaction Textbook Answers Question 7.
Double column cash book records:-
(a) All transactions
(b) Cash and bank transaction
(c) Only cash transaction
(d) Only Credit transaction
Answer:
(b) Cash and bank transaction.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 1 Question 8.
Goods purchased on cash are recorded in the
(a) Purchase book
(b) Sales book
(c) Cashbook
Answer:
(c) Cashbook

Books Of Original Entry Questions And Answers Pdf Question 9.
Cashbook does not record transactions of –
(a) Cash nature.
(b) Credit nature.
(c) Cash and credit nature.
Answer:
(b) Credit nature.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 10.
Balancing of account means:
(a) Total of debit side
(b) Total of credit side
(c) Difference in total of debit and credit
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) The difference in total debit and credit

Accounting Transactions Exercises With Answers Question 11.
In sales daybook, all ………… sales of goods are recorded.
Answer:
Credit Sales.

Plus One Accountancy Textbook Answers Question 12.
The petty cashier generally works on ……… system.
Answer:
Imprest system.

Plus One Accountancy Chapter 2 Question 13.
The cash book serves the dual purposes of …………..
Answer:
a journal and a ledger.

Journal Entries Questions And Answers Question 14.
When a transaction is recorded on both sides of the cash book but in different columns, such entry is called ……….
Answer:
Contra Entry.

Plus One Accountancy Important Questions Question 15.
The source document of purchase return is ………….
Answer:
Debit Note.

Journal And Ledger Class 11 Questions Question 16.
Cashbook is a …………. journal.
Answer:
Subsidiary.

Question 17.
Return of goods purchased on credit to the suppliers will be entered in …………. journal.
Answer:
Purchase Return/ Return outward book.

Question 18.
Assets are sold on credit are recorded in ……………….
Answer:
Journal Proper.

Question 19.
Credit balance shown by a bank column in cash book is ………..
Answer:
Overdraft.

Question 20.
A book maintained to record transactions, which do not find place in special journal, is known as …………..
Answer:
Journal proper/ Journal Residual.

Question 21.
………………… records the page number of the original book of entry on which relevant transaction is recorded.
Answer:
Journal Folio.

Question 22.
Purchased office stationery for Rs. 10,000. The account to be credited is ……….
Answer:
Cash.

Question 23.
The book in which all accounts are maintained is known as ……….
Answer:
Ledger.

Question 24.
Trade discount is allowed by …………….
Answer:
Manufacturer.

Question 25.
…………….. is process of transferring entries from book of original entry to the ledger.
Answer:
Posting.

Question 26
Cash discount is allowed by …………
Answer:
Creditor.

Complete the following on the basis of hints given:

Question 27.
Invoice – Source document of purchases
_____ – Source of sales return
Answer:
Credit Note

Question 28.
Bank Balance – Debit balance in cash book
__________ – Debit balance in pass book
Answer:
Bank overdraft

Question 29.
Pay-in-slip – Used for depositing cash in bank – account
________ – Used for withdrawing money from bank account
Answer:
Cheque

Find the Odd one and State reason.

Question 30.
Sales Return, Return inward, Credit Note, Debit Note
Answer:
Debit Note, it is related to purchase return but all others are related to sales return.

Question 31.
Journal, Ledger, Purchase Bill, Cash Book
Answer:
Purchase Bill.

Question 32.
…………. discount is allowed by the wholesalers to retailers for bulk purchase.
Answer:
Trade discount.

Question 33.
The process of balancing .of an account involves equalisation of both sides of the account. If the debit side of an account exceeds the credit side, the difference is put on the credit side. The said balance is
(a) A credit balance
(b) A debit balance
(c) None of the above
Answer:
(b) debit balance.

Question 34.
Find out the missing one on the basis of hint given Salary, Electricity Charges, Rent, Telephone Charges = ……..
Answer:
Indirect Expenses

Question 35.
What does the following entry mean?
Drawings A/c Dr 5,000
To Office furniture A/c 5,000
Answer:
The entry stands for withdrawn furniture for personal use of the owner.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of Double Entry Book-keeping?
Answer:
The recording of the debit aspect and the credit aspect of a transaction in the books of accounts is called double-entry bookkeeping. In this system, every transaction affects at least two accounts or each and every transaction has at least two aspects – a receiving aspect and a giving aspect.

Question 2.
What is a source documents?
Answer:
A voucher or source document is a written document to be used in support of entry made in the accounts. They provide information about the transaction involved and help in verifying the correctness of books of accounts. For example the receipts, bills, cash memos, invoices, salaries bill, wage bills, counterfoils of cheques, registration deeds, etc.

Question 3.
Indicate whether the following accounts will have ‘debit’ or ‘credit’ balances.

1. outstanding salaries
2. Return outwards
3. Sales returns
4. Carriage inward
5. Bad debts recovered
6. Depreciation
7. Drawings

Answer:

1. Outstanding salaries – Credit
2. Return outwards – Credit
3. Sales Returns – Debit
4. Carriage inward – Debit
5. Bad debts recovered – Credit
6. Depreciation – Debit
7. Drawings – Debit

Question 4.
X Co. Ltd supplied furniture to Mr. Ravi (a trader) on credit. At the time of examining the qualities of the furniture by Mr. Ravi, it was not as per the specification and he returns them to the X Co. Ltd.

1. Can you suggest which book shall Mr. Ravi records the return of goods?
2. Specify the source document.

Answer:

1. Purchase Returns Book/ Purchase Returns Journal
2. Debit Note

Question 5.
Pass Journal entry in the books of Saleem Stores during the month of April 2007.

• Commenced business with cash Rs. 6,000/-
• Furniture Rs. 40,000/- and building Rs. 70,000/-

Answer:

• Cash A/c Dr 6,000
• Furniture A/c Dr 40,000
• Building A/cDr 70,000
• To Capital A/c

[Being Commenced business with cash, furniture, and building]

Question 6.
A cash A/c will never show a credit balance. Why?
Answer:
As a person cannot spend more than his receipts, the receipt side or the debit side of the cash book will always be more than or equal to the credit side. But, it will never be less than the credit side. Hence a cash book always shows a debit balance or nil balance but never credit balance.

Question 7.
Mr. Amal intends to start a computer software unit. He purchased a building for Rs. 3,00,000, for which a sum of Rs. 2,00,000 has been raised by availing a bank loan, and Rs. 75000 has been raised from his friend, Biju Mathew. Show this transaction by developing an accounting equation.
Answer:
Assets = Liabilities + Capital

Question 8.
List out the essential particulars to be contained in a sales bill.
Answer:

1. Name and address of the firm.
2. Date, Amount, Description of goods.
3. Quantity, Signature, Seal, Bill no.
4. Name of the Customer.

Question 9.
‘CH’ Ltd makes a purchases of Electrical goods from Arya electronics on credit. Being the goods despatched by Arya electronics is not as per specifications, CH Ltd returns them to the supplier.

1. Can you suggest in which book shall CH Ltd. record the return of goods?
2. Specify the source document.

Answer:

1. Purchase return book or return outward book
2. Debit Note

Question 10.
“Cash Book is both a journal and a ledger” Elucidate the statement.
Answer:
Cashbook is basically a journal because all entries relating to cash are first made in the cash book. But in the meantime, it serves the purpose of a ledger since it is drawn in the form of an account.

Question 11.
State any two transactions that increase and decrease capital.
Answer:

1. Capital increases by net profit and fresh capital introduced.
2. Capital decreases by drawings and net loss.

Question 12
State the three fundamental steps in the accounting process.
Answer:
The three fundamental steps in accounting are. ..

1. Identifying financial transactions.
2. Recording business transactions.
3. Classifying business transactions.

Question 13.
What is contra entry? Write contra entry transactions.
Answer:
When a transaction is recorded on both sides of the cash book but in different columns, such entry is called contra entry.
eg:

1. Cash deposited in bank.
2. Withdrawn from bank for office use.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Three Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
With the following details write up the capital account of Mr. X.

1. Opening balance Rs. 87,000
2. Drawings Rs. 6,000
3. Net Profit Rs. 9,000
4. Interest on capital Rs. 8700
5. Interest on drawings Rs. 300

Answer:
Capital A/c of Mr.X

Question 2.
State the rules of debit and credit for all types of accounts.
Answer:
The term ‘debit’ is supposed to have derived from ‘debt’ and the term ‘credit’ from ‘creditable’. For convenience ‘Dr1 is used for debit and ‘Cr’ is used for credit. The effects of rules of debit and credit on various types of accounts are given as follows:

1. Increase in asset is debit and decrease in asset is credit.
2. Increase in liability is credit and decrease in liability is debit.
3. Increase in capital is credit and decrease in capital debit.
4. Increase in expenses is debit and decrease in expense is credit.
5. Increase in revenue is credit and decrease in revenue is debit.

Question 3.
With the help of the given cash book identify the transactions of Sourya stores.

Answer:

1. Started business with cash Rs. 1,00,000
2. Sold goods for cash Rs. 10,000
3. Purchased goods for cash Rs. 25,000
4. Cash deposited into bank Rs. 50,000
5. Rent paid Rs. 2,000

Question 4.
Enter the following transactions in simple cash book for November 2014.

Answer:

Question5.
Give journal entries for the following transactions

1. Ram started business with cash Rs. 80,000/- Building Rs. 1,50,000/-Machinery Rs. 1,20,000/ – and stock of goods Rs. 50,000/-
2. He purchased goods for Rs. 70,000 of which he paid Rs. 50,000 in cash and balance on credit from Mohan.

Answer:

Question 6.
From the following, prepare the purchase return book of Madhamohan Readymade Garments.

• 10/4/09 – Returned to Decent & Co- 4 Shirts @ Rs. 54 per Shirt.
• 15/4/09 – Returned to Kurian & Sons – 2 Shirts @ Rs. 30 per Piece
• 17/4/09 – Returned to Sapna Garments – 1 Churidar @ Rs. 100 per Piece.

Answer:

Question 7.
From the following prepare sales day book of Harihar Furniture Co.

• 1/10/08 – Sold on credit to Tendulkar – 4 tables @ Rs. 2000 and 20 chairs @ Rs. 300
• 10/10/08 – Sold to Ganguly -10 tables@ Rs. 1000 and 3 chairs @ 900,Trade discount 10%.
• 12/10/08 – Sold to sreenath, 2 tables @ Rs. 1000.

Answer:

Question 8.
Enter the following transactions in Sales Return Day Book of Cochin furniture.

• 4/10/09 – Mahesh & Co. returned 3 chairs @ 300
• 15/10/09 – Raveendran Traders returned 2 tables @ Rs. 3600
• 16/10/09 – Jayanath Agencies returned 2 chairs @ Rs. 200

Answer:

Question 9.
List out the appropriate source documents for recording the following transactions.

1. Purchased goods
2. Rent paid
3. Electricity charges paid
4. Salary paid
5. Repair charges paid
6. Water charges paid

Answer:

1. Invoice/Bill
2. Receipt from house owner
3. Receipt from KSEB
4. Payroll
5. Payment Voucher
6. Receipt from water authority.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Four Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1
Explain the terms:

1. Journal
2. Narration
3. Account
4. Ledger

Answer:
1. Journal:
Journal is the prime book in which transactions are entered first time from a source document. In other words, it is the book used for making primary record of day-to-day transactions chronologically. Recording of transactions in the journal is known as “Journalizing” and the recorded transactions are called journal entries. It is also called “Book of Original Entry or Book of Prime Entry”. A specimen form of a journal is given below.

2. Narration:
After entering each transaction in the journal, a brief explanation is provided below. This is called narration.

3. Account:
An account is a classified summary of transaction relating to a change in a particular item during a particular period.

4. Ledger:
A ledger is a collection of all accounts debited or credited in journals. The ledger is a book of second entry or final entry because transactions first entered in journal are finally incorporated in the ledger. It is also called “the Main or the Principal Book of Account of a business. The process of transferring journal entries into ledger is called “posting”.

Question 2.
What are the difference between books of original entry or journal and ledger?
Answer:

Journal	Ledger
1. Book of primary or initial entry	1. Book of secondary entry
2. Transactions are entered in the order of their occurrence.	2. Entries are recorded in an analytical order
3. The process of entering transactions is called journalizing.	3. The process of recording is called posting.
4. Balancing is not done in the books of original entry.	4. All ledger accounts are balanced

Question 3.
What do you understand by petty cash book?
Answer:
The book maintained by the petty cashier to record small payments of repetitive nature (petty payments) ie stationery, postage, carriage, traveling, etc are made by him during a particular period is called the “petty cash book”.

The petty cashier works under the supervision and control of the main cashier who advances a certain amount to the petty cashier in the beginning of a specific period. The petty cashier is permitted to make payments only below a particular limit.

Question 4.
Give an example of a business transaction that causes one asset to increase and another asset to decrease, with no effect on either liabilities or capital.
Answer:
Purchased Machinery for cash Rs. 10,000 or any other similar transaction. Here Machinery increases and cash decreases. Therefore no change happens on the total value of assets.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Prove that the accounting equations is satisfied in all the following transaction of Chikku.

1. Commenced business with cash Rs. 20,000/-
2. Goods purchased for cash Rs. 8,000/-
3. Bought furniture Rs. 3,000/-
4. Purchased goods on credit Rs. 7,000/-
5. Cash paid to creditors Rs. 4,000/-
6. Paid salary Rs. 500
7. Received commission Rs. 300
8. Withdraw for personal purpose Rs. 400.

Answer:

Question 2.
Record the following transactions in the purchase Journal of Suraj Agencies.

• 1/June/2008 -Purchased from sreeman Electronics 30 Philips Tube lights @ Rs. 100 10 Khaitan Ceiling Fans @ Rs. 800
• 4/June/2008 -Purchased from Sam & Sons 20 electric heaters @ Rs. 21 5 electric irons @ 240.
• 15/June/2008 – Purchased from Quilon Radio Services. 10 table fans @ Rs. 1200. 20 electric kettles @ 90. Less Trade discount @ 10%
• 16/June/2008 – Purchased from Bajaj Agency 50 Tii.be lights @ Rs. 140. Less Trade discount @ 5%.

Answer:

Question 3.
What is a special (subsidiary) Journal? Name the important special journals.
Answer:
The journals in which transactions of similar nature only are recorded may be termed as special journals or daybooks. The division of original entry into different Daybook is called the subdivision of the journal. The important special journals are:

1. Cash Book – for recording all cash transactions.
2. Purchases Day Book – for recording all the credit purchases of goods.
3. Sales Day Book – for recording all the credit sale of goods.
4. Purchase Return Book – for recording goods returned to suppliers.
5. Sales Return Book – for recording goods returned by customers.
6. Bill Receivable Book – for recording bill received from customers.
7. Bill Payable Book – for recording bills given to suppliers.
8. Journal Proper – If specialised journals are kept the journal is used only for recording those transactions that cannot be recorded in other journals. In this case the journal is known as Journal Proper or General Journal.

Question 4.
What is journal proper? Write the transactions recorded in journal proper.
Answer:
A book maintained to record transactions which do not find place in special journal is known as journal proper or journal residual.
Transactions recorded in journal proper are as follows:

1. Opening and closing entry.
2. Adjustment entry.
3. Rectification entries.
4. Transfer entries.
5. Sale or purchase of assets on credit.
6. Entries for endorsement and dishonor of bills of exchange.
7. Goods are withdrawn for personal use.

Question 5.
1. Remesh owes Kumar Rs. 5,000. He makes payments of the amount before the due date and Kumar allow him a discount of Rs. 500.
2. Narendran sold to Ravi goods of the catalog price of Rs. 50,000 at a trade discount of 10%. Pass Journal entries in the two cases.
Answer:

Question 6.
What do you understand by petty cash book? Write the advantages of petty cash book.
Answer:
The book maintained by the petty cashier to record small payments of repetitive nature (petty payments) ie stationery, postage, carriage, traveling, etc are made by him during a particular period is called the “petty cash book”.

The petty cashier works under the supervision and control of the main cashier who advances a certain amount to the petty cashier in the beginning of a specific period. The petty cashier is permitted to make payments only below a particular limit.

Advantages of maintaining petty cash book:

1. Saving of time and effort of chief cashier. He can concentrate on cash transactions involving large amounts of cash.
2. Effective control over cash disbursement. Cash control becomes easy because of division of work.
3. Convenient recording.

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Six Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Prepare necessary subsidiary books from the following transactions


Answer:

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.
Record the following transactions in a Double column Cash Book.

• 1/5/09 – Opening balance of cash Rs. 2,800 1/5/09 – Opening balance of bank Rs. 3,500 3/5/09 – Rent paid by cheque Rs. 1,700 5/5/09 – Cash sales Rs. 4,500 7/5/09 – Purchases made Rs. 2,900.
• 9/5/09 – Deposited into bank Rs. 2,500.
• 13/5/09 – Received from Kamal Rs. 4,800.
• 18/5/09 – Paid to Saleem Rs, 1,300.
• 20/5/09 – Withdrawal from bank Rs. 1,800.
• 27/5/09 – Paid for purchase of machine tools Rs. 2,800.
• 30/5/09 – Deposited into bank Rs. 2,700.
• 31/5/09 – Salary paid by cheque Rs. 1,800.

Answer:

Plus One Accountancy Recording of Transactions – I & Recording of Transactions – II Eight Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Journalise the following transactions:- 2008 April

1. Started business with cash – 30,000
2. Opened Bank Account – 12,000
3. Purchased Furniture – 2,000
4. Purchased goods – 10,000
5. Withdrawn from bank for office – 6000
6. Goods sold for cash – 8,000
7. Cash purchases from John – 5,000
8. Cash sales to Rajan – 4,000
9. Cash withdrawn for personal use – 500
10. Withdrew from bank for personal use 1000
11. Goods withdrawn for personal use 3000
12. Goods purchased on credit from Jagan 3000
13. Goods sold to Dinesh on credit 4000
14. Cheques issued to Jagan 4000
15. Goods returned to Jagan 1500
16. Goods returned by Dinesh 2000
17. Received commission 200
18. Paid to Alex Rs. 2000, Discount allowed by him Rs.200
19. Received from Bonoy Rs.4000, allowed him a discount Rs. 300.

Answer:

Question 2.
Prepare a cash book with cash and bank column from the following transactions.


Answer:

 

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Ullariv Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Ullariv

Ullariv Questions and Answers

Ullariv Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 2 Chapter 1 And then Gandhi Came Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 2 Chapter 1 And then Gandhi Came (Essay)

And then Gandhi Came Textual Questions and Answers

Plus One English Unit 2 Chapter 1 Question 1.
What is referred to as the ‘ail powerful monster’?
Answer:
The anger, humiliation and hopelessness felt by the Indian people after World War I was the ‘all powerful monster’ and they could not escape from its grip.

Plus One English Unit 2 Questions And Answers Chapter 1 Question 2.
What was the impact of the First World War?
Answer:
The First World War had a terrible impact on the Indian people as they were cut off from the land and could not do any kind of manual or technical work. This resulted in growing unemployment and poverty and the people felt helpless and hopeless.

Unit 2 Words And Deeds Chapter 1 Question 3.
What does Nehru mean by ‘And then Gandhi came…’?
Answer:
The Indians were in a state of darkness because of their hopelessness and they had no one to guide them. It was at this point that Gandhi came into their lives and gave them hope and showed them a way out of the darkness.

Hss Guru Plus One English Notes Chapter 1 Question 4.
What was the essence of Gandhi’s teaching?
Answer:
The essence of his teaching was fearlessness and truth. He wanted all actions to be controlled by these values so as to help the common people. He also said that people should not be exploited, especially the peasants and the workers, as this resulted in poverty and misery.

Plus One English Textbook Activity Answers Unit 2 Chapter 1 Question 5.
What does the word ‘abhaya’ mean?
Answer:
‘Abhaya’ means fearlessness. It does not mean just physical courage but the absence of fear from the mind.

Hsslive Guru English Plus One Chapter 1 Question 6.
What did Gandhiji exhort the people to do?
Answer:
Gandhiji exhorted the people not to be afraid. The British ruled India through putting fear into people – fear of the army, the police, the secret service, the official class, laws, prison, landlord’s agent, moneylender, unemployment and starvation. Gandhi wanted to remove this fear.

Plus One English Words And Deeds Chapter 1 Question 7.
What did Gandhiji do to remove fear from the minds of the people?
Answer:
He told the people not to be afraid. Fear builds its ghosts which are more fearsome than reality itself. When reality is calmly analysed and its consequences willing accepted, fear goes away. Suddenly the black film of fear was removed from the people’s minds. The need for falsehood and secretive behaviour was lessened.

Hsslive Guru Plus One English Notes Chapter 1 Question 8.
Why was Gandhiji compared to a psychologist?
Answer:
Gandhiji was compared to a psychologist because he brought a psychological change in people. A psychologist probes deep into the patient’s past to find out the origins of his complexes. Gandhiji did the same. He probed deep into the minds of Indians and exposed the needlessness of fear. They were made to feel ashamed for accepting an alien rule that had degraded and humiliated them. They were now filled with a desire not to submit to the repressive rule any longer.

Plus One English And Then Gandhi Came Question Answer Chapter 1 Question 10.
What, according to Gandhiji, is the truth?
Answer:
Truths are relative and absolute truth is beyond us. Different persons take different views of truth and each person is powerfully influenced by his own background, training, and impulses. Gandhi believed that truth is what an individual himself feels and knows to be true.

Plus One English And Then Gandhi Came Notes Chapter 1 Question 11.
How did Gandhiji influence the people of India?
Answer:
Gandhi influenced the people of India in different degrees. Some people changed completely. Some changed only partly. Different people reacted differently. But everyone was influenced one way or the other.

And Then Gandhi Came Questions And Answers Chapter 1 Question 12.
What was the two-fold action involved in Gandhiji’s exhortation?
Answer:
One action involved challenging and resisting foreign rule. The other action involved fighting against our own social evils like untouchability and differentiation of social classes.

Plus One English And Then Gandhi Came Chapter 1 Question 13.
What was the visible change in the value system of the country?
Answer:
Gandhi wanted people to give up their titles given by the British. Although not many people gave up their titles, the prestige associated with the titles lessened. The pomp and splendour associated with the viceroy’s court was seen as foolish. Rich men were now not anxious to show off their riches any more. They adopted simpler ways of dressing and became almost indistinguishable from the common people.

And Then Gandhi Came Chapter Question Answers Chapter 1 Question 14.
What was the influence of Gandhiji in the villages?
Answer:
Gandhiji sent leaders to the villages to awaken the peasants. The peasants were shaken up and began to come out of their shell.

Hss Live Guru Plus One English Notes Chapter 1 Question 15.
What was the India of Gandhi’s dream?
Answer:
He wanted an India where the poorest should feel that it was their country. They should have an effective voice in the ruling. He wanted India not to have class distinctions. He wanted India to be a place whew people lived in perfect harmony. There was no room for untouchability, intoxicating drinks and drugs. Women were to have equal rights with men.

Plus One English Chapter And Then Gandhi Came Chapter 1 Question 16.
What, according to Gandhiji, was the essential culture of India?
Answer:
Indian culture, according to Gandhiji, is neither Hindu nor Islamic but a fusion of all. Although proud of his Hindu inheritance, Gandhiji tried to give Hinduism a kind of universal attire that included all religions within the fold of truth. He refused to narrow his cultural inheritance.

And Then Gandhi Came Answers Chapter 1 Question 17.
What was the psychological revolution that Gandhiji brought about?
Answer:
Gandhiji was an astonishingly vital man full of self-confidence and unusual kind of power. He fascinated the masses of India as he stood for equality and freedom of each individual. He attracted them like a magnet. To them he seemed to link up the past with the future and make the bad present appear as a stepping stone for a future of life and hope.

Activity -1 (Note making)

Plus One English Notes And Then Gandhi Came Chapter 1 Question 1.
Make a note of the above passage. Read the passage again and complete the following:

Answer:

The uncertain condition of India	Humiliation Unemployment Poverty Desperation
The arrival of Gandhiji	Saw political freedom taking a new shape. Removed the black pall of fear. Truth followed fearlessness. People wanted freedom. Villagers were made aware of the exploitation.
His teachings and methods	Fearlessness Truth Giving up British given titles Non-violence Non-cooperation
His two fold action	Challenging and resisting foreign rule. Fighting against our own social evils: Minority problem. Raising Depressed classes. Removing Untouchability.
The molding of India	Even the poorest shall feel that it is their own country.
According to Gandhi’s	All communities shall live in perfect harmony.
Wishes and ideas	There will be no class distinctions. No untouchability, no intoxicating drinks and drugs.
The amazing qualities of Gandhiji	Full of confidence Unusual kind of power Astonishingly vital Exemplary leadership

Activity – II (Think and Write)

Question 2.
How did Gandhi enlighten the freedom fighters? What kind of a leadership did Gandhiji take? What was the effect of his leadership? (Answer in a paragraph of 100 words.)
Answer:
When Gandhi came India was in a bad shape. Humiliation, unemployment, poverty and desperation were everywhere. When Gandhiji came things changed. Through his confidence, unusual power, astonishing vitality and exemplary leadership, Gandhi influenced millions of people in India in varying degrees. Some changed completely; others were affected only partly. His call for action was two-fold. One involved in challenging and resisting foreign rule. The other was fighting against our own social evils. His principal aims were freedom through peaceful means, national unity, solution of minority problems, improvement of the depressed classes and the ending of untouchability. The effect of his leadership was electrifying. People were no more willing to suffer under foreign domination. They wanted freedom and they were willing to make any sacrifice for it.

Activity – III: (Speech)

Question 3.
In connection with Gandhi Jayanthi, your school is organizing a programme to propagate the relevance of Gandhian values in the present day. Prepare and deliver a speech before the class. (Hints: peace, fearlessness, truthfulness, influence.)
Answer:
My dear friends,

As you all know, today we are celebrating Gandhi Jayanthi. We are proud that a man like Gandhiji was born in India and he is our Father of the Nation. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in Porbandar in Gujarat on October 2, 1869. He was educated in law at University College, London. In 1891, after having been admitted to the British bar, Gandhi returned to India and attempted to establish a law practice in Bombay. Two years later he went to Durban, South Africa, as a legal advisor. Arriving in Durban, Gandhi found himself treated as a member of an inferior race. He was appalled at the widespread denial of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He threw himself into the struggle for elementary rights for Indians. Later he returned to India and fought for India’s freedom which finally came on 15 August 1947.

Gandhi is man of peace. He always advocated non-violence. He was known for his fearlessness. That is why he could fight with a mighty power like the British. He was always guided by truthfulness. He influenced millions of people in India in varying degrees. Some changed completely; others were affected only partly. Different people reacted differently and each one had his own answer about the change. His call for action was two-fold. One involved in challenging and resisting foreign rule. The other was fighting against our own social evils. His principal aims were freedom through peaceful means, national unity, solution of minority problems, improvement of the depressed classes and the ending of untouchability.

Gandhi was not just a national figure but an international one. In 1948 he was killed by a fanatic named Nathuram Godse. When he died, Nehru said that The light has gone away from India’. On the 70th birthday of Gandhiji, in 1939, this is what Albert Einstein said about him: “Generations to come, it may be, will scarce believe that such a one as this, ever in flesh and blood, walked upon this earth.

As we celebrate Gandhi Jayanthi, we us pledge that we will follow the path of peace, fearlessness, truthfulness and tolerance which guided Ganhiji all his life. That is the greatest tribute we can pay him. Jai Hind!

Activity – IV (Group Discussion)

Question 4.
‘Women will enjoy the same rights as men … This is the India of my dreams’, Gandhi said. Conduct a group discussion on the topic.
Answer:
Today we are going to have a discussion on equal rights for men am&vomen. Neha, you can start.

Neha : Gandhiji has rightly said that women should enjoy the same rights as men. This is still a dream in India after 68 years of independence. Women form 50 % of the population and by denying them their rights we are obstructing the development of the country. Women should have equal rights as men.

Riya : I agree with Neha that women need equal rights and opportunities for growth .Only when women are treated at par with men the country develop. You can see that all the developed nations in the world treat their citizens equally whether they are male or female. It shows that the a country’s progress depends on all its citizens.

John : I would like to disagree with the view. Men and women have not been created the same. So they do not have to be treated equally. Men are physically stronger than yvomen. They can do strenuous work which women cannot do. So as they are more powerful physically they should not be treated the same as women.

Abraham : Though I agree with John that men are physically stronger than women, I do not think that women are inferior to men. God has given different faculties to each person. Women are adept in certain areas like nursing, education, childcare as they are more sensitive. So men and women may be different but they have skills and mental faculties unique to each gender so all people in a country should have equal rights.

Neha : I would fully agree with Abraham. Women should enjoy the same rights as men. This was Ganhiji’s dream and we ought to do whatever we can to realise his dream.

Activity – V (Letter to the Editor)

Question 5.
Read the sample letter on below:

Refer to three national dailies of a week and analyse how the issues related to women are presented.

Question 6.
Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper, about the way in which women’s issues are presented.
Answer:
From
Riya Binoy
Thekkudan House
Irinjalakuda, Thrissur Dt.
Pin 680125
31st July 2014

To
The Editor
The Dawn
Kochi

Sir,
I would like to use your esteemed paperto shed some light on the way women’s issues are presented in our national dailies. Each Newspaper has its own style of presenting news. Some newspapers like to sensationalise things. They blow up every minute detail of the sordid stories related to women trying to increase readership and sales by playing to the fantasies of their readers. There are other papers who project the women as the cause for the trouble and treat the issue in a heartless manner causing undue pain and humiliation to the victims of abuse. Instead of sensitizing the public to the issues faced by women and ways to combat them, newspapers seem to thrive like parasites on the unhappiness and misery of women. It is high time that issues related to women are treated in a sensitive way. Newspapers should ensure that a woman’s dignity and reputation is not hurt in any manner and they should be agents of change, educating the public in treating women with the respect they deserve.

Yours truly,
(Sd /-)
Riya Binoy

Activity – VI (Concord)

Concord means agreement between the subject and the verb in a sentence. A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. Study the language tips.

• When a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by either…or, neither…nor, etc., the verb agrees with the subject nearer to it.
  e.g. Ram or his brothers go home every month.
• When two subjects are joined by ‘as well as,’ ‘more than,’ and ‘as much as,’ the verb agrees with the first subject.
  e.g. The girls, as well as their teacher, have left.
• When two subjects are joined by ‘with,’ ‘along with,’ ‘together with,’ ‘in the company of,’ ‘in addition to,’ ‘besides,’ ‘accompanied by,’ etc., the verb agrees with the first subject.
  e.g. My friend, with all his students, has arrived.
• One of/each of/every one of/either/neither of + plural noun (pronoun) carries a singular verb.
  e.g. One of the players was selected for the national team.
• When every or each is used with two singular subjects connected by and, we use a singular verb.
  e.g. Every school and college has a playground.
• A (good/great) deal (of) + singular noun + singular verb.
  e.g. A good deal of time was wasted on this case.
• When ‘one’ means ‘anyone’, ‘everyone’, it is called the ‘indefinite one.’ The indefinite one is not usually replaced by any
  other pronoun.
  e.g. One should do one’s duty for one’s country.
• Expressions like ‘five pounds’, ‘ten rupees’, ‘two weeks’, ‘three miles’, etc. are singular when they are thought of as indicating a single amount, period or distance.
  e.g. Five rupees is not a big sum.
  Three weeks is not a long time.
• ‘A lot (of)’ takes a singular verb when it denotes amount, and a plural verb when it denotes number.
  e.g. A lot of money is spent on construction.
  A lot of petitions have been received.
• Nouns like ‘furniture, machinery, equipment, traffic, luggage, crockery, cutlery, clothing’, etc. are called class collectives. Though plural in meaning, they are singular in form, and are followed by singular verbs.
  e.g. The furniture was bought from Italy.
• Plural words and phrases used as the titles of books take singular verbs.
  e.g. Great Expectations is one of Dickens’ great novels.
• The determiners ‘this’ and ‘that’ go with singular nouns, and ‘these’ and ‘those’ with plural nouns.
  e.g. This girl speaks English better than these boys.

Question 7.
Choose the correct alternative.
Answer:
1. Either Rajesh or his friends have come, (has, have)
2. Neither of us likes coffee, (likes, like)
3. The boy, along with the tourists, has gone, (has, have)
4. Five miles is not a short distance, (are, is)
5. Everyone of you has to attend the meeting, (have, has)

Question 8.
Correct the following sentences.
Answer:
1. Each of the employees is working hard.
2. One of the students is absent today.
3. Neither Lai nor his relatives have arrived.
4. One of us has bought a globe.
5. Neither the man nor his wife is very careful.
6. The books placed on the table need binding.
7. There are a lot of people waiting outside.
8. The police is closely watching all his movements.
9. The price of vegetables is going up.
10. Keep all the luggage in the cloak room, (note: Luggage is a class collective and so does not take ‘s’.)

Activity – VII ( Word finder)

Question 9.
Let’s see how the meaning of the word ‘ pierce’ is given in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
What are the items given in this entry?

• Spelling
• Pronunciation /………./
• ……………………..
• ……………………..
• ……………………..

Answer:

• Spelling
• Pronunciation /pjbs/
• Meaning and word class or part of speech
• An example to show the usage
• Other meanings, examples and parts of speech.

Question 10.
The words given below are taken from the passage.
Refer to a dictionary and find out the meaning and the parts of speech of the following words and make your own sentences.

Word	Part of speech	Meaning	Sentences
convince pervasive attires dismal vicious

Answer:

Word	Part of speech	Meaning	Sentence
convince	verb	Make somebody feel certain	My brother was convinced by Ram’s story.
Pervasive	adjective	Spread through every part	Corruption is pervasive in the world today.
Attires	noun	dress	The girls went to hotel in their party attires.
Dismal	adjective	Sad; gloomy; miserable	The movie was a dismal one.
Vicious	adjective	Evil and corrupt	Drugs are vicious and they finally lead people to death.

Read and Reflect
The ties of human relationships are very strong. They are so complex that we can’t explain them. Words and deeds have a comforting effect and they strengthen relationships. The following story shows the power of words.

And Then Gandhi Came About the Author:

– Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was the first Prime Minister of India. He promoted democracy, socialism, secularism and unity. He adapted modern values to the Indian situation. He was a great writer and he wrote world-famous books like The Discovery of India’, ‘Glimpses of World History’ and ‘An Autobiography’. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour.

And Then Gandhi Came Summary

World War I finally ended. But the peace, instead of bringing us relief and progress, brought us repressive legislation and martial law in Punjab. People felt humiliated and were angry. Yet what could we do to change this vicious process? We seemed to be in the grip of some powerful monster. Our minds and our limbs were paralysed. There were many people without any employment and there was extreme poverty. They did not know where to look for help. Neither the old leaders nor the new ones gave them any hope.

The big question was how to pull India out of this bad situation. For many years our people have been offering their ‘blood and toil, tears and sweat’. Now the body and soul of India were in bad shape. Every aspect of our life was poisoned.

And then Gandhi came. He was like a powerful current of fresh air. He was like a beam of light that pierced the darkness de was like a whirlwind that upset many things, especially the minds of the working-class people. He did not come from top. He emerged from the millions of India. He spoke their language.

He asked the exploiters to get off the backs of the peasants and workers. He asked them to remove the system that produces poverty and misery. Political freedom took a new meaning. Many of the things Gandhiji said were not accepted by all people. The essence of his teaching was fearlessness and truth. He always kept the welfare of the masses in view. Our great ancient books tell us that fearlessness is the greatest gift for an individual or a nation. Fearlessness does not mean just bodily courage but absence of fear from the mind. The British ruled India through putting fear into us – fear of the army, the police, the secret service, the official class, laws, prison, landlord’s agent, moneylender, unemployment and starvation. Gandhi wanted to remove this fear. He told the people not to be afraid. It was not easy to free the people from fear.

However, Gandhiji was able remove the fear from the mind of the people to a great extent. Fear is a close companion to falsehood. But truth follows fearlessness. It is not that all the Indians became truthful overnight, but there was visible change in their behaviour. It was a psychological change and people did not need the support of falsehood any more.

There was also a psychological reaction among the people. They were ashamed they were ruled by foreigners who degraded and humiliated them. They had a desire to free themselves from this shameful situation, whatever might be the consequences. Gandhi was always there as a symbol of uncompromising truth.

What is Truth? Truth seems to differ from person to person. My truth may not be your truth. Absolute truth is beyond any one of us. Different people take different views about truth and each person is influenced by his background, training and feelings. We can however say that for an individual truth is what he himself feels and knows to be true. I do not know of any person who holds to the truth as Gandhi does.

Gandhi influenced millions of people in India in varying degrees. Some changed completely; others were affected only partly. Different people reacted differently and each one had his own answer about the change.

His call for action was two-fold. One involved in challenging and resisting foreign rule. The other was fighting against our own social evils. The principal aims of the Congress were freedom through peaceful means, national unity, solution of minority problems, improvement of the depressed classes and the ending of untouchability.

The main supports of the British rule were fear, prestige, the co-operation of the people and certain classes that benefited from the British rule. Gandhi attacked these. He asked the title-holders to give up theirtitles. Only a few responded. But the popular respect for the British-given titles disappeared. New standards and values were set up. Suddenly the luxury and the glory of the viceroy’s court looked very ridiculous. Rich men became reluctant to show off their riches. Many adopted simplerways and in their dress they were almost undistinguishable from the ordinary people.

He sent us to the villages and countryside with many new messages of action. The peasants began to come out of their shells. The effect on us was also great. For the first time we saw the villager in his mud-hut, with poverty always following him. We learnt Indian economics more from these visits than from books. The emotional experience was great and there was no going back to our old life and our old standards.

What kind of India did Gandhiji want? He said he would work for an India where the poorest shall feel that it is their country. In its making they will have an effective voice. There will be no high classes and no low classes here. All communities should live in harmony. There will be no untouchability. There will be no intoxicating drinks and drugs. Women will enjoy the same rights as men. Although he was proud of his Hindu inheritance, he tried to make it universal which would include all religions within its fold. He said Indian culture is neither Hindu, Islamic nor any other, completely. It is a mixture of all. He wanted the culture of all lands to be blown about his house as freely as possible. But he refused to be blown off his feet by any. He said he refused to live in other people’s houses as an intruder, a beggar or a slave. Although he was influenced by modern thoughts, he never let go his roots.

Gandhiji was full of vitality and self-confidence. He had an unusual kind of power. He stood for equality and freedom for each individual. He fascinated the masses of India and attracted them like a magnet. Forthe people, he seemed to be a link between the past and the future making the bad present a stepping stone for a future life of hope. He brought about a psychological revolution not only in his friends but also in his enemies and even the neutrals who would not decide what to think and what to do.

And Then Gandhi Came Glossary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 6 Shasthrakriya Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 4 Chapter 6 Shasthrakriya

Shasthrakriya Questions and Answers

Shasthrakriya Summary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 2 Chapter 3 Death the Leveller Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One English Textbook Answers Unit 2 Chapter 3 Death the Leveller (Poem)

Death the Leveller (Poem) Textual Questions and Answer

Activity -1 (Read and respond)

Death The Leveller Appreciation Hsslive Chapter 3 Question 1.
Why does the poet think that the glories of our blood and state are shadows?
Answer:
The poet thinks that the glories of our blood and state are shadows because they are not substantial or concrete things. They don’t last.

Hss Guru Plus One English Notes Chapter 3 Question 2.
What do ‘sceptre and crown’ and ‘scythe and spade’ stand for and what do they symbolize?
Answer:
Sceptre and crown stand forthe royal glory, splendour and power of rulers. Scythe and spade stand forthe tools of workers. Sceptre and crown symbolizes kings (authority) whereas scythe and spade symbolize ordinary people (the masses).

Death The Leveller Summary In Malayalam Chapter 3 Question 3.
Why does the poet say that ‘there is no armour against fate’?
Answer:
The poet says that ‘there is no armour against fate’ because death comes to everyone. Nobody can resist it. No armour will protect you against death.

Death The Leveller Textual Questions And Answers Chapter 3 Question 4.
‘Some men with swords may reap the field’- What does this mean?
Answer:
It means some powerful conquerors might attack other lands and occupy them. Alexander the Great, Napoleon and Hitler are good examples of such mighty men.

Death The Leveller Poem Chapter 3  Question 5.
What is the fate of the men with swords who hope to reap the field?
Answer:
They also die, as they have to bend before fate. All are captives of the mighty Death.

Hsslive Guru English Plus One Chapter 3 Question 6.
What does ‘Death’s purple altar’ refer to?
Answer:
It refers to the inevitable death. It also refers to the battle grounds where blood flows and the ground are made purple with the colour of blood. Thus it means bloodshed.

Death’s Purple Altar Chapter 3 Question 7.
What does the phrase ‘victor-victim’ mean?
Answer:
It is means the conqueror and the conquered, the triumphant and the defeated, the master and the slave.

Death The Leveller Appreciation In Malayalam Chapter 3 Question 8.
What can survive death ? What are the things that blossom in the dust? Why?
Answer:
The actions of the just, the good deeds of the righteous people, can survive death. The good actions blossom in the dust because people will remember them and the aroma of the good actions will continue to waft in the air.

Death The Leveller Poem Meaning In Malayalam Chapter 3  Question 9.
Why death is called the Leveller?
Answer:
Death is called the Leveller because Death shows no distinction and he carries off everybody alike – high and low, rich and poor, strong and weak – reducing them all to dust. He is an equalizer in whose eyes everybody is equal. He levels everybody to one size!

Activity – II (Read the reflect)

Plus One English Chapter Chapter 3 Question 10.
Elaborate the ideas in the following lines:
Answer:
i) Only the actions of the just Smell sweet and blossom in the dust.
All people have to die. Kings and clowns, scholars and illiterates, rich and poor, high and low – all will die and become dust. But the actions of the good people will be remembered as they continue to waft their aroma even from the dust.

ii) The glories of our blood and state
Are shadows, not substantial things;
There is no armour against Fate.
The glory or our birth and our condition are simply like shadows, not substantial, not concrete, not things that will last for long. There is no way we can escape from death. Whether we are born high or low, whether we are powerful or not death will come to us and no shield of any kind will protect us from death.

Plus One English Poem Of Appreciation Chapter 3 Question 11.
The following words are taken from the poem. Parse (Describe the grammatical function) them.
Answer:

• Armour – noun
• wither – verb
• But – Conjunction
• tame – verb
• Murmuring – adjective
• stoop – verb
• Boast – verb
• tumble – verb
• Where – adverb
• reap – verb
• Cold – adjective
• boast – verb
• Sweet – adverb
• bleeds – verb

Activity – III (Analysis)

Malayalam Poem About Death Chapter 3 Question 12.
Examine the rhyme scheme of the poem. What effect does it produce?
Answer:
The rhyme scheme of the poem is: ababccdd It give the poem a highly musical quality.

Couplet: A couplet consists of two lines of poetry that rhyme with each other and are of the same length: e.g. “Sceptre and crown Must tumble down,”

Question 13.
Can you identify more couplets from the poem?
a) “Early or late ,
They stoop to fate”
b) “ murmuring breath
creep to death”
c) “actions of the just
blossom on their dust”

Figures Of Speech : Study the notes given on page 69.
Identify the figure of speech in ‘Death lays icy hands on kings’ – Personification Pick out example of metaphor, metonymy and oxymoron in the poem.
Answer:
Metaphor:
i) glories are shadows. It shows the transient and insubstantial nature of glory.
ii) Actions of the just smell sweet: The actions of the just are flowers.

Metonymy :
i) sceptre and crown means kings, rulers or people with high authority.
ii) scythe and spade = ordinary people

Oxymoron : victor-victim bleeds. Normally it is only the victims that bleed.

Activity – IV (Appreciation)

Question 14.
Men are mortal. Triumph and failures are part and parcel of life. However, we have to think of the consequences of our action before we do something. The effect of our mistaken deeds cannot often be rectified.

Think and add your views : Life is a mixture of pleasure and pain. There are ups and downs in everybody’s life. We should not be overjoyed in our success. In the same way we must feel too dejected in our failures. We have opportunities to do good and bad. If we do good things, posterity will remember us as good people. But if we do bad things, people will curse us even after our death. So our aim should be to live exemplary lives and help others to live their lives in a good way.
Answer:
Now attempt and appreciation of the poem : The poem ‘Death the Leveller’ by James Shirley is a fine poem that teaches us a god lesson. It says that our earthly glories are mere shadows. There is no shield against Fate. Death comes to all. Even the mightiest will be levelled with the poorest by Death, who is a leveller. Some men may make big conquests but their strong nerves finally become weak. Finally they also die as poor, pale prisoners of fate. So do not boast about your great actions. On the altar of death victor and the vanquished bleed alike. However great you are, your head must come to the cold tomb. Only the good actions of the just people will be remembered by posterity.

The poem has fine imagery. The poet has used many figures of speech like simile, metaphor, metonymy and oxymoron. These figures make the poem very interesting. The poem is in rhyme with the scheme ababccdd. It has a fine rhythm and it is very melodious.

The poem has a fine message: Death levels everyone. He treats all alike. All, kings and clowns, scholars and the illiterate, the rich and the poor, end up in dust. So we should not boast about our capabilities and achievements. We should remember that all of us are children of God and we all go back to the same dust. Death is a great leveller.

Activity – V

Question 15.
Preparing a Class Magazine (To be done by the students).

Death the Leveller (Poem) About the Author

– James Shirley

James Shirley (1596-1666) is known as the last of Elizabethans. He wrote a lot for the stage. He published four small volumes of poems and plays.

‘Death the Leveller’ is a funeral song. It asks the readerto think about human actions. The subject-matter of the poem is vanity and the impermanence of earthly glory and power. Death shows no distinction and he carries off everybody alike – high and low, rich and poor, strong and weak – reducing them all to dust. It is only the memories of the good deeds during our lifetime that will last forever.

Death The Leveller Summary

Stanza 1 : The glories of our blood and state are shadows. They are not concrete things. There is no armour against Fate. Death lays his cold hands even on kings. Sceptre and Crown, the symbols of a king, will fall down and they will be made equal with the sickle and spade, the tools and symbol of poor people.

Stanza 2: Some men may reap the fields with sword and plant fresh victories where they kill. But their strong nerves finally become weak. Early or late they have bend low before their fate and must give up their breath. Finally they also die, as poor, pale prisoners of fate.

Stanza 3 : The garlands on your brow dry up. So do not boast about your great actions. Upon the purple altar of death the victor and the vanquished bleed alike. However great you are, your head must come to the cold tomb. Only the good actions of the just people will flower in the dust and smell sweet.

Message: Death levels everyone. He treats all alike. All, kings and clowns, scholars and the illiterate, the rich and the poor, end up in dust.

Death The Leveller Glossary

Kerala State Board New Syllabus Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 1 Kavyakalaye Kurichu Chila Nireekshanangal Text Book Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Kerala Plus One Malayalam Textbook Answers Unit 3 Chapter 1 Kavyakalaye Kurichu Chila Nireekshanangal

Kavyakalaye Kurichu Chila Nireekshanangal Questions and Answers

Kavyakalaye Kurichu Chila Nireekshanangal Summary