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You can Download Nature and Purpose of Business Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Business Studies Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 1 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Business Studies Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Nature and Purpose of Business

1 Mark Questions and Answers

Plus One Business Studies Important Questions And Answers Question 1.
State examples of Analytical industries.
Answer:
Petrol, diesel

Plus One Business Studies Chapter Wise Questions And Answers Question 2.
Which of the broad categories of industries covers oil refinery and sugar mills?
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) None of them
Answer:
(b) Secondary

Plus One Business Studies Chapter Wise Question Papers Question 3.
Which of the following cannot be classified as an auxiliary to trade?
(a) Mining
(b) Insurance
(c) Warehousing
(d) Transport
Answer:
(a) Mining

Find The Odd One Banking Insurance Transport Manufacturing Question 4.
The industries which provide support services to
other industries are known as …….
(a) Primary industries
(b) Secondary industries
(c) Commercial industries
(d) Tertiary industries.
Answer:
(d) Tertiary industries

Plus One Business Studies Question Paper And Answers Question 5.
Which of the following cannot be classified as an objective of business?
(a) Investment
(b) Productivity
(c) Innovation
(d) Profit earning
Answer:
(a) Investment

Business Studies Class 11 Chapter 1 Questions And Answers Question 6.
Business risk is not likely to arise due to
(a) Changes in government policy
(b) Good management
(c) Employee dishonesty
(d) Power failure
Answer:
(b) Good management

Business Studies Class 11 Chapter 1 Important Questions And Answers Question 7.
Mr. Abu produces wheat for personal consumption. Will it be a business activity?
Answer:
No. It is not for performed for earning profit.

Business Studies Class 11 Chapter 2 Important Questions And Answers Question 8.
The human activities that are undertaken with an objective to earn money or livelihood are called ……….
Answer:
Economic Activities.

Business Studies Class 12 Chapter 1 Important Questions Question 9.
Activities undertaken to derive mere satisfaction are known as ……..
Answer:
Non-Economic Activities.

Find The Odd Man Out Banking Insurance Transport Manufacturing Question 10.
The activity is undertaken primarily to satisfy social, religious or cultural requirements of human beings. Which is this activity?
Answer:
Non economic activity

Plus One Business Studies Chapter 1 Questions And Answers Question 11.
Classify the following activities into Economic and Non-Economic activities ………

1. Running a stationery shop
2. Conducting a seminar
3. Operating a Cine house
4. Watching television

Answer:

1. Running a stationary shop – Economic activity
2. Playing cricket – Non-economic activity
3. Operating a cine house – Economic activity
4. Watching television – Non-economic activity

Plus One Business Studies Question Paper 2020 Question 12.
Identify the following activities ………..

1. A Person visit to the temple for daily prayers.
2. Driving a car for rent.
3. Running a Hotel.

Answer:

1. Non-economic activity
2. Economic activity
3. Economic activity

Business Studies Class 11 Important Questions With Answers Question 13.
Identify the nature of activities of the following persons on the basis of economic and non-economic activities.

1. Teacher in a School
2. Gardener
3. Housewife
4. Social Worker
5. Businessman
6. Doctor

Answer:

1. Economic activity
2. Economic activity
3. Non-economic activity
4. Non-economic activity
5. Economic activity
6. Economic activity

Question 14.
Below are given certain non-economic activities. Convert them into economic activities.
Example: A nurse attending her ailing son. (Non-economic activity)
A nurse attending patients in her hospital. (Economic activity)

1. A person working in his own garden.
2. A lady preparing food for her husband.
3. A man white-washing his own house.
4. A teacher teaching his son at home.
5. A chartered accountant preparing his own accounts.

Answer:

1. A person working in a school garden.
2. A lady preparing food in a restaurant.
3. A man white-washing the building of a trade centre.
4. A teacher teaching students in a school.
5.  A chartered Accountant preparing accounts of a firm.

Question 15.
Find the odd one
(a) Teaching in a school
(b) Practicing in a court
(c) Praying in a church
(d) Running a hotel
Answer:
(c) Praying in a church

Question 16.
The occupation in which people work for others and get remunerated in return is known as ………..
(a) Business
(b) Employment
(c) Profession
(d) None of them
Answer:
(b) Employment

Question 17.
…… is an economic activity performed for the purpose of earning profit.
Answer:
Business

Question 18.
……. is an occupation involving the provision of personal services of a specialized and expert nature.
Answer:
Profession

Question 19.
……. is an index of performance of business
Answer:
Profit

Question 20.
Complete the following on the basis of given hint
Profession: Fee
Business: ………
Employment: ………
Answer:
Business: Profit
Employment: Salary

Question 21.
Which of the following does not characterize business activity?
(a) Production of goods and services
(b) Presence of risk
(c) Sale or exchange of goods and services
(d) Salary or wages
Answer:
(d) Salary or wages

Question 22.
Identify the type of activity the following person is doing:-
(a) Alex is an advocate
(b) Balan works in an organization as an Accountant
(c) Chandran buys goods from Banglore and sells in Kerala
(d) David is a doctor and has his own Hospital
Answer:
(a) Profession
(b) Employment
(c) Business
(d) Profession

Question 23.
Identify the following activities and give reason.
(a) A Chartered Account work in a company
(b) A Chartered Account runs a firm
Answer:
(a) Employment
(b) Profession

Question 24.
Identify the type and reward of this activity. Balabhasker, a doctor in a medical college
Answer:
Employment. The reward for employment is salary

Question 25.
Ajith running an internet cafe. Identify the economic activity mentioned here.
Answer:
Business

Question 26.
Mr. Shyam sold his own house for ? 5 lakhs, which is purchased for ? 4 lakhs. Decide whether it is a business activity or not.
Answer:
No. It is not a business activity

Question 27.
Complete the following equation:
Commerce = + Aids to trade
(a) Service
(b) Industry
(c) Business
(d) Trade
Answer:
(d) Trade

Question 28.
……. is the process of buying and selling of goods and services.
Answer:
Trade

Question 29.
Thajudeen, a businessman from Japan purchased goods worth ₹ 5,00,000 from Kumar associates of India. Can you identify which type of trade was conducted between Thajudeen and Kumar associates?
Answer:
Export trade.

Question 30.
Trade between Bombay and Chennai is an example of ……Trade.
Answer:
Home trade

Question 31.
Buying and selling of goods between different countries are called …….
Answer:
Foreign Trade

Question 32.
When trade takes place within the boundaries of a country, it is called ……..
Answer:
Internal trade.

Question 33.
…… is the process of selling goods to a foreign country.
Answer:
Export trade

Question 34.
When goods are purchased from a foreign country, it is known as ……
Answer:
Import trade

Question 35.
……. means importing of foreign goods from some countries to re-export them to other countries.
Answer:
Entrepot trade

Question 36.
When goods are bought in bulk from manufacturers/produces and sold in bulk to retailers is called ……..
Answer:
Wholesale trade

Question 37.
When goods are bought from wholesalers/produces and sold them to consumers is termed as …….
Answer:
Retail trade

Question 38.
Diary farming for milk is an example of ………. industry.
Answer:
Genetic.

Question 39.
Extraction of coal is an example of industries.
(a) Genetic
(b) Construction
(c) Extractive
(d) Manufacturing
Answer:
Extractive industry

Question 40.
Time utility is created by
(a) transport
(b) warehousing
(c) insurance
(d) person
Answer:
(b) warehousing

Question 41.
Complete the following
Removing the hindrance of knowledge: Advertising
Removing the hindrance of time:?
Answer:
Warehousing

Question 42.
Hindrance of knowledge in the exchange of goods are removed by ………
Answer:
Advertisement

Question 43.
……. removes hindrance of person.
Answer:
Trade

Question 44.
……. removes hindrance of place.
Answer:
Transport

Question 45.
……. removes hindrance of risk.
Answer:
Insurance

Question 46.
……… removes hindrance of finance.
Answer:
Banking

2 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain any two business activities which are auxiliaries to trade.
Answer:
Auxiliaries to Trade (Aids to trade)
Activities which assist trade are called aids to trade or auxiliaries to trade.

1. Transport & Communication:-
Transport facilitates movement of raw material to the place of production and the finished products from factories to the place of consumption. Communication helps the producers, traders, and consumers to exchange information with one another.

2. Banking & Finance:-
Banking helps business activities to overcome the problem of finance. Commercial banks lend money in the form of overdraft, cash credit, loans, and advances, etc… and they also provide many services required for the business activity.

3. Insurance:-
The goods may be destroyed while in the production process or in transit due to accidents, or in storage due to fire or theft, etc. Insurance provides protection in all such cases.

4. Warehousing:-
The goods should be stored carefully from the time they are produced until the time they are sold. This function is performed by warehouses.

5. Advertising:-
Advertising helps in providing information about available goods and services and create in them a strong desire to buy the product.

Plus one Business Studies Question 2.
Abhijith owns an old car. He sells it and buys a new car. While Ajith purchases a few cars for selling at an assured profit. Do Abhijith and Ajith engage in business activities? Give reason.
Answer:
The activity of Abhjith is not a business activity. But we can say Mr. Ajith engages in business activities. Business is a continuous activity, so there must be regularity in its dealings and its ultimate objective is earning profit. Abhijith’s transaction is casual. So it is not a business activity.

Question 3.
Find the odd one.

1. Regularity in service / getting salary/service contract between employer and employee / huge capital investment
2. Earning profit / innovation / effective utilization of resources / Appointment letter

Answer:

1. Huge capital investment – others are features of employment
2. Appointment letter – others are objectives of business

Plus One Business Question 4.
State any two characteristics of ‘business’.
Answer:
Business:-
Business may be defined as an economic activity involving the production or purchase and sale of goods and services with the main object of earning profit by satisfying human needs in the society.

Characteristics of business

1. Business is an economic activity with the object of earning profit.
2. Business includes all the activities concerned with the production or procurement of goods and services.
3. There should be a sale or exchange of goods and services for the satisfaction of human needs.
4. Business involves dealings in goods or services on a regular basis. Normally, one single transaction of sale or purchase is not treated as a business.
5. One of the main objectives of business is to earn maximum profit.
6. Business involves risk and uncertainty of income. Risk means the possibility of loss due to change in consumer taste and fashion, strike, lockout competition, fire, theft, etc.

Question 5.
The terms both industry and commerce related to business. As a student how do you correlate these two terms in the business?
Answer:
Business activities can be classified into two. They are Industry and commerce. Industry involves production or processing of goods meant for consumption or for production of other products. Business is a broader term than commerce. Commerce is the sum total of those processes which are engaged in the removal of hindrances of person, place and time in the exchange of commodities. Commerce includes all activities ensuring the free flow of goods and services from the producer to the consumer.
Commerce = Trade + aids to trade.

Question 6.
Define Commerce.
Answer:
Commerce is the sum total of all activities involving the removal of hindrances in the process of exchange of goods and services and facilitates the availability for consumption. So it consists of trade and other support services that facilitate trade.

3 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Find the ‘odd one’ and state the reason.

1. Teaching in a school, Practising in a court, Praying, Running a hotel.
2. Regularity, Body of knowledge, Profit motive, Heavy Risk.
3. No capital, Salary, Freedom of work, Service agreement.

Answer:

1. Praying – All others are economic activities.
2. Body of knowledge – All others are features of Business.
3. Freedom of work – All others are features of employment.

Question 2.
Complete the following table with the help of the hints given below.

Question 3.
Identify the following activities and give reason.

1. A doctor works in a Government hospital
2. A doctor runs his own clinic.
3. A doctor treats his own family members.

Answer:

1. Employment – Here, the doctor works for others, on a regular basis and gets a salary for his service.
2. Profession – Here, the doctor is rendering services for others and gets fees for his service
3. Non-economic activity – Here, no monetary benefit is derived but mental satisfaction.

Question 4.
Compare business with profession and employment.
Answer:
Comparison of Business, Profession, and Employment.

Classification of Business Activities
Business activities may be classified into two categories –

1. Industry
2. Commerce.

Chart showing business activities

Question 5.
Match column A with column B and column C

Answer:

Question 6.
Explain the characteristics of business risk.
Answer:
Business Risks
The term ‘business risks’ refers to the possibility of inadequate profits or even losses due to uncertainties or unexpected events.
Business enterprises may face two types of risk,

i.e. speculative risk and pure risk. Speculative risks involve both the possibility of gain as well as the possibility of loss. It a rise due to a change in demand, change in price, etc. Pure risks involve only the possibility of loss or no loss. The chance of fire, theft or strike is examples of pure risks.

Nature of Business Risks

1. Business risks arise due to uncertainties.
2. Risk can be minimized, but cannot be eliminated. It is an essential part of business.
3. Degree of risk depends mainly upon the nature and size of business:
4. Profit is the reward for risk-taking.

Causes of Business Risks
Business risks arise due to a variety of causes. They are:-
1. Natural Causes:-
it includes natural calamities like flood, earthquake, lightning, heavy rains, famine, etc.

2. Human Causes:-
Human causes include dishonesty, carelessness or negligence of employees, strikes, riots, management inefficiency, etc.

3. Economic causes:
These include change in demand, change in price, competition, technological changes, etc.

4. Political Causes:-
Change in Govt, policies, taxation, licensing policy, etc.

4 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match the Following.

Answer:

Question 2.
Following is a list of activities. Classify these activities as Business, Profession or Employment

1. Policeman on duty at your local police station.
2. Teacher working in an educational institution.
3. A driver driving a bus of a State Road Transport Corporation.
4. A taxi-driver who runs his own taxi.
5. A fisherman selling fish in a village.
6. Gopal stitching cloth of the customers regularly at home.
7. A daily-wager working in a factory.
8. A gardener maintaining the lawns in a college.
9. A lawyer practicing in a court.
10. An engineer running his consultancy firm.

Answer:

1. Employment
2. Employment
3. Employment
4. Business
5. Business
6. Business
7. Employment
8. Employment
9. Profession
10. Profession

Question 3.
Mr. Jagajeevanram, who is running a skin clinic, got his MBBS degree and MD degree from Kerala University. Rahul has been working as an attender in the clinic for the last five years. After having this experience, he started his own clinic for skin diseases.
(a) Is it possible to start a clinic legally in his own name? Why?
(b) What are the essentials to run such an organization?
Answer:
(a) No. Mr. Rahul cannot start legally the clinic in his own name because he has no professional qualification and training,
(b) The essentials to run such an organization are:-

1. There must be specialized knowledge and skill, i.e. MBBS degree approved by Medical Council of India.
2. Formal training.
3. Membership in Indian Medical Association (IMA)
4. Follow the code of conduct enforced by IMA
5. Charging fee for service.

Question 4.
The following are some examples of industries
Fishing                           Textile industry
Bridge construction       Poultry farming
Limestone mining         Animal husbandry
Cement factory             Building works
Classify these industries under suitable heads.
Answer:
Extractive industry          Fishing, Limestone
Genetic industry              Poultry farming, Animal husbandry
Manufacturing industry   Textile industry, Cement industry
Construction industry      Bridge construction, Building works

Question 5.
Explain the concept of business risk and its causes.
Answer:

Business Risks
The term ‘business risks’ refers to the possibility of inadequate profits or even losses due to uncertainties or unexpected events.
Business enterprises may face two types of risk,

i.e. speculative risk and pure risk. Speculative risks involve both the possibility of gain as well as the possibility of loss. It a rise due to a change in demand, change in price, etc. Pure risks involve only the possibility of loss or no loss. The chance of fire, theft or strike is examples of pure risks.

Nature of Business Risks

1. Business risks arise due to uncertainties.
2. Risk can be minimized, but cannot be eliminated. It is an essential part of business.
3. Degree of risk depends mainly upon the nature and size of business:
4. Profit is the reward for risk-taking.

Causes of Business Risks
Business risks arise due to a variety of causes. They are:-
1. Natural Causes:-
it includes natural calamities like flood, earthquake, lightning, heavy rains, famine, etc.

2. Human Causes:-
Human causes include dishonesty, carelessness or negligence of employees, strikes, riots, management inefficiency, etc.

3. Economic causes:-
These include change in demand, change in price, competition, technological changes, etc.

4. Political Causes:-
Change in Govt, policies, taxation, licensing policy, etc.

5 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain different types of manufacturing industries.
Answer:
Industry
Industry refers to economic activities, which are connected with the conversion of resources into useful goods. Industries may be divided into 3 categories. They are

1. Primary industries:-
Primary industries are connected with the extraction and production of natural resources and reproduction and development of living organisms, plants, etc. Such industries are further divided into two.

Extractive industries:-
These industries extract products from natural resources. E.g. mining, farming, hunting, fishing, etc.

Genetic industries:-
These industries are engaged in activities like rearing and breeding of animals, birds, and plants. E.g. diary farming, paultry farming, floriculture, pisciculture, etc.

2. Secondary industries:-
Secondary industries deal with materials extracted at the primary stage. Such goods may be used for consumption or for further production. Secondary industries are classified into two. They are:-

(i)   Manufacturing industries:-
Manufacturing industries engage in converting raw materials into finished goods. E.g. Conversion of rubber into cotton, timber into furniture rubber into tires, etc. Manufacturing industries may be further divided into four categories. They are,

• Analytical industry which analyses and separates different elements from the same materials. E.g. Oil refinery
• Synthetical industry which combines various ingredients into a new product. E.g. cement
• Processing industry which involves successive stages for manufacturing finished products. Eg. Sugar and paper industry.
• Assembling industry which assembles different component parts to make a new product. E.g. television, car, computer, etc.

(ii)  Construction industries:-
These industries are involved in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges, roads, etc.

3. Tertiary industries:-
These are concerned with providing support services to primary and secondary industries. Eg. Transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, communication, advertising, etc.

Question 2.
Mr. Shyam is a leading advocate in Ernakulam. He is also working as a lecturer in a law college. Identify and distinguish with the activities in which Mr. Shyam is engaged.
Answer:
Profession and Employment. Comparison of Business, Profession, and Employment.

Classification of Business Activities
Business activities may be classified into two categories –

1. Industry
2. Commerce.

Chart showing business activities

Question 3.
The following are some examples of trade. Find the types of trade each of these belongs to.

1. Purchase of petroleum products by India from Iraq.
2. Purchase of fast-moving consumable goods from Bombay for sale in Kochi.
3. Sale of tea leaf to Gulf countries.
4. A provision store in a village.
5. A shop which deals in tea only in bulk quantity.

Answer:

1. Import trade
2. Internal trade
3. Export trade
4. Retail trade
5. Wholesale trade

Question 4.
Explain the features of business.

Business:-
Business may be defined as an economic activity involving the production or purchase and sale of goods and services with the main object of earning profit by satisfying human needs in the society.

Characteristics of business

1. Business is an economic activity with the object of earning profit.
2. Business includes all the activities concerned with the production or procurement of goods and services.
3. There should be a sale or exchange of goods and services for the satisfaction of human needs.
4. Business involves dealings in goods or services on a regular basis. Normally, one single transaction of sale or purchase is not treated as business.
5. One of the main objectives of business is to earn maximum profit.
6. Business involves risk and uncertainty of income. Risk means the possibility of loss due to change in consumer taste and fashion, strike, lockout competition, fire, theft, etc.

6 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Study of commerce is the study of Trade and Aids to Trade”. Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
Commerce includes Trade as well as Aids to Trade. Trade means exchange or buying and selling of goods. Classification of Trade 1. Internal 2. External
Activities which assist trade are called aids to trade. Classification of Aids to Trade

1. Transport
2. Communication
3. Insurance
4. banking
5. Advertising
6. Warehousing
7. Sales promotion

8 Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the factors to be considered before starting a business.
Answer:
Starting a Business – Basic Factors
Factors to be considered for starting a business
1. Selection of line of business:
The first thing to be decided by any entrepreneur of a new business is the nature and type of business to be undertaken.

2. Size of the firm:
If the market conditions are favorable, the entrepreneur can start the business at a large scale. If the market conditions are uncertain and risks are high, a small size business would be a better choice.

3. Choice of form of ownership:
The selection of a suitable form of business enterprise i.e. Sole proprietorship, Partnership or a Joint-stock company is an important management decision. It depends on factors like the nature of business, capital requirements, liability of owners, legal formalities, continuity of business, etc.

4. Location of business enterprise:
Availability of raw materials and labour, power supply and services like banking, transportation, communication, warehousing, etc., are important factors while making a choice of location.

5. Financing:
Proper financial planning must be done to determine (a) the requirement of capital, (b) source from which capital will be raised and (c) the best ways of utilizing the capital in the firm.

6. Physical facilities:
Availability of physical facilities including machines and equipment, building and supportive services is a very important factor to be considered at the start of the business.

7. Plant layout:
Layout means the physical arrangement of machines and equipment needed to manufacture a product.

8. Competent worked force:
Every enterprise needs competent and committed employees to perform various activities so that physical and financial resources are converted into desired outputs.

9. Tax planning:
The promoter must consider in advance the tax liability under various tax laws and its impact on business decision

Question 2.
The main objective of business is to earn profit through service. Explain the objectives of business in the light of this statement.
Answer:
Multiple Objectives of Business
The main objectives of a business are:-

1. Market standing:-
A business firm can succeed only when it has a good market standing. Market standing refers to the position of an enterprise in relation to its competitors.

2. Innovation:-
Innovation means developing new products or services or finding new ideas and new methods of production and distribution. Innovation accelerates the growth of an enterprise.

3. Productivity:-
Productivity is ascertained by comparing the value of output with the value of input. Every enterprise must aim at greater productivity through the best use of available resources.

4. Physical and financial resources:-
The business must aim at maximum utilization of available physical and financial resources, i.e. men, material, money, and machine in the best possible manner.

5. Earning Profit:-
Earning maximum profit is the primary objective of every business. Profit is required for the survival and growth of a business.

6. Manager performance and development:-
Efficient managers are needed to conduct and coordinate business activities. So it is the objective of an enterprise to implement various programs for motivating the managers.

7. Worker performance and attitude:-
Every enterprise must aim at improving its worker’s performance by providing fair salary, incentives, good working conditions, medical and housing facilities.

8. Social responsibility:-
It refers to the obligation of business firms to contribute resources for solving social problems and work in a socially desirable manner.

Question 3.
Explain with the help of a diagram, the different types of industries with suitable examples.
Answer:
Industry
Industry refers to economic activities, which are connected with the conversion of resources into useful goods. Industries may be divided into 3 categories. They are

1. Primary industries:-
Primary industries are connected with the extraction and production of natural resources and reproduction and development of living organisms, plants, etc. Such industries are further divided into two.

Extractive industries:-
These industries extract products from natural resources. E.g. mining, farming, hunting, fishing, etc.

Genetic industries:-
These industries are engaged in activities like rearing and breeding of animals, birds, and plants. E.g. diary farming, paultry farming, floriculture, pisciculture, etc.

2. Secondary industries:-
Secondary industries deal with materials extracted at the primary stage. Such goods may be used for consumption or for further production. Secondary industries are classified into two. They are:-

(i) Manufacturing industries:-
Manufacturing industries engage in converting raw materials into finished goods. E.g. Conversion of rubber into cotton, timber into furniture rubber into tires, etc. Manufacturing industries may be further divided into four categories. They are,

• Analytical industry which analyses and separates different elements from the same materials. E.g. Oil refinery
• Synthetical industry which combines various ingredients into a new product. E.g. cement
• Processing industry which involves successive stages for manufacturing finished products. Eg. Sugar and paper industry.
• Assembling industry which assembles different component parts to make a new product. E.g. television, car, computer, etc.

(ii) Construction industries:-
These industries are involved in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges, roads, etc.

3. Tertiary industries:-
These are concerned with providing support services to primary and secondary industries. Eg. Transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, communication, advertising, etc.

You can Download Paths to Modernization Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 11 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 11 Paths to Modernization

Paths To Modernisation Class 11 Extra Questions Question 1.
There are physical differences between China & Japan. Explain.
Answer:
China was under Japanese and Western domination for long. The people of China began to react to these changes. They wanted to reconcile themselves with the modern world and recover their lost glory. For that, they had to free themselves from Japanese and Western control. Their two main aims were removing the gross inequalities in the country and rebuilding the nation. They realized that this could be achieved only through a revolution.

In the 1949 civil war, the Chinese Communist Party became victorious. But by the end of the 1970s, the leaders there realized that the principles of the Communist Party were actually going against the economic growth and development of the country. Following this, radical changes were brought in the economic sphere. This brought back capitalism and a free market. But at the same time, the Party retained its political control.

Japan grew into an industrially developed country. But its efforts to establish an empire led to WW II and its defeat. After the War, the control of Japan was taken over by the US. This caused the beginning of the formation of a democratic system in Japan. Japan rebuilt its economy. In the 1970s Japan became a strong economic power.

The Japanese path to modernization was made by capitalist ideologies. Modernization of Japan happened in a world where Western colonialism is dominant. The fast development of Japan underscored the power of tradition in Japanese Institutions and society. At the same time, it showed the capacity of the Japanese to understand things and the strength of their nationalism.

Paths To Modernisation Class 11 Important Questions Question 2.
China and Japan have a long tradition of historiography. Evaluate.
Answer:
China and Japan definitely have a long tradition of historiography. For their rulers, history was a great guide. They had made departments to preserve documents and to write the royal history. The greatest historian of ancient China was Sima Quian (145 – 90 BC). Japan also had given great importance to history. This was because of the influence of Chinese culture.

Paths To Modernisation Extra Questions Question 3.
Naito Konan is a famous Japanese scholar on China. Describe his contributions.
Answer:
Naito Konan is a famous Japanese scholar on China. His books have influenced scholars all over the world. He developed a tradition using new methods of scientific historiography to study about China. He helped the authorities to establish a Department of Oriental Studies at Kyoto University in 1907.

Naito argued that The Republican Government of Sun Yat-sen showed a way to end the dominance of the aristocracy and centralised power that were in existence in China right from the time of the Sung dynasty. He showed that there are powers in Chinese history to modernise and democratise China. He thought that Japan has a special role to play in China. He somehow lessened the power of Chinese nationality.

Paths To Modernisation Important Questions Question 4.
In Japan the political system was feudal. Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
In Japan the political system was feudal. The country was divided into 250 sectors. The administration of s each sector was entrusted to a Daikyo who were a group of feudal lords. Over the Daikyo there were Shoguns. Edo (the modem Tokyo) was the capital. The shoguns often asked the Daikyo to spend time in the capital. This was to prevent any threat from them. The shoguns also controlled important cities and mines. The Samurai were a set of warriors and they were the elite in the administration. They assisted the Shoguns and, Daikyos.

Class 11 History Chapter 11 Extra Questions And Answers Question 5.
Meiji Restoration was a revolution. Based on this statement, prepare a seminar paper on Meiji Restoration.
Answer:
Meiji Restoration:
Japan was more or less isolated from other, countries. Japan was the only country . that escaped colonization by Europeans. There was only one Western country that had trade relations with Japan and that was Holland. The US had always Wanted the Japanese ports to open for foreign trade.

In 1853, under Matthew Perry, a powerful navy was sent to Japan by the USA. The aims of the US were getting permission for trade and establishing diplomatic relations with Japan. Japan is on the way to the sea-route to China. Therefore the US saw Japan as a good strategic point and market. They also thought of Japan as a place where their ships could refill their fuel tanks.

Matthew Perry returned to Japan the next year also. The government was forced to open two ports for the US ships and do some trade in a controlled manner. The arrival of Matthew Perry caused big movements 1 in Japanese politics. It resulted in the end of the Shogun rule and the restoration of Emperor Meiji. There was a strong protest against the Shoguns that succumbed to the foreign powers. The protesters wanted the restoration of Meiji rule. With this, the image of the emperor, who was until then a nominal figure, increased.

in 1868 there was an open revolt against the Shoguns. The revolutionaries drove away the Shogun from Edo and brought the emperor there, Edo was renamed Tokyo (Capital of the East) and was declared as the capital of the nation.

The new emperor took the title Meiji or Enlightened and became the official ruler of the country. This revolution of 1868 was known as the Meiji Restoration. The officials and people of Japan were aware of the fact that Europeans were building their colonial empires in India and other places. They also knew about the defeat of China by Britain. They were afraid if Japan also would become a colony of foreign powers.

The scholars and leaders wanted to learn about the ideas of Europeans unlike the Chinese who simply rejected them. One section of the people thought that they should learn the technology of the West but keep them away from the country. There was also an opinion that Japan should slowly open its gates to the external world.

A slogan that summed up the ideals of the Meiji Era was Fukoku Kyohei, meaning Enriching the Country and Strengthening the Army or Rich Country and Strong Army. It became the principle that led to the modernization and transformation of Japan. Japan resized that a strong economy and a strong army were needed to resist the foreigners. They saw how India yielded to the foreigners in the absence of these two things. For realizing these aims there was the need to make the people loyal citizens and build a strong sense of unity based on nationalism.

The administrative system of Japan was reorganized. The new government tried to formulate a system called the Emperor System. It was a system that followed the European model. They sent officials to Europe to study it thoroughly and then only they implemented it.

It was a system that gave the Emperor a divine aura. The emperor was considered a direct descended of the sun-god and therefore he deserved maximum reverence. He was also depicted as the leader bringing in Europeanization. His birthday was declared a national holiday. The emperor wore the military uniform of the Europeans. All edicts and orders to establish new institutions were sent out in his name.

In its education system it followed the European model, in the 1870s, stress was laid on the studies of Japanese history so that students could develop loyalty to their nation. The Educational Ministry strictly controlled the curriculum. If chose the textbooks and gave training to teachers. Education also stressed developing a moral culture in the students. The children were asked to respect and show loyalty to their nation and become good citizens.

To unify the country, the Meiji administration brought a new administrative system. The old boundaries of villages were changed. Each administrative unit had to run schools and give health facilities to its people. It also worked as an agency for the recruitment of soldiers to the army, Everyone who had passed 20 years of age had to do compulsory military service for a fixed minimum period. Japan organized a strong army. It brought a legal system that controlled the formation of political parties and meetings and did the censorship. The army and bureaucracy were under the direct control of the emperor. All these activities of the government faced stiff opposition from the public.

The new democratic constitution and the modern army were not ideologically compatible. The army started demanding a more aggressive foreign policy to conquer new regions. This led to wars with both Russia and China and in both the wars Japan came out victorious.

The demand of people for greater democracy was against the aggressive policy of the government. Japan developed economically and built an empire, suppressing democracy at home.

Important Questions Of Paths To Modernisation Question 6.
The industrialization of Japan created environmental problems. Do you agree with this statement? Clarify with examples.
Answer:
With industrialization, the factories became bigger and more numerous. In 1909, there were 1000 factories in which more than 100 people each worked. In 1920, this figure grew to 2000 factories with each one having more than 4000 workers. In spite of all that there were some 550,000 small workshops there with less than 5 workers each.

The uncontrolled and fast growth of factories, the need for natural resources like timber, etc. caused environmental damage. Tanaka Shozo, who was elected to the first House of Representatives, started the first protest against industrial pollution in 1897. This protest in which 800 villagers took part forced the government to take steps against environmental pollution.

Paths To Modernisation Question Answers Question 7.
What were the reasons behind the growth of the Japanese army and its aggressive nationalism?
Answer:
The Commander-in-Chief of the army was the emperor. But from 1890, it was interpreted that the army and the navy had independent control. In 1899, the, prime Minister issued an order specifying that only serving Generals and Admirals could become ministers. This increased the power of the army. The army propagated the fear that Japan is always under threat from the Western powers and it increased its strength. The same technique was used to increase its territory. They also used it to suppress the protest of the people against higher taxes and for the expansion of the army.

How Did Japan Escape Colonization Class 11 Question 8.
One section of the people in Japan supported Westernization but another section held fast to traditions: Discuss these paradoxical views.
Answer:
Scholars had different views about the relations Japan should have with other countries. Some scholars wanted to have cordial relations with the USA and other Western nations which were culturally on top of the world. The Meiji intellectual Fukuzawa Yukichi was highly pro-American. He was of the opinion that using its specialties Japan should become part of the Western nations.

But the next generation was not willing to accept this view of Fukuzawa. They questioned the idea of accepting Western ideas blindly. They gave stress to nationalism based on traditional values. Miyake Setsiirei, a famous Japanese philosopher, wanted Japan to develop its competence for the betterment of world culture. He said that dedicating oneself to the nation is dedicating himself to the whole world.

Another group of intellectuals was attracted by the liberalism of the West. They wanted Japan not to just concentrate oh militarism but on liberalism. Ueki Emori was the leader of the democratic movement in Japan. He wanted the establishment of a democratic government in Japan. He was an admirer of the principles of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, popularised by the French Revolution and he had -the view that students should be given a liberal education for their proper development. He said that liberty is more important than law and order. Another group wanted women to be given voting rights. All these pressures forced to government to declare a new Constitution.

Paths To Modernisation Class 11 Question Answer Question 9.
The transformation of Japan into modernity was reflected in the life of the people. Explain.
Answer:
The transformation of Japan into modernity definitely was reflected in the life of the people. It brought great changes in family relations. Japan had a patriarchal joint family system. Under the elder of the family, many generations lived under the same roof. But when Japan became modern, the old system collapsed and nuclear families replaced the old system. In the nuclear family, the husband earned the livelihood and the wife managed the household affairs.

This change in the system brought changes in the family possessions, family entertainment and even the structure of the house. Construction companies made cheap houses and gave them to people on installment.

Paths To Modernisation Class 11 Notes Question 10.
After their defeat in WW II, Japan resurrected as a global economic power. Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
The quick rebuilding of the economy that Japan achieved after their defeat in the WW II is called the Post-War Wonder or the Post-War Miracle. The roots of that success can be seen in the long history of Japan.

Japan had a tradition of democratic protests and intellectual and creative activities. Moreover, the social solidarity that was there even before the War became stronger after the War. It helped in the cooperation and collective efforts of government, bureaucracy, and industry. The demands for many things created by the Korean and Vietnam Wars also helped in boosting the Japanese economy.

The Tokyo Olympics of 1964 was the start of a new era in Japanese history. The high-speed bullet trains that began in 1964 showed the world the competence of Japanese technology. The ability of the Japanese to produce high quality but cheap products by using top technology surprised the world.

Class 11 History Paths To Modernisation Notes Question 11.
When was a Republican Government established in China? Who is the founder of modem China?
Answer:
In 1911, overthrowing the Manchu dynasty, a Republic was established in China under Sun Yat-sen. He is the founder of modem China.

Path To Modernisation Class 11 Question Answer Question 12.
For the reconstruction of the country, Sun Yat-sen prepared a scheme. What was that?
Answer:
Sun Yat-sen was worried about China’s fate. For the reconstruction of the country, he prepared a scheme. This is called “Three Principles” or San-Min Doctrine or Tridemism. The three principles are nationalism, democracy, and socialism.

Nationalism meant driving away the Manchus and other imperialists. Democracy meant establishing a democratic government. Socialism meant controlling capital and bringing equality in land ownership.

Class 11 Paths To Modernisation Question Answer Question 13.
What is the reason for the origin of the May 4 Movement? What were its goals?
Answer:
The Republican Revolution of 1911 did not bring any basic change in the society. When the WW I started, China joined the Allied Powers, but Britain did not return the regions it had captured earlier. Naturally, there was a serious protest against the decisions of the Paris Conference. Gradually it became a Movement. This Movement started on 4 May 1919 in Beijing and it was known as May 4 Movement.

This Movement severely attacked tradition calling to save the country through modem science, nationalism, and democracy. It demanded the sending away of foreigners, removing inequalities and reducing poverty. Their other demands were: Use simple language for writing, stop the custom of foot-binding, end the slavery of women, bring equality in marriage and bring economic development to end poverty.

Class 11 History Chapter 11 Questions And Answers Question 14.
The Kuomintang government was a failure. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer.
Answer:
After the republican revolution, the country entered an era of crises. The Kuomintang (National People’s Party) tried to unify the nation and bring stability and the Chinese Communist Party became the most powerful one.The base of the political vision of Kuomintang was the ideas of Sun Yat-sen. They put forward 4 great principles: clothes, food, shelter, and travel.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek became the leader of Kuomintang. In 1928, a national government was formed by Kuomintang. Chiang Kai- shek was the President of the government. Kuomintang government was a failure. The causes for its failure were its narrow social base and narrow political vision. The Party ignored the farmers. It did not take into account the increasing social inequalities. The Chiang government could not carry out Socialism, which was the main principle of Sun Yat-sen’s scheme for China. The Chiang government tried to impose a military order and suppress protests instead of solving popular problems.

Path To Modernisation Class 11 History Notes Question 15.
Prepare a seminar paper on the 1949 Chinese Revolution.
Areas to be considered: Background, Chinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong, Long March, Civil War.
Answer:
In 1937 Japan attacked China. Instead of resisting the Japanese attack, the Kuomintang government retreated. Long wars had weakened China. The prices of things skyrocketed and the life of common people was hard.

Rural China faced two crises:

a) Environmental crisis:
Soil fertility was lost, there was deforestation and there were floods.

b) Social and economic crisis:
Exploitative land-owning system, debt, primitive technology, very poor exchange system.

Following the Russian Revolution, in 1921 the CPC (Communist Party of China) was established. The success of the Russian Revolution had a big impact on the world. Soon the Russian leaders Lenin and Trotsky established the Comintern (Community International) or Third International. Its aim was to end exploitation and establish a world government. If supported all the Communist Parties all over the world. But they had the traditional Marxist view that only an urban labour class could bring about a revolution. Soon Comintern became a means of protecting only Soviet interests, it was disbanded in 1943.

Mao Zedong was the leader of CPC. In the strategy of the Communist Party, Mao brought a big change. He saw the peasants as a great power. He believed that only peasants could bring about a revolution. Thus he moved away from the traditional Marxian view. The success of Mao made CPC very strong and it was helpful in bringing victory over the Kuomintang.

When the attacks from the Kuomintang became intense, Mao and his followers retreated to the Jiangxi Mountain. From 1928 to 1934 he camped here. There he formed a strong Peasant Council. By confiscating land the distributing them to people, he made the Council very strong. Mao wanted to establish an independent government and army. He was aware of the problem of women. He encouraged the formation of organizations of village women. He objected to the traditional system of marriage and brought a new marriage law. It made divorces simple.

In 1934, Mao and his followers left their camps to escape from the attacks by Kuomintang. Their destination was Yanan, 6000 miles away. This march became a historical event and is called the Long March. The Communists who reached Yanan formulated their plans. They gave importance to suppress the warlords, bring land reforms and fight against the foreign imperial powers. This helped them to make a strong social base.

In 1937 when Japan attacked China, the Communists cooperated with the Kuomintang to fight against the common enemy, Japan. But when the war ended, this cooperation ended and the civil war between Kuomintang and Communists restarted. The Communists led a final assault against the Kuomintang and captured the capital Nanjing. Chiang Kai-shek and his army escaped to Taiwan. On 1st October 1949, the new Chinese Republic under Mao was proclaimed.

Chapter 11 History Class 11 Question 16.
The basis of the 1949 Chinese Democratic Republic was “New Democracy”. Explain.
Answer:
In 1949, the Chinese Republic was established. Its basis was a new democracy. This was different from the Soviet Union s concept of the dictatorship of the Proletariat. Democracy means the union of all social classes.

All the decisive areas of the economy were taken under the control of the government. Private entrepreneurship and private land owning were gradually ended. This scheme lasted until 1953, The government declared that there was going to be a socialist transformation. To make industrialization fast, Mao brought in the scheme called the Great Leap Forward, in 1958.

The government encouraged people to establish iron melting furnaces behind their homes. For collective farming, in the rural sector, communes of people were established. In 1958 itself there were 26,000 such communes.

Mao was able to make people ready for working to achieve the aims of the Party. His main goal was creating a socialist man.

A socialist man should have five livings:
love for the fatherland, love for people, hard work, science, and common property. Democratic organizations were formed for peasants, women, students and other classes of people.

Path Of Modernization Class 11 Question 17.
Write a note on Mao’s “Great Cultural Revolution”.
Answer:
To defeat his critics and enemies in 1965 Mao started his scheme called the Cultural Revolution. It was a movement against the old culture and old customs and rituals. It gave more importance to ideological knowledge than professional knowledge. Instead of healthy debates, it gave prominence to slogans. He entrusted the job of making Cultural Revolution practical to the Red Guards which consisted of the army and students.

In the beginning, the CR was a failure. It weakened the Party. It ruined the economy and educational system. The entire country was in turmoil. But by the end of the 1960s, things began to change. In 1975 Deng Xiao Ping came to power and he ended the CR.

Class 6 History Chapter 11 Extra Questions Question 18.
Critically examine the reforms made in China from 1978.
Answer:
Deng Xiao Ping brought many revolutionary reforms. Many of them were of a deviant nature from the Socialist Principles. He made Party control very strong. He brought in a Socialist market system. In 1978 the Party declared its four reformist goals, known as four modernizations. They were developments in science, industry, agriculture, and defence. He allowed debates that did not question party lines.

In the new free atmosphere, new ideas developed. On 5 December 1978, there was a wall writing declaring the fifth modernization. It declared that without democracy all other modernizations were useless. It also criticized the Communist Party for not solving the problem of poverty and for not ending sexual exploitation. But all the demands were suppressed. In 1989 more intellectuals in China demanded greater democracy. It demanded the ending of unchanging ideologies. In 1989 students protested in the Tiananmen Square in Beijing. The protests were cruelly put down by the army and many students died. This incident was condemned by the whole world.

There were debates about the development of China after the reform period. There are three distinct views.

1. The first view was that through strict political control, economic liberalization and cooperation with the global market, development was possible. The Party supported this view.
2. Many questioned the stress on the market. Critics pointed out that inequalities among social classes and regions and gender inequality would cause conflicts in the society.
3. There was also a view that the ideas of Confucianism should be revived. They argued it was possible to build a new society by using their own traditions and without borrowing ideas from Western models.

Class 11 History Chapter 11 Notes Question 19.
Evaluate the political changes in Taiwan and discuss the possibility of its unification with China.
Answer:
Chiang Kai-shek who was defeated by China escaped to Taiwan (Formosa). He went to Taiwan with a lot of gold and priceless artifacts. In Taiwan, he formed a government in exile called Republic of China. Taiwan was once part of the Chinese Empire. In 1894-95, when China was defeated by Japan, Japan occupied this region and transformed it into their colony. When Japan lost in the WW II, Taiwan was again given back to China.

Chiang Kai-shek ruled Taiwan like a despot. His government was repressive. Chiang denied the people freedom of speech and political protests. He also kept the local people away from the administration. But through land reforms, he was able to increase agricultural production and to revive the economy. The economy which was based on trade grew fast and the gap between the rich and poor was reduced. The biggest change that happened in Taiwan was its step toward democracy.

This happened after the . Death of Chiang Kai-shek in 1975. In 1987 the martial law in Taiwan was repealed. Opposition political parties were allowed to function. In the first free elections, the process to bring the local people to power was started. Most countries had only trade relations with Taiwan. Since Taiwan is part of China, it is not possible to have full diplomatic relations and embassies there. The unification of Taiwan with China is a matter of dispute. However, the relations between Taiwan and China are improving. Taiwan has large investments and trade with China.

Question 20.
Japan and China chose different paths for their modernization. Discuss.
Answer:
Both China and Japan are industrialized but they chose separate paths for their modernization. Japan was successful in maintaining its freedom and in using its traditional expertise and styles in new ways. But the elite class who were responsible for the modernization process made the people develop an aggressive nationalism. It helped in the continued rule by an administration that often suppressed the demands for democracy and social changes.

Although it developed internally, it embarked on an imperial policy. The modernization process of Japan was influenced by Western powers. Even as the Japanese followed Western models they also practised their own ideas. All this affected Japan’s nationalism. Japan wanted to free Asia from Western domination. This was the justification they gave for their own imperial designs.

In the 19^th and 20^th centuries, China changed a lot. It tried to deny tradition and look for new ways to build national unity and strength. The Chinese Communist Party and its followers tried to end traditions which kept the people in poverty, made women slaves and kept the country underdeveloped. They made a slogan that meant power to people and it raised people’s hope. But the repressive regime often spoilt the beauty of the slogans of liberty and equality. However, it was able to end centuries-old inequalities and to spread education among people and make people aware or the need for change.

You can Download Changing Cultural Traditions Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 7 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Changing Cultural Traditions

Class 11 History Chapter 7 Extra Questions And Answers Question 1.
Plenty of facts are available about the history of Europe from the 14^th century. Explain.
Answer:
Plenty of facts are available to us to understand the history of Europe from the 14^th century. They include documents, printed books, artworks, sculptures, buildings, and clothes. In Europe and America, they have been carefully preserved. The first person who taught people the importance of preserving historical evidences was Leopold von Ranke, the famous German historian. He said that the most important responsibility of a historian is writing about nations and their politics and to do that a historian must make use of different documents and files in the various government departments.

Important Questions Of Changing Cultural Traditions Question 2.
During the period of Renaissance, the Italian cities revived. Evaluate the validity of this statement.
Answer:
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many of the Italian cities which were the centres of political and cultural activities faced ruin. There was no unified government in Italy. Although the Pope was a sovereign in his own nation, he did not have any appearance of a ruler of strength. As Islam was building up a common culture outside Europe, Italy was a weak and scattered place. But the Renaissance slowly helped the revival of Italy.

When trade between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic countries increased, the Italian ports were re-energized. From the 12th century, when the Mongols began trade with China through the silk route, the trade between some Oriental countries and Europe increased. Some Italian cities had their role in this expansion of trade.

Changing Cultural Traditions Class 11 Extra Questions Question 3.
“Humanism is part of a curriculum.” Based on this statement, write about the features of humanism and its relation with the Universities.
Answer:
Humanism is an important feature of Renaissance. The Italian cities and universities played a major role in the growth of humanism. The first universities of Europe were started in Italian cities. From 11^th century onwards universities in Padua aid Bologna there were centres of law studies. Since the main business in the cities was trade, there was a great need for pleaders and notaries. To enact laws and to interpret them and to make written agreements, their service was essential. So law became an important subject in universities. Since law is an important discipline in Humanities, humanism became a major part of the curriculum.

Changing Cultural Traditions Class 11 Important Questions Question 4.
Who is “Renaissance Man”? Explain.
Answer:
The term Renaissance Man is used to mean a person with different interests and capabilities. It was a common term used for showing that a person is an exceptional one. Since the famous people or the geniuses of those times came from different countries, this term was used to refer to anyone of them. The leaders of Renaissance were people that were simultaneously experts in scholarship, diplomacy, theology, and art.

Changing Cultural Traditions Extra Questions And Answers Question 5.
“Humanists divided history into many eras.” This is an opinion Biju expressed in a classroom discussion. Do you agree with him? Can you approve of this division of history by the humanists? Explain.
Answer:
Humanists divided history into the following Ages:

1. 5^thcentury to the 14^thcentury – Middle Ages.
2. From the 15^thcentury onwards-Modern Age.

The Middle Ages Period was further subdivided like this:

1. 5^th to the 9^thcentury – Dark Age.
2. 10^th to 11^thcentury – Early Middle Age.
3. 11^th to 14^thcentury – Late Middle Age.

This division of history into various Ages by humanists was later approved by scholars. But recently some historians questioned this division. They disagreed with the idea of dividing centuries into Ages depending on the dynamics of culture. They felt that calling and depicting a period as Dark Age is not appropriate.

Changing Cultural Traditions Questions And Answers Question 6.
The Arabs have contributed greatly to the growth of Renaissance Science and philosophy. Discuss.
Answer:
The monks and priests of the Middle Ages were familiar with the writings of the Greeks and Romans. But they did not do anything to popularise these writings. In the 14^thcentury, many scholars started reading the translated works of Greek writers like Plato and Aristotle. For this they, the scholars, are indebted to the Arab translators. It was the Arabs that carefully preserved the old manuscripts and translated them.

The works of Greek writers were available to the European scholars in two ways. They were able to read them through Arabic translations. Moreover, the works of Arabic Persian scholars were translated by Greeks and thus they too became available to the Europeans.

All these books were about Nature Science, Mathematics, Astronomy, Medicine, and Chemistry. Four most important scholars that contributed greatly to the growth of Renaissance Science and philosophy
were: Ptolemy, Avicenna, al-Rasi and Ibh Rasheed.

Changing Cultural Traditions Class 11 Questions And Answers Question 7.
Realism was The most important feature of Renaissance Art. What is realism? How did it reflect in the Renaissance Art? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Realism was the most important feature of Renaissance Art. Renaissance Artists tried to picture the human body exactly as it is. The studies of the scientists helped them to do it.

To learn about the structure of the skeleton, artists visited laboratories in medical schools. It was Andreas Vesalius who for the first time examined the human. body by cutting it into pieces. Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian who was a Professor at the Padua University. This greatly helped the modem anatomical studies. Renaissance artists wanted to present things as they were.

Changing Cultural Traditions Important Questions Question 8.
In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting (drawing), sculpture and architecture. Explain with examples.
Answer:
In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture: The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal.

Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral.

There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they were known by their personal names.

Class 11 History Chapter 7 Questions And Answers Question 9.
“It was not the Europeans that discovered printing, Sini.
“It was Gutenberg who discovered printing,” Shamir.
With whose opinion do you agree? Along with your views, write about the changes printing brought in society.
Answer:
The greatest discovery of the 16th century was the “printing press”. It is true that printing was not originally discovered by the Europeans. For printing, the Europeans must be indebted to the Chinese and the Mongolian rulers. When European traders and diplomats visited the royal courts of the Chinese and Mongol rulers, they learned some things about printing. This helped the Europeans to develop their own printing. Even gun powder, magnetic compass, and abacus were developed this way.

Before the advent of printing, books existed in the form of manuscripts. But the invention of the printing machine by Gutenberg started the printing revolution.

Changing Cultural Traditions Question Answer Question 10.
Humanists brought a new concept about human beings. Discuss.
Answer:
Humanists gave importance to ways of good conduct. They suggested how people should talk politely and dress decently. They also pointed out the characteristics a cultured person should have. Humanism taught that people have the capacity to make a good life even without power and wealth. It taught that human nature had different aspects and some of them were against the three special aspects which the feudal society thought essential for attaining a satisfactory life.

Ch 7 History Class 11 Question Answer Question 11.
During the period of Renaissance, the role of women in public life was very limited. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
The dowry which women received at the time of marriage was invested in the business of their husbands, but they did not have the right to interfere in business affairs or have their say in any such matters. Very often marriage alliances were used to strengthen, businesses. It was usual for parents to send their daughters to convents to become nuns if they could not find the dowry necessary for their marriage. The role of women in public life was very limited. The society looked at them as keepers of the house, housewives.

The Revival Of Italian Cities Class 11 Question 12.
Religious reform movement was started in Germany. Based on this statement, prepare a seminar paper.
Answer:
Religious reform movement was started in Germany. The leader of this movement was a young priest named Martin Luther (1433-1546). He started strong propaganda against the vices and evil practices that were rampant in the Catholic Church at that time. He argued that there was no need for an intermediary between an individual and God. He asked his followers to rely entirely on God. He taught that only good faith and would lead them to a good life and to heaven.

The religious reform movement caused a split in the Catholic Church. The Churches in Germany and Switzerland ended all their relations with the Catholic Church and the Pope. The people who went out of the Catholic Church were named “Protestants” as they protested against the Church.

The ideas of Luther were propagated in Switzerland by Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1534). Later John Calvin (1509-64) gave strong leadership to the Protestant Movement there.

The reformers had the support of merchants. Therefore they got great support in the.cities. But in the rural areas, the Catholic Church was able to maintain its supremacy. Among the German reformists, there were also the Anabaptists who wanted radical changes in Christianity. They considered the concept of heaven as freedom from all kinds of social persecutions. Anabaptists argued that since all people were created equal there was no need for anybody to pay taxes. They also taught that people should have the right to elect their own priests. The farmers who were suffering under the feudal lords were deeply impressed by these new ideas and they welcomed them.

The farmers of Germany who were inspired by the ideas of Luther and Anabaptists organised strong protests against their persecutors. But Luther was not in agreement with those who wanted radical changes. So he exhorted the German rulers to suppress the peasant revolts. In 1525, with the support of Luther, the protests were successfully suppressed.

But Radicalism survived all these oppositions. In France, the radicals joined with the Protestants. The Catholic authorities in France were cruelly persecuting the Protestants there. The Protestants argued that they have a right to remove the Persecutor and elect a new person according to the will of the people. Following this, France also, like other European countries, recognized the Protestant religion.

The Catholic Church allowed the Protestants to have their own way of worship. In England also there was a reform movement. The rulers of England ended ail their relations with the Pope. The King or Queen of England became the Head of the Church there.

To face the Protestant Revolt, the Catholic Church began to bring in reforms. These efforts of the Church to reform itself are collectively called Counter-Reformation. The priests of Spain and Italy stressed the importance of living simple lives and serving the poor.

In Spain St. Ignatius Loyola led the efforts to reform the Catholic Church. To face the Protestant threat, in 1540, he founded a Congregation called the “Society of Jesus”. The members of this Congregation are called Jesuits. Their goal was to serve the poor and enlarge their knowledge of other faiths.

Class 11 History Chapter 7 Important Questions Question 13
The Christian concept of the Universe was proved wrong by Copernicus. Based on this statement, examine the astronomical revolution brought by Copernicus.
Answer:
It was Copernicus, from Poland, who changed the Christian concept about the Universe which was prevalent until then. He started an astronomical revolution. He presented his views about the Universe in his famous book “De Revolutionibus” which means on the revolutions. Copernicus theorized that the sun is the centre of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve round the sun. This is known as the Heliocentric Theory.

Chapter 7 History Class 11 Questions And Answers Question 14.
The Heliocentric Theory of Copernicus was taken forward by Johannes Kepler and Galilei Galileo. Do you agree with this view? Explain.
Answer:
The theory of Copernicus was approved by people Only after a long time. It was Galileo and Kepler, two famous scientists, who took his theory forward to its perfection.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), a German scientist, popularised the idea that the earth was a mere part of the solar system. He wrote this in his famous book “Cosmographic Mystery”. He also proved that the planets revolve around the sun not in a circular manner but in an elliptical course.

Class 11 History Chapter 7 Extra Questions Question 15.
What is Science Revolution? What are the contributions made by Science Groups towards the propagation of the ideas of the Science Revolution?
Answer:
The work of thinkers like Galileo showed that it was not belief but knowledge that is the basis of observations and tests. By moving through these paths shown by the scientists, physics, chemistry, and biology made fast growth. This new approach to man and nature is called the ‘Science Revolution’ by historians. Because of the science revolution, atheist and non-believers in any religion started looking at Nature, and not God, as the creator of things. Even those who retained their faith in God started thinking of God as a distant power who does not interfere in the day-to-day working of the world.

Changing Cultural Traditions Class 11 Notes Question 16.
“The Renaissance era was completely different from the past,” Shibu.
“The Renaissance is a rebirth of the Greco-Roman traditions,” Babu.
“The period before the Renaissance was a Dark Period,” Razia.
Based on these paradoxical views, examine the concept of Renaissance.
Answer:
Peter Burke, a modem historian from England, says that by using, the term Renaissance Jakob Burckhardt exaggerated the difference between the periods before it and after it. Peter Burke added that it would mean that during the Renaissance period the Greco-Roman cultures revived and the scholars and artists accepted the Christian view of the world instead of the pre-Christian view.

Both these arguments are exaggerated in their own ways. The scholars before the Renaissance were familiar with the then cultures and therefore. It would be incorrect to say that the cultures had a rebirth. In the case of religion also there was no serious departure from the past. Religion continued to be an essential part of the life of people.

The Humanist historians pictured Renaissance as a period of energy and artistic creativity. At the same time, they considered the Middle Ages as a park Period with no development at all.

Many of the features of Renaissance could be seen in Italy in the 12^th and 13^th centuries. But some historians point out that even in the 9^th Century France there were literary and artistic development like those of the Renaissance period.

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Kerala Plus One History Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 An Empire Across Three Continents

Class 11 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions And Answers Question 1.
It is usual to divide the history of the Roman Empire into two phases. What are they? Explain.
Answer:
The history of the Roman Empire is usually divided into two phases the Early Empire and the Late
Empire. The Early Empire is the history up to the end of the 3^rd century. The later period from the 4^th to the 7^th century is the. Late Empire. It is also called the Late Antiquity.

An Empire Across Three Continents Question Answers Question 2.
Raju said that there were big differences between the Roman Empire and the Iran Empire. Do you agree with this opinion? Why?
Answer:
Yes, I do. There were many differences between the Roman Empire and the Iran Empire. In the Roman Empire, there was more cultural diversity than in the Iran Empire. The majority of the Iran people belonged to the ‘Iranian’ race. But in the Roman Empire, there were many regions and different cultures. In the Roman Empire, many different kinds of people stayed together under one common government.

In the Roman Empire, there was also much diversity in languages. The Iranians used Aramaic language. But in the Roman Empire, there were different languages. Latin and Greek were the administrative languages. The upper classes in the Eastern part of the Empire used Greek whereas those in the Western part used Latin in their writing. Different from Iran, all the people who lived in the Roman Empire were the subjects of a single Emperor.

Class 11 History Chapter 3 Extra Questions And Answers In English Question 3.
Augusts Caesar was the first Emperor of Rome. Explain.
Answer:
The Roman Republic lasted 500 years (BC 509 – 27). Towards the end period of the Republic, military officials like Julius Caesar had established their dominance in the Empire. In BC 27, Octavian, the adopted son, and heir of Julius Caesar overturned the Republic and got into power. He ruled by the name Augustus Caesar and he became the first Emperor of Rome.

The administration established by Augustus was known as the Principate. He ruled by taking the title ‘Princeps’which means the first citizen. The only ruler and centre of authority in the Roman Empire was Emperor Augustus. He took the title Princeps just because of his admiration for the Senate. It was a strategy to please the Senate and make it dance to his tunes.

An Empire Across Three Continents Extra Questions Question 4.
In the history of Rome, the Senate had much significance. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Senate was a body representing rich landowners and other wealthy people in Rome. In administration, the Senate had the second place after the Emperor. Most of Roman history is written by historians who were closely associated with the Senate. Even Emperors were evaluated on the basis of their relations with the senate.

All the emperors who were angry with the Senate or refused to cooperate with it were depicted as bad emperors. Some Senators were interested in going back to the old Republican times, but they knew it was an impossibility.

An Empire Across Three Continents Important Questions Question 5.
In the history of Rome, Army had much significance. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
The army of Rome was quite different from that of the Persians, who were the adversaries of Rome. Recruitment to the Persian Army was done by force. For sections of the society, military service was compulsory. But the Roman army was a professional one.

The soldiers were appointed with the expectation that they would serve the army for at least 25 years and they were paid wages for their service. This army was a special feature for the Roman army. It was one of the most powerful and organized institutions in the Roman Empire. It had the power even to decide the fate of the emperors.

Class 11 History Chapter 3 Important Questions Question 6.
It was urbanization in the Roman Empire that enabled the Emperor to rule and control it. Prepare a seminar paper on this topic.
Answer:
It was urbanization that enabled the Emperor to rule and control the vast Roman Empire which had 60 million people and extensive and diverse regions. The real strength of the imperial administration was . the great urban centres in the Mediterranean shores. Carthage, Alexandria, and Antioch were big urban centres of those times. It was through the cities that taxes from the rural areas of the provinces were collected by the Government. A good measure of the income of the empire came from rural areas.

The Upper classes in the Provinces cooperated with the Roman Administration in administering their areas and to collect taxes. The Provinces and the Upper classes there were an integral part of the Roman administration. In the 2^ndand 3^rd centuries it was the Upper Classes in the Provinces that supplied the Cadres and army commanders for the Provincial administration.

Gradually, they became a new elite class of administrators and army commanders. Since they had the backing of the Emperors, they were able to become stronger than the senators. Emperors like Gallienus helped the new elite class to establish. themselves. Gallienus avoided senators from any position in the army. Thus he prevented the imperial administration falling into their hands. This strengthened the hands of the elite class.

In short, during the Early Roman Empire period, the importance of the Provinces increased tremendously. The majority of the Cadres in the administration as well as in the army were from the Provinces. As the power of the Provinces increased, the importance of Italy was lost.

Even her dominance in the Senate was lost. Until the 3^rd century Italy had dominated the Senator As the members from the Provinces increased in the Senate, Italy’s position became weak. Thus Italy degenerated politically and economically and an urbanized and new elite class began to come up.

Urban centres which contained villages and which had their own magistrates and corporations were called “Cities” by the Romans. Villages were under, the jurisdiction of the Citie. Some Villages were able to raise themselves to the status of cities. The reverse also happened. Cities became villages.lt all depended on the sweet will of the government.

Living in cities had an advantage. Curing famine the distribution of food in the cities was far better than in villages. Public baths were another important feature of the. Roman urban life. The people in the Roman cities used to enjoy entertainment of high standards. One Roman calendar shows that there were shows of various kinds on 176 days a year.

Chapter 3 History Class 11 Questions And Answers Question 7.
The 3^rd century was a time of crisis for the Roman Empire. Do you agree with this view? Clarify.
Answer:
As far as the Roman Empire was concerned, the 1^st and 2^nd centuries were those of peace, development and economic growth. But in the 3^rd century the Empire began to show signs of trouble. It was foreign attacks that-caused the problem. In 225 AD the Sassanian Dynasty came to power in Iran and this was a great threat to the Roman Empire. When the Irani an army marched forward with Euphrates in sight, it became a big crisis for the Roman Empire.

In one of his famous stone inscriptions, it is written that Shapurl, who was the ruler of Iran, destroyed a  Roman army numbering 60,000 and captured Antioch, the Eastern capital of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire faced attacks by Barbarians. The Romans scornfully called the Tribal people who lived in the northern border of the Roman Empire as Barbarians to mean that they were uncivilized. These Tribal Groups belonged to the Germanic race and inducted Alamanni’s, Franks and Goths. They started infiltrating into the Rhine-Danube boundaries.

Between 233 and 280 they attacked the Roman Provinces that lay between Black Sea and Alps in Southern Germany. The Romans were forced to quit from areas on the other side of River Danube. During this period Emperors had to spend a lot of time in the battlefronts. In 47 years, 25 emperors ascended the throne and this shows the extent of the Crisis the Roman Empire faced.

An Empire Across Three Continents Class 11 Important Questions Question 8.
“In the Roman Empire, women had a high place.” Anwar.
“In the Roman Empire, the condition of women was bad.” Hassan.
This was part of a classroom debate. Which one do you support? Why?
Answer:
The Roman society was a patriarchal one. Women were under the power and control of their husbands. Husbands would even physically abuse their women. Fathers had legal control over their children. They had even the right to Rill the children whom they did not like by leaving them in the terrible cold.

Women, however, had the right to own and handle property. Women did not give their family property which they got during marriage to their husbands. They would give whatever money they got as dowry to their husbands, but they retained their other properties as they had the right to keep them and use them the way they wanted.

An Empire Across Three Continents Class 11 Extra Questions Question 9.
In the Roman Empire, there were a lot of cultural diversities. Explain.
Answer:
In the Roman Empire, there were a lot of cultural diversities. We could see these cultural diversities in their different religious beliefs, their deities, their languages, their dresses, their food, their organizational forms whether Tribal or non-Tribal and their dwellings. In short the cultural diversities in the – Roman Empire were reflected in many things and in many ways.

Ch 3 History Class 11 Important Questions Question 10.
Present a seminar paper on the economic development of the Roman Empire.
Areas to be considered: Production, trade, agriculture, technology, and other factors.
Answer:
In the Roman Empire, there were many ports, mines, quarries, brick-making kilns, factories producing olive oil, etc. Things like wheat, wine, olive oil, etc. were manufactured in a large scale. But they also got more from outside. They imported them from Spain, the Gallic provinces, North-Africa, Egypt and Italy. Wines and olive oil were brought in huge amphorae (tall jar or jug). Plenty of broken pieces of these jars and jugs have been found by archaeologists.

In the Roman Empire trade in Spanish olive oil. had achieved great progress. In the 140-160 period, the trade had reached its peak. During this period the Spanish olive oil was taken in jars called Dressel 20. From the Mediterranean sites, plenty of such jars have been found.

It shows that Spanish olive oil was much traded. Evidence shows that the Spanish producers of olive oil were able to capture the market from Italian competitors. They succeeded as they gave high-quality olive oil at cheaper prices.

The success the Spanish producers of olive gained in the olive oil market was repeated by North African producers of olive oil. In the 3^rd and 4^th centuries, the olive oil market was under the control of the olive estates of this region. But in the 5^th and 6^th centuries the monopoly of the North African producers was lost. Oriental countries like Egypt, Southern Asia Minor (Turkey), Syria arid Palestine captured the olive oil and wine markets.

In the Roman Empire, there were extraordinarily fertile places. Strabo and Pliny point out that Compariia (Italy), Cicily, Faiyum (Egypt), Galilee, Byzantia (Tunisia), Southern Gaul and Baetica (Southern Spain) were very rich and they had dense populations. , The best wine came from Compania, Cicily, and Byzantia exported wheat to Rome in large quantities. People cultivated every inch of land in Galilee. Spanish olive oil came mainly from the estates in southern Spain.

Romans were much advanced in technology. They developed the technology to use water power to work mills. They also developed the water-energy technique to mine gold and silver in the mines of Spain. Roman Empire also had an organized commercial banking chain. Cash was extensively used, All these are proofs of the strength Of Roman economy. There were also problems like the exploitation of workers and the use of slaves.

Question 11.
Slavery was a very deep-rooted evil system that was prevalent in the ancient times. Based on this statement, write about the slavery in the Roman Empire.
Answer:
Slavery was a very deep-rooted evil system that was prevalent in the ancient times. In the Mediterranean region and in the Near East, slavery had deep roots. Even Christianity did not challenge slavery. But it is wrong to assume that all the work in the Roman Economic System was carried out by slaves.

During the Republican times, in most of the areas of Italy, slaves were made to do all the work. Under Augustus, there were 3 million slaves. In those days the Italian population was only 7.5 million. But slaves were not used in all areas of the Empire. In many places, work was got done by giving wages to people. Slaves were considered an investment. The upper classes of the Roman society did not show any mercy to the slaves.

question 12.
For managing labour, agricultural writers and owners gave much attention. Explain.
Answer:
For managing labour, agricultural writers and owners gave much attention. They gave the greatest importance to supervision. The owners of land believed that unless the workers are supervised. nothing would work out properly.

Writers like Cato, Columella, Varro, and Palladius wrote handbooks on farming practice. To make the supervision on the paid workers and slaves, they were divided into smaller teams called gangs. Columella recommended that workers should be divided into teams of 10. If you divided them into smaller teams, it would be easy to find out who are really working and who are not. It shows a lot of importance was given to the management of labour.

Question 13.
In the Roman society, there were different social. groups. On the basis of this statement, evaluate the social hierarchy in Rome.
Answer:
In the Roman society there were different social groups, Historian Tacitus divides the. main social groups into 5:

1. The Senators (Paters)
2. The top class cavalry men (Equites)
3. The Respectable Middle Class
4. The Lower Class people who were interested in circus and colorful shows (Plebs sordida or humiliores).
5. Slaves

Question 14.
There was no stable currency system in Rome. Discuss.
Answer:
In the first 3 centuries, the currencies used were based on silver. But this system failed completely in the later period of the Empire. The reason was the lack of silver in the Spanish mines. Because of the shortage of silver, the government could not maintain a stable silver currency. Emperor Constantine started a new currency system based on gold. During the Late Roman Empire, a lot of gold coins were in circulation throughout the Empire.

Question 15.
Corruption and dictatorship were the. trademarks of the Roman government. Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
Corruption was rampant in the empire. This was especially so in the judiciary and in the army administration. The greed of higher officials in the army and the governors of the provinces was notorious. The government had to frequently interfere to stop such corruption. Legislation against corruption and the criticisms against corruption made by historians and intellectuals help us in knowing more about the corruption prevalent in the empire. Criticism is an important aspect of the classical world. Roman Administration was a despotic one. Government never tolerated any criticism or opposition against it. Such criticisms or oppositions were brutally suppressed by the government.

Question 16.
Diocletian and Constantine were two rulers that brought revolutionary changes in the Roman Empire. This is what Honey wrote in her seminar paper. Justify this statement.
Answer:
During the time of Constantine, there were revolutionary changes in the religious life of the people in the Empire. He made Christianity the official religion of the empire. In the 7^th century, Islam came into being. There were great changes in the structure of the nation. It was Diocletian (244-305) who brought changes here.

The large areas created administrative inconveniences and therefore Diocletian took steps to solve the problem. He reduced the size of his Empire by removing the strategically and economically unimportant regions. He protected the boundaries by building fortresses. He reorganized the provincial boundaries. He exempted citizens from military service. The Duces (army commanders) were given autonomy.

Constantine (306-334) Was the successor of Diocletian. He brought great changes in the administrative setup. The most important among them were the new currency system, new capital, and economic reforms. He brought out new gold coins called Solidus which weighed 4 1/2 grams of gold. A lot of these coins were minted. Millions of such coins circulated in the empire.

Even after the fall of the Roman Empire, these coins remained valuable. Constantine made Constantinople (old Byzantium) his second capital. It was in the modem Istanbul in Turkey and it was covered on all the three sides by oceans. He also formed a new Senate for the new capital. The emperor invested heavily in the oil mills and crystal factories in villages. Screw-making machines and watermills were introduced. He also re-established the trade relations with the East.

Question 17.
The Romans were polytheists (worshippers of many gods). Based on this statement, write a note on the religious practices of the Romans.
Answer:
The Romans were polytheists. They worshipped many gods and goddesses like Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, and Mars. They built temples and other places of worship for their deities. Their faith did not have any special name or label.

Judaism was another religion in Rome. It was also not monolithic as the different ancient Jewish communities followed different ways. By the 4^th and 5^th century Christianity began to spread in Rome. Constantine was the first Emperor to become Christian. Later Christianity was made the state religion.

Question 18.
The reason for the fall of the Western European Empire was internal differences. Do you agree with this statement? Examine.
Answer:
In the 4^th century AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two-the Eastern and the Western Empire. They were under two Emperors. In the Eastern Roman Empire, there was general prosperity. It not only survived the great plague of the 540s which made the Mediterranean area a vast graveyard, but the population went on increasing. But, at the same time, the Western Roman Empire faced political crises. The attacks of the germanic tribes were the reason for that.