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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Local Governments

Local Governments Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the necessity of local governments?
Answer:
Apart from the Central Government and State Governments, it is the local self-governments that manage the developmental activities of district, urban centers, and rural areas. According to Gandhiji, the Father of our Nation, India’s soul lives in the villages. His dream was self-sufficient villages. The Makers of the Constitution included this idea in the Constitution. Later through the 73^rd and 74^th Amendments the Local Self-Government Institutions acquired their present shape and status.
The necessity for local governments:

• Local governments are close to people and they are able to solve the problems of the people quickly and cheaply.
• They can protect local interests.
• They are necessary to make use of local knowledge and the energy of the local community.
• They are the pillars of democracy. They ensure the participation of the people in the administration.
• It is through them decentralization and decentralized planning are done.

Question 2.
Examine the growth of local governments in India.
Answer:
There have been references to local governments in India also in the past. The father of the Indian local governments is Lord Rippon. But in 1687, the first local government in India, the Madras Corporation, was founded. Apart from the Central Government and State Governments, it is the local self-governments that manage the developmental activities of district, urban centers, and rural areas. According to Gandhiji, the Father of our Nation, India’s soul lives in the villages. His dream was self-sufficient villages. The Makers of the Constitution included this idea in the Constitution. Later through the 73^rd and 74^th Amendments, the Local Self-Government Institutions acquired their present shape and status.

Question 3.
Who laid the foundation of India’s modern local governments?
Answer:
Lord Rippon

Question 4.
Prepare a seminar paper on Panchayat Raj in India.
Answer:
The +1 Political Science students in Kannur Government HSS organized a seminar on the topic “Panchayat Raj in India”. The students were divided into groups, and the leaders of the groups presented the views of their groups.
Panchayat Raj in India/Three-tier administrative decentralization:

• In 1957 the Indian Government appointed a Committee with Balwant Rai Mehta as its chairman to study the rural development schemes.
• Panchayat Raj came into existence as per this Committee’s report.
• The Committee recommended a 3-tier system for decentralization of powers.
• In the village, there was Village Panchayat, at the block level there was Panchayat Samiti and at the district level there was Zila Parishad.

a) Village Panchayat:

• Panchayat is at the bottom of the village administration. Panchayat is a committee the members of which are elected directly by the people of the Panchayat.
• There are reservations for women and also Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe members.
• The main responsibilities of the Panchayat are sanitation, drinking water distribution, street lamps, land use, keeping cattle register, relief work, maintenance of roads, culverts, bridges, sewers and ponds, supervision of primary education, welfare of the backward classes and revenue collection.
• The Panchayat also has to maintain the birth-death register and propagate family planning.
• Apart from all these, the Panchayat can work as the agents of the Samiti for implementing developmental plans.
• Village panchayats are recommended to be agents for revenue collection.

b) Panchayat Samiti:

• This is the mid-level or Block level administrative setup.
• The members are indirectly elected. The members of the Samiti are: The chiefs of the village Panchayats in the block’s jurisdiction, nominated women members, Representatives of Cooperative Societies, the local MLA and the M.P.
• All the development projects in the Block are its responsibility.
• Their responsibility includes agriculture, animal husbandry, Cooperation, small scale irrigation, rural industries, primary education, local communication, sanitation, health, and medical help. It is the duty of the State Government to delegate powers to the Samiti.

c) Zila Parishad:

• This is the topmost part of the local government set up. The members of the Zila Parishad are Representatives of the Panchayat Samiti, Representatives of the SC’s and ST’s, Women Representatives, MLAs of the District and MP’s.
• The Presidents of the Panchayat Samiti will be ex-officio members.
• District level officers from spheres like medical, health, agriculture, veterinary, engineering education, welfare of Back Ward Classes, Public Works, etc.
• It is the Zila Parishad that examines and passes the budgets of Panchayat Samitis.
• It gets funds from the Government and distributes it among the Panchayat Samitis.
• It collects the various schemes of the Blocks of the district and coordinates them.
• It collects the various applications from Panchayat Samitis and forwards them to the State Government.
• It has the duty of supervising the working of the Panchayat Samitis.
• The Chairman of the Zila Parishad is the Collector. Otherwise, he can function as the Secretary of the Parishad.
• The recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta were approved by the Development Council in 1959.

Question 5.
Kochi is a Municipal Corporation in Kerala. Which are the other Municipal Corporations?
Answer:
Kozhikode, Thrissur, Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram.

Question 6.
The 73^rd Amendment Act is a milestone on constitutional amendments. What were the changes brought by this Amendment?
Answer:
The 73^rd Amendment Act made the Panchayat Raj a Constitutional system.
It brought a 3-tier system by having Village-Block- District level Panchayats in all the States.
The block-level can be avoided if the State has less than 20 lakh population.
The Grama Sabha Concept is also included in the Amendment,
The Chairmen of the Block Panchayat and Zila Parishad will be elected by the concerned Panchayat members.
The local MLAs and MPs will be ex-officio members of the Block Panchayat.

The Chairman of the Grama Sabha will be elected as per the law approved by the State Government. Based on the population of the place, in all the 3 levels there will be proportionate representation for SC’s and ST’s.

One-third of the seats are reserved for ladies. Proportionate to the population, some Chairmen should be SCs and STs. One-third of the chairmen will be ladies.
Reservations are by rotation.

The duration for all Panchayat Raj Institutions is 5 years. After dissolution, elections must be done within 6 months and new committees are to be formed. The Act makes provision for the appointment of an independent State Election Commission.

It is the Governor who appoints the State Election Commission. The Act also makes provision for the appointment of a Financial Commission once in 5 years to look into the financial status of the Panchayats and give the Government suggestions.

Question 7.
Complete the Chart.

Answer:

Question 8.
What are the main differences between the local governments before the 73rd Amendment and after it?
Answer:
Local Governments before the 73^rd Amendment:
Before the 73^rd Amendment, local government was in the State list. The State Governments had full authority to makes laws in this.
Before the 73^rd Amendment, there was no condition that elections should be done immediately after the local government have been dissolved by the State Government.
Before the 73^rd Amendment, there was no reservation for women and SC’s and ST’s.
Before the 73^rd Amendment, it was the responsibility of the State Government to conduct elections for the local committees.
Before the 73^rd Amendment, in the local committees, dominant castes and feudal lords had the upper hand.

Local Governments after the 73^rd Amendment:
After the 73^rd Amendment, the power of the State governments to enact laws on local government was restricted. The States were now forced to make laws in conformity with the Amendment.
After the 73^rd Amendment, direct election came into effect.
After the 73^rd Amendment, the condition came that if the local governments are dissolved, within 6 months fresh elections must be conducted.
After the 73^rd Amendment, there was reservation for women and SC’s and ST’s.
After the 73^rd Amendment, the duty of conducting elections to the local governments was vested in a State Election Commission.
After the 73^rd Amendment, in the local committees, dominance of the dominant castes and feudal lords came to an end to a certain limit.

Question 9.
What were the changes brought about by the 73^rd and 74^th Amendments in the local administration?
Answer:
The 73^rd Amendment Act made the Panchayat Raj a Constitutional system.

• It brought a 3-tier system by having Village-Block- District level Panchayats in all the States.
• The block-level can be avoided if the State has less than 20 lakh population.
• The Grama Sabha Concept is also included in the Amendment.
• The Chairmen of the Block Panchayat and Zila Parishad will be elected by the concerned Panchayat members.
• The local MLAs and MPs will be ex-officio members of the Block Panchayat.
• The Chairman of the Grama Sabha will be elected as per the law approved by the State Government.
• Based on the population of the place, in all the 3 levels there will be proportionate representation for SCs and STs.
• One-third of the seats are reserved for ladies.
• Proportionate to the population, some Chairmen should be SCs and STs. One-third of the chairpersons will be ladies.
• Reservations are by rotation.
• The duration for all Panchayat Raj Institutions is 5 years. After dissolution, elections must be done within 6 months and new committees are to be formed.
• The Act makes provision for the appointment of an independent State Election Commission.
• It is the Governor who appoints the State Election Commission.
• The Act also makes provision for the appointment of Financial Commission once in 5 years to look into the financial status of the Panchayats and give the Government suggestions.

Urban Local Government and the 74^rd Amendment Act:
The formation of the urban local government and determining its powers have been made according to the Constitution.
The 74^th Amendment Act of 1992 came into effect in April 1993. It defines the rules, structure, and powers of the Municipal Administration.
According to the Act, the urban local governments have Municipal Corporations, Municipalities Urban Panchayats.

• For all the seats, there should be direct election.
• Councilors are elected from the Wards (Constituencies in the Town).
• There are reservations for SCs and STs.
• The duration of the Municipality is 5 years.
• The Government has the authority to dissolve the Municipality before the completion of its time.
• The Council established after the dissolution will continue in power for the remaining duration.
• To contest in Municipal election, one should be at least 25 years of age.
• Each State appoints a State Election Commission.
• The State Election Commission will prepare the voters’ list and make arrangements for the elections and it has full control over them.
• The State Governor appoints the Commissioner of the State Election Commission.
• Each State has to form State Finance Commission, District Planning Committee and Urban Development Committee. The Act which specifies the responsibilities of the Urban local self-government is included in the XII schedule of the Constitution. It has 18 matters.

Question 10.
How many Grama Panchayats are there in Kerala?
Answer:
999

Question 11.
Imagine your class as the Grama Sabha. Discuss the agenda of the meeting and suggest some steps to realize the goal.
Answer:
Grama Sabha is at the bottom of the 3-tier Panchayat Raj System. It is an integral part of the Grama Panchayat. In the Grama Sabha, all the voters of the village are members. It presents development plans, discusses them and takes decisions. The Ward Member will lead the meeting of the Grama Sabha. Under the Chairmen of various Standing Committees, the discussions are codified and decisions made.

Question 12.
“There are certain limitations in the functioning of the Local Governments.” Do you agree? Explain
Answer:
There are many obstacles on the way of the smooth functioning of the local governments.
Problems of Panchayat Rai:
The main problem is that the people’s civic responsibility is not good enough, maybe because of poverty and illiteracy. They don’t show much alertness or imagination.

Another problem is the indifference that the officials show in Panchayat Raj activities. Another problem is lack of money. Many workers in the local governments are not competent enough to do things properly. They are paid less. Many local governments are plagued with corruption and nepotism. There are also factionalism and political interferences.

The problems faced by the local governments can be solved only through making the people aware of them. They should know the essence of decentralization of power. They should know that decentralization is the means and people’s participation is the goal.

Question 13.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 14.
The administrative reforms made by ………… in 1882, were the starting point of the local self-governments of modem India.
Answer:
Lord Ripon

Question 15.
The Constitutional Amendments Acts ……… helped in the growth of the local self-government.
Answer:
73, 74

Question 16.
…….. is the basic level of the Panchayat Raj System.
Answer:
Grama Panchayat

Question 17.
The 74^th Constitutional Amendment regarding the local governments in the urban centres is known by the name ………..
Answer:
Nagar Palika System

You can Download Federalism Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 7 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Federalism

Federalism Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Federalism?
Answer:
Federalism is the system by which powers of the nation are divided between the Centre and the States. If all the powers of the nation are concentrated in the Central government, such a system will be called unitary government. America is a Federal system But China is a unitary system.

Question 2.
Complete the following chart:

Answer:

Question 3.
Indian Federalism and American Federalism are different. Do you agree?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution follows the federal system. This is what article 1 states: “India that is Bharat shall be a Union of States.” When India became free on 15 August 1947, the integration of the Princely, States became necessary. Our Federation did not come into existence through an agreement among existing States. It is a creation of the self-identity of the Indian people through the Constitution. The American Federal system came into existence as the result of an agreement among 13 colonies. Today America is Federation of 50 States.

Question 4.
Explain how powers are divided among the States and the Centre in the Indian Federalism.
Answer:
In the 11th Section of the Constitution, Articles 245 to 263 deal with the relations between the States and the Centre. Article 246 talks about the 3 lists for legislation. The content of the 7th schedule is the three lists – Union List, State List, and the Concurrent List. On subjects mentioned in the Union List, the Parliament makes the Laws. It has 97 subjects. The most important subjects of the nation are in this list. The State List has subjects over which the States can make Laws. It has 66 subjects.

Over the subjects mentioned in the Concurrent List, both the Parliament and the State Assembly can make laws. It has 47 subjects. If any subject is not mentioned in the State List or Concurrent list, the Parliament will have the power to makes laws on that subject.

The main subjects in the Union List are: Defence, Armed Forces, Military Camps, the Fortresses of armed forces, arms and ammunition, nuclear energy, defence industry, Central Intelligence, Preventive Detention, Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Treaties and Agreements, Possessions abroad, Exchange of criminals, Passport, Visa, Migration, Pilgrimage outside the country, crimes against international laws, Railway, National Highways, National waterways, Shipping and Navigation, Light Houses, Big ports, Naval hospitals, air traffic, movement of goods, Post, Telephone, Broadcasting, Public Debt, Currency and Coin making, Foreign loans, Reserve Bank, Post Office and so on.

Main items in the State List: Law and Order, Police, Jail, Local government, public health.
Main items in the Concurrent list: Criminal Law, Criminal procedure, Marriage, divorce, etc.

Question 5.
Categorize the following and put in the appropriate columns: Police, education, defense, Foreign trade Banking, Jail, Forest, agriculture, adulteration.

Answer:

Question 6.
Critically examine the Indian Federalism.
Answer:
India is a Federation. All the features of a federation are found in the Indian Constitution.

• Written and Rigid Constitution
• Division of Authority
• Independent Federal Judiciary

The Indian Constitution stands for a strong federal system. It created a strong federal system. The following show strong Central control:

• All the most important subjects are in the Union list.
• Governors are appointed by the Centre.
• The Centre has the right to declare emergency.
• The Centre has Residuary Powers.

Question 7.
Name the Commission that was appointed to study the Centre-State relations
Answer:
Sarkaria Commission

Question 8.
Evaluate the Centre-State relations in India.
Answer:
The Constitution is merely framework of Federalism. It is the political processes that supply the flesh and blood to it. Therefore the changing political processes are the most important factor that influences Indian federalism.

Demand for administrative autonomy: Many States of India are clamoring for greater autonomy. Often this causes rifts between the Centre and the states. The role of Governors and President’s rule: The role of Governors has caused many rifts between the Centre and the states. Often the Governors have to work as yes-men to the Central Government. Presidential rule in case of Constitutional Emergency is also a matter of conflict.

Demand for New States: This is another headache for the Federalism. For example, the demand for Telangana State.
Inter-State Conflicts: Sometimes these conflicts grow to such levels that federalism itself is threatened.

Question 9.
There are States in India that demand autonomy. What are the major demands of such States?
Answer:
Many States and Political Parties demand more autonomy for States. But autonomy means different things to different States and Parties. By Division of authority what some States want is more powers to be given to them. Many States and Political Parties demand more self-rule for their States.

Another demand is that States must have their own sources of income and they should have greater control over their natural resources. Some States wanted autonomy so that they can control their resources.

A third demand is that Centre should not interfere with the State administration. The States can’t tolerate the intervention by the Centre. The fourth reason for self-rule is linked to cultural and language matters. The opposition to Hindi in Tamil Nadu and the imposition of Punjabi in Punjab are causes of protest. The domination of the Hindi speaking States over the other States often causes rifts. Some States protested saying that Hindi was being forcefully imposed on them.

Question 10.
Inter-State Conflicts are common in India. Explain with examples.
Answer:

• River-Water Conflict
• Boundary Conflict

River-water conflicts often become serious as they affect the drinking water and water for irrigation.
Examples are Kaveri Water conflict, Mullaperiyar problem.

Boundary problems also exist in many States. Although the States were formed on linguistic basis, there are many linguistic minorities living in the boundary areas. Example, the conflict between Maharashtra and Karnataka regarding Belgaum.

Question 11.
Which Indian State has got special status according to the Constitution?
Answer:
Jammu-Kashmir (Article 370).

Question 12.
Write down the years in which the following States were formed:
Kerala, Punjab, Sikkim, Goa, Uttaranchal, Nagaland, Jharkhand
Answer:
Kerala — 1956
Punjab — 1966
Sikkim — 1975
Goa — 1987
Uttaranchal — 2000
Nagaland — 1963
Jharkhand — 2000

Question 13.
There is an opinion Governors are responsible for aggravating the Centre-State Conflicts. Do you agree? Explain.
Answer:
I don’t fully agree. A Governor is appointed by the Central Government. Governor is the head of the State Executive. Governors being Central Government appointees often clash with the State Governments. In the matter of imposing President’s rule and the dissolution of the State Government, there often develop rifts between the Governors and State Governments. But it would be unfair to put the blame of bringing problems to Indian Federalism on the Governors alone. There are some other reasons too for the Centre-State Conflicts.

Question 14.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 15.
What is the relevance of Article 356?
Answer:
Article 356, which empowers the President to dissolve the democratically elected State government, has been often criticized. The first time it was used in Punjab in 1951. Before the election of 1967, the Article 356 was used 8 times. Three times it was in Kerala. By 1998, this article was used nearly a hundred times.

Question 16.
Point out the major topics of inter-state conflicts in India.
Answer:

1. River Water Conflict
2. Boundary Disputes

Since water is need for drinking and also for irrigation in the States, the overwater conflicts between States become highly complex. Examples are the Kaveri River water conflicts and the Mullaperiyar River Water conflicts.

There are also boundary conflicts between States. Although the States were formed on the basis of language, there are linguistic minorities staying in the border villages. For example, there is the conflict between Maharashtra and Karnataka about Belgaum.

Question 17.
An Administrative System in which two kinds of ……….. governments work is called
Answer:
Federalism

Question 18.
From the following, find out which one is included in the Concurrent List.
a) Banking
b) Agriculture
d) Education
d) Police
Answer:
Education

Question 19.
Cyber laws are examples for ………….
Answer:
Residual Powers

Question 20.
……..is a State which has a special status as per Article 370 of the Constitution.
Answer:
Jammu-Kashmir

You can Download Judiciary Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 6 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Judiciary

Judiciary Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is judiciary? Why do we need an independent judiciary?
Answer:
The Judiciary in a nation makes sure that there is law and order in the nation and justice prevails there. Although it is considered the 3rd branch of the government, it has equal importance with the other two. The yardstick of a nation’s competence is its judiciary. The Constitution of India has made the Judiciary a free Institution. Judiciary protects the rights of the citizens and it is the guardian of the Constitution.

The laws enacted by the Legislatures are interpreted by the Judiciary. By interpreting the laws, the Judiciary brings in new laws. It is the Judiciary that decides if the laws are vague or anti-Constitutional. It is the duty of the Judiciary to ensure rule of law in the country.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the independence of judiciary?
Answer:
By the independence of judiciary we mean the following:
a) The Executive and the Legislature should not interfere in the affairs of the judiciary. The judiciary is independent of the Executive and the Legislature.
b) The decisions of the Judiciary are not to be interfered with.
c) The Judiciary needs independence to pronounce judgments impartially, without fear or favor.
d) Judges should have an atmosphere in which they can deliver impartial judgments.
By independence of judiciary what is meant is not irresponsible or unilateral actions on the part of the Judiciary. Independent Judiciary is part of the democratic structure of the nation. Democratic values are to be protected. Therefore Judiciary should be loyal to the Constitution, to the democratic traditions and the people.
How can the independence of the Judiciary be ensured and maintained?
The independence of the Judiciary can be ensured and maintained by the following means:

• Mode of appointment
• Fixed period of tenure of office
• Financially independent
• Freedom from personal criticism
• Separation of the Executive and the Judiciary
• Handsome salary for the Judges
• Job Security

Question 3.
Who appoints the Supreme Court Judges?
Answer:
It is the President that appoints the Supreme Court and High Court Judges. After consulting the Chief Justice, the President appoints the other judges of the Supreme Court.

Question 4.
Removal of the Supreme and High Court Judges is a very difficult task. Why?
Answer:
The removal of the Supreme and High Court Judges is done through impeachment. Supreme Court Judges can continue in office until the age of 65. Any judge can resign by giving a letter to the President. The President has the authority to remove Judges on the basis of proven corruption of incompetence. But this can be done only if 2/3 majority of both the Houses with full membership passes a resolution to such an effect and requests the President for the removal of the Judge. Supreme Court Judges get allowances and free accommodation, apart from their salaries.

It is from the Consolidated Fund of India the Judges are given their salaries. The salary and other benefits of a Judge can’t be altered in a way that adversely affects him. The decisions and activities of the Judges done in their official capacity are not subject to any criticism. The Supreme Court has its own secretariat. It is the Chief Justice that appoints officials for the Secretariat. All this is done to keep the Judiciary as an independent and impartial organization.

Question 5.
Complete the following pyramid showing the structure of the Judiciary.

Answer:

Question 6.
……….. have Writ jurisdiction.
Answer:
The Supreme Court and High Courts that are Constitutional Courts.

Question 7.
Prepare a table showing the powers and duties of the Supreme Court, High Courts and District Courts.
Answer:

Question 8.
The Supreme Court is the highest Court in India. In that respect, evaluate the powers of the Supreme Court.
Answer:
Original Jurisdiction: In the following cases the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction.

• Conflicts between the Centre and one or more States.
• In conflicts where the Centre and a State or States are on one side and a State or States on the opposite side.
• Conflicts between States.
• In issues connected with the election of the President and Vice President.
• To implement Fundamental Rights as per Article 32.

Appellate Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court is the highest Appellate Court in India. Its Appellate Jurisdiction can be divided into 3 – Constitutional, Civil and Criminal.

Constitutional Cases: If the High Court testifies that the problem has some serious element of interpreting the Constitution, appeal can be given to the Supreme Court. Even if the High Court refuses to certify such a thing, if the Supreme Court feels that the case has some serious element of interpreting the Constitution, the SC can issue Special Leave of Appeal.

The Supreme Court can, on its own initiative, or on the request of the Attorney General, can ask the High Courts to move matters of public interest to the SC.

Civil Cases: If the high Court that testifies to the effect that the matter needs the decision of the SC, the case can be transferred to the SC.

Criminal Cases: In the following circumstances appeals against High Court Judgements can be made in the SC:
If an accused is left unpunished, a person or organization can file an appeal if it is felt that leaving the accused unpunished will cause some difficulty to the public. Here the Court is approached for protecting public interest. Since the Court is approached for public interest, such cases are called ‘Public Interest litigation’. Such cases usually come up in situation where there is a lack of drinking water, problems of the poor, pollution, etc. Today this has become the most energetic weapon in the hands of the Judiciary.

Public Interest Litigation:
a) Anybody who is interested in public interest, to defend the rights of others; to solve public problems, can approach the Court.
b) Since litigation is very costly in India, for defending people’s rights, this helps. In the Constitution, is stated that only the persons whose fundamental rights are violated can approach the court. But this condition has been made loose by the Supreme Court by letting Public Interest Litigation. Through this anybody can approach the court to defend the fundamental rights of others.

Question 9.
Name the Chief justice of India.
Answer:
Justice T.S. Thakur.

Question 10.
Binu: Judicial activism has highly influenced our political system.
Meena: But it has led to conflict between the Executive and the Judiciary.
On the basis of this conversation, explain the merits and demerits of judicial activism.
Answer:
Judicial activism has caused some bitter feuds and confrontations among the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary in India. When the Executive and legislature become weak, the Judiciary openly intervenes for the protection of the rights of the people. It is good for democracy but it has its weaknesses. Here are the merits and demerits of judicial activism.
Merits

• Through public interest litigation, the powers of the Courts increased and the people’s faith in them also increased.
• Judicial activism helped to reduce expenses for litigation.
• Judicial activism forced the Executive to carry out its responsibilities.

Demerits

• Increased workload for the Courts.
• It caused open clash between the Executive and Judiciary.

Question 11.
Prepare a note on Judiciary and rights.
Answer:
Judiciary and rights: In jurisprudence, rights and their remedies go hand in hand.

• Right without remedy is useless.
• The Constitution has given the rights and the remedies for their violation.
• Articles 32 and 226 of the Indian Constitution authorizes the Supreme Court and the High Courts to issue orders for the implementation of the rights.
• The fundament rights given in the 3rd part of the Constitution are to be implemented and the remedies for violation are given in Article 32.
• Article 32 empowers the citizens to approach the Court to get their fundamental rights implemented.
• Article 226 empowers the High Courts in the States to issue orders for the implementation of citizens’ rights.

Question 12.
Public interest litigation enables the courts to interfere in social issues. Comment.
Answer:
Article 226 talks about Public interest litigation. This is to ensure the citizens that they get their rights. In Kerala, there was a strike by government doctors. The Court then asked the government to solve the problem through negotiations. This court interference in the issue was because of Public interest litigation.

Question 13.
Identify examples where the Court/Judiciary acts as custodian of public interests.
Answer:

• Banning meetings in public places.
• Banning the use of loudspeakers on streets.

These are examples where Judiciary has acted as custodian of public interests.

Question 14.
Find the odd one out:
a) When other Judges are appointed to the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice is consulted.
b) Judges are not usually removed before their retirement.
c) A High Court Judge can’t be transferred to another High Court. .
d) The Parliament has no role in the appointment of Judges.
Answer:
A High Court Judge can’t be transferred to another High Court.

Question 15.
Prepare a note on Judiciary and Parliament.
Answer:
According to the principle of decentralization of powers, each component of the government has to carry out separate functions. Judiciary has the responsibility of looking at the laws passed by the Parliament and see if they are in keeping with the Constitutional principles. In the modern times, through judicial activism, Judiciary is interfering with the Legislature. But the Parliament has the power to impeach the Judges if they found incompetent or corrupt. In fact, for the Constitution to function smoothly, cooperation between these two organs is essential.

Question 16.
What is the importance of judicial review?
Answer:
lf the laws passed by the Legislature and implemented by the Executive are found to be contrary to the Constitution, the Judiciary has the right to declare such laws null and void. Using this right the Judiciary protects the rights of the citizens and thus it does a praiseworthy job.

Question 17.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 18.
How can the independence of the Judiciary be protected?
Answer:
The Constitution has made provisions for keeping the Judiciary independent and impartial. They are as follows:
a) Mode of Appointment of Judges: The Constitution has made provisions to make the appointment of Judges above politics. The Legislature does not have much role in the appointment of Judges. For a person to be appointed as a Judge he should have experience as an advocate. He should be well-versed in law. A person’s politics does not have any role in his appointment as a Judge.
b) Fixed Tenure: The fixed tenure ensures that the Judges can work independently as they can’t be easily removed from their posts. Only in very rare circumstances can a judge be removed. This stability in the job makes them fearless and act judiciously without fear or favor.
c) Financial independence: The Judiciary does not have to depend on the Executive or the Legislature for their financial needs. The Constitution has made the salaries and allowances of the Judges beyond the jurisdiction of the Legislature. It makes the Judiciary independent. Handsome salaries and allowances will help the Judges to be independent and they will be free from the temptation of accepting bribes or such financial benefits.
d) Freedom from personal criticism: The decisions and activities of the Judge should be from criticism. Judiciary has the power to punish people for contempt of court. It is believed that this provision will protect Judges from unjust criticism. Even the Parliament can’t discuss the behavior of a Judge except as part of his impeachment process. The Judiciary can thus take impartial decisions without being afraid of criticism.
e) Separating the Executive from the Judiciary: This is another way of protecting the freedom of the Judiciary. If his fundamental rights are violated, any person can approach the SC for redress. In the form of Writ, the SC can issue special orders. For defending Fundamental Rights, the SC can issue Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari. Through these Writs, the Judiciary can give orders to the Executive to take action.

Question 19.
What do you mean by writ Jurisdiction?

Question 20.
Who appoints the Judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts?
Answer:
The President

Question 21.
Which of the following are the jurisdictions of the Supreme Court?
a) Original jurisdiction
b) Appellate jurisdiction
c) Advisory jurisdiction
d) All of these
Answer:
All of these

Question 22.
By issuing …….. the Supreme Court can reestablish Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
Writs

Question 23.
The first Woman Judge of the Supreme Court was………
Answer:
Justice Fatima Biwi

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Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Legislature

Legislature Questions and Answers

Question 1.
A Parliament is necessary for the existence of democracy. Do you agree? Explain.
Answer:
Legislature is the Committee that makes laws for the day-to-day administration of the country and for the protection of the freedom and rights of its citizens. The laws that are carried out by the Executive are made by the Legislature. The people in a country through their right to’ vote choose their representatives. The Legislature thus established democratically is responsible to the people. In different countries, different types of Legislature can be found. It is based on the relations between the Executive and Legislature that governments are divided into Parliamentary and Presidential systems.

Question 2.
Name the two Houses of Parliament.
Answer:
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

Question 3.
Who is the present Lok Sabha Speaker?
Answer:
Sumatra Mahakam

Question 4.
What are the powers and functions of Lok Sabha?
Answer:

• Legislation (law-making)
• Controlling the Executive
• Financial responsibilities
• Representation
• Discussions
• Administrative responsibilities
• Election responsibilities
• Judicial responsibilities

Question 5.
Prepare a table showing the powers of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

Question 6.
A bill when passed in the Indian Parliament becomes a law. What do you understand by a bill?
Answer:
A bill is the draft of the proposed law. If the Parliament approves the draft, it becomes a law. The law is to be approved by the President.

Question 7.
There are several procedures fora bill presented in the Parliament to become a law. Explain the procedure.
Answer:
Legislative Procedure in India: The procedure for passing the bills in the Parliament is explained in articles 107 to 122. According to that, each bill has to pass through 5 phases including 3 readings in the Houses.
a) First Reading: This is the presentation of the bill. After getting the permission of the House, a member presents the bill with a statement.
If the bill faces opposition, the one who presented the bill and the one objecting it is given opportunity to explain their stands. If the majority votes in favor of the Bill, it is published in the Government Gazette. If the bill is not very controversial, there is a precedent that there is no discussion in the first reading.
b) Second Reading: This is the 2nd phase. At this stage, all the important points of the bill are discussed. The presenter will ask the House to consider it urgently. Or he may request the bill to be sent to a Select Committee ora Joint Committee of both the Houses for consideration. He may also ask the bill to be circulated forgetting public opinion. Normally the bill is sent to a Select Committee.
c) The Committee Stage: This is the 3rd stage. The members to this Committee are appointed by the House. The Committee Chairman decides the time, date and venue of the meeting. The Select Committee will have members from the Opposition. The Members study the bill clause by clause and prepares a report to be presented in the House.
d) Report Stage: This is the 4th stage. The presenter asks the House to discuss the bill on the day it is scheduled for discussion. The Report may be unanimous or with differences in opinion. In the light of the Report, the House discusses each condition in the bill. This discussion may take quite some time. Each item in the bill is discussed extensively and then it is put to vote. During this time serious changes may happen in the bill and therefore this is the most crucial stage.
e) Third Reading: This is the last stage. On the appointed day the bill is presented in the House for final approval. No serious change is brought at this stage. Changes may be orally presented and quickly resolved. At the end of the discussion, the bill is put to vote. If the bill receives favourable vote from the majority of members present and voting, the bill is deemed to have passed. Then the bill is sent to the second House.

Question 8.
Complete the following flow chart

Answer:

Question 9.
Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha. Comment.
Answer:
The Rights and Responsibilities of the Lok Sabha: The Lok Sabha has Legislative, Financial, Administrative and Election responsibilities. In the matter of ordinary law-making, Lok Sabha has greater power. If a bill passed by the Lok Sabha is rejected by the Rajya Sabha, the President can call a joint meeting of both the Houses. Since Lok Sabha has greater number of members, the Rajya Sabha will have to go with the Lok Sabha verdict. The Rajya can only delay things a bit. A bill may originate in any House, normally important bills are presented first in the Lok Sabha. Financial Bills can originate only in the Lok Sabha. Since the Lok Sabha has the freedom to reject any suggestions on Financial Bills, it has the monopoly over them.

Lok Sabha controls the Executive in the day-to-day administration. The Central Ministry is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Ministry will have to resign the moment it loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha. It can also bring a Non-Confidence motion. By asking questions, through resolutions and discussions, the Lok Sabha maintains control over the government. When the Appropriation bills are brought, the members get a chance to discuss the successes and failures of each department. Members of the Lok Sabha have voting right in the election of the President and Vice President. It has equal authority with the Rajya Sabha to bring any amendment. It has equal rights with the Rajya Sabha in impeaching the President, in removing Supreme Court and High Court Judges, in approving Resolutions for Emergency and Ordinances.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Money Bill?
Answer:
Money bills are those that deal with economic matters. They can originate only in the Lok Sabha. The process of Money Bill is different. After passing it, the Lok Sabha passes it on to the Rajya Sabha for suggestions. But Rajya Sabha has no power to change it or reject it. In 14 days’ time after the receipt of the bill by the Rajya Sabha, it should send it back to the Lok Sabha with suggestions. The suggestions can be accepted or rejected by the Lok Sabha. If the bill is not returned within 14 days, it will be considered to have been passed by both Houses. The Rajya Sabha has virtually no important role to play in the Money Bills.

Question 11.
How any members are there in the Lok Sabha?
Answer:
It has 545 members – 543 elected and 2 nominated.

Question 12.
Suggest the instruments of Parliamentary control.
Answer:

• Discussions and debates.
• Approving of rejecting the laws.
• Control through finances
• Motion of No-Confidence

Question 13.
The first item in the time-table of the Parliament is Question-Answer session. Then comes the Zero hour. What do you know about the Zero hour?
Answer:
When the Question-Answer session finishes, the Zero hour starts. It starts at 12 Noon and that is why it is called the Zero hour. During the Zero hour, urgent matters can be raised without giving prior notice.

Question 14.
Point out the importance of the law of anti-defection.
Answer:
Defection is when an elected member of a party refuses to obey party-whip and joins with other parties. Law of anti-defection makes such defections unlawful. The law envisages that the membership of the defected member should be canceled. This law ensures the stability of the government.

Question 15.
How many members are there in the Indian Parliament from Kerala?
Answer:
20 in the Lok Sabha and 9 in the Rajya Sabha.

Question 16.
Prepare a note on Parliamentary supremacy.
Answer:
Although both Britain and India have Parliamentary (Cabinet) System, the Parliaments in both countries do not have the same status. Since Britain has no written constitution, its Parliament has unlimited powers. It can pass or reject any law. Courts can’t question the Parliament there. The Parliament can even ignore Court decisions. In short, there is nothing the Parliament can’t do there.

Question 17.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 18.
What do you mean by Select Committee? How is it formed and operated?
Answer:
When the House wants a bill to be sent to the Select Committee, a Select Committee is formed. A Select Committee is formed to study a bill in detail and make its report. The chairman of the Committee is nominated by the Speaker. After studying the bill carefully, the committee presents its report to the House. When the work is over the Select Committee is disbanded.

Question 19.
Explain (a) Question Hour,
(b) Zero Hour and
(c) Adjournment Motion.
Answer:
Parliament meetings start at 11 a.m. Up to 12 Noon, it will be Question-Answer time. This is the time set apart for the members to ask questions to the Ministers on a particular topic.

When the Question Hour finishes, the Zero Hour starts. Since it starts at 12 Noon it is called the Zero hour. During the Zero hour, urgent matters can be raised without giving prior notice. 5 to 10 minutes are given for each matter. The agenda of the Parliament is pre-determined. But with the permission of the speaker, this can be changed. Keeping the pre-determined agenda away, the Speaker at times allows members to present matters of urgent importance. Adjournment Motion is for that.

Question 20.
The Upper House of the Parliament is …………
Answer:
Rajya Sabha

Question 21.
From which year was Rajya Sabha known by that name?
a) 1950
b) 1951
c) 1954
d) 1956
Answer:
1954

Question 22.
Lok Sabha was formed on ……….
Answer:
17 April 1952

Question 23.
When does the Zero Hour of the Parliament start?
Answer:
At 12 Noon

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Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 The Executive

The Executive Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Executive?
Answer:
The different departments of the government like law-making, administration and dispensing justice are vested, through decentralization in the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary respectively. It is the Executive that manages the day-to-day affairs of the nation as per the Constitution and the Laws. It is the Executive that carries out the laws passed by the Legislature.

Question 2.
What are the different types of Executives?
Answer:

• Nominal Executive and Real Executive
• Single Executive and Plural Executive
• Parliamentary System and Presidential System
• Political and Permanent Executives
• Hereditary, Elected and Nominated Executives.

Question 3.
According to the Indian Constitution, the President has got a lot of powers. Explain.
Answer:
The Powers of the President are divided into many categories.
a) Executive Powers: As the Head of the Nation, he appoints all the persons holding important posts. The PM, Union Ministers, Governors, Finance Commission, Union Public Service Commission, Election Commission, etc are appointed by him. He also appoints Diplomats, Comptroller, and the Auditor General. He also dismisses them when necessary.
b) Legislative Rights: The President is also part of the Legislature. He has the authority to summon the Parliament, to abrogate it, to address it and to dismiss the LokSabha (85* Article). He nominates Members to the Parliament, issues Ordinances. His prior permission is needed to introduce Bills regarding special subjects like formation of new States and Money Bills. The most important thing is that for any Bill to become Law, his signature is necessary.
c) Judicial Powers: According to Article 72, the President has the power to stop, reduce and even cancel sentences, including death sentence, given by courts, including military courts. He has the power to appoint Supreme Court and High Court judges.
d) Military Powers: The President is the Commander-in-Chief. The authority to appoint Heads of our Armed Forces is vested on him. All his powers as the Commander-in-Chief will be subject to the Laws passed by the Parliament.
e) Emergency Powers: He has Emergency Powers to overcome any Emergency. The Constitution has envisaged three kinds of Emergencies.
i) National Emergency (352): He can declare emergency if there is a war, foreign attack or armed revolution threatening the security of the country or any of its parts. Such emergency needs the ratification of the Parliament in a month and if it is to continue during every six months. When an emergency is in force, the Central Government will have complete control over the State Legislatures and Executives. Moreover, the fundamental rights of the citizens except those in articles 21 and 22 will be suspended. Three times such emergencies were declared (1962, 1971 and 1975).
ii) State Emergencies or President’s Rule (356): This means the President has the power to assume the administration of any State if he feels that the conditions there have become so bad that the State government can’t rule there as per the provision of the Constitution. For that, one of the following conditions must exist: As per article 356, the President gets a report from the State Governor or the State Government fails to carry out the instructions of the Central Government. The Ordinance imposing President’s Rule in any State must be approved by the Parliament in two months’ time. By getting approval from the Parliament after six months, the President’s rule can be extended up to a year.
iii) Economic Emergency: If the President feels that the economic stability of the country is threatened, he can declare an economic emergency. When such an emergency is in place, the entire economic matters will be under the Central Government’s control. Such an emergency has not been declared so far.

Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5.
What is meant by the Discretionary Powers of the President?
Answer:
Discretionary Powers:

• The power to send back suggestions to the Cabinet for reconsideration.
• President’s Veto power: Except the Finance Bill, the President can suspend of deny the Bills passed by the Parliament.
• In the circumstances when no Party has a clear majority, the President, using his Discretionary Powers, can invite the leader of any party to form the government.

Question 6.
Exhibit in a table the major differences between Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government
Answer:

Question 7.
“President is only a rubber stamp.” Do you agree with this opinion? Why?
Answer:
I do not fully agree with this opinion. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army. All the decisions taken by the Cabinet are carried out in the name of the President.
The President has Discretionary Powers. The Discretionary Powers are:

• To send back suggestions to the Cabinet for reconsideration,
• President’s Veto power: Except the Finance Bill, the President can suspend of deny the Bills passed by the Parliament,
• In the circumstances when no Party has a clear majority, the President, using his Discretionary Powers, can invite the leader of any party to form the government.

Question 8.
Who were the first President and Vice President of India?
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad (President) & Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (Vice President).

Question 9.
Find the odd one out:
Answer:

• American President
• Indian President
• Swiss President
• British Queen

Question 10.
Pick out the one related to bureaucracy:
a) Nominal Executive
b) Permanent Executive
c) Political Executive
d) Multi-Member Executive
Answer:
Permanent Executive

Question 11.
Categorize the following into those related to the President & Vice president.
Answer:
a) Fixed period
b) Ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
c) Elected by an Electoral College
d) Will continue in office till the successor joins the post.
e) Calls meetings of Jpoth Houses of the Parliament
f) Takes oath before the Chief Justice of India
g) Appoints the Prime Minister
h) Chosen by the MPs
i) Should be eligible to be a member of the Lok Sabha
Answer:
President:

• Fixed period
• Elected by an Electoral College
• Calls meetings of both Houses of the Parliament
• Takes oath before the Chief Justice of India
• Appoints the Prime Minister
• Should be eligible to be a member of the Lok Sabha

Vice President:

• Ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
• Will continue in office till the successor joins the post.
• Chosen by the MP’s

Question 12.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 13.
The success of a government largely depends on the efficiency of the bureaucracy. Critically examine this statement.
Answer:
The success of a government depends on the efficiency of its bureaucracy. The Civil Service has many duties to perform
Civil Service Functions:
These can be divided into 4:
a) In the matters of administration, Civil Services have a responsibility to the people. Ruling does not happen in a vacuum. Government officers have responsibility to the Legislature and the public. In fact, government officials are the servants of the public.
b) Civil Service makes its own policy for smooth working. In fact, policy formation takes place in the Cabinet. It will have the approval of the Assembly. But the details regarding their practical implementation are left in the hands of the Civil Service.
c) Theoretically, the power of delegated legislation given to the Executive comes to the Civil Service. Thus Civil Service gives flesh and blood to the laws passed by the Legislature. The Ministers and members of the legislature may not be experts in the laws. Therefore the Civil Service gives expert advice at every stage of lawmaking.
d) Civil Service has the entire responsibility of carrying out the laws. Once a policy is formed and the Legislature makes a Law and it is approved by the Executive, the Civil Service has the duty to carry it out in actual practice.

Question 14.
Complete the following chart on the basis of the classification of Indian Civil Service.

Answer:

Question 15.
Point out the importance and role of Bureaucracy.
Answer:
See the answer to Question Number 13.

Question 16.
Who were the members of the Central Ministry in the last Administration?
Answer:
A.K. Antony, Vayalar Ravi, E. Ahmed, JK.C. Venugopal, K.V. Thomas, and Mullappally Ramachandran.

Question 17.
Explain the functions and powers of the Vice President.
Answer:
Apart from a President, India has a Vice President. He is chosen by the elected members of both Houses of the Parliament. His qualifications and duration of office are like that of the President. If the President’s post falls vacant somehow until it is filled the Vice President carries out the functions of the President. But this can’t last for more than six months. If the President can’t carry out his responsibility because of illness, ill-health or absence, the Vice President carries out the responsibility of the President. Moreover the Vice President is the Chairman of the RajyaSabha.

Question 18.
Nation’s Important Person – the real executive – foundation of the cabinet arch – political executive – incomparable-forms the future of the nation. On the basis of the above indicators, examine the powers and roles of the Prime Minister. Also, evaluate his role in the country.
Answer:
Responsibilities of the Cabinet The Responsibilities of the Cabinet can be grouped into 5: Policy formation, full control over the executive bureaucracy, ensuring cooperation among the departments and deciding their limits, economic control and control in appointments.

The Cabinet decides the common administrative policy of the Indian Union. It discusses all national and international problems and takes decisions on them. Ministers give leadership to the working of different departments. When they carry out their responsibilities, they ensure that they follow the instructions of the cabinet. The Cabinet controls the working of the executive bureaucracy. It is the cabinet that brings unity among the departments and solves any conflict that might arise among them. The Cabinet also decides how much money is to be spent by the Nation and how to find that money through revenue collection. The Cabinet prepares and budget and presents it for the Parliament’s approval. Cabinet decides what the new projects are to be undertaken and what new taxes are to be levied. It is true that the Parliamentary approval is necessary for all this.

Cabinet makes the most important appointments of the Indian Union. It also decides how many times Parliament Meetings have to be called and what should their agenda! be. It takes the initiative in law-making. It presents Bills in both Houses of the Parliament and gets them passed. Without the support of the Cabinet, the Bills presented by private members will be rejected. Thus Cabinet has a big role to play in Parliamentary Democracy.

Prime Minister:
In the Cabinet administrative system, the PM has a big role. The Indian PM has the same status as the British PM. The PM is the first among equals. In Latin, they say ‘primus inter pares’. But the other Ministers are not his subordinates. According to Sir Ivor Jennings, the PM is like the solar system where all the other planets go round the sun. Morley says the PM is the foundation of the Cabinet Arch. Prof. Lasky says that the PM holds the arch up or makes it fall. The PM has many responsibilities. His area of jurisdiction is also great. Constitutionally, the President appoints the PM.. But the President has no choice here. It is simply a mechanical act. The President is obliged to appoint the leader of the Party which has the majority or highest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. But if no party has a clear majority, the President may invite the leader of any Party whom he thinks can form the Cabinet. The President appoints other Ministers on the recommendations of the PM.

Although the PM is free in the appointment of the Cabinet, he will have to take into consideration many things. He will have to give deserving representation to various States, religious communities, minorities, economic interests, political groups and so on. But he has also to consider competence and consensus. The PM can demand the resignation of any Minister at any time. If a Minister refuses to resign, the PM can ask the President to remove him. The precedent is that if a Minister does not agree with any Policy matter, he should resign. People like Shanmukham Shetty, Dr. John Mathai, Shyamaprasad Mukherjee and V.V. Giri, etc. had resigned their posts as ministers.

The PM can shuffle the departments of the Ministers. When a PM resigns, the entire Cabinet resigns with him. Differences among the ministers and departments are solved by the PM. He supervises all departments. He decides the agenda of the Cabinet. He presides over Cabinet meetings. He is the link between the President and the Cabinet. It is through the PM the President gets to know what the government is doing. The secretariat of the PM helps him in doing his work.

The PM has four different positions. He is the leader of his party in the Parliament. By that, he controls the members of his party. Secondly, he is the leader of the Lok Sabha. It is he who represents the Lok Sabha and talks for it. Thirdly, he is the head of the cabinet. That way he is the person with the highest powers in the country. Fourthly he is the link between the President and the Cabinet. He has responsibility towards his party, Parliament and the Nation. He coordinates the work of different departments. In fact, a national election is the election of a PM. As the leader of the nation, the PM is looked upon with respect. Sir Ivor Jennings feels that the status of the PM depends on the person who occupies the position, his competence and his efforts and the leverage the other Ministers allow him. Charismatic leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru might overshadow other Ministers. If the PM is not competent enough, the Cabinet will be under the control of his colleagues and the Party.

Question 19.
Distinguish between single-member and multi-member executive. Give an example for each.
Answer:
Depending on the number of people at the head of the administration of the nation, Executive can be of two kinds – single-member and multi-member executive.
When the executive administration is vested in one person, it is single-member executive. E.g. America. When the executive administration is vested in more than one person equally, it is a multi-member executive.
E.g. Switzerland.

Question 20.
Who is the Head of the Indian Republic?
Answer:
President

Question 21.
The right of the President to send back bills to the Parliament for reconsideration is known as ………..
Answer:
Veto

Question 22.
By which article of the Constitution is the post of the Vice-President established?
Answer:
a) 62nd
b) 63rd
c) 64th
d) 65th
Answer:
63rd

Question 23.
Who was the first Speaker in India?
Answer:
GV. Mavlankar

Question 24.
The …………. consists of the Governor, Chief Minister, and Ministers.
Answer:
State Executive

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Election and Representation

Election and Representation Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between direct democracy and indirect democracy.
Answer:
indirect democracy people directly involve themselves in law-making activities. But in indirect democracy, people elect their Representatives. The representatives carry out different things needed for the people by democracy.

Question 2.
Mention any two merits and demerits of direct democracy.
Answer:
Merits:

• People directly take part in the discussions and decisions.
• Since decisions are taken fast, no wasting of time.

Demerits:

• Not suitable for big nations.
• Common people won’t have the expertise to make policy decisions.

Question 3.
Mention any two merits and demerits of indirect democracy.
Answer:
Merits:

• Suitable for large nations.
• Elected representatives will be responsible to people.

Demerits:

• Election process is very expensive.
• The influence of money and power will be visible in the election.

Question 4.
Adult franchise should be regarded as the basis of representative government. Comment.
Answer:
Merits and demerits of Adult franchise :
The following are the merits pointed out by its supporters:
i) Adult franchise is essential for the success of democracy. Since democracy is the government of the people, forthe people and by the people, for its success Adult franchise is a must.
ii) It leads to national unity: Adult franchise is essential to maintain the unity of the nation. If a section of people is denied the right to vote, they will be reluctant to obey the government. It will ruin the unity of the country. With Adult franchise, all people will think the nation is their own.
iii) It nourishes self-respect: When all the people vote they feel that they are also participating in decision making and they are an integral part of the society. This will nourish their self-respect and will prompt them to be loyal and obedient citizens.
iv) Suitable for the Principle of Equality: Adult franchise holds fast to the principle of equality in political rights. It does not allow controlled franchise which brings inequality. Thus it is highly suitable for the Principle of Equality.
v) An instrument of political education: Adult franchise plays a big role in giving the people political education. Since all the people take part in the election they get an opportunity to think about the nation’s problems. Political parties explain to people their views regarding various issues. This helps in forming strong public opinion and consensus.
vi) It protects minority rights: Adult franchise helps the minorities to play their role in elections. In limited franchise, their rights are not given due respect.
vii) Reduces the chances for revolutions: Adult franchise represents all the people. If the government goes wrong, the people can change it. Thus it reduces the chances for violent revolutions.
viii) It distinguishes between citizens and foreigners: Adult franchise system is not applicable to foreigners. Only the citizens have political rights. Thus Adult franchise distinguishes between citizens and foreigners.

Question 5.
Construct a table showing the merits of Universal Adult Franchise.
Answer:
The merits of Universal Adult franchise:

• It is necessary for the success of democracy.
• It leads to national unity.
• It nourishes self-respect.
• Suitable for the Principle of Equality.
• An instrument of political education.
• It protects minority rights.
• Reduces the chances for revolutions.
• It distinguishes between citizens and foreigners.

Question 6.
What are the features of First Past the Post (FPTP) System and Proportional Representation?
Answer:
First Past the Post System: Its features :

• The entire country is divided into separate constituencies.
• For each constituency, one representative is elected.
• The candidate who gets the highest number of votes in the constituency is declared as the winner.
• In this system, a candidate who gets more votes than the other candidates wins.
• It is not necessary for a candidate to have a majority (50%+1) to win.
• This system is also known as plurality system,
• This is the system suggested by the Constitution.

Proportional Representations:

Its features:
a) A large area is considered as a constituency.
b) There are two different methods in this system:
i) In some countries, the entire country is considered a constituency. Depending on the votes received by each party in the national election, seats are distributed, (e.g. Israel, Netherlands).
ii) In the second method, the country is divided into multi-member constituencies, (e.g. Argentina, Portugal).
c) Each Party prepares a list of candidates for each constituency.
d) It is possible to elect more than one candidate from one constituency.
e) The Voters vote for the Party and not for the candidates.

Question 7.
Point out the salient features of the election system in India.
Answer:

• Adult franchise
• Direct election
• One member constituencies
• Secret ballot
• FPTP system
• Proportional Representation
• Reservation of constituencies

Question 8.
Why did India adopt the FPTP system?
Answer:
India adopted the FPTP system for the following reasons:

• It is a simple system without much complication.
• For a huge sub-continental country like India, it is the most suitable.
• Voters have the freedom to choose the candidate of their choice.
• Since in the FPTP system representatives are chosen from one particular area, they can’t run away from their responsibilities.
• It is excellent for the formation of stable governments.
• It unites different sections of people. It is a suitable system for serving national interests.
• Proportional Representation system has many shortcomings and thus FPTP is better.

Question 9.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 10.
Differentiate between public voting and secret voting.
Answer:
There are two ways to vote: Public and Secret. People like Montesquieu and J.S. Mill supported public voting. They argued that voting is a public responsibility and so it should be done in public. Theoretically, public voting might be good, but it has practical problems. Noting by secret ballot is the most popular form today.

Question 11.
Who is the Chief Election Commissioner of India?
Answer:
Y.M. Qureshi

Question 12.
Illustrate how Proportional Representation works in the Rajya Sabha elections?
Answer:
Single Transferable Vote is the basic concept of Proportional Representation. We follow this system in the Rajya Sabha elections. Accordingly, each State is given a quota to the Rajya Sabha. For a candidate to win, he should get the proportional share of the votes. The equation tp decide the quota is as follows:

The number of total candidates to be elected +1 )
For example, for the election to the Rajya Sabha, the voters from Kerala are the 140 members of the Kerala Assembly. According to the equation for deciding the quota:

The number of total members from Kerala to the Rajya Sabha is 9. One-third of them (that is 3) complete their term every two years. So each time 3 members are elected.

Question 13.
Name the Constitutional institution authorized to conduct elections in India.
Answer:
The Election Commission

Question 14.
Examine the election procedure in India,
Answer:
Normally in India elections to the Lok Sabha take place every five years. For each election, there is a long procedure.
a) Preparing the Voters List – This is the first step. The names of adults living in a constituency for more than a certain period are included in the list.
b) Deciding the boundaries of the constituency: Normally, after each census the boundaries of the Constituencies are decided. This is because of the change in the number of the people.
c) Appointment of the Election Officials: The Election Commission appoints Chief Election Officers, Returning Officers, Presiding Officers, Polling Officers, and Polling Assistants.
d) Fixing polling stations and booths.
e) Notification and Nominations
f) After the notification, Political Parties publish their manifestos.
g) Election Propaganda – After the notification political parties start their Election Propaganda.
h) Voting -Two days before the voting, propaganda has to be stopped. On the voting day, voters go to the booths and vote.
i) Counting Votes
j) Taking the Pledge – The elected members have to take the. pledge before they become members of the House.
k) Presenting election accounts
l) Election-related complaints-Any candidate or voter can give complaints about the election. Such complaints are to be filed in the local High Court.

Question 15.
The electoral system in India faces a number of challenges like communalism, influence of caste, criminals, money and muscle power. The election rules are to be modified to deal with these negative forces. Suggest the reforms to be implemented to streamline the election process in India
Answer:
i) To prevent money and muscle power:

• The election expenses must be borne by the Nation.
• Candidates and parties must present audited accounts of their election expenses.
• Limit should be put to the election expenses. Those who exceed the limit should be disqualified.
• Criminals should not be allowed to contest.
• Strong actions against violent acts like booth-capturing.

ii) To control political parties:

• In the political parties, democratic and secular values should be stressed.
• Registration of the parties should be made compulsory.
• Party officers are to be elected from time to time.
• Accounts should be audited and published.

iii) To reform the election process and conduct of the
election:

• Election Commission should be broad-based. Its number should be increased.
• Identity cards with photos should be made compulsory for voting.
• Voters’ list must be up-to-date and complete.
• Make voting compulsory.

iv) For Women Representation:

• Make reservations in the Assembly and Parliament seats.
• Give women responsible positions in parties.
• Take steps to overcome the attitude of the society to keep women away from public and political activities.
• Political parties must let more women candidates contest.

Question 16.
What do you mean by political minority?
Answer:
The party that got less seats than the winning party is the political minority party

Question 17.
Indian election system is not free from limitations. Explain.
Answer:
Defects of the Indian election system:
a) Influence of money: According to the Company Law 1956, companies can give any amount of money as contributions to the candidate or the political parties. The influence of these rich people will be found in the elected candidates and naturally, they won’t be just or impartial in their decisions.
b) Violence in Politics: Politics becomes an arena where muscle power plays a role. There is impersonation and booth capturing. Agents of rival candidates are attacked. People are threatened and so some people prefer not to vote. With this kind of activities, even criminals and criminally minded people get elected.
c) Influence of Caste and Religion: According to law, no candidate can seek vote in the name of religion, caste, community or language. But many candidates somehow try to exploit these emotions in the voters. Recently the election of a candidate in Punjab was canceled by the Supreme Court as he canvassed votes in the name of religion.
d) Concessions given during Election Time: Governments often embark on people-friendly projects just before the election. There are loan-melas, mid-day meals, and distribution of grains at low prices. This is very unhealthy. Collecting votes by spending public money is very bad.
e) The paradox between votes and seats: In most elections, we see that a party may get more seats but their total votes will be less. In the 1984 election Congress party got only 49.1% of the polled vote and only 30% of the total vote. But in the Lok Sabha, it had % majority. The Assembly elections also give the same picture. This is against the principle of democracy where majority decides things.
f) Defects in the Election Procedure: Lakhs of Indian citizens are denied their voting rights as their names are left out of the voters’ list. Many parties resort to violence and booth capturing.

Question 18.
Limitations of the present election system in India point towards the necessity for electoral reforms. Give suggestions for electoral reforms.
Answer:
See the answer to Question Number 15.

Question 19.
List the major functions of the Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Major functions of the Election Commission of India:
a) Preparing the voters’ list correctly and scientifically. Giving appropriate instructions for its preparations and supervising its making.
b) Conducting the election of the President, Vice President, MPs, and MLAs.
c) Preparing time tables for elections.
d) The Commission has the right to cancel the polling of a particular booth or even the entire constituency if malpractices are detected. Threatening the voters, burning booths, taking away ballot boxes, etc. are very big crimes. If such things happen, the election in that constituency can be canceled. If such things happen only.in some booths, the polling there can be cancelled. On 23 November 1984, the Election Commission ordered re-polling in 78 booths all over the country.
e) The Commission appoints Returning Officers and Asstt. Returning Officers.
f) The Commission allots different political parties their symbols.
g) It is the Commission that approves political parties to contest in the election. It decides what kind of recognition is given to each political party, whether State Level or National Level. In the November 1989 Lok Sabha elections, the Commission recognized 9 parties as National level Parties.
h) The Commission ensures that only those who have voting rights vote. It also has to prevent impersonation during voting.
i) It is the duty of the Commission to establish booths at convenient places so that voters won’t have to
travel long distances.
j) The Commission has to make sure that ballot boxes are collected after the election and kept away securely. It also has to ensure that the counting of votes is done fairly and declare the results.
k) The Commission brings out the code of conduct for the political parties and independent candidates.
l) It also has to control and guide the Officers appointed by the Union Government and State Governments to conduct elections.
m) All election results are declared by the Election Commission.

Question 20.
Explain the features of Hare System.
Answer:
The system of Single Transferable Vote is known as Hare system. The person who invented this system was Thomas Hare, a British man. He mentioned this system in his book “Machinery of Representation” in 1851. Later in his book “The Election of Representatives” he elaborated this concept. Andrea, who was the Finance Minister of Denmark, used this system in his country. Then it was also known as the Andrea System. In giving his vote, the voter gives his preferences and therefore this system is also called Preferential System. In the Republic of Ireland, South Africa and Canada this system is followed.

Question 21.
List the category of people having no voting rights in India.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution gives equal and non- discriminatory voting rights to its citizens. But there are some conditions in which citizens are denied this right. The following groups have no voting rights:

• Those who have not reached the voting age.
• Those who do not stay in India.
• Mentally afflicted people.
• Criminals (who are punished for corruption and election malpractices).
• Those whose names do not appear in the voters’ list.

Question 22.
The Direct Representational System prevailing in India
Answer:
First Past the Post System

Question 23.
By what name is the FPTP known?
a) Simple Majority System
b) Relative Majority System
c) Plurality System
d) All of the above
Answer:
All of the above

Question 24.
In 1881, ………… suggested the method for finding the Quota.
Answer:
Henry Richmond Droop

Question 25.
The proponent of the Hare System is …………
Answer:
Thomas Hare

Question 26.
The first Election Commissioner in India is
Answer:
SukumarSen

You can Download Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 2 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution

Rights and Duties in the Indian Constitution Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which are the fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:

• Rights to Equality (14-18)
• Right to Freedom (19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (23-24)
• Right to Religious Freedom (25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Right (29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (32)

Question 2.
What is Bill of Rights?
Answer:
In the Constitution, there is a list of the rights of the citizens. The list of rights mentioned in, and protected by, the Constitution is called Bill of Rights. This Bill of Rights prohibits the government from doing things against the rights of the citizens. When people’s. rights are violated, the Bill of Rights gives them the remedies to seek redress.

Question 3.
Which among the following is not a fundamental right?
a) Right to Freedom
b) Right to Equality
c) Right to Property
d) Right against Exploitation
Answer:
Right to Property

Question 4.
What are the freedoms assured to citizens under Right to Freedom?
Answer:

• Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
• Right to call to attend meetings
• Right to organize
• Right to travel
• Right to have shelter
• Right to work, trade, commerce and industry

Question 5.
Prepare a seminar report on the topic ‘Fundamental Rights’.
Answer:
The +1 Political Science students of Kasargod Government HSS organized a seminar on the topic ‘Fundamental Rights’. Prior to the seminar, the students were divided into 6 groups and they discussed the topic. The leaders of each group presented the ideas of their group.

Contents:
a) Right to Equality: This is the basic tenet of the Indian Constitution. It has been made clear in the Preamble itself. In the past, there was no equality in the Indian society. So the Right to Equality is very important. About the Right to Equality, there are clear statements in the 3rd chapter, Articles between 14 and 18. The Right to Equality includes the following:

• Equality before Law, Equal Protection of Laws
• Protection from Discrimination
• Equality of Opportunity in employment
• Eradication of Untouchability Non-award of Titles

b) Right to Freedom

• Right to talk freely and to express one’s opinion
• Right to call to attend meetings
• Right to organize
• Right to travel,
• Right to have shelter
• Right to work, trade, commerce and industry
• Protection from undue punishment
• Individual freedom and freedom to live
• Protection against illegal arrests and imprisonment

c) Right against Exploitation:

• Articles 23 and 24 guarantees the Right against Exploitation.
• Article 23 bans immoral acts, slavery and bonded. labour.
• Child labour is prohibited.

d) Right to Freedom of Religion:
a) The Indian Constitution envisages the nation to be secular and democratic. So it gives religious freedom.
b) The Right to Religion is described in Articles 25-28.
Article 25 – The right to accept any religion and propagate it.
Article 26 – To make religious institutions and to acquire property.
Article 27 – The money used for religious purposes is tax exempted.
Article 28 – To conduct religious instructions in certain institutions.
e) Cultural and Educational Rights:

• All minorities can establish educational institutions and run them.
• Minorities are given protection in their language, script, & culture.

f) Right to Constitutional Remedies: It is not enough to list a number of rights in the Constitution. For citizens to practice them and protect them against their violations there should’provision. Right to Constitutional Remedies helps citizens to enjoy their rights. Dr Ambedkar called this Right as the “Heart and Soul” of the Constitution. This Right ensures that citizens are guaranteed of their fundamental rights. This gives Constitutional protection to the fundamental rights.
WRITS (Court Orders):
a) Habeas Corpus
b) Mandamus
c) Writ of Prohibition
d) Certiorari
e) Quo Warranto

Question 6.
What do you mean by Habeas Corpus?
Answer:
It is the Court Order to release somebody from illegal or unjust confinement

Question 7.
Indian Judiciary puts forward Writs in protecting fundamental rights. What are the various Writs?
Answer:
There are 5 Writs:

1. Habeas Corpus
2. Mandamus
3. Writ of Prohibition
4. Certiorari
5. Quo Warranto

Question 8.
Which among the following is a political right?
Answer:

• Right to Property
• Right to Vote
• Right to life
• Right to get wages

Question 9.
Examine the changes that happened in the status of Right to Property after the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.
Answer:
The 44th Amendment of 1978 removed the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it a legal right.

Question 10.
Point out the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens.
Answer:
In the 4th Chapter, Article 51-A, we have the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens. These were borrowed from the Russian Constitution. Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens:-

• Obey the Constitution and respect its principles and institutions, the national flag and the national anthem.
• Respect and obey the great principles that energized our independence struggle.
• Protect and maintain the sovereignty, unity and • indivisibility of India.
• Defend the nation. When needed, give national service.
• Over and above the differences of religion, language, and region, grow a sense of unity and fraternity among people. Don’t do things that will injure the dignity of women.
• Protect our diverse culture and rich heredity.
• Protect and improve our environment – its forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife. Be sympathetic to all creatures.
• Develop a sense of science and humanity and a zeal for research and renewal.
• Protect public property and avoid violence.
• Work hard to prove yourself in personal and social spheres. Thus make the nation reach greater heights.
• It is the duty of the father or the guardian to ensure

Question 11.
Which day is observed as the Human Rights Day?
Answer:
10 December.

Question 12.
Directive Principles are included in the …. part of the Indian Constitution
Answer:
Fourth (IVth).

Question 13.
Prepare a note on the Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
The 4th section of the Indian Constitution deals with the DPSP. These were borrowed from the Irish Constitution. They do not have legal backing. The DP’s can be divided into 3 – Gandhian Ideas, Socialist Principles, and Liberal principles.
Gandhian Ideas:

• formation of grama panchayats
• Development of rural industries
• Prohibition (of alcohol)
• Modem methods of agriculture and animal husbandry
• Protecting the interests of the Backward classes especially Scheduled Castes and Tribes

Socialist Principles:

• A just social order
• Right to livelihood
• Equal pay for equal work
• Avoid inequality
• Fair distribution of wealth
• Freedom from exploitation
• Fair and humane conditions at workplaces
• Prevention of the accumulation of wealth in a few private hands.

Liberal Principles:

• Formation of a Common Civil Code for the nation.
• Compulsory free education to all children below 14.
• Protect the national monuments of historical importance.
• Separate the Executive from the Judiciary.
• Help in the growth of international peace and security.

Question 14.
Categorize the following into Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties.
1. Freedom to make organizations
2. Respect for the national flag and the national anthem
3. Protecting public property
4. Equal pay for equal work
5. Free legal help
6. Compulsory education for children
7. Common feeling of fraternity
8. No forced labour
9. Remedy by Courts
Answer:
Fundamental Rights

• Freedom to make organizations
• No forced labor
• Remedy by Courts

Directive Principles:

• Equal pay for equal work
• Free legal help
• Compulsory education for children

Fundamental Duties

• Respect for the national flag and the national anthem
• Protecting public property
• Common feeling of fraternity

Question 15.
Which of the Fundamental Rights is, in your opinion, the most important? Why?
Answer:
The Right to Constitutional Remedies. In the absence of this Right, the other five rights may be denied or violated. That is why the Right to Constitutional Remedies is qualified as the heart and soul of the Constitution. Therefore the most important right is the Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Question 16.
Which of the following is a violation of Fundamental Rights?
Answer:
a) Making children work
b) Banning a film
c) Banning a book
d) Banning the use of loudspeakers after 10 pm
e) Making a speech
Answer:
Make children work

Question 17.
Construct a table showing the differences between FR and DPSP.
Answer:

Question 18.
What is the relevance, of the National Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission stands for the protection of Human Rights. It has the power to prevent Human Rights violations and if there are violations to give ways to solve the problem and take legal action against the violators.

Question 19.
Who is the current Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
Justice K.G. Balakrishnan

Question 20.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 21.
In what circumstances was the Nehru Committee formed?
Answer:
In 1927, the British Government appointed the Simon Commission to make a report orrthe Constitutional reforms to be implemented in India. All the members of this Commission were British. Therefore all the parties, including Congress, boycotted the Commission. When the protest against the Commission became very strong, the British challenged Indian leaders to make a Constitution that will be acceptable to all. The leaders accepted this challenge and appointed a sub-committee to draft the Constitution. Motilal Nehru was its chairman. In 1928, the Nehru Committee submitted its report. This is called the Nehru Report.

Question 22.
Explain the different types of Writs.
Answer:
a) Habeas Corpus: It is a Latin phrase to mean ‘Produce the Body’. This is an order which is against keeping people in illegal custody or prison. This is an order by the High Court or Supreme Court to present an arrested or detained person in the court within a certain time. If the Court feels that the person was arrested or detained without valid reason, it may order his immediate release. Habeas Corpus Writ can be issued even to individuals and organizations who may keep people in unlawful custody.
b) Mandamus: This Latin word means “We order”. When a government official does not do his duty and by that if somebody’s rights have been violated the Court issues a Mandamus. By this Writ the Court is asking the official to carry out his responsibility.
c) Prohibition: When Lower Courts step beyond their jurisdiction or act against natural justice, the higher courts (High Court or Supreme Court) issue this Writ. For example, a higher court may prohibit a judge from hearing a case in which he has some personal interest.
d) Certiorari: It is a Latin word meaning “to give information about something”. This is a Writ by which a case is moved from a lower court to a higher court. There is a difference between Prohibition and Certiorari. Prohibition is issued to prevent a lower court from exceeding its jurisdiction. Burt Certiorari is when a lower court has exceeded its limits and the higher court intervenes.
e) Quo Warranto: This Lain phrase means “By what authority”. It is a Writ issued by the High Court or Supreme Court preventing a person from occupying a post without the necessary qualifications. Through this, the Court has the right to remove an undeserving person from his position. This Writ is applicable to Public (Government) offices or jobs. Private companies won’t be affected by Quo Warranto.

Question 23.
What do Directive Principles contain?
Answer:
There are mainly three things in them:

1. Suggestions regarding the goals of the nation.
2. Suggestions for the formulation of the national policies.
3. Rights that are not defendable in Courts.

Question 24.
Which Committee was the first one to put forward the demand for fundamental rights?
Answer:
Motilal Nehru Committee

Question 25.
In the Constitution, the articles dealing with the Right to Religion are:
a) 25 to 26
b) 25 to 27
c) 25 to 28
d) 25 to 29
Answer:
25 to 28

Question 26.
Who was the first Chairman of the first National Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
Ranganath Mishra

Question 27.
It was the ……. Amendment that removed the Right to Property from the Fundamental Rights.
Answer:
44^th

You can Download Chapter 1 Constitution: Why and How Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus one Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Constitution: Why and How

Constitution: Why and How Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State different definitions of Constitution.
Answer:
Woolsey: Constitution is the collection of principles according to which the powers of the government, the rights of the governed and the relations between the two are adjusted.
Mclver: Constitution is a collection of laws that administers the nation and represents a will that is above nation.
Prof. A.V. Dicey Constitution is the collection of laws that affect, directly or indirectly, the sovereignty and its use and distribution.

Question 2.
Why do we need a Constitution?
Answer:
Constitution is the basic document of a nation. The government of any country works according to certain rules. Constitution is the basic document which describes the structure of the Nation, the rights of the government, the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities. Lack of a Constitution will lead to anarchy.

Question 3.
Who among the following is known as the father of the Indian Constitution?
a) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
b) K.M. Munshi
c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Question 4.
Constitution mainly performs 5 functions. Point out the functions.
Answer:

• Give basic laws to bring about unity among the members of the society. Ensure that the laws are obeyed by all.
• Decide who is the authority to take decisions in the society.
• Limit the powers of the government.
• Enable the government to realize the goals and desires of the society.
• Give a fundamental identity to the people.

Question 5.
Who was the chairman of the drafting committee of the Indian constitution?
Answer:
Dr. B.R: Ambedkar

Question 6.
Constitutions are mainly 4 types. On the basis of this, complete the following chart.

Answer:

Question 7.
Prepare a short note on the authority of a Constitution.
Answer:
Constitution is the basic document of a nation. The government of any country works according to certain rules. Constitution is the basic document which describes the structure of the Nation, the rights of the government, the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities. A Constitution lays the foundation for the working of* nation. In the absence of a Constitution, the smooth working of the government will be made uncertain and the rights of the citizens might be violated. The lack of a Constitution, which clearly defines the powers of the government and the rights of the citizens and their responsibilities, will lead to anarchy. A country then ceases to be a nation.

Question 8.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 9.
Prepare a note on the making of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
According to the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission in 1946, a Constitution Making Committee was formed in India. Its chairman was Dr. Rajendra Prasad. The making of the Constitution was done by the Drafting Committee. Dr. Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee. The Group was divided into 8 important Committees and by the end of 1948, the draft was made ready. After many discussions and debates lasting for a whole year, the Indian Parliament approved the Constitution and it came into effect on 26 January 1950.

Question 10.
State the main points of the Objective Resolution
Answer:
a) India is an independent sovereign republic.
b) India will be a Union of the earlier British Indian territories, Princely States, and other regions that want to be in the Indian Union.
c) The regions in the Indian Union will have self-rule. Except in the subjects vested in the Union, the regions will have full powers over the government and administration.
d) All the powers of independent sovereign India and the Constitution come from the people of India.
e) All people of India are guaranteed social, economic and political justice.
t) Due protection will be given to minorities, backward tribal territories, Scheduled Castes and Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.
g) In conformity with justice and laws of other nations, the unity of the Republic, and sovereignty over its land, sea, and air will be maintained.
h) The country will generously contribute to the maintenance of peace and security of the world and for the welfare of humanity.

Question 11.
How many Committees were formed as part of the making of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
There were 8 Committees:

1. Rules Committee
2. Steering Committee
3. Advisory Committee
4. Drafting Committee
5. Union Subjects Committee
6. States Committee
7. Provincial Constitution Committee
8. Union Constitution Committee

Question 12.
Identify the factors required for the successful working of a Constitution.
Answer:

• A just and free law and order system.
• A Written Constitution.
• Clearly defined powers of the Parliament, Judiciary and Executive.
• Rule of Law

Question 13.
State whether the following statements are True or False.
Answer:

• A Constitution is a written document which specifies the formation and powers of the government.
• A Constitution is necessary only in democratic countries and only in such countries will constitutions work.
• A Constitution is a legal document. It does not talk about morals and values.
• A Constitution gives the citizens a new identity.
• The ruling government can change the Constitution as it pleases.

Question 14.
Various provisions of the Indian Constitution are borrowed from different world constitutions. Prepare a note showing this fact.
Answer:
Provisions taken from other constitutions:
From the British Constitution:

• First Past the Post System
• Parliamentary Democracy
• Rule of Law
• The Institution of the Speaker and his role
• Law-making procedure

From the US Constitution:

• Fundamental Rights
• Independent Judiciary and Judicial Review
• Preamble

From the Canadian Constitution:

• Semi-Federal Government
• Powerful Central Government
• Mobility Rights

Irish Constitution:

• Directive Principles of State Policy

French Constitution:

• Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

Question 15.
Match the columns A and B.

Answer:

Question 16.
Prepare a note on the inheritance from the national movement. Bring out the relevance of the Objective Resolution
Answer:
The members of the various sections of the Constitution-Making Committee worked with great cooperation. The reason for this was they had a consensus about the main principles to be included in the Constitution. These principles were formulated during the long period of the independence struggle. The National Movement had discussed extensively about the relevant questions regarding the Constitution. The leaders had already formed an idea about the form of the government, the values it has to uphold and the inequalities it had to overcome.

The ideas received from the National Movement were incorporated in the Constitution. The Objective Resolution was the best principle that the Constitution Making Committee received from the National meeting of the Assembly in December 1946. The Objective Resolution defined the goals of the Assembly. It presented a summary of the values and aspirations which were the basis of the Constitution. These values that were in the Objective Resolution prompted the decision regarding the ultimate goal. It was based on this the Constitution made sure that the principles of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, sovereignty, and universal brotherhood are guaranteed in writing. The Objective Resolution later became a springboard of the Indian Constitution.

Question 17.
The Indian Constitution came into force on ………..
Answer:
26 January 1950

Question 18.
The ………. is a combined document that includes many articles about the nation.
Answer:
Constitution

Question 19.
Who was the Chairman of the Constitutional Assembly?
a) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
b) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Question 20.
How many Committees did the Constitution Assembly have?
Answer:
8

Question 21.
It was from the Constitution that we borrowed the concept of a Republic.
Answer:
French

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 10 Development

Development Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term development? Would all sections of the society benefit from such a definition of development?
Answer:
Development and democracy are mutually related concepts. The basis of development is the fruitful democratic participation by different sections of the society in different spheres. The word development is used in two senses:
1) Make economic grow that a high rate, achieve certain goals, complete various projects.
2) Development brings prosperity to people and their standard of life gets better.
Development aims at gains. Only if there are gains, there can be development.

Question 2.
Development has two meanings-narrow and broad. What is the difference between them?
Answer:
Development has meanings at two levels – narrow and broad. In its narrow sense, it means increasing the rate of economic growth or modernizing the society. In its broad sense, it means bringing progress, welfare, prosperity and the desire fora better life.

Question 3.
Explain the challenges of development.
Answer:
The more important challenges of development are poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, illiteracy and lack of basic infrastructure. In India, there are Constitutional provisions and some other Agencies that work for the social and economic development of the country. The primary aims of the Constitution are justice, equality, freedom, and fraternity. Governments exist for the realizing the goals set by the Constitution and to bring progress in all spheres, especially social and economic development.

Question 4.
Point out the criticisms of development models.
Answer:
As developing nations take loans from the World Bank, they fall into the debt trap.

• The fruits of development reach only a small section of the people.
• People without resistance power are forcefully sent away from their habitat.
• Industrialization created environmental problems.
• Overuse of fertilizers and insecticides poisons the soil.

Question 5.
What are the social costs of development? Give examples.
Answer:
The social costs of development are quite high. Because of the construction of huge dams, industrial works, mining and such other things many people had to be sent away from their abodes and they had to be rehabilitated elsewhere. Because of the loss of their homes and land, the people lose their means of livelihood and poverty is the result. They lose their traditional job skills. They also lose their cultural moorings. For example, for the development of the Kannur airport, many families had to be evacuated.

Question 6.
Discuss some of the ecological costs of development pursued in most countries.
Answer:
The ecological costs of development are beyond calculation. Still, environmental destruction goes on. Here are some of the ill-effects of development:
a. Air and water pollution.
b. Increase in global warming (increase in the warmth of the atmosphere because of the emission of green gases).
c. Depletion of the Ozone layer (CFCs – Chlorofluorocarbons – used in air-conditioners, etc. cover the atmosphere and this results in the depletion.)
d. Overuse of fertilizers and insecticides poison the soil.
e. The ruin caused to the flora and fauna.
f. Overuse of non-renewable sources of energy and the resultant environmental damage.
g. Deforestation and its ill-effects.

Question 7.
Economic growth cannot be assessed by the number of cell-phones in the country. Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
I agree with this statement. Because of the globalization policy and the progress in technology cell-phones have become very common and cheap. Even very poor people can afford to have cell-phones now. Therefore looking at the number of cell-phones in the country, its development cannot be assessed.

Question 8.
Prepare a note on Human Development Index (HDI).
Answer:
The HDI is used to measure the welfare of a country. It is the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) that prepares this. Three things are taken into consideration for making HDI. They are:
a) Life Span,
b) Education and
c) Standard of Living.
According to the 2010 HDI, India’s rank is 119.

Question 9.
Identify the factors standing in the way of India’s development.
Answer:
Some of the factors standing in the way of India’s development are poverty, unemployment, feudalism, inequality, casteism, corruption, communalism, nepotism, lack of basic infrastructure, illiteracy, lack of capital, energy crisis, lack of latest technology and environmental challenges.

Question 10.
Joby: There are several limitations for the present development models.
Jornon : They can be overcome by a new development strategy.
On the basis on this conversation, prepare a note on the alternative concepts of development.
Answer:
There are certain shortcomings in the present development models. By solving those shortcomings and employing a new strategy we can bring progress in all spheres. Here are some suggestions:
a) Respect people’s rights: When development projects are implemented, it may be beneficial to some sections of the society but harmful to others. For example, when an airport’ is constructed it will help in increasing travel facilities but it will adversely affect many others who will have to be relocated to other places. Their rights for equality, freedom, justice, and democracy are also to be respected in the alternative concept of development.
b) Another problem that is stressed in the alternative concept of development is about the ownership of natural resources. Whose are they? Are they of the local people, of the nation or of the entire humanity? If the natural resources are owned by mankind, even the future generation has some claim on them. It is the duty of the government to solve all these problems.
c) Ensure people participation in the development models.
d) Development and environmental protection should go hand in hand.

Question 11.
Narrate how development and lifestyle are related to each other.
Answer:
Development and lifestyle should conform to the environmental well-being. People should try to protect natural resources and use renewable energy sources. Rainwater harvesting, solar and biogas plants, small scale hydroelectric projects, manufacturing organic fertilizers, etc. are related to lifestyle.

Question 12.
What can be the role of democracy in development?
Answer:
Development and democracy are mutually related concepts. The basis of development is the fruitful democratic participation by different sections of the society in different spheres. Real development ensures the protection of the democratic rights of the society.

Question 13.
Name some of the organizations for environmental protection.
Answer:

• Narmada BachaoAndolan
• Chipko Movement
• Satra-Sahitya Parishad
• Go-Green

Question 14.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 15.
What do you man Basic Needs Approach?
Answer:
Basic Needs Approach is a process that ensures man’s basic needs like food, education, health, shelter, etc. If the basic needs of a person are not satisfied, he can’t live a decent life or progress in life as he desires. According to this view starvation deaths and child labor are indicators of nondevelopment.

Question 16.
Prepare a note on world efforts to protect environment and sustainable development.
Answer:
It was in the 19th century that organizations for the protection of environment originated. They came as a protest against industrialization. But it was in the second half o the 20th century that environmental protection attracted world attention. This awakening was caused by the book “The Quiet Spring” written by the American scientist Rachel Carson. She warned the world against the overuse of fertilizers and insecticides which harm man and nature. It paved the away to establish a new discipline called Environmental Knowledge. Many environmental organizations are active now for the protection of the environment. There are Movements for the preservation of forests, against the construction of huge dams and for preserving rivers.

Green Peace, World Life Fund and Chipko Movement are famous environmental organizations. Chipko Movement was organized to protect the Himalayan forests. Environmentalists say that man must learn to co-exist with Nature in a mutually beneficial way. Man should not exploit nature for his greed and selfishness. Now people are overexploiting natural resources. If we go on like this we will be leaving only deserts, poisoned rivers and polluted atmosphere to the future generations. They ask the government to implement plans to make industries eco-friendly. The 1992 Rio (in Brazil) Earth Summit asked the government s to ensure that development is in conformity with the protection of nature and the environment. This development model is known as sustainable development.

Question 17.
It was …….. who developed the Human Development Index.
Answer:
Mehboob-UI-Haq

Question 18.
Who wrote the book ‘Silent Spring’?
Answer:
Rachel Carson

Question 19.
In which did the Earth Summit take place?
a) 1990
b) 1992
c) 1998
d) 2002
Answer:
1992

Question 20.
Development in which the environment is protected is called ……….
Answer:
Sustainable Development

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Peace

Peace Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Peace.
Answer:
Peace is the absence of war, revolt, mass murders, killings, and physical attacks. The satyagraha and non-violence preached by our Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi was for peace.

Question 2.
“Peace is generally defined as the absence of war.” Do you agree with this statement?
Answer:
I don’t agree with it fully. It is not merely the absence of war, but also the absence of violent acts like revolt, mass murders, killings, and physical attacks.

Question 3.
There are several great personalities who tried to maintain world peace. Name some of them.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Mother Theresa, Martin Luther King (Jr), Abraham Lincoln.

Question 4.
Point out some events that destroyed world peace.
Answer:
Attack on the World Trade Centre
Terrorist attacks by Al-Qaida terrorists
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.

Question 5.
There are different kinds of structural violence arising from several sources. What does structural violence mean? What are its different forms?
Answer:
Structural violence is the violence that originates from social institutions and practices. Casteism, Class distinction, male domination, colonialism, tribalism, racism, communalism, etc. can produce structural violence.

Question 6.
Complete the following chart:

Answer:

Question 7.
Which day is observed as the International Peace Day?
Answer:
27

Question 8.
Observe the picture. In our patriarchal society, discrimination against women is ever increasing day by day. Identify them.

Answer:

• Dowry-related violence
• Domestic violence
• Not giving women proper representation
• Not giving equality in religious matters
• Rapes and molestations
• Female foeticide

Question 9.
There are three different approaches in pursuit of peace. Explain those approaches.
Answer:
a) Give importance to nations.
b) Give stress to mutual dependence of nations.
c) Give stress to the growth of a global community.
The UNO, which was formed to maintain world peace and to prevent wars, has all these 3 approaches.

Question 10.
Name the organizations working for maintaining world peace.
Answer:

• World Red Cross Society
• Gandhi Peace Foundation
• United Nations Organization
• Non-Aligned Movement

Question 11.
Do you think that violence can ever promote peace?
Answer:
No, it can’t. Violence is not a means of peace. Non-violence is the way to lasting peace.

Question 12.
Evaluate Gandhiji’s approach to non-violence.
Answer:
The greatest pers5n who argued for peace and non-violence in the 20th century was Gandhiji. He argued for non-violent resistance. Gandhiji used to say: “The goal does not justify the means. Just like the goal, the means also must be pure.” There are people who consider non-violence as helplessness and cowardice. Some people argue that non-violence is the means of protest of the weak. But Gandhiji put forward a new kind of non-violence. According to Gandhiji, non-violence isn’t merely not harming a person physically or mentally, but also keeping away from thoughts of harming him.

Gandhiji gave non-violence a creative meaning. To him, non-violence should be an active power to do things for the welfare of others. Non-violent resistance can take the form of protects. Civil Disobedience Movement was such a protest. Another form was satyagraha. The Civil Disobedience Movement and the satyagraha Gandhiji organized put the British in a dilemma. People like Martin Luther King (Jr) and Nelson Mandela were influenced by Gandhiji.

Question 13.
“Often the State creates obstacles to peace.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
Answer:
I do agree with it. There are countries in the world which encourage and support terrorism.

Question 14.
Prepare a note on the contemporary challenges to peace in the world.
Answer:
The UNO and World Peace: The primary objective of the UNO is international peace and security. Although the UNO has been able to prevent wars and establish peace in many parts of the world, it is controlled by Western Powers and this is a threat to world peace. Terrorism: The attack on the World Trade Centre on II September 2001 was a big shock to the endeavors to peace in the world. Terrorists have chemical, biological and atomic weapons in their possession and this is a great threat to world peace. Ethnic Cleansing: Secessionist Movements, Racism, etc. are great threats to peace. The non-cooperation of many countries in Disarmament is also a challenge to world peace.

Question 15.
Match the following

Answer:

Question 16.
Suggest 3 approaches to maintain peace.
Answer:
a) Give importance to nations.
b) Give stress to mutual dependence of nations.
c) Give stress to the growth of a global community.

Question 17.
Point out non-violent efforts to promote peace.
Answer:
Lovers of peace recommend protests like Civil Disobedience when struggling against exploitative governments. Satyagraha used by Gandhiji during our independence struggle is an example for this. Through Satyagraha Gandhiji tried to awaken the sense of justice and fair play in the British. When he failed there, he organized Civil Disobedience Movement. This Movement breached some harsh laws and put moral and political pressure on the British government. Although non-violent, these things shook the foundations of the British Raj. Getting inspired by Gandhiji, Martin Luther King (Jr) started a similar movement in the US. He led protests against the discrimination against Blacks in the 1960s.

Question 18.
What is usually defined as ‘the absence of war’?
Answer:
Peace

Question 19.
Who is the spokesperson of Non-Violence?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi

Question 20.
From the following, find out the form of structural violence:
a) Caste hierarchy
b) Class difference
c) Colonialism
d) all of these
Answer:
all of these

Question 21.
Causing physical injury is usually called
Answer:
Violence

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Secularism

Secularism Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by secularism?
Answer:
When a country has no official religion and its Constitution grants the individuals and society religious freedom, it will be called a secular nation. The basic tenet secularism is prosperity to all. Some countries in the world have official religions. Such countries are called theocracies. India is a secular State whereas Pakistan is a theocracy.

Question 2.
Which among the following are compatible with the idea of secularism? Give reasons.
i) A religious group does not dominate other religious groups.
ii) Government recognizes one religion as official.
iii) All religions get equal support from the nation.
iv) Making prayers compulsory in schools.
v) Granting minority communities special educational institutions.
vi) Government appointing managing committees for temples.
vii) Interference by the government to let Dalits enter temples.
Answer:
i) A religious group does not dominate other religious groups.
ii) All religions get equal support from the nation.
iii) Granting minority communities special educational institutions.
iv) Interference by the government to let Dalits enter temples.
All the above 4 things encourage secularism.

Question 3.
Explain the right to freedom of religion.
Answer:
Freedom of Religion is the basic tenet of secularism. Through the Fundamental Rights, the Indian Constitution has given the right to its citizens to believe in the religion of their choice, to establish places of worship and worship there and to propagate their religion. Articles 25 to 30 deal with secularism. In the Preamble also there is a declaration that India is a secular State.

Question 4.
Give the meaning of a secular state.
Answer:
India is a secular State. India has no official religion. The Constitution promises freedom of religion to individuals and the society. The Nation does not insist on people following any particular religion and it does not discriminate against any religion. The basic tenet secularism is prosperity to all. Some countries in the world have official religions. Such countries are called theocracies.

In India, the Government is concerned with the social, economic and political wellbeing of the people. Spiritual matters are left to individuals. In its Preamble and the Fundamental Rights, the Constitution proves that India is a secular State. Indian citizens have the freedom to choose the religion of their liking. Article 25 of the Constitution grants religious freedom to people subject to peace and morality. People can follow any religion and also propagate it. The Nation has ensured the necessary conditions for secularism.

Question 5.
Suggest the ways in which communal harmony can be promoted.
Answer:
a) Encourage humanitarian ideas.
b) Limit religion to your personal life.
c) Encourage marriage between members of different religions.
d) Encourage religious tolerance.
e) Encourage the participation of the members of other religions in your religious celebrations.
f) Ostracise people who tend to spread religious animosity.
g) Include the basic ideas of secularism in the school curriculum.

Question 6.
Some of the characteristics of Western and Indian model of secularism have got mixed up in the following table. Separate them and make a new table.

Answer:

Question 7.
Do you think a secular state is necessary to establish secularism?
Answer:
Yes, I do. To establish secularism a secular state is necessary. In Theocracy which is the opposite of secular state, the State has an official religion. The State gives special consideration to develop that religion. Therefore the rights of other religious groups will be ignored. In a secular state, all religions are treated equally and so for having secularism a secular state is essential.

Question 8.
Religious domination is of two types. Identify them.
Answer:
a) Inter-Religious Domination
b) Intra-Religious Domination

Question 9.
Point out the activities against secularism in our society.
Answer:
a) Compulsory religious conversion.
b) Persecution of minorities
c) Pleasing the minorities (Minoritism)
d) Casteism and religious chauvinism
e) Vote Bank Politics
f) Demand for Secession.

Question 10.
Is religious freedom a fundamental right?
Answer:
Yes, it is.

Question 11.
Complete the following chart.
Answer:

Answer:

Question 12.
Do you think that vote bank politics is against secularism in India?
Answer:
Yes, I do. If political parties make promises to religious groups, when they come to power they have to do something for those groups as a matter of showing gratitude. Such actions will be anti¬secular and will be against the common good of the nation.

Question 13.
Secularism does not allow us to have religious identity. Do you agree?
Answer:
No, I don’t. In a secular state one can believe in the religion of his choice, worship the god he likes and can propagate his religion if he wants. Therefore the concept of secularism is not anti-religious. Secularism ensures equal rights and equal consideration,to all religions. It does not also distinguish between theists and atheists.

Question 15.
“Secularism is against inequality within a religious group or between different religious groups.” Give your opinion.
Answer:
I agree with the statement. The basic tenet of secularism is that all members of the same religious group must have equal rights. An example can be seen in the interference of the government against the social evils that were prevalent in Hinduism. There was the Temple Entry Declaration. Through that all Hindus were allowed entry into the temple. In the same way inequalities among different religious groups are not encouraged by the State.

Question 16.
Prepare a seminar paper on “Criticism of Indian Secularism”.
Answer:
The +1 students of HSS Irinjalakuda organized a seminar on the topic “Criticism of Indian Secularism”. The students were divided into 6 groups. Each group discussed the topic and,the group leaders presented the points in the class.
a) Anti-Religious: Some people argue that secularism is anti-religious. The reason for this belief is the fact that secularism is against the dominance of established powerful religions. But this and anti¬religion are quite different. Some people also argue that secularism is a threat to individual’s religion.
This also is wrong. Secularism nourishes religious freedom. It is not a threat to a person’s religion or his beliefs. But secularism is against certain questionable practices like propagating violence, intolerance and fanaticism. Secularism encourages the good things in religion but opposes the bad things.
b) Western Import: Another criticism is that Indian secularism is related to Christianity. It means secularism is something Western and it is inappropriate with Indian circumstances. This s a strange argument. Don’t we see thousands of things around us which are not Indian?
If people say that when a country is secular it should have its own goal it is good and relevant. Western secularism came as a challtenge to the religious leaders who tried to control the social and political matters of the nation. Then how can it be said that Western secularism is connected to Christianity? Moreover Western secularism asks religion and government to keep their hands off each other. For the idea of separating the state form religion, different societies give different interpretations. A secular government keeps a respectable distance from religion. It is done to maintain peace among different communities. At the same time the government will interfere for the protection of minority rights.
c) Minoritism: This is another criticism that is levelled against Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism stands for the rights of minorities. Let’s look at this example: 4 people are traveling in a train. One wants to smoke. Another person objects. The other two are smokers and so they keep quiet. So there is a problem. If a decision is to be taken democratically, and the matter put to vote, the person objecting to smoking will lose. It may look just. But is it just if we look from the angle of the person who objected to smoking? He may be allergic to smoke. Here the voting system does not work. Here the right of minority should be protected.
d) Vote Bank Politics: Another criticism is that Indian secularism encourages vote bank politics. From experience, this criticism is not fully unjustified. It has to be assessed correctly. It is natural that in a democracy politicians seek votes. It is part of their work. They might give some promises to get the votes of certain sections. There is no point in blaming them for that. The real question is why they seek the votes. It is for selfish interests? Is it for getting into power? Or is it because of their desire to do something for the welfare of certain sections? If the politicians win after getting the votes of some sections and if they fail to do something for them, they will accuse the politicians. In fact, if politicians seek the minority votes and win and if they do something for the welfare of the minorities, it should be seen as the success of secularism. One of the goals of secularism is protecting the rights of the minorities.
e) Interventionist: Critics argue that Indian secularism has a controlling nature and it interferes in the religious freedom of various communities. This is a wrong interpretation of Indian secularism. It is true that Indian secularism does not deny the idea that government should not interfere in religious matters. But it does not approve over-interference in religious affairs. Indian secularism keeps a principled-distance from religion. This means government may or may not interfere in religious affairs. This interference is not by the use of force.
f) Impossible Project: Critics say that it is difficult for people with so much of religious differences to live together in peace and therefore secularism is impractical and thus invalid. This is a wrong argument. The history of Indian civilization and that of the Ottoman Empire show that peaceful co¬existence is possible even with different religions. Indian secularism has become a model for other countries to emulate. The effects of globalization have helped here. With increased globalization, there has been an increased migration of people all over the world. From the ex-colonies, people migrated into the Western world. This made religious diversities become strong in Europe, America and some parts of West Asia.

Question 16.
Who used the term secularism for the first time?
Answer:
George Holyoake, a British writer used the term secularism for the first time, in 1851.

Question 17.
Prepare a note on Vote Bank Politics.
Answer:
It is natural that in, a democracy politicians seek votes. It is part of their work. They might give some promises to get the votes of certain sections. There is no point in blaming them for that. The real question is why they seek the votes. It is for selfish interests? Is it for getting into power? Or is it because of their desire to do something for the welfare of certain sections? If the politicians win after getting the votes of some sections and if they fail to do something for them, they will accuse the politicians. In fact, if politicians seek the minority votes and win and if they do something for the welfare of the minorities, it should be seen as the success of secularism. One of the goals of secularism is protecting the rights of the minorities.

It is true that if the interests of the majority are sacrificed for the interest of the minorities, there will be another kind of injustice. But in India, we have no proof that such a thing has ever happened. In short, there is nothing wrong in Vote Bank Politics. Only unjust vote bank politics should be criticized.

Question 18.
It was …………. who used the term ‘secularism’ for the first time.
Answer:
George Holyoake

Question 19.
Which among the following can be considered as criticisms against Indian secularism?
a) Anti-religious
b) Minoritism
c) Western import
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

Question 20.
………… is opposed to any kind of religious dominance.
Answer:
Secularism

Question 21.
Two models of secularism are……….. and ……………
Answer:
Western and Indian

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Nationalism

Nationalism Questions and Answers

Question 1.
“Nationalism has got two faces.” Explain.
Answer:
Nationalism has two faces – creative nationalism and destructive nationalism. Creative Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors that make up a nation. The creative nationalism we see in India is unity in diversity. Militant and aggressive nationalism is the opposite of creative nationalism. The WW II was the result of the militant and aggressive nationalism of the Nazis and Fascists.

Question 2.
What is nationalism?
Answer:
Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors that make up a nation. Nationalism includes national styles, national expectations, national goals, national conflicts, national anthem, national flower, national flag and national symbol. Toynbee defines nationalism as the religion of modern nations.

Question 3.
“A nation is an imaginary society.” Do you agree with this opinion? Explain.
Answer:
I agree. Nationalism is the feeling that one is the son/daughter of a particular nation even if he/she is living in another country because of his/her work. For example, an Indian may work and live in Dubai or New York. But nationalism reminds him that he is a son of India and he should be loyal to her. He should be proud of the fact that he is an Indian and do all he can to keep her dignity up. The Palestine nationalism was even above territory. Even though there was no territory for Palestine, Palestine nationalism was very strong. The strong nationalism gave birth to the State of Palestine which now consists of West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Question 4.
Give examples of Indian nationalism.
Answer:

• National Anthem
• National Flag
• National symbol
• Ashoka Pillar

Question 5.
Common political identity is required for nation-building. Explain the factors that contribute towards nationalism.
Answer:
Nationalism is an emotional and spiritual power that unifies all factors of the political theory prevalent in the nation. The nationalism we see in India is unity in diversity. Indian nationalism is the feeling that we all are Indians. Without nationalism, no new nation can originate or survive. It is nationalism that supplies the basis for the building up of a nation. Loyalty to the nation, its strength, its power, and its working and the legality, etc. are emotions that are generated in the minds of people. In the background of nationalism, the common behavior of a nation can be analyzed. Nationalism includes national styles, national expectations, national goals, national conflicts, national anthem, national flower, national flag, and national symbol. Toynbee has said that. Nationalism is the religion of the modern nation. Factors that nourish Nationalism:
a) Shared Beliefs: It is some beliefs that help the formation of a nation. Nation is not a concrete thing like a building, river or forest that we can see and touch. Nation is a concept built around certain beliefs of the people. When we say that a people are a nation, we do not mean their physical behavior. Nation is a vision and a collective fellowship of people who wish to have their own separate identity. It is like a group of a team. They work for a common goal in a common fellowship. A nation can exist only as long as the people are deeply rooted in unity.
b) History: A people who consider themselves as a nation have a sense of a continuous historical existence. It is something that they can look back with pride and look forward to with hope. They have a common history based collective memories, legends and historical documents. Thus they acquire individuality as a nation. We can take our Indian nationalist leaders as examples. We point out our ancient civilization, cultural heritage and other past achievements, thus making a unique identity of our own.
c) Territory: Territory is another essential aspect of a nation. A nation has a separate area of land. There people will have lived together for long, shared their past, bringing a common identity to them. It helps them to think that they are one nation. That is why they can talk about their own country of birth.
d) Shared political ideals: Apart from the sense of a common history and some territory of their own, the people of a nation are persuaded to think of unity because of their common vision and goal for the future. They have some ideals quite peculiar to them and these also make a nation different from others.
e) Common Political Identity: Many people think that just because individuals have a common political vision regarding the society and the government, they can’t form a nation. They feel that something like a common language or common heredity is necessary to have the drive to form a nation. A common language or a common religion might bring about a common cultural Identity. When people celebrate the same feasts on the same day and actively take part in the festivities, they feel some kind of unity. But it is possible that in a democratic setup and democratic values, too much of religion may prove a threat.

Question 6.
Suggest some programs to develop nationalist feelings among students.
Answer:
Celebrating Independence Day, Republic Day and Gandhi Jayanthi in an appropriate manner. The singing of the national anthem every day in school. Organizing Patriotic songs, discussions on important national issues, Debates on issues of national interest, Competitions, etc. Making albums containing the pictures of national leaders, the history of India’s Independent struggle, etc.

Question 7.
What do you understand by the Right to Self-Determination? How has this idea resulted in both the formation of and challenges to nation-states?
Answer:
A nation has the freedom to take decisions on its own and carry them out without being pressurized by any external forces. In the present scenario of globalization and liberalization, there is a threat to the Right to Self-Determination. This will negatively affect nationalism and the continued existence of modem nations.

Question 8.
“Neither descent, nor language, nor religion, nor ethnicity can claim to be a common factor in nationalism all over the word.” Do you agree? Comment.
Answer:
I agree. Much more than the above factors, it is the unity in diversity that influences the nationalism of a nation. Nationalism is strengthened without any difference in religion, tribe, language and region.

Question 9.
Identify the factors leading to the destruction of nationalism.
Answer:
Religious fundamentalism
Casteism
Regionalism
Terrorism
Secessionist tendencies
Economic and Social inequalities
Unemployment
Nepotism
Dictatorship

Question 10.
“We have seen that nationalism can unite people as well as divide them, liberate them as well as generate bitterness and conflict.” Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.
Answer:
Indian nationalism led us to freedom and the integration of the Princely States. It also led to the division of the country. German nationalism led to the unification of Germany and later to World War II.

Question 11.
Prepare a table showing the differences between constructive nationalism and aggressive nationalism.
Answer:

Question 12.
It was ………… who called nation as an ‘imaginary society’.
Answer:
Benedict Anderson

Question 13.
A ………….. is a society which shares some special characteristics.
Answer:
Nation

Question 14.
Which among the following are the factors that constitute a nation?
a) Territory
b) Political identity
c) Common political principles
d) All of the above
Answer:
All of the above

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 Citizenship

Citizenship Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is the membership of a nation. Citizens are those who are eligible to enjoy all the social and political rights of the nation. Citizens have some special rights and privileges in their own nation. Such special rights to the citizens are called citizenship rights.

Question 2.
Anand visited Germany with his family. There his wife gave birth to a child. Is the child an Indian citizen or not? Explain the process of getting Indian citizenship with suitable examples.
Answer:
The child is eligible for Indian citizenship. According to the citizenship laws of Germany, the child can also claim German citizenship. But a person can be a citizen of only one country.
These are the ways to get Indian citizenship:

• Natural citizenship by birth
• Citizenship through heredity
• Citizenship through Registration
• Citizenship through long or extended stay Citizenship acquired when an area is merged with the country.

Question 3.
There are two methods for the acquisition of citizenship. Explain.
Answer:
i) Citizenship by birth
ii) Citizenship by naturalization Citizenship by birth can be of two kinds. The first is through blood relationship. Wherever the child may be born, it will get the citizenship of its father. The second is the Right of Place or Soil of birth. According to this, a child will get the citizenship of the country in which it is born.

Citizenship by naturalization can be of two kinds: One, a person can get the citizenship of a country subject to its laws. Two, a person can get citizenship of a country by long stay there, by taking a pledge, by acquiring property, having a civil or military position, manage, etc. These are some of the different situations in which a person can get citizenship of another country.

Question 4.
Can citizenship be lost? If yes, point out the circumstances.
Answer:
Citizenship can be lost. The following are the circumstances:

• Refusing citizenship
• Through marriage
• Absence for a long period
• By committing treason

Question 5.
Illustrate full and equal membership.
Answer:
Persons who are eligible to get all the political and rights of a nation are called its citizens. According to Aristotle, the Father of political science, citizens take active part in the ruling of the nation. All the rights given to a citizen as a member of a nation are ‘ citizenship rights. They are given equally to all the citizens.

Question 6.
Every citizen can be assured equal rights. However, everyone is not capable of utilizing equal rights. Explain.
Answer:
A nation gives equal rights to its citizens. But they are not able to use them equally. It is because the knowledge of the citizenship rights is different among various people. Some people may have negative attitude to politics and political systems. Such people also can’t make use the rights assured by the nation.

Question 7.
Picture the various elements of State.
Answer:

According to modem political theory apart from these 4 factors, there should also be international recognition.

Question 8.
In which year did the Indian Citizenship Act come into existence?
Answer:
1955

Question 9.
According to the Indian Citizenship Act, there are 5 ways to acquire Indian Citizenship. Which are they?
Answer:
According to the Indian Citizenship Act, there are 5 ways to acquire Indian Citizenship. They are:
i) By birth: Anybody born in India on 21 January 1950 or later will be an Indian citizen.
ii) Citizenship by heredity: Anybody born outside India on 21 January 1950 or later will be given Indian citizenship if his father was an Indian citizen at the time of his birth.
iii) Citizenship by Registration: The following can get Indian citizenship through registration:

• People of Indian origin who have stayed in India continuously for 6 months before submitting the application for registration.
• People of Indian origin who are staying outside undivided India.
• Wives of the Indian citizens.
• Minor children of Indian citizens.
• Adult citizens of Commonwealth Countries or the Republic of Ireland.

iv) Citizenship through Long Stay: A foreigner can get Indian citizenship through long stay here subject to certain conditions.
v) Citizenship through regions becoming part of India: If any region becomes part of India, the government has the authority to declare the people of that region as Indian citizens.

Question 10.
Point out the circumstances for the termination of Indian Citizenship.
Answer:
Here are the circumstances leading to the termination of Indian Citizenship:

• Refusing Indian citizenship
• Through marriage
• Absence for a long period
• By committing treason

Question 11.
The importance of global citizenship is enhancing day by day. Point out your arguments in favor of this statement.
Answer:
Through the influence of globalization, open market system is strengthened and the distance between nations is lessened. Because of the growth of technology, the world has become a global village. In the circumstances, importance of global citizenship is enhancing day by day.

Question 12.
Refugees are facing a lot of problems today. State how global citizenship can be helpful for refugees.
Answer:
Many people become refugees because of internal conflicts, external wars and natural disasters like droughts, floods, earthquakes, and tsunamis. In the circumstances, the concept of global citizenship is helpful to them.

Question 13.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 14.
Write a short note on the topic ‘universal citizenship’
Answer:
Through the influence of globalization, open market system is strengthened and the distance between nations is lessened. Because of the growth of technology the world has become a global village. In the circumstances, importance of global (universal) citizenship is enhancing day by day.

Question 15.
Point out the problems raised in India related to citizenship.
Answer:
Double citizenship: Millions of Indians work abroad and live there permanently and therefore their children face the problem of citizenship. Therefore the demand for double citizenship is increasing. Expatriate Voting Right: Recently the Indian government granted voting rights to the expatriates. This issue is still being discussed.

Question 16.
Point out the importance of global citizenship.
Answer:
The growth in communication has blurred the importance of the boundaries between nations and increased a sense of mutual relation among the people of the world. A nation can’t solve all the problems it faces all by itself. Problems that spread across boundaries are to be solved by the cooperation different governments and people. Because of all this, the advocates of global citizenship say that it is inevitable and all should work for its realization.

Question 17.
National citizenship and global citizenship are equally important. Explain.
Answer:
National citizenship and global citizenship are important in their spheres. Social inequalities and other problems in the country create big threats to the principle of equality in citizenship. Such problems can be solved only by the government and the people of that country. Equal and full citizenship is important for the people of a country. National citizenship is relevant here.

The Concept of global citizenship reminds us that national citizenship is incomplete. We are living in a world that is mutually interconnected. The relations among the various people among the different countries are to be strengthened. There is a need to work with governments and people of other countries. Global citizenship should be complementary to national citizenship. That way Global citizenship deserves serious consideration.

Question 18.
The relation a person has with his nation is
Answer:
citizenship

Question 19.
What are the circumstances in which one forfeits his citizenship?
a) Renunciation
b) The Government stops it
c) Illegal residence
d) all the above
Answer:
All the above

Question 20.
It was in the year that the Parliament passed a Comprehensive Act on citizenship.
Answer:
1955

Question 21.
How many ways are there to acquire citizenship according to the Constitution?
Answer:
5 ways

Question 22.
It was the ruin of that made the background for the rise of nation-states.
Answer:
Feudalism

You can Download Rights Questions and Answers, Notes, Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Kerala Chapter 5 help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Rights

Rights Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define the term “Rights”.
Answer:
Rights are some social and political privileges that a person gets as a citizen of a nation, and as a member of a society. According to the famous philosopher Barker: “Rights are the external conditions which are essential for the maximum

Question 2.
Where do rights come from?
Answer:
Natural Rights
Rights given by the society
Rights assured by the Constitution

Question 3.
Show the features of rights using a chart.
Answer:

Question 4.
Which day is observed as the Human Rights Day?
Answer:
December 10

Question 5.
Complete the following flow chart:

Answer:

Question 6.
Observe the following picture:

Explain what the picture relates to.
Answer:
It is a picture related to Human Rights.

Question 7.
Prepare a note on various types of rights.
Answer:

1. Moral Rights: These are rights based on man’s morality, sense of justice and conscience. They are not guaranteed by law. For example, the poor, the sick and the old have the moral right to get sympathetic consideration by others.
2. Legal Rights: They are assured the by the Nation.
3. Natural Rights: They include Right to life, Right for personal freedom, Right to earn wealth.
4. Civil Rights: They are related to the life, wealth and freedom of individuals. They include the right to live, right to freedom, right to work, right to express one’s views, right to property, right to education, right to religion, right to equality, right to assemble, right to live family life and right to make contracts.
5. Economic Rights: They are related to economic security and the right to earn one’s livelihood. They include right to work, right to get decent wages, right to leisure, right to have social security and right to earn wealth.
6. Political Rights: It is the right of an individual to participate in the political matters of the nation. They include right to vote, right to contest in elections, right to be appointed to various posts, right to criticize, and right to make complaints.
7. Fundamental Rights: These are essential for the full development of one’s personality. The Constitution and ourts ensure these rights. They are Right to Equality (Article 14-18), Right to freedom (19-22), Right against Exploitation (23-24), Right to Religious Freedom (25-28), Cultural and Educational Rights (29-30) & Right to Constitutional Remedies (32).

Question 8.
Find the odd one out:
i) a) Rights are deserved
b) Rights are not absolute
c) Rights are a recognition
d) Rights are an assurance
ii) a) Moral rights
b) Citizenship rights
c) Religious rights
d) Legal rights
Answer:
i) Rights are not absolute
ii) Moral rights

Question 9.
What are the fundamental rights? Prepare a short note.
Answer:
In chapter 3 of the Indian Constitution, from article 12 to 35, the fundamental rights of the Indian citizens are given. Rights are some social and political privileges that a person gets as a citizen of a nation, and as a member of a society. Fundamental rights are the most important of these rights and the Constitution assures the people of these rights. They are legally guaranteed. The fundamental rights are:

• Right to Equality (article 14-18)
• Right to freedom (19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (23-24)
• Right to Religious Freedom (25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Rights (29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (32)

Question 10.
Which among the following is not a fundamental right?
Religious right, right to equality, right to property, right to freedom.
Answer:
Right to Property

Question 11.
Rights are generally classified into three. Give examples for each of them
Answer:
a) Citizenship Rights: Right to life, Right to freedom.
b) Political rights: Right to vote, Right to criticize
c) Economic rights: Right to work, Right to social security.

Question 12.
“Rights are meaningless, if there is no support of laws and governments.” Do you agree with this statement?
Answer:
Yes, I do agree. Moral rights are rights based on man’s morality, sense of justice and conscience. Rights can be denied. The work of an individual might be against conscience of the society. Even then there are no laws to punish those who breach the moral rights. On the other hand, legal rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and the Courts. Since the nation can punish the offenders, these rights become meaningful.

Question 13.
Mention any four civil rights of the citizens
Answer:
i) Right to life
ii) Right to express one’s opinion
iii) Right to equality
iv) Right to education

Question 14.
Match the following columns appropriately.

Answer:

Question 15.
“Rights and responsibilities are closely related.” Do you agree? Substantiate your answer
Answer:
I do agree. Rights and responsibilities are the two sides of the same coin. As you enjoy your right, you have to carry out your responsibilities. The statement that “My right is your responsibility and your right is my responsibility” shows the relation between rights and responsibilities.

Question 16.
Rights also impose’certain duties on a nation. Illustrate.
Answer:
Rights give the nation the duty to carry out certain responsibilities. Each right shows that a nation should do and should not do. For example, since people have a right to live, the nation has the responsibility of making laws to protect them from others. It asks the nation to punish those who wound or harm us. Imagine that by the “right to life”, a society means “right to a decent and healthy life”. Naturally, the society expects that the nation will take steps to ensure to provide the people with a clean and healthy environment necessary fora good life. The rights of the citizens give the nation the responsibility to act in certain ways. The two examples above prove that.

Question17.
Distinguish between natural and social inequalities.
Answer:
In political theory, inequalities are classified as natural and social inequalities. The inequalities that come from the different abilities and intellectual powers are called natural inequalities. They are quite different from social inequalities. The inequalities that result from one section of the society exploiting another section and denying them equal opportunities are social inequalities.

Question 18.
…………. points out that rights originated even before the coming of nation.
Answer:
Lasky

Question 19.
Which is the Human Rights Day?
a) 10 November
b) 10 December
c) 25 December
d) 24 October
Answer:
10 December

Question 20.
Pair the following appropriately.
1. Right to Vote
2. Right to work
3. Freedom of Opinion
4. Citizen’s Rights
5. Economic Rights
6. Political Rights
Answer:
Right to Vote → Political Right
Right to Work → Economic Right
Freedom of Opinion → Citizen’s Rights

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Kerala Plus One Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Social Justice

Social Justice Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is the author of the Theory of Justice?
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 2.
What do you mean by social justice?
Answer:
Social justice means that all th& members of the society are equals. Social justice ensures that all the people in the nation are given equal opportunities and equal consideration. Social justice does not approve any discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, color or gender.

Question 3.
What is Plato’s concept of justice?
Answer:
Plato has given his theoretical interpretation of justice in his famous book “The Republic”. For Plato, justice means:
a) A lifestyle which is suitable for the features of one’s profession.
b) Each person destined for a special task and he should be used for that task.
c) The work one is doing. Plato feels that justice has a personal and social angle. When a person is asked to do a particular job because he is found competent in doing it, the society has to keep that job reserved for him. According to Aristotle, justice is something that can be distributed or something that can be used to rectify mistakes.
d) The Distributive Concept demands the equal distribution of things among equals.
e) The Corrective Concept remedies the mistakes.
f) When equals are treated unequally or when un-equals are treated equally there comes injustice.

Question 4.
Prepare a chart showing different aspects of the concept of justice.
Answer:

Question 5.
Point out the features of numerical concept of justice and geometrical concept of justice.
Answer:
The numerical concept of justice and geometrical concept of justice can be codified as follows:
Numerical concept of justice:

• Numerical concept of justice allows everyone to have equal justice.
• It means those who were considered unequal at some point in time will be considered equals.
• Jeremy Bentham says that each one has to account for the other. Nobody should be more than one.
• Modern democratic nations are based on the concept of justice.

Geometrical Concept of Justice:

• Geometrical concept of justice supports proportionate justice.
• Distribution of the profession should be proportionate to the competence of the individual.
• As an example, Aristotle says flutes can be given only to those who have the capacity to play the flute.
• In the same way, rulers must be those who are competent to rule.
• Numerical concept of justice is called Democratic Justice whereas Geometrical concept of justice is called Aristocratic Justice.

Question 6.
Explain the three principles of justice,
Answer:
1. Social justice: This means all the people in the society are equal. Everybody in the nation should be given equal opportunities and equal consideration. The essence of social justice is seeing everyone equally without any discrimination in the name of caste, religion, color, and gender.
2. Economic Justice: These are the basic factors of economic justice: All the primary needs of the citizens should be fulfilled. There should circumstances where all can live comfortably. They should get adequate wages for their work. Social security must be assured. Equal pay for equal work.
3. Political Justice: This means an atmosphere where people have free and fair participation in the political system of the nation.
Right to universal adult franchise. Non-discrimination in the appointments to government jobs.

Question 7.
Find the odd one out.
a) Justice means giving one what he deserves.
b) Justice means equal distribution among equals.
c) Justice means considering equals as un-equals.
d) Justice means a social order acceptable to all.
Answer:
Justice means considering equals as un-equals.

Question 8.
What do you mean political justice?
Answer:
Political justice means an atmosphere where people have free and fair participation in the political system of the nation. Right to universal adult franchise. Non-discrimination in the appointments to government jobs.

Question 9.
Prepare a note on John Rawls’ theory of justice,
Answer:
John Rawls is an American philosopher. In his book The Theory of Justice’, he put forward 2 principles regarding the Theory of Justice. They are as follows:
i) In the broad framework of basic freedom, according to the freedom of all individuals, each person should have equal opportunity.
ii) Social and economic inequalities should be tackled in two ways:

• For the maximum benefit of those who are least favored, there should be reservations.
• We should be guided by our discretionary powers and not morality when it comes to the distribution of government jobs so that the underprivileged get extra consideration.

Rawls does not give us predetermined moral criteria or goals., He gives us freedom to determine what is the best in the given circumstances. This is what makes Rawls’ theory very significant and an inevitable means of approaching the problem of law and justice.

Question 10.
Match column A with columns B and C.

Answer:

Question 11.
Can you identify the situation where social justice is denied in our society? If yes, point out such situations.
Answer:
There are many situations in the modern period where social justice is denied. The Law for Self-Financing Institutions which was passed by the Kerala Assembly was to ensure social justice based on merit as well as wealth. But the Private Managements of Kerala got a Court order in their favor in the name of Minority Rights and they torpedoed the Self-Financing Law. Governments have been trying their best through legislation to ensure social justice. Here are some important steps:
a) For the people below poverty line (BPL) rice is supplied at Re. 1 a kilo through ration shops.
b) Different scholarship schemes have been introduced to uplift members of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students.
c) To reduce the inequality between the rich and the poor, there are taxation policies.
d) The poor are given certain essential commodities at subsidized prices*
e) There is the Comprehensive Insurance Scheme.

Question 12.
Government has to take several steps to achieve social justice. In your opinion what are those steps to be taken by the government to attain social justice?
Answer:
a) Rationing system
b) Comprehensive Insurance Scheme
c) Loans to farmers without interest.
d) Unemployment wages

Question 13
Complete the following flow chart:

Answer:

Question 14.
Do new economic reforms lead to violation of social justice? Give your opinion.
Answer:
Yes, they do. Some new economic reforms can cause denial of justice. In the open market of free competition, rural industries and small scale producers and merchants can’t survive the competition from large scale monopolies. There are also situations in which ordinary people become slaves to the consumer culture. Because of the easy loans, common people are easily caught in the debt trap!

Question 15.
Complete the following:
Principles of Justice
a) Equal consideration to equals.
b) …………………….
c) …………………….
Answer:
Principles of Justice
a) Equal consideration to equals.
b) Proportionate justice
c) Recognizing special rights

Question 16.
Who propagated the Theory of Justice?
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 17.
Who wrote the book entitled “Theory of Justice”?
a) Aristotle
b) Plato
c) John Rawls
d) Rousseau
Answer:
John Rawls

Question 18.
In a society where there are class distinctions, there will be no
Answer:
Social justice

Question 19.
The principle of considering equals as equals is also called
Answer:
Numerical justice