Prasanna

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 10 Civic Consciousness

Answer the following. Score 1 each

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The famous environmentalist who worked for the protection of mangroves.
Kallen Pokkudan
Medha Patkar
Sunderlal Bahuguna
Answer:
Kallen Pokkudan

Question 2.
The orange seller who started a Panchayat School at New Padupu village near Mangalore
Hanumanthappa
Hajabba
Dashrath Manjhi
Answer:
Hajabba

Question 3.
The former President of India, also known as ‘Missile Man’.
Hamid Ansari
Dr. A.P.j. Abdul Kalam
Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma
Answer:
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Question 4.
Leader of Plachimada struggle
Mayilamma
Sugathakumari
C. K. Janu
Answer:
Mayilamma

Question 5.
Who is known as ‘The man who moved a mountain’
Dashrath Manjhi
Kallen Pokkudan
Answer:
Dashrath Manjhi

Question 6.
The branch of study that deals with man and society
Social Science
Ethics
Demography
Answer:
Social Science

Question 7.
Example for highest civic consciousness
Rain water harvesting
Felling trees
Promote corruption
Answer:
Rain water harvesting

Question 8.
The primary social institution.
Family
School
Religion
Answer:
Family

Question 9.
The social institution that teaches to respect the elders and to foster a sense of responsibility
Educational institution
Family
Media
Answer:
Family

Question 10.
The social institution that helps to develop value consciousness, tolerance and leadership quality.
Educational institution
Family
Media
Answer:
Educational institution

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What is meant by civic consciousness?
Answer:
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interests of the citizen.

Question 2.
What are some of the problems that the society faces today?
Answer:

• Corruption
• Scarcity of water.
• Pollution of the surrounding

Question 3.
What is the basis of civic consciousness?
Answer:
It is the recognition that if the activities of each individual are for the well being of the society, social problems can be solved.

Question 4.
What is the primary aim of education?
Answer:
The primary aim of education is to equip the individual to effectively utilise the knowledge that he acquired from the study of different subjects for the betterment of the society.

Question 5.
Which is the most effective way to foster civic consciousness?
Answer:
Creation of moral consciousness in all walks of life is the most effective way.

Question 6.
Which is the most important challenge faced by civic consciousness?
Answer:
The mindset to do anything for the sake of one’s Own personal interest by negating public interest.

Question 7.
With what objective do governments formulate educational policies?
Answer:
Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people.

Question 8.
What is meant by morality?
Answer:
Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility.

Question 9.
Who was Kallen Pokkudan?
Answer:
Kallen Pokkudan was a famous environmentalist from Kerala. He dedicated his life for the protection of mangroves. He has planted more than one lakh mangroves across Kerala.

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
What is the message conveyed by the life of Kallen Pokkudan and Hajabba?
Answer:

• Even an ordinary individual can undertake activities of vital importance to the society. They proved that nothing is impossible to achieve.
• Divergent thinking, selfless work, awareness about the problems of society and fellow beings and willingness to serve led these men to great actions.

Question 2.
Name the factors that help to formulate civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Family
• Education
• Associations
• Media

Question 3.
What is the aim of education? Which are the values that can be fostered in individuals through education?
Answer:
The aim of education is to equip the individual to effectively utilise the knowledge gained through the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society. The values fostered through education are:

• Leadership quality
• Value consciousness
• Tolerance
• Environmental awareness
• Scientific temper.

Question 4.
How can we foster civic consciousness in individuals?
Answer:

• Deliberate efforts are needed to foster civic consciousness.
• Civic consciousness can be fostered in people only through creative intervention in society.

Question 5.
In which areas are voluntary associations working? How do they help individuals?
Answer:

• Human right protection
• Humanitarian works
• Environmental protection
• Eradication of illiteracy

These associations can create awareness among individuals about environment and human rights.

Question 6.
What are the qualities that one acquires from family?
Answer:

• Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice, etiquette and civic consciousness.
• It is from the family that one learns to respect elders and engage in social service.
• Fosters and maintains sense of responsibility.
• Promotes the idea that each individual is for the family and the family is for the society.

Question 7.
What is the contribution of Hajabba for the well being of the society?
Answer:

• Hajabba is an orange seller who established a Panchayat school at Newpadupu village near Mangalore for poor children.
• Hajabba who is an illiterate wants to give the facilities of education to his fellow men which was denied to him.
• His endeavour provides opportunity for thousands of children to pursue studies.
• He is an exemplary personality.

Question 8.
All the countries and societies give great importance in the fostering of civic consciousness. Why?
Answer:

• For ensuring the welfare of all and the reconstruction of the society civic consciousness has to be developed.
• It will help national progress and unity.

Question 9.
What is the role of political associations in fostering civic consciousness?
Answer:

• Political associations play an important role in empowering people by giving power and rights to them.
• The selfless activities of political associations help to impart civic consciousness and political consciousness in the individual.

Question 10.
How should media behave in the exchange of news and information?
Answer:
Media should be impartial and independent.

Question 11.
Those who try to foster civic consciousness face many challenges. Write two measures to overcome them.
Answer:

• Act without denying public interest.
• Act democratically with tolerance.

Question 12.
List the problems faced by people due to lack of civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Selfishness
• Absence of peace and security

Answer the following. Score 3 each

Question 1.
What is the importance of civic consciousness? Explain the need for civic consciousness.
Or
Civic consciousness influences the progress of the society. Substantiate the statement by writing the importance of civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Civic consciousness greatly influences the progress of the society and the state.
• In the absence of civic consciousness, individual becomes selfish and all his activities will be only for his own achievements. This will affect social life adversely.
• A society with no civic consciousness will not have peace and security.
• Civic consciousness has to be nurtured for the welfare of all and for the reconstruction of the society. This will help national progress and unity.

Question 2.
Explain the role of media in fostering civic consciousness.
Answer:
Media play a major role in the formulation of civic consciousness. Printed media and electronic media influence the society tremendously. Media convey news and information to the people. Media propagate cultural values. Media also help to respect national values like democracy, socialism, fraternity and secularism and to dedicate one’s life for the unity and integrity of the nation.

They can create public opinion against illiteracy, ignorance, communalism, alcoholism, drug addiction, racialism, etc. Judicial and objective information will lead to creative idea formation. Media should be impartial and independent.

Question 3.
Kallen Pokkudan became a role model to society through his selfless service for the well being of the society. Substantiate this based on his contributions.
Answer:

• Kallen Pokkudan was a famous environmentalist from Kerala who devoted his life for the protection of mangroves.
• He was bom in the village of Pazhayangadi in Kannur district.
• He planted more than one lakh mangroves across the state. He became an excellent model in creating environmental awareness in the society.

Question 4.
Students with civic consciousness can undertake many model programmes. Give examples for this.
Answer:

• Participate in the activities of NCC, SPC, Scouts and Guide, Nature Club, etc.
• Giving first aid to victims of accidents.
• Giving consent letter for organ donation.
• Helping the old and differently abled.
• Giving consent for blood donation.
• Keeping public places clean.

Question 5.
Write examples for moral and immoral activities taking place in our society.
Answer:

Question 6.
Evaluate the role of education in formulating civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Education helps to develop qualities like value consciousness, tolerance, leadership quality, environmental awareness and scientific temper.
• Helps to use science and technology effectively for the benefit of the society.
• Equips the individual to use the knowledge that he acquired from the study of different subjects for the betterment of the society.

Question 7.
Democracy is a way of life more than a form of government. Explain.
Answer:

• Democracy is the basis for all other components that help to develop civic consciousness.
• We should have a democratic approach in all our activities.
• Our thoughts and words should reflect the spirit of democracy and democratic decorum should be adhered to while talking to others, taking food, using pubic pathway and utilizing natural resources.
• Living in co-operation is essential for a democratic society. Giving back the co-operation and support received from others is a great sign of democratic consciousness.
• Democracy prompts individuals to think about j fellow beings and to work for the protection of j their freedom, equality and rights.
• Democracy believes in rule of law. It means all are equal before law.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
Write three problems in society due to lack of civic consciousness. Suggest measures to rectify them.
Answer:

Question 2.
Write a note on the role of-associations in formulating civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Political, social, economic and cultural associations equip the individuals to work voluntarily with service mind.
• Political associations play an important role in empowering people by giving power and rights to them.
• The selfless activities of associations help to impart civic and political consciousness in the individuals.
• Different associations and their ideologies influence the moulding of the thoughts and acts of individuals. They also play an important role in fostering national and civic consciousness.
• Voluntary associations are working for environmental protection, human right protection and charity. These associations can create awareness among individuals about environment and human rights.

Question 3.
The following are some statements with civic consciousness and without civic consciousness. Put a tick (✓) mark against statements with civic consciousness and a cross (✗) mark against those without civic consciousness.
Answer:

Question 4.
Evaluate the role of democratic system in fostering civic consciousness.
Answer:
Democracy is the basis for all other components that help to develop civic consciousness.

• In a democracy we should keep a democratic approach in all our activities.
• Our thoughts and words should reflect the spirit of democracy and democratic decorum should be adhered to while talking to others, taking food, using public pathway and utilizing natural resources.
• Helps to give back the co-operation and support received from Others.
• Democracy prompts individuals to th ink about fellow beings and to work for the protection of their freedom, equality and rights.
• Democracy believes in rule of law. It means all are equal before law.
• Democracy is empowerment and liberation of people.
• Democracy ensures that the freedom and democratic rights of others are not hindered by our activities. ,

Question 5.
What was Gandhiji’s view on morality?
Answer:

• Politics without principles.
• Wealth without work.
• Science without humanity.
• Commerce without morality (ethics).
• Education without character.
• Worship without sacrifice.
• Pleasure without conscience.

Question 6.
The following are the pictures of role models (paragons) of civic consciousness. Substantiate this based on their area of activity and contributions.

Answer:
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam :
Dr. Kalam, known as the ‘Missile Man of India’ was a scientist and the former President of India. His contribution in the development of ballistic missile and launching vehicle technology was significant. His other areas of activity were education, writing and public service. In his book ‘India 2020’, Kalam advocated an action plan to develop India into a ‘Knowledge Super Power’ and a developed nation by the year 2020. He travelled through the length and breadth of the country, giving lectures and orations, to’instill scientific awareness and civic consciousness in the youth of India.

Mother Teresa:
Mother Teresa was a humanitarian who dedicated her life for the poor, destitutes, orphans, lepers and the crippled. She is known as the ‘Saint of Gutters’ for her acts of service to the poor of Calcutta. Mother Teresa founded the ‘Missionaries of Charity’, a Roman Catholic religious congregation which is active in 133 countries, running hospitals, homes for people with AIDS, leprosy, etc. The world honoured her humanitarian acts by bestowing the Nobel Prize for Peace on her in 1979.

Mayilamma:
The tribal woman from Perumatty Panchayat who compaigned against the Coca – Cola company at Plachiniada in Palakkad district for water shortage and pollution. Due to the over-exploitation of water by Coca – Cola company in Plachimada, the people of Perumatty Panchayat in Palakkad district had to face water shortage. The agitation against the company under the leadership of Mayilamma began in 2002 and the Coca – Cola company was forced to close down.

Dashrath Manjhi :
Also known as ‘Mountain Man’. Manjhi was bom in Atri block of Gaya in Bihar. Death due to lack of treatment facility in his village was common in the absence of transport facility. His wife also became a victim of this. So he tried to bring transport facility in his village through a hillock. He carved a path 110 m long and 9.1 m wide through a hillock-using only hammer and chisel. After 22 years of work, Dashrath shortened travel between Atri and Wazirganji blocks of Gaya town from 55 km to 15 km.

Question 7.
Write short notes on any two factors which influence the formation of civic consciousness.
Answer:
Some of the factors that influence the formation of civic consciousness are family, education, association, media, etc.

Family:
Man’s social relationships begin with the family. It is from the primary social institution of family that one learns to respect the elders and to engage in social service. Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice and etiquette. Family plays an important role in fostering and maintaining a sense of responsibility among its members.

It is from the family that one gets the training to live in the society following the behaviour patterns and mores that arc acceptable to it. Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness in its members. The concept that each individual is for the family and family is for the society should be developed in the family atmosphere.

Education:
The primary aim of education is to equip a person to effectively utilise the knowledge gained by the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society. Through education, a student understands how his country is governed, what are the rights and duties of a citizen and thereby becomes a democratically conscious citizen in the society. Education helps to practise qualities like mutual dependence, civic consciousness, punctuality, discipline and obedience.

Education also helps to develop qualities like value consciousness, environmental awareness, scientific temper, tolerance and leadership qualities. Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilised in a useful manner to the society. Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people. Governments formulate educational policies with this aim.

Question 8.
State the main challenge faced by individuals to become role models of civic consciousness. Suggest three methods to overcome it.
Answer:

• Challenge to civic consciousness :
  The mindset to do anything for the sake of one’s own personal interest by neglecting public interest is the main challenge of civic consciousness.
• Methods to overcome :
  • Work for one’s interest without going against the public interests.
  • Individuals should act democratically and with tolerance.
  • Each should critically evaluate his activity.
  • Give equal importance to duties along with rights.
  • Be the change which you expect from others.

Question 9.
State the significance of education in creating and maintaining civic consciousness.
Answer:
Role of education in fostering civic consciousness :
The primary aim of education is to equip a person to effectively utilise the knowledge gained by the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society. Through education/a student understands how his country is governed, what are the rights and duties of a citizen and thereby becomes a democratically conscious citizen in the society.

Education helps to practise qualities like mutual dependence, civic consciousness, punctuality, discipline and obedience. Education also helps to develop qualities like value consciousness, environmental awareness, scientific temper, tolerance and leadership qualities. Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilised in a useful manner to the society. Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people. Governments formulate educational policies with this aim.

Question 10.
Explain the concept of civic consciousness. Write any two examples of activities with civic consciousness.
Answer:
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interests of the citizen. Those who have civic consciousness will always be ready to work for the society. Civic consciousness influences the progress of the state and society. In the absence of civic consciousness, human beings will become selfish and all the activities
will be for his own achievements. This will adversely affect social life.

Examples for activities with civic consciousness:

• Water shortage can be solved by rainwater harvesting and the effective use of water.
• Environmental pollution can be solved by garbage treatment at source and planting of trees.

Question 11.
Explain the meaning and significance of civic consciousness.
Answer:
Civic consciousness :
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interest of the citizen. Those who have civic consciousness will always be ready to work for the society. The basis of civic consciousness is the recognition that if the activities of each individual are for the well being of the society, social problems can be solved.

Significance of civic consciousness

• Civic consciousness greatly influences the progress of the society and the state.
• In the absence of civic consciousness, individual becomes selfish and all his activities will be only for his own achievements. This will affect social life adversely.
• A society with no civic consciousness will not have peace and security.
• Civic consciousness has to be nurtured for the welfare of all and for the reconstruction of the society. This will help national progress and unity.

Question 12.
Explain the relationship between morality and civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility. It is the moral responsibility of each individual to perform the duty towards the society and the state.
• Morality helps civic consciousness, whereas immorality destroys it. Creation of moral consciousness in all walks of life is the most effective way to foster civic consciousness. Civic consciousness is a creative state of mind.

Question 13.
Elucidate the role of family in the formation of civic consciousness.
Answer:
Role of family in the formation of Civic Consciousness

• Family is the primary social institution.
• One learns to respect elders and to engage in social service from family.
• Family fosters and maintains sense of responsibility among its members.
• Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness.
• The family nurtures the concept that each individual is for the family and the family is for the society.

Question 14.
Write any two problems faced by society and suggest its solutions.
Answer:

Question 15.
What is morality? Write examples for moral activities in our society.
Answer:
Morality
Morlaity means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility. It is the moral responsibility of each individual to perform the duty towards the society and the state.

Examples for moral activities in our society

• Earn money by working
• Protect public property
• Help fellow beings

Answer the following. Score ‘5’,’6’ each

Question 1.
What are the important factors that determine civic consciousness?
Or
Discuss the role of family, education, associations, media and democratic system in formulating civic consciousness.
Answer:
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each ; citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interest of the citizen. It is j very essential to foster and maintain civic consciousness. All the societies adopt positive j measures to foster civic consciousness. The I following are the important factors that help to foster civic consciousness.

Family: Man’s social relationships begin with the family. It is from the primary social institution of family that one learns to respect the elders and to engage in social service, Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice and etiquette. Family plays an important role in fostering and maintaining a sense of responsibility among its members. Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness in its members. The concept that each individual is for the family and family is for the society should be developed in the family atmosphere.

Education :
The primary aim of education is to equip a person to effectively utilise the knowledge gained by the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society, Education helps to develop qualities like value j consciousness, environmental awareness, scientific temper, tolerance and leadership qualities. Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilised in a useful manner to the society. Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people. Governments formulate educational policies with this aim.

Associations :
Political, Social, economic and cultural associations equip the individuals to work voluntarity with service mind. Different associations and their ideologies influence the moulding of the thoughts and acts of individuals. They also play an important role in fostering national and civic consciousness. Voluntary associations are working for environmental protection, human right protection and charity. These associations can create awareness among individuals about environment and human rights.

Media :
Media play a major role in the formulation of civic consciousness. Printed media and electronic media influence the society tremendously. Media convey news and information to the people. Judicial and objective information will lead to creative idea formation. Media should be impartial and independent.

Democratic system :
Democracy is an inevitable component of civic consciousness. Democracy is the basis of all other components which help to develop civic consciousness. All our activities should have a democratic approach. Living in co-operation is essential for a democratic society. Democracy prompts individuals to think about fellow beings and to work for the protection of their freedom, equality and rights. Democracy believes in rule of law. It means all are equal before law.

Question 2.
What is civic consciousness? What is its importance? Write the solutions of challenges to civic consciousness also.
Answer:
Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interests of citizen. People with civic consciousness are allegiant and responsible to themselves, to the society and to humanity.
Importance of civic consciousness:

• Civic consciousness greatly influences the progress of the society and the nation.
• In the absence of civic consciousness, individual becomes selfish and all his activities will be only for his own achievements. This will affect social life adversely.
• A society with no civic consciousness will not have peace and security.
• For ensuring the welfare of all and the reconstruction of the society, civic consciousness has to be developed. It will help to the progress and unity of the state.

Challenges to civic consciousness and solutions:
The mindset to do anything for the sake of one’s own personal interest by neglecting public interest is the main challenge of civic sense.

• Work for one’s interest without going against public interests.
• Individuals should act democratically and with tolerance.
• Each should critically evaluate his activity.
• Give equal weight to both duties and rights.
• Be the change which you expect from others.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 6 Eyes in the Sky and Data Analysis

Answer the following. Score 1 each

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Remote sensing generally used to gather clear – information about comparatively small areas.
Terrestrial photography
Aerial remote sensing
Satellite remote sensing
Answer:
Aerial remote sensing

Question 2.
Which of the following is related to sun-synchronous satellites?
Helps in continuous data collection.
Move-in accordance with earth’s rotation.
Repetitive data collection is possible.
Answer:
Repetitive data collection is possible.

Question 3.
Which of the following indicates high spatial resolution? ,
5 m spatial resolution
1 km spatial resolution
1 m spatial resolution
Answer:
1 m spatial resolution

Question 4.
The system developed by USA to understand about the latitude, longitude and elevation of objects on earth’s surface.
GIS
GPS
IRNSS
Answer:
GPS

Question 5.
Analytical capability used for analyzing the activities around a point feature or at a definite distance along a linear feature.
Network analysis
Buffer analysis
Overlay analysis
Answer:
Buffer analysis

Question 6.
A sensor with high spatial resolution can distinguish
features of land and sea
multistoreyed buildings
small vehicles
Answer:
small vehicles

Question 7.
The Social Science Club of your school has decided to prepare a sketch of your school and to give it to the Panchayat authorities. Which instrument can be used to display the latitude of the school used for telecommunication?
Global Positioning System
Scanner
Satellite
Answer:
Global Positioning System

Question 8.
Which among the following is not related to Geographic Information System?
Overlay analysis
Buffer analysis
Overlap
Answer:
Overlap

Question 9.
The size of the smallest object on the earth’s surface that a satellite sensor can distinguish is called sensor’s .
Spectral signature
Spatial resolution
Temporal resolution
Answer:
Spatial resolution

Question 10.
The instrument used to obtain the three-dimensional view of aerial photographs
Telescope
Stereoscope
Kalidoscope
Answer:
Stereoscope

Question 11.
Which is more suitable for repetitive data collection?
Aerial remote sensing
Terrestrial photography
Satellite remote sensing
Answer:
Satellite remote sensing

Question 12.
The geostationary satellites of India are included in the series of
INSAT
IRS
Challenger
Answer:
INSAT

Question 13.
Write the name of a pair of aerial photos with overlap.
Answer:
Stereo pair

Question 14.
Name the two types of data essential for analysis in GIS.
Answer:

1. Spatial date
2. Attributes

Question 15.
Which type of analysis in GIS can be used for identifying the roads with least traffic as part of town planning?
Answer:
Network analysis

Question 16.
Identify the type of analysis in GIS used for studying the relationship between different spatial information of an area.
Answer:
Overlay analysis

Question 17.
Name the system which helps in sensing the latitudinal and longitudinal location and elevation of objects on the earth’s surface with corresponding time.
Answer:
Global Positioning System

Question 18.
Which among the following is the most suitable method for understanding the seasonal growth rate of crops in an extensive agricultural land?
Aerial remote sensing
Satellite remote sensing
Field survey
Answer:
Satellite remote sensing

Institutions with responsibility for aerial survey
National Remote Sensing Centre Hyderabad
Indian Aerospace Company – Kolkata

B. Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
From which year onwards was data collection using satellite remote sensing started?
Answer:
1960

Question 2.
Name the invention which paved the way for a great change in data collection in the 19th century.
Answer:
Photography

Question 3.
Which is the platform used to place the camera to take pictures from great heights?
Answer:
Aircrafts

Question 4.
The remote sensing not suitable to take photographs of regions on earth that are vast and extensive.
Answer: ‘
Aerial remote sensing

Question 5.
Which is the satellite that orbits along with the rotation of the earth?
Answer:
Geostationary satellites

Question 6.
Which is the satellite suitable for data collection about natural resources and land use pattern?
Answer:
Sun-synchronous satellites

Question 7.
Which is the indigenously developed satellite-based navigation system of India?
Answer:
IRNSS – Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System

Question 8.
Which is the satellite used for understanding about weather conditions?
Answer:
Geostationary satellites

Question 9.
What are sensors?
Answer:
Instruments used for data collection through remote sensing are called sensors.

Oases easily distinguished by
Sensors record the reflection of electromagnetic radiation of objects. The spectral signature of sand is different from that of plants. So the oases in deserts can be easily distinguished by remote sensing.

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
What is remote sensing? By which name are the instruments for this known?
Answer:
The method of collecting information about an object, or a phenomenon with the help of place satellites without actual physical contact is known as remote sensing.

The instruments used for data collection about the earth’s surface are known as sensors.

Question 2.
Answer the following.
a. Remote sensing carried out with the help of solar energy.
b. Remote sensing made with the help of artificial source of energy.
Answer:
a. Passive remote sensing
b. Active remote sensing

Question 3.
Which type of satellites are INSAT, IRS and Landsat of India?
Answer:

• IRS and Landsat are sun-synchronous satellites.
• INSAT satellites are geostationary satellites.

Question 4.
If that is satellite remote sensing? By what name is the sensor known in this?
Answer:

• The process of collecting information using sensors fitted on artificial satellites is called satellite remote sensing.
• Sensors in artificial satellites are known as ‘scanner’.

Question 5.
Which are the geographical regions coming under the surveillance of IRNSS? ‘
Answer:
IRNSS is India’s indigenously developed satellite-based navigation system. It has a radius of 1500 km around including India, Pakistan-, China and the Indian Ocean.

Question 6.
GPS developed by USA determines position with the help of many satellites. Explain.
Answer:
GPS is America’s satellite-based navigation system. A group of 24 satellites placed at different orbit between the altitudes 20000 and 20200 km above the earth’s surface locate objects. We can locate places with the help of the signals received from the satellites in our handheld device.

Question 7.
Write any two uses of GIS
Answer:

1. To conduct thematic studies.
2. To represent geographical features spatially.

Question 8.
What are the possibilities of remote sensing technology in agricultural sector?
Answer:

• For collecting data about the extent of crops and spread of pest attacks.
• For understanding land use of an area.
• To locate places with greater ground water potential.
• For monitoring of drought and flood.

Question 9.
A study tour is planned from your school. Can network analysis of GIS be made use here? Which of your needs related to study tour can be solved using this analysis? Write any three.
Answer:
Network analysis of GIS can be made use for the study tour.
Network analysis can be useful for planning study tour in the following ways.
i. To identify the route with hospitals, hotels and petrol pumps on the way.
ii. To identify the easiest and less congested roads from one place to another.
iii. Plan maximum number of attractive destinations in the available time.
iv. Help to bring accident victim to a suitable hospital through less congested roads.

Question 10.
Do all objects have similar spectral signatures? Why?
Answer:

• No. The amount of electromagnetic radiation that is reflected by an object is called spectral signature.
• Spectral signatures vary for different objects depending upon their physical characters.

Question 11.
What is overlap in aerial photographs? Mention the advantage of the photographs having overlap.
Answer:
In each aerial photograph 60 percent of the places depicted in the adjacent photo is included. This is termed as the overlap in aerial photos. This is done for ensuring continuity and to obtain three-dimensional vision using a stereoscope.

Question 12.
Write four instances in which the possibility of the technology of remote sensing can be used in Kerala.
Answer:
i. For estimating the area of paddy cultivation.
ii. Detecting forest fire, as they are common in Kerala during summer.
iii Identifying a drought-affected area.
iv. Exploring groundwater.
v. Identify areas prone to flood and to prepare flood predicting model.

Question 13.
What are the characteristics of sensors?
Answer:

• Spectral signature
• Spatial resolution

Question 14.
Complete the flow chart.

Answer:
a. Aerial remote sensing
b. Satellite remote sensing

Question 15.
The given information are concerned with two methods of remote sensing. Name these two methods.
Answer:
a. Captures continuous photographs of the places over which the aircraft passes.
b. Gathers information using sensors fitted in artijicial satellites.

Question 16.
Explain the importance of stereoscopes in aerial remote sensing?
Answer:

• Helps in obtaining three-dimensional view from aerial photos with overlap.
• To get the synoptic view of an area and to identify the undulations of the terrain.

Question 17.
Both spatial data and attributes are essential for analysis in GIS. Write any four attributes regarding your school.
Answer:

• Number of students
• Number of teachers
• Number of classrooms
• School building is single or multi-storied.

Answer the following; Score 3 each

Question 1.
What are sensors? How do they work? Write example for sensors.
Answer:

• The instruments used for data collection through remote sensing are called sensors.
• Sensors work with the help of electromagnetic radiations. Sensors record the electromagnetic radiations emitted or reflected by objects.
• Examples are camera and scanner.

Question 2.
How is remote sensing classified based on the source of energy? Why?
Answer:

Based on the source of energy, remote sensing can be classified into active remote sensing and passive remote sensing.

Active remote sensing: Remote sensing made with the aid of artificial source of energy radiating from the sensor is known as active remote sensing.
Eg: flash in camera Passive remote sensing: Remote sensing made with the help of solar energy is known as passive remote sensing. In this, the sensors do not emit energy by it self.

Question 3.
Two kinds of data are necessary for data analysis in GIS. Which are they?
Answer:

1. Spatial data
2. Attributes

Question 4.
What is a platform? Write examples for different types of platforms.
Answer:

• The carrier on which sensors are fixed for data collection is known as platform.
• The platforms where cameras are placed: aircraft, bai loons, cranes.
• The platform where sensors are placed: satellites.

Question 5.
How is remote sensing classified based on the platform used? Explain.

Answer:
Based on the type of platform used, remote sensing is classified into three: They are

1. Terrestrial photography
2. Aerial remote sensing
3. Satellite remote sensing

Terrestrial photography: The method of obtaining the earth’s photography using cameras from the ground is called terrestrial photography. Eg: photography we take using cameras.

Aerial remote sensing: The method of obtaining photographs of the earth’s surface continuously from the sky by using cameras mounted on aircraft is known as aerial remote sensing.

Satellite remote sensing: The process of gathering information using sensors fitted on artificial satellites is known as satellite remote sensing.

Question 6.
Identify from the pictures, the platforms used to collect information. Also write the name of sensors placed in these.

Answer:
Platform in Fig. A. Earth. Sensor used is camera.
Platform in Fig. B. Aircraft. Sensor used is camera.
Platform in Fig. C. Satellite. Sensor used is scanner.

Question 7.
What are the merits of aerial remote sensing?
Answer:

• Useful to gather clear information about comparatively smaller areas.
• Stereoscopic vision will give a synoptic view of the area.
• Highly useful for obtaining photographs with three-dimensional view.
• Three dimensional view enables in understanding the undulations of the terrain.
• Information on any region can be gathered in accordance with our requirements.

Question 8.
What is overlap in aerial photographs? Mention its advantage.
Answer:
In each aerial photograph, nearly 60% of the places depicted in the adjacent photo is included. This is done to ensure continuity and to obtain three dimensional view. This is termed as the overlap in aerial photos. Only photos with overlap can give three dimensional views.
Its advantages are :

• To ensure continuity of aerial photographs.
• To obtain three dimensional view
• For a synoptic view of the area.
• Help in understanding the undulations of the terrain.

Question 9.
Why are geostationary satellites called so? What are its uses?
Answer:
Geostationary satellites are the satellites that move in equal velocity with the earth’s rotation, As the movement of these satellites corresponds to the speed of rotation of the earth, it stays constantly above a specific place on earth. As it stays constantly above a specific place on earth, they are called geostationary satellites.
Uses:

• Helps in continuous data collection of an area.
• Used in Telecommunication and weather studies.

Question 10.
What is spectral signature? Write the reason for difference in the amount of spectral signature.
Answer:
The amount of reflected energy by each object is called spectral signature. Each object on the earth’s surface reflects electromagnetic radiation differently.

The difference in the amount of reflection is because of the variations in the physical properties of objects.
For eg: The spectral signature of sand is different from that of vegetation.

Question 11.
What is spatial resolution? How does it influence the study of the surface of the earth?
Answer:
Spatial resolution of a sensor is the size of the smallest object on the earth’s surface that it can recognize.
The sensors fitted on state 11 items cannot recognize objects of all sizes on the surface of the earth. Earlier sensors were able to distinguish only large objects and they had less resolution (Eg, 1 km). Today there are sensors that can even represent information of less than one meter. Houses, vehicles and trees can be recognized by such high-resolution sensors.

Question 12.
What is Geographic Information System? What are the possibilities of GIS softwares?
Answer:
Geographic Information System is a computer-based information management system by which the data collected from the sources of information like maps, aerial photographs, satellite imageries, tables, surveys, etc. are incorporated into the computer using softwares, which are retrieved, analyzed and displayed in the form of maps, tables and graphs.
Uses

• Exhibit the maps
• Renew/update the maps
• Produce new maps
• Analysis and preparation of maps and graphs based on data acquired.

Question 13.
What is the importance of preparing layers in GIS? Write an example.
Answer:
With the help of GIS softwares, spatial data can be converted into different layers. The thematic maps prepared and stored in Geographic Information System for analytical purpose are called layers. When the features of the surface of the earth are converted into layers, we can easily make maps or tables for our preference from this. The spatial relationship among the features on the surface of the earth can easily be understood by analyzing the appropriate layers.

Example: using, GIS software, different data about India can be depicted as separate layers. Different layers to show the states in India, natural resources, mountains, cotton cultivated regions and jute cultivated regions can be depicted. Maps obtained as different layers in this manner can be used for different analyses.

Question 14.
Network analysis is very useful to travellers. Substantiate.
Answer:

• Helps to find out the easiest and less congested roads from one place to another.
• Helps tourists to plan maximum number of attractive destinations in the available time.
• Helps to find routes without tolls.
• Helps to identity the petrol pumps, hotels and hospitals on the way.
• Helps to bring accident victims to a suitable hospital through less congested roads.

Question 15.
Which country’s satellite-based navigation system is GPS? Write its uses.
Answer:

• USA has developed GPS for defense.
• Useful in map making and transport.
• Displays the latitude, longitude, height, and time of a place.

Question 16.
What is overlay analysis? Write its uses.
Answer:
Overlay analysis is used to identify the mutual relationships among the various surface features on earth and the periodic changes undergone by them.
Uses

• To know the changes in the area of crops.
• To know the changes in land-use patterns.
• To know the changes in the agricultural crops.

Question 17.
What is the name of the satellite based navigation system developed by India? Write its peculiarities.
Answer:
IRNSS is the satellite based navigation system of India as an alternative to GPS. Apart from India, a radius of 1500 kms including the Indian Ocean and the countries like Pakistan and China come under its surveillance.

Question 18.
The water level in the reservoir increased beyond the limit. The authorities decided to open the shutter of dam and let the water flow into the river. To know how much-area will be flooded due to the overflowing river,
a. Which analytical capability of Geographic Information System can be made use here?
b. Write another example for this analytical capability.
Answer:
a. Buffer analysis of a linear feature. In this, the detailed information regarding the area and the people living on the banks of the river can be collected. A parallel zone can be created aside a linear feature like river. It shows the area of
land that will get flooded.
b. Example:

• The width of a road in a region is increased from 5 m to 8 m. Using buffer analysis, it can be easily determined as to how much land belonging to local people has to be acquired and how many people will become homeless.
• If the width of the road is increased by 5 m on either side, how many people would lose land.
• If the width of the road is increased only on the left side by 10 m, how much land has to be acquired and how many will become homeless.

Question 19.
How do spatial data and attributes differ? Explain with example.
Answer:
Each feature on the earth’s surface has a location of its own. Such features of the earth’s surface having a specific location are known as spatial data. For eg: among the countries of the world, the location of India is between north latitudes 8°4′ and 37°6′ and east longitudes 68°7′ and 97°25′.

The additional information about the characteristics of each data on the earth’s surface are called attributes. The characteristics of spatial data can be recorded with the help of their attributes. For eg: when we find out the location of well in our house, it forms spatial data. When we collect information about the characteristics of the well like its depth, whether it has a platform or retaining wall, these are its attributes.

Question 20.
Suppose our government plans to build a Highway in our state. ‘
a. Which technique in geography can be used for its planning? .
b. Which technique can be used to assess the extent of land lost?
c. Which technique can be used to assess the compensation and to estimate the land holdings of similar size?
Answer:
a. Geographic Information System
b. Buffer analysis
c. Overlay analysis

Question 21.
Suppose you are analysing the satellite imageries of two strategically important locations A and B. The spatial resolutions of the imageries are 1km x 7km and lm x 1m respectively.
i. Which of these imageries are of high spatial resolution?
ii. Which of these imageries cannot be utilized for microlevel studies?
iii. What do you mean by the term spatial resolution?
Answer:
i. Imagery B has high, spatial resolution.
ii. Imagery A cannot be utilized for micro-level studies.
iii. The size of the smallest object on earth that can be recognized by the sensor is the spatial resolution of that sensor.

Question 22.
In each aerial photograph, nearly 60% of the places depicted in the adjacent photo is included.
i. What is the significance in doing so?
ii. Mention the name by which it is known.
Answer:
i.
For the continuity of photographs.
To obtain three-dimensional view
ii. Overlap

Question 23.
As a result of the landslide in Kavalappara in Malappuram district, a large area was destroyed and many became homeless. The Government decided to estimate the extent of land area destructed and to identify the real land owners using GIS. Which analytical capabilities of GIS can be made use of for each purpose? Explain.
Answer:
To estimate the area of land destructed, buffer analysis can be used. The spatial data of the area of landslide are subjected to buffer analysis, and a special circular zone is created. This helps to estimate the houses and agricultural lands of the area.

To find the real landowners, overlay analysis can be used. Overlay analysis is used for under-standing the mutual relationship among the various features on the earth’s surface and the periodic changes undergone by them.

Question 24.
The continuous numbers of a series of aerial photographs are given.

a. Can we call the photographs 41 and 45 together as stereopair? Why?
b. What is the peculiarity of stereopairs?
c. Which are the pairs of photograph 42?
Answer:
a. No. Photographs 41 and 45 are not stereopairs. Two adjoining aerial photographs with overlap are called stereopairs.
b. When a stereopair is observed through a stereoscope, three dimensional view is obtained.
c. Photographs 41 and 43.

Question 25.
Classify the following as spatial data and attributes.

• Kerala
• Lakshadweep
• Mizoram
• Distribution of rainfall
• Vegetation
• Population

Answer:

• Spatial data: Kerala, Mizoram, Lakshadweep
• Attributes: Population, vegetation, distribution of rainfall.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
Complete the given flow chart.

a. …………..
b. …………..
c. ………….
d. ………….
e. ………….
Answer:
a. The shaking of the aircraft affects the quality of photos.
b. Open space is needed for the takeoff and landing of aircraft.
c. not practical to take photographs of vast and extensive regions.
d. Costly to land the aircraft frequently for refueling.
e. The advent of satellite remote sensing.

Question 2.
Which are the two types of satellites in satellite remote sensing? Write their features.
OR
INSAT and IRS are two types of satellites launched by India. Which type of satellites are these? Distinguish between them.
Answer:
Geostationary satellites and sun synchronous satellites.

1. INSAT is geostationary satellite.
2. IRS is sunsynchronous satellite.

Geostationary satellites

• Orbit the earth at an elevation of about 36000 km. above the earth.
• Move in equal velocity with earth’s rotation.
• As their movement corresponds to the speed of rotation of the earth, it stays constantly above a specific place on the earth. This helps in continuous data collection of an area.
• One third of the earth comes under its field of view.
• Useful for weather studies and in tele-communication.

Sun synchronous satellites

• The orbit is about 900 km in altitude.
• Revolve around the earth along the poles.
• The field of view is less.
• Repetitive data collection of a region at regular interval is possible.
• Used to collect data on natural resources, land use and ground water.
• Surveillance area is less than that of geostationary satellites.
• Mainly used for remote sensing purpose.

Question 3.
One of the uses of remote sensing technology is given. Add more.

Answer:
a. For ocean exploration.
b. For oil explorations.
c. To locate places with groundwater potential.
d. To collect data about the extent of crops and the spread of pest attacks.
e. For monitoring of drought and flood.
f. For identifying forest fires in deep forests and for taking control measures.

Question 4.
What is the importance of spatial data and attributes in map making? Explain with example.
Answer:
Each feature on the earth’s surface has a location of its own. Such features of the earth’s surface having a specific location are known as spatial data. For example, the location of Trivandrum is in between north latitude 8°29′ and east longitude 76°55′. When the map of a place is to be included in G1S, its spatial data should also be given. The latitude and longitude of that place should be marked in the map.

Along with spatial data, attributes should also be included in the map. The additional information about the characteristics of each spatial data on earth’s surface are called attributes. For example, if a well is to be marked in the map, information about the characteristics of the well such as the depth of the well, whether it has a platform and retaining wall, whether it is fresh water or not and details of ownership of the well should also be marked. These are the attributes of the well.

Question 5.
One of the uses of GIS is given. Add more.
Conduct thematic studies.
Answer:

• To represent geographical features spatially.
• To update and incorporate data easily.
• To generate visual models of future phenomena and processes based on collected data.
• For making maps, graphs and tables for specific needs.
• To compile data from different sources.

Question 6.
Write the uses and working of GPS.
How can the techniques of satellite remote sensing and geographic information system be made use of in the following areas?
Answer:
Uses: Helps in sensing latitudinal and longitudinal location, elevation of objects on earth’s surface along with corresponding time.

Working : GPS has a group of 24 satellites that orbit around the earth in 6 different orbits between the altitudes 20000 and 20200 km above the earth’s surface to locate objects. We can locate the places with the help of signals received from the satellite in our handheld device. A GPS should receive signals from at least 4 satellites to display the information like latitude, longitude, elevation and time of a place.

Question 7.
The following are statements related to remote sensing. Write what each stands for.
a. The aircraft requires open space for take-off and landing.
b. Photographs with overlap.
c. Orbit the earth at an elevation of about 36000 km above the earth.
d. Repetitive data collection of an area is possible.
Answer:
a. Indicates the limitation of aerial remote sensing
b. Indicates the merit of aerial remote sensing.
c. Geostatiount satellites
d. Sun svplelrronous satellite

Question 8.
Complete the table based on Geostationary satellite and Sun-synchronous satellite.

Answer:

Question 9.
How can the techniques of satellite remote sensing and geographic information system be made use of in the following areas?
a. Agricultural sector
b. Conservation of forest
c. Mapmaking
Answer:

Question 10.
A stands for sun-synchronous satellite and B stands for geostationary satellite. How are they useful for the following requirements?
a. For weather studies
b. To locate places with ground water potential
c. Data collection on natural resources.
d. In telecommunication
Answer:
A. Sun-synchronous satellite
a. To locate places with groundwater potential
c. Data collection on natural resources
B. Geostationary satellite
a. For weather studies
b. In telecommunication

Question 11.
The spectral signature of plants is different from that of water bodies. Analyse this statement to answer the questions.
i. What is spectral signature?
ii. Which instrument recognizes spectral signature?
iii. Each object reflects electromagnetic radiation differently. Why?
Answer:
i. The amount of energy reflected by each object is its spectral signature.
ii. Scanners mounted on artificial satellites recognize different objects on the basis of their spectral signature.
iii. Each object on the earth’s surface reflects electromagnetic radiation on the basis of their features. Each object reflects electromagnetic radiation differently. This is because of the difference in the physical property of each object.

Question 12.
Answer the following questions related to remote sensing.
i. What are the features that equip the sun-synchronous satellites for remote sensing?
ii. What are the uses of geostationary satellites?
iii. Write examples for both types of satellites.
Answer:
i. Since sun-synchronous satellites revolve around the earth along the poles, repetitive data collection of a place is possible. Since they travel at a lower elevation, the field of view is less.
ii. Telecommunication Weather studies
iii. Geostationary satellite – INSAT Sun-synchronous satellite – IRS

Question 13.
Overlap is essential for the analysis of aerial photos.
i. What is overlap in aerial photographs?
ii. What do we call two adjacent photographs with overlap?
iii. How does overlap help in the analysis of aerial photographs?
Answer:
i. In each aerial photograph, nearly 60% of the places depicted in the adjacent photos is included. This is known as overlap in aerial photographs.
ii. Stereo pair
iii. When viewed through stereoscope, stereo pair gives a three-dimensional view. This helps in the analysis of aerial photographs. Ensures continuity of the aerial photographs.

Question 14.
Point out the limitations of aerial remote sensing.
Answer:

• The shaking of aircrafts affects the quality of photos.
• The aircrafts require open space for take-off and landing.
• It is not practical to take photographs of regions that are vast and extensive.
• Landing the aircrafts frequently for refueling increases the cost.

Question 15.
Identify the areas where satellite remote sensing techniques can be adopted using geostationary satellites and sun synchronous satellites.
Answer:

• Estimation of loss due to flood.
• Understanding the post-flood conditions of •rivers.
• Assessment of the damages of the areas flooded.
• Preparing flood predicting models by identifying areas vulnerable to flood.

Question 16.
Explain how satellite imageries are prepared.
Answer:
Satellite imageries: Satellite remote sensing is the process of gathering information using the sensors mounted on satellites. Different types of scanners capable of recognizing specific areas in the electromagnetic spectrum are mounted on the artificial satellites. These scanners recognize the different objects on the basis of their spectral signatures and transmit the data to the ground control stations in digital form. These are analyzed with the help of computers and transformed into images. These are known as satellite imageries.

Question 17.
What are the possibilities of satellite remote sensing to overcome ñatural disasters like floods?
Answer:
The possibilities that can be adopted are:
Preparation of flood hazard maps of affected areas.
Estimation of loss due to flood.
Understanding the post flood conditions of rivers.
Assessment of the damages of the areas flooded.
Preparing flood predicting models by ¡dentiI,’ing areas vulnerable to flood.

Question 18.
Geographic Information System is a fast developing technology that can be made use of in different levels of human life. In which all areas can GIS be made use of?
Answer:

• Industry
• Education
• Irrigation
• Transportation
• Disease control
• Tax collection
• Tourism

Answer the following. Score 5 each

Question 1.
What is the significance of the following in collecting data about the earth’s surface?

• Aerial remote sensing
• Overlap
• Stereoscope

Answer:
The indicators given related to aerial remote sensing play an important role in data collection of the earth’s surface and for map making.
Aerial remote sensing
The continuous process of capturing photographs of the earth’s surface using cameras mounted on balloons or aircrafts is known as aerial remote sensing. This is generally used to gather clear information about comparatively smaller areas. Aerial photographs are widely used for the preparation of topographical maps. The most important feature of aerial remote sensing is that it can take photographs that give three dimensional view. Three dimensional view will help in understanding the undulations of the terrain. To get three dimensional view, aerial photographs should have overlap.

Overlap
In each aerial photograph, nearly 60 percent of the places depicted in the adjacent photograph is included. This is done to ensure continuity and to obtain three-dimensional view using stereoscopes. This is known as overlap in aerial photographs. Two photographs of adjoining areas with overlap are called stereo pair. When viewed through a stereoscope, the stereo pair will give a synoptic view of the area and will help in understanding the undulations of the terrain.

Stereoscope
Tire instrument that provides three dimensional view from the stereo pairs is called stereoscope.

Question 2.
Explain the role of spectral signature, spatial resolution and sensor in the formation of satellite imageries.
Answer:
The process of gathering information using sensors mounted on artificial satellites is known as satellite remote sensing. Different types of scanners capable of recognizing specific areas in the electromagnetic spectrum are mounted on artificial satellites. These scanners recognise different objects on the basis of spectral signatures and transmit that information digitally to ground stations. These are analysed with the help of computers and transformed into images. These are known as satellite imageries.

Spectral signature Sensors record electromagnetic radiations that are reflected or emitted by objects. Each object on the earth’s surface reflects electromagnetic radiation differently. This difference in the amount of reflection is because of the variations in the physical properties of objects. The amount of reflected energy by each object is called the spectral signature of that object.

Spatial resolution
Sensors fixed on satellite cannot recognize objects of all sizes on the earth’s surface. Sensors with low spatial resolution can only distinguish big objects on the earth’s surface. Eg: Land, sea, hills, forests, etc. The recently developed high spatial resolution sensors can distinguish houses, vehicles, trees, etc. Spatial resolution of a sensor is the size of the smallest object on the earth’s surface that it can recognize.

Sensors
Instruments used for data collection through remote sensing are called sensors. Camera and scanners are sensors. Sensors work with the help of electromagnetic radiations. Sensors record electromagnetic radiations that are reflected or emitted by objects.

Question 3.
What is the use of satellite-based navigation system? How is it made possible? Explain the progress of India in this area.
Answer:
Today satellite based navigation systems are used for monitoring the location and movement of objects on the earth’s surface. It is used in several sectors like map making, transportation, etc. The most important among these is the Global Positioning system of the USA.

In this system, a series of 24 satellites placed at different orbits between the altitudes 20000 and 20200 km above the earth’s surface locate objects. We can locate places with the help of the signals received from the satellites in our handheld device. The GPS requires signals from atleast four satellites to display information like latitude, longitude, elevation, time, etc. This facility is now open to the public since 1980.

IRNSS is a satellite-based navigation system developed by India as an alternative to of GPS. It has radius of 1500 km including India, Pakistan, China and the Indian Ocean. Of the 7 satellites planned, all have been launched.

Answer the following. Score 6 each

Question 1.
Aerial remote sensing has many merits. At the same it has many limitations also. Substantiate.
Answer:
The continuous process of capturing photographs of the earth’s surface using cameras fixed on balloons or aircrafts is known as aerial remote sensing. It has many merits and limitations.

Merits

•  Useful for collecting clear information about comparatively smaller areas.
• Widely used for the preparation of topographical maps.
• Useful for obtaining photographs with three dimensional view.
• Three dimensional view enables to understand undulations of the terrain.
• Useful for synoptic view of the area.

Limitations

• The shaking of the aircraft affects the quality of photos.
• Open space is needed for the take off and landing of aircrafts.
• Not practical for taking photographs of vast and extensive regions.
• Costly to land the aircraft frequently for refuelling.

Question 2.
What are the possibilities of GIS? How are these possibilities beneficial to humans? Explain.
Answer:
Softwares are used for preparing maps with the help of data collected through remote sensing and other methods of survey. These softwares are also used for incorporating details in the maps and analyzing them for various purposes. This system is known as GIS.

The surface features of the earth collected as spatial information and attributes can be analysed by GIS in various ways according to the requirements. The analytical capabilities of GIS are network analysis, buffer analysis and overlay analysis.

Overlay analysis: Overlay analysis used to identify the interrelationship of various surface features on earth and the changes they have undergone over a period of time. This analysis is helpful in understanding the changes in the area of crops, the changes in land use, etc. Suppose we have a map showing the paddy cultivation in Thrissur district in 2000. If we want to understand the changes in the area of paddy cultivation by the year 2015, all we have to do is overlay the corresponding map.

Buffer analysis: This is an analysis capability used for analysing the activities around a point feature or at a definite distance along a linear feature.

Network analysis
Linear features such as roads, rivers and railway are subjected to network analysis. Using this, we can find the shortest route to reach a place, routes with less traffic, routes without toll and can identify petrol pumps, hospitals and hotels.

For Extra  Reading

A Peep into the History of Remote Sensing
First phase: Before 1925

• During earlier times, photographs of Paris city were taken using cameras tied to domestic pigeons.
• Photographs taken in this manner did not have a precise continuation or control.
• Afterwards, balloons began to be used.
• In 1858 Gaspard Felix took a photograph of a place called Beaver in France using balloon.

Second phase: 1925 – 1945

• The use of aerial photographs for collecting information about the earth’s surface became more widespread.
• Camera lenses were used effectively.
• Advanced aircrafts began to be used.
• Aerial photographs were used greatly in the second world war.

Third phase: 1945 – 1960

• Aerial photographs began to be used in various fields.
• Such photographs were widely used for theme based studies.

Fourth phase: 1960 – 1972

• Satellite remote sensing was started. ,
• Earth observation from the outer space started.

Fifth phase: After 1972

• America successfully launched the Landsat series of satellites.
• India successfully launched several satellites such as Cartosat, Resources at, and Oceans.

Institutions that use Remote Sensing in Kerala
Various central and state departments in Kerala and many private companies make use of remote sensing technology.

• Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment Centre (KSRSEC)
• Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS)
• Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM)
• Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI)
• Kerala State Land Use Board (KSLUB)
• Geological Survey of India (GSI)
• Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)
• Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 9 The State and Political Science

Answer the following. Score 1 each

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The western Philosopher who coined the term ‘state’ for the first time.
Niccolo Maehiavelli
Socretes
Plato
Answer:
Niccolo Maehiavelli

Question 2.
The smallest country in the world
Vatican city
San Marino
Monaco
Answer:
Vatican city

Question 3.
The largest country in the world
Canada
Russia
USA
Answer:
Russia

Question 4.
The country constituted in 2011 after dividing Sudan
South Sudan
Tuvalu
Palau
Answer:
South Sudan

Question 5.
The 193^rd member of UNO
South Sudan
Switzerland
Palau
Answer:
South Sudan

Question 6.
Who is called the ‘Gandhi of Architecture’?
Laurie Baker
Nari Gandhi
Nandalal Bose
Answer:
Laurie Baker

Question 7.
Who is the ‘Father of Political Science’?
Aristotle
Plato
Rousseau
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 8.
Who is the author of the works ‘Ethics’, ‘Politics’?
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 9.
The result of your political inactivity is that you will be ruled by people inferior to you. Whose words are these?
Plato
Rousseau
Aristotle
Answer:
Plato

Question 10.
The statement not related to sovereignty
Increases employment opportunities
Takes decisions on internal matters without external control
Takes independent decisions on international affairs without external control
Answer:
Increases employment opportunities

Question 11.
Which of the following is an obligatory function of the state?
Provide transport facilities
Protection of right
Provide educational facilities
Answer:
Protection of right

Question 12.
‘The state came into being as a result of a contract by the people’. To which theory of origin of state is this related?
Evolutionary theory
Power theory
Social contract theory
Answer:
Social contract theory

Question13.
Which of the following is not a political right?
Right to vote
Right to form associations
Right to leisure
Answer:
Right to leisure

Question 14.
Which is the first book to make a comprehensive analysis of state? Who was its author?
Answer:

• Politics
• Aristotle wrote it.

Question 15.
Point out the invisible and indivisible element of state.
Answer:
Sovereignty

Question 16.
The element of state that makes and executes laws and ensures justice to the people.
Answer:
Government

Question 17.
“The goal of state is the maximum happiness of the maximum number. ” Name the thinker who made this statement.
Answer:
Jeremy Bentham

Question 18.
A person who has the right to participate in the law making procedure and the implementation of law is called the citizen of the state. Which thinker made this statement?
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 19.
The right of the state to take decisions on all matters which come within its territory.
Answer:
Sovereignty

Question 20.
Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government. Whose words are these?
Answer:
Aristotle

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What is a state?
Answer:
A group of people residing permanently within a particular territory with a sovereign government is called state.

Question 2.
What are the problems due to excess or too much population?
Answer:

• Unemployment
• Pollution
• Poverty
• Shortage of water
• Famine

Question 3.
Which are the regions that fall under ‘territory’?
Answer:
Territory comprises of the land area, water bodies, aerial space and coastal area falling within boundary.

Question 4.
‘The goal of state is the maximum happiness of the maximum number’. Whose words are these?
Answer:
Jeremy Bentham

Question 5.
Which is the most acceptable theory regarding the origin of state?
Answer:
Evolutionary theory

Question 6.
Which are the different types of governments found in different countries of the world?
Answer:

1. Democracy
2. Monarchy
3. Military rule

Question 7.
Which are the two dimensions of sovereignty?
Answer:

1. Internal level
2. External level

Question 8.
Name the Greek philosophers who were of the opinion that ‘the primary duty of the state is to provide better life to its citizens’.
Answer:

• Plato
• Aristotle

Question 9.
Which are the important documents that record the citizenship of an individual?
Answer:

• Passport
• Birth Certificate

Question 10.
What is citizenship?
Answer:
Citizenship is the full and equal membership in a nation. Citizenship enables a person to enjoy political rights and civil rights.

Question 11.
Which are the two types of citizenship?
Answer:

1. Natural citizenship
2. Acquired citizenship

Question 12.
What is the definition given by Aristotle to political science?
Answer:
Political science is the study of political institutions like state and government.

Question 13.
Which is the most important constituent of a state that distinguishes it from other institutions?
Answer:
Sovereignty

Question 14.
From which term was the word ‘politics’ derived?
Answer:
The word politics was derived from the Greek term ‘polis’ which means ‘city state’.

Question 15.
Complete the chart showing the mutual relationship between citizen and state.

Answer:

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
Which are the basic factors of a state?
Answer:

• Population
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty

Question 2.
What are the obligatory functions of the state?
Answer:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at all times at any cost. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. The life and property of the people cannot be protected if the obligatory functions are not performed. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Question 3.
Which are the important theories on the origin of state?
Answer:

• Divine right theory
• Evolutionary theory
• Social contract theory
• Power theory

Question 4.
Write the peculiarities of the evolutionary theory of the origin of state.
Or
Which is the most acceptable theory on the origin of State? What idea does it convey?
Answer:

• The theory of evaluation is the most acceptable.
• State is the product of history.
• It was formed by social evolution.

Question 5.
Foreigners do not have all the rights that citizens enjoy. What are the rights available exclusively to citizens in India?
Answer:

• Right to contest in election
• Right to vote
• Right to criticise the government
• Right to hold public office

Question 6.
Who is a citizen according to Aristpotle?
Answer:
A person Who has the right to participate in the law making procedure and the implementation of law is called the citizen of a state.

Question 7.
Why is Aristotle regarded as the father of Political Science?
Or
Who is know as the father of Political Science? Why?
Answer:
According to the definition of Aristotle, Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government. Aristotle named his book ‘Politics’ dealing with political issues. It is the first book which makes a comprehensive analysis of the state. So Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science.

Question 8.
Population is an indispensable factor of a state. How should the people function for the existence of the state?
Answer:
For the existence of a state, the people should live unitedly with mutual understanding, interdependence and common public interest.

Question 9.
Both too much and too less population are not beneficial to the state. Substantiate with example.
Answer:
Too much and too less population will adversely affect the development of a state. High population leads to unemployment, poverty, famine and environmental pollution. Eg. India. Very less population results in the scarcity of human resources needed for development. Eg. Canada which does not have the required population encourages migration.

Question 10.
State is permanent and government is temporary. Explain.
Answer:
State is permanent. State will exist as long as there is population, territory, government and sovereignty. But the government in any countiy is not permanent. Governments may change from time to time.

Question 11.
Explain the internal and external dimensions of sovereignty.
Or
The two dimensions of sovereignty are internal and external. Write the difference between them.
Answer:

1. Internal dimension :
   The right to take decisions on all matters which come within its territory.
2. External dimension :
   To right to take independent decisions on international issues.

Question 12.
State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. Why?
Answer:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at any cost at all times. The life and property of the people cannot be protected if the obligatory functions are not performed.

Question 13.
Why are modem states called welfare states?
Answer:
Modern states undertake functions like education and health care facilities which provide better living conditions to people. Since the modem states undertake such progressive measures, they are called welfare states.

Question 14
Explain,
Citizen
Citizenship
Or
Who is called citizen in a state? By what name is the membership given by state to citizen known?
Answer:

• Citizen :
  A person who has the right to – participate in the law making procedure and the implementation of law.
• Citizenship:
  The membership given by state to citizen is known as citizenship. It is the full and equal membership in a nation.

Question 15.

What conclusion can you draw from the chart on j the relation between state and citizen?
Answer:

• Represents the mutual relationship between state and citizen.
• The state ensures certain rights to citizens, Citizens have certain duties to perform.

Question 16.
Differentiate between natural citizenship and acquired citizenship.
Answer:

• Citizenship by birth is natural citizenship. A person born in India to parents of Indian origin gets Indian citizenship. This is natural citizenship.
• The citizenship acquired by a person on the basis of the legal procedure of a nation is called acquired citizenship. It can be obtained only if the person has the eligibility as per the citizenship laws. Eg. A foreigner obtaining Indian citizenship.

Question 17.
Prepare a sun diagram showing the different branches of the study of Political Science.
Answer:

Question 18.
Why are modern states called nation states?
Answer:
Modem states are formed on the basis of a feeling of nationalism.

Question 19.
What is meant by sovereignty?
Answer:
The state has the right to take decisions on national and international issues independently. This supreme authority of state is called sovereignly.

Answer the following. Score 3 each

Question 1.
Write a note on the relationship between state and population.
Answer:
Population is an indispensable factor for the formation of state. There is no state without people. For the existence of a state, the people should live unitedly with mutual understanding, inter dependence and common public interest. However, the minimum and maximum number of people for a country are not fixed. Population which is too less or too much will adversely affect the development of a state.

Question 2.
‘There is no state without sovereignty’. Do you agree with this? Substantiate your view.
Answer:

I agree.

Sovereignty is the supreme authority of a state to take decisions, on national and international affairs independently without any external control. State cannot be constituted even if there is population, territory and government. Along with these, sovereignty should also be there for a state to be formed. It is the absolute, unlimited and indivisible power of the state.

Question 3.
What is the importance of territory in the formation of state?
Answer:

• State should have an exact territory with clearcut boundary.
• The state is formed when the people settle permanently in a particular territory.
• State should have complete control over its territory.
• The territorial size does not matter in the formation of a state. Territory with clearcut boundary is only required for state formation.
• Territory includes land area, water bodies, coastal areas and aerial space falling within the boundary.
• Territory is an essential factor for state formation.

Question 4.
Complete the flow chart on the theories of origin of state.

Answer:

Question 5.
Why is Kerala not treated as a country?
Answer:
Kerala has definite territory, population and government. But it lacks sovereignty. The government of Kerala does not have the power to take decisions on all internal as well as external matters. Hence Kerala cannot be considered as a country.

Question 6.
The field of study of Political Science is continuously expanding. Complete the sun diagram on the different branches of study of Political Science.

Answer:

Question 7.
Evolutionary theory is the most acceptable theory on the origin of state. Why?
Answer:
State is a the product of history. It was formed by social evolution. This theory tell us that state was formed as a result of several social circumstances and it reaches its present stage through the process of evolution. Hence evolutionary theory is the most acceptable theory on the origin of state.
State started as tribe, tribal administration and later developed as city state, empire state and feudal state and finally to the modem state.

Question 8.
What is the need or importance for the study of Political Science?
Or
What is Political Science? What is the importance of its study in the present day society?
Answer:
In a democratic system, the study of Political Science and politics are not to be kept apart. Plato said, “the result of your political in activity is that you will be ruled by people inferior to you”. This view point has great significance in democratic society. The merit of the society in which we live is based on how much we involve in the political process of that society. We need to logically analyse and creatively intervene in all public issues: Political Science helps you in this.

Question 9.
The field of study of Political Science is continuously expanding. Explain.
Answer:
Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government. At first Political Science took up the study of institutions like state and government and its functioning. With the emergence of democratic system, the concept of political participation also gained prominence. As a result, political processes also became a part of the study of Political Science along with political institutions. Thus the field of study of Political Science is continuously expanding.

Question 10.
Define Political Science. Point out the different branches of its study.
Answer:
Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government and its functioning. The concept of political participation also comes under it.

The different branches of Political Science:

• Political Theories
• International Politics
• Comparative Politics
• Public Administration

Question 11.
Explain with examples the discretionary powers of modern states.
Answer:
Discretionary powers of modem states are those which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of the state. Some of the discretionary powers of modem states are:

• Protection of health
• Provide educational facilities
• Implement welfare programmes
• Provide transportation facilities

Example:

• Setting up government hospitals to provide free medical care.
• Setting up government schools to provide free education.
• Providing social security measures to the weaker sections.

Question 12.
What is meant by obligatory functions of state? Give two examples of such functions.
Answer:
Obligatory functions:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at any cost at all times. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. If obligatory functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
What are the common features of the people of India?
Answer:

• People of India belong to different religions.
• They speak different languages.
• They follow different customs and cultures.
• They have different dress habits.

Question 2.
What is government? What are the important responsibilities of government?
Answer:
Government is the agency which operates on behalf of the state. On behalf of the state, the government frames and executes laws and ensures justice to the people. It ensures the security of the citizens and provides many services to them.

Responsibilities of government

• Maintain law and order
• Increase employment opportunities
• Implement developmental projects
• Defence
• Lawmaking

Question 3.
Explain the features of sovereignty.
Or
Sovereignty makes a state different from other institutions. Based on this statement, answer the questions.
a. What is sovereignty?
b. How important is sovereignly for the existence of a state?
c. Which are the dimensions of sovereignty?
Answer:
a. Sovereignty is the supreme authority of the state to take decisions on national and international affairs without any external control.

b. State cannot be constituted just with population, territory and government. State can. come into existence only if there is sovereignty. It is the absolute, unlimited and indivisible power of the state.

c. Sovereignty has two dimensions – internal and external dimensions. Internal dimension of sovereignty means the right to take decisions on all matters which come within its territory. External dimension of sovereignty means the right to take independent decisions on international issues.

Question 4.
What are the obligatory and discretionary functions of state?
Answer:

Question 5.
Prepare a note on Laurie Baker.
Answer:

• Born in England in 1917 at Birmingham and came to India in 1945 as part of Leprosy Mission.
• Influenced by Gandhian principles.
• Demonstrated cost effective house construction in Kerala.
• Known as Gandhi in the field of architecture.

Question 6.
Explain the field of study of Political Science.
Answer:

• At first Political Science took up the study of institutions like state and government and its functioning.
• With the emergence of democratic system, the concept of political participation also gained prominence. As a result, political processes also became a part of the study of Political Science.
• All concepts related to political processes are included in the study of Political Science.
• The major branches of the study of Political Science today are Public Administration, Political Theories, Comparative Politics and International Politics.

Question 7.
Explain the theories on the origin of state.
Or
There are many theories which explain how state originated. Explain each.
Answer:

• Divine Right Theory:
  State is the creation of God. King is the representative of God. God chose the king to mle. The king is answerable only to God.
• Evolutionary Theory:
  State is a the product of history. It was formed by social evolution. State was formed as a result of several social circumstances and it reached its present form through the process of evolution. Evolutionary theory is the most acceptable theory on the origin of state.
• Social Contract Theory:
  State came into existence as a result of a contract by the people. State was constituted for the fulfillment of human needs.
• Power Theory :
  State came into existence as a result of the establishment of power by the strong over the weak.

Question 8.
Differentiate between obligatory junctions and discretionary functions of state.
Answer:
Obligatory functions:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at any cost at all times. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. If obligatory functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Discretionary functions:
Discretionary functions of the state are those which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of the country. Some of the discretionary functions of the state.are to provide health care, education, transport facilities and to implement welfare schemes. The implementation of these functions will provide better living conditions to people.

In a welfare state, it is the duty of the state to undertake these progressive measures. It is not possible to fix a limit to the discretionaiy functions of the state. The growth of technology and the increase in human needs broaden the discretionary functions.

Question 9.
List some of the discretionary functions of the state.
Answer:

• Implement welfare programmes
• Provide educational facilities
• Protection of health
• Ensure the availability of fresh drinking water.

Question 10.
Which are the political rights enjoyed by a citizen?
Or
What are the rights one gets through citizenship?
Answer:

• Right to vote and contest in election
• Right to form associations
• Right to hold public office
• Right to crticise the government

Question 11.
What are the contributions of Aristotle to Political Science?
Answer:

• Aristotle defined Political Science as the study of state and government.
• Aristotle gave the name ‘Politics’ to his book dealing with political issues. This is the first book which makes a comprehensive analysis of state.
• Aristotle’s political insights are discussed in his works ‘Ethics’ and ‘Politics’.
• Due to his contributions to Political Science, Aristotle is regarded as the father of Political Science.

Question 12.
Providing health care and educational facilities are discretionary functions of a government. How do you respond to this? What is meant by discretionary powers?
Answer:

• Development of human resource is the major objective of modem state. Health care and educational facilities are essential for human resource development. So these should be included as obligatory functions.
• Discretionary functions are those that have to be implemented as per the economic condition of a state.

Question 13.
Indira Gandhi and Mother Teresa were persons having Indian citizenship. Did they have the same type of citizenship? If not, what is the difference between their citizenships?
Answer:

• Indira Gandhi had natural citizenship.
• Mother Teresa had acquired citizenship.
• Citizenship by birth is natural citizenship.
• Citizenship acquired through legal procedure is acquired citizenship.

Answer the following. Score ‘5’‘6’ each

Question 1.
Explain the mutual relationship between rights and duties of citizens.
Or
Rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin. Explain.
Answer:
Citizenship is the full and equal membership in a nation. It is the special status or recognition given by the country to an individual. The basis of citizenship is the relation between state and individual. Citizenship enables an individual to enjoy political rights and civil rights. The concept of citizenship gained importance with the emergence of democracy.

The participation of citizen in democratic administration is ensured through political rights. Only the citizens can enjoy political rights of a nation, the political rights of a citizen are the right to vote, the right to contest in election, the right to form associations, and the right to criticise the government.

As the state guarantees rights to a citizen, he has to fulfill certain duties towards the state also. A citizen gets his rights from the society. Hence he has certain responsibilities to the society. A citizen can enjoy his rights only if he discharges some duties to the state. As he enjoys his rights, he has a duty to respect the rights of others also. So rights and duties are the two sides of a same coin.

Question 2.
Describe the essential elements or components for the formation of state.
Answer:
A group of people, residing permanently within a particular territory with a sovereign govt, is called state. Statehood is the Highest stage in social evolution.
The essential components for state formation are

• Population
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty

Population:
Population is an indispensable factor for state formation. People should live unitedly with mutual understanding, inter dependence and common public interest for the existence of the state. There is no state without people. However, the minimum and maximum number of people for a country are not fixed. Both too much population and too less population are not beneficial to the country.

The people of a nation need not belong to any single religion, speak any particular language or follow a particular culture. But they should live unitedly with common nationalism.

Territory:
Territory is an important factor of state formation. A state should have an exact territory with clearcut boundary. State is formed when people settle in the definite territory permanently. State should have complete control over its territory. The territory of a state includes the land area, water bodies, aerial space and coastal area coming within its boundary. The size of the territory does not matter in state formation. But territory with a clearcut boundary is enough.

Government:
Government is an unavoidable constituent of state. The government frames and executes laws and ensures justice to the people on behalf of the state.
It ensures the safety and security of the citizens and provides many service to them. The government undertakes activities like maintenance of law and order, increasing employment opportunities and implementing development projects on behalf of the state. There should be governments in all states.

Sovereignty:
State has the right to take decisions on national and international matters independently without external control. This supreme authority of the state is known as sovereignty. Sovereignty differentiates state from other institutions. State cannot be constituted even if there is population, territory and government. State can come into existence only if there is sovereignty. It is the absolute, unlimited and indivisible power of the state.

Sovereignty has two dimensions – internal or domestic dimension and external dimension. Internal dimension means the right to take decisions on all matters within its territorial limit. External dimension means the right to take independent decisions on international issues.

Question 3.
What are the functions of a state? Explain.
Answer:
In the opinion of the famous western thinker Jeremy Bentham, ‘the goal of state is the maximum happiness of the maximum number.’ Common good or people’s welfare is the function of all states. In the opinion of Greek thinkers Plato and Aristotle, the primary duty of a state is to provide better life to its citizens.

States have numerous functions in modem times. The functions of a state can be divided as obligatory functions and discretionary functions.

Obligatory functions:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at all times at any cost. State cannot abstain from its obligatory functions. If obligatory functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights, protection of boundary, etc.

Discretionary functions:
Discretionary functions of the state are those which have to be implemented depending on the economic condition of the country. Some of the discretionary functions of the state are to provide health care, education, transport facilities and to implement welfare schemes. The implementation of these functions will ensure better living condition to people.

In a welfare state, it is the duty of the state to undertake these progressive measures. It is not possible to fix a limit to the discretionary functions of the state. The growth of technology and the increase in human needs broaden the discretionary functions.

Question 4.
Arrange the items related to column A from column B

Answer:

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 5 Public Expenditure and Public Revenue

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
An example for non-developmental expenditure.
War
Construction of roads
Construction of harbours
Answer:
War

Question 2.
A source of non tax revenue.
Fees
Excise duty
Customs duty
Answer:
Fees

Question 3.
An example for indirect tax.
Professional Tax
Goods and Services Tax
Corporate Tax
Answer:
Goods and Services Tax

Question 4.
Choose the correct statement about direct tax.
Paid by the person on whom it is imposed.
Tax payer does not know the burden of tax.
Tax burden can be transferred.
Answer:
Paid by the person on whom it is imposed.

Question 5.
An example for central govt. tax.
Property tax
Professional tax
Corporate tax
Answer:
Corporate tax

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
Define public revenue and public expenditure.
Answer:

• The income of the government is known as public revenue.
• The expenditure incurred by the government is known as public expenditure.

Question 2.
How is public expenditure classified?
Answer:
Public expenditure is classified into developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure.

Question 3.
Government imposes a fine upon those who violate traffic rules. In which category does this income come?
Answer:
Non-tax revenue

Question 4.
What are taxes?
Answer:
Tax is a compulsory payment to the government made by the public for meeting expenditure towards welfare activities and developmental activities.

Question 5.
Who is a taxpayer?
Answer:
The one who pays tax is the taxpayer.

Question 6.
What is corporate tax?
Answer:
The tax imposed on the net income or profit of a company is called corporate tax.

Question 7.
Explain the term public debt.
Answer:
The loans taken by the government from within the country and abroad.

Question 8.
What is budget?
Answer:
Budget is the financial statement showing the expected income and expenditure of the government during a financial year.

Budget
The word budget is derived from the French! word “BOUGHETTE” which means leather bag. Generally Finance Minister brings financial proposals in leather bags.

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
What is developmental expenditure? Write examples.
Answer:
The expenditure incurred by the government on developmental projects are known as developmental expenditure. The expenses of the government for construction of roads, bridges and harbours, starting up new enterprises, and setting up educational institutions, etc. are developmental expenditures.

Question 2.
Write examples for non-developmental expenditure.
Answer:
The expenses of the government on war, interest and pension are non-developmental expenditures.

Question 3.
The income of the government to undertake public expenditure is known as public revenue. Which are the sources of public revenue?
Answer:
Tax revenue and non-tax revenue.

Question 4.
Taxes are the main sources of government’s income. Write its features.
Answer:
Tax is a compulsory payment made by people to government to meet expenses of public interest like welfare activities and developmental activities.
Taxpayer does not expect any direct return from it.

Question 5.
Increase in population increases public expenditure. How?
Answer:
As population increases, facilities for education, health, shelter, etc. are to be provided for more people. The government has to spent money for this.

Question 6.
Surcharge and cess are special types of taxes. Write their features.
Answer:

• Surcharge is the additional tax imposed on tax for a specific period.
• “Cess is” an additional tax for meeting some special purpose of government. Cess will be discontinued when enough money is received.

Question 7.
Write the reasons for increase in the public debt of India.
Answer:

• Increased defence expenditure
• Increase in population
• Social welfare activities
• Developmental activities

Question 8.
Will higher taxes for high income group reduce economic inequality? How?
Answer:
Higher taxes for high income group reduces economic inequality. Tax is imposed on the ability to pay. Higher tax from the rich and low taxes from the poor reduce economic inequality. Such a tax is progressive.

Question 9.
Which are the sources of income for meeting the increased expenditure of governments? What is the major income of the government? In which type of income, the fees collected from students can be included?
Answer:
The income of the government is classified into tax revenue and non-tax revenue. They are as follows.

• Tax Revenue (Direct Tax and Indirect Tax)
• Non Tax Revenue
• Tax revenue constitutes the lion’s share of public revenue
• The fees collected from students is a non-tax revenue.

Question 10.
Personal income tax is a tax imposed on the income of the individual. What would be the tax burden of a tax payer having an income of ₹ 350000 per year as per the statement given below?
No tax for yearly income upto ₹250000.
Ten percent tax for income between ₹250000 and ₹500000.
Answer:
As per the tax slab given in the question, the person need not pay any tax for his first two lakh fifty thousand rupees. But he has to pay ten percentage tax for his next one lakh rupees. It is ten thousand rupees (₹ 10,000/-) only.\(\left(\frac{100000}{10}=₹ 10,000\right)\)

Question 11.
In what type of tax, taxpayer can transfer the burden of the tax to others? Find out an example on the basis of hints given below:
Hints: Tooth paste costs X40, Tax rate ten. percentage.
Answer:
In the case of indirect taxes, taxes are imposed on one person but paid by another person. Taxpayer can transfer the burden of tax to others. The example given in this question is an indirect tax imposed on a commodity. Tax Rupees four has to be paid for the tooth paste that costs ₹40 at a rate of 10 percentage tax. Trader remits ₹4 by way of tax. The trader in turn sells the toothpaste for ₹44 by adding the tax in the price. Here the tax burden is shifted by the trader to the consumer.

Question 12.
Distinguish between direct tax and indirect tax. Give one example each.
Answer:
When a person pays the tax imposed on him, it is called direct tax. The tax payer bears the burden of tax. Eg: personal income tax.

The tax imposed on one person and the tax burden is shifted to another person, it is called indirect tax. Eg: Sales tax.

Question 13.
Distinguish between internal debt and external debt.
Answer:
When the government avails loans from individuals and institutions within the country, it is called internal debt.
When the government avails loans from foreign governments and international institutions, it is called external debt.

Question 14.
Which are the major direct taxes in India?
Answer:
The two major direct taxes of India are

1. Personal income tax: The tax imposed on the income of the individuals. The tax rate increases with income.
2. Corporate tax: The tax imposed on the net income or profit of a company.

Question 15.
Classify the taxes given below as direct tax and indirect tax.
Personal income tax
Central GST
Corporate tax
State GST
Answer:

Question 16.
Complete the sun diagram.

Answer:

• Penalty
• Interest
• Grants
• Profit

Question 17.
What is fees? Explain with example.
Answer:
Fees is a non tax revenue. It is the reward collected for the government’s services.
Eg. Licence fees, registration fees, etc.

Question 18.
What is meant by grant? Explain with example.
Answer:
Grants are the financial aid provided by one government for meeting a specific objective.
Eg. Grants provided by central government to local self governments.

Question 19.
The following statements are related to taxes in India.
A. Tax imposed at the production stage of a commodity.
B. Tax imposed on the net income of a company.
Based on the above statements, choose the correct item from below.
a. Both the statements are the features of direct taxes.
b. Both the statements are the features of indirect taxes.
c. A is related to indirect tax and B is related to direct tax.
d. A is related to direct tax and B is related to indirect tax.
Answer:
c. A is related to indirect tax and B is related to direct tax.

Question 20.

An individual got the above receipts A and B from two institutions. Choose the correct statement from below for the tax mentioned in the receipts.
a. The taxpayer did not feel the tax burden while receiving both the receipts.
b. The taxpayer felt the tax burden while receiving both the receipts.
c. The taxpayer felt the tax burden while receiving receipt A and not in receipt B.
d. The taxpayer felt tax burden while receiving receipt B and not in receipt A.
Answer:
c. The taxpayer felt the tax burden while receiving receipt A and not in receipt B.

Question 21.
The table shows the features of different types of budgets. Choose the correct marks given against them in each column.

A. a and b are correct
B. b and c are correct
C. .a and c are correct
D. a, b and c are correct
Answer:
C. a and c are correct

Question 22.
Public expenditure is classified into developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure. Write the difference between them.
Answer:
The expenditure incurred by government for constructing roads, bridges and harbours, starting up new enterprises, setting up educational institutions, etc. are considered as developmental expenditure. These will generate income in future.

Expenditure incurred by way of war, interest, pension etc. are considered as non-developmental expenditure.

Question 23.
The internal debt of India is increasing. What are its impacts?
Answer:

• When debt is used for non-productive purposes, it becomes a liability to the future generation.
• The country falls in debt trap.
• Development retards.
• Affects national progress

Question 24.
Which are the sources of tax revenue in the central budget.
Answer:

• Personal income tax
• Corporate tax
• Customs duty
• Excise duty.
• GST

Answer the following. Score 3 each

Question 1.
Write the features of Goods and Services Tax (GST).
Answer:

• GST is a tax imposed on goods and services.
• It is an indirect tax.
• Taxes are levied at different stages starting from production to final consumption of goods and services.
• In each stage, the tax is imposed on the value-added.
• The tax paid in the earlier stages need not be paid by the final consumer.

Question 2.
List the taxes imposed by central, state and local self-governments.
Answer:
Central Government taxes

• Personal income tax
• Corporate tax
• Central GST

State Government taxes

• State GST
• Stamp duty
• Land tax

Local Self Government taxes

• Property tax
• Professional tax

Question 3.
The loans taken by the government are called public debt. Which are the sources of public debt of the government?
Answer:

• Government avails loans from within the country and outside the country. The two types of debt are internal debt and external debt.
• Internal debts are the loans availed by the government from individuals and institutions within the country.
• External debts are the loans availed by the government from foreign governments and international institutions.

Question 4.
Identity which governments have the power to collect the following taxes.
a. Personal income tax
b. Stamp duty
c. Professional tax
d. Land tax
e. Corporate tax
f. Property tax
Answer:
a. Central government
b. State government
c. Local self-government
d. State government
e. Central government
f. Local self-government

Question 5.
Classify the following budgets.
a. Revenue: ₹ 42200 crores
Expenditure: ₹ 42200 crores budget.

b.Revenue: ₹ 42200 crores
Expenditure: ₹ 45200 crores budget.

c. Revenue: ₹ 42200 crores
Expenditure: ₹ 40200 crores budget.
Answer:
a. Balanced budget
Balanced budget → Revenue = Expenditure (Income)

b. Deficit budget
Deficit budget → Expenditure > Revenue

c. Surplus budget
Surplus budget → Expenditure < Revenue

Question 6.
Which of the following tax, on which imposing tax rate, affects the living condition of the common man? Why?
Corporate tax
Sales tax
Answer:
Imposing high tax rate on sales tax adversely affects the living condition of the common man. So impose less tax on the commodities of the common man. But increasing tax on corporate income tax will not be a burden for the public.
Reasons:

• Increasing tax on corporate income tax decreases the profit of the company only.
• Increasing sales tax rate is unfavourable for the life of poor people also.

Question 7.
Complete the given activity, prepared to find out different types of budget and its features.

Answer:

Question 8.
Complete the following sun diagram finding out the governmental activities beneficial for the society.

Answer:

• Protection of environment
• Basic infrastructure development
• Reduce poverty and unemployment
• Social security measures
• Reduce inequality
• Economic activities
• Maintain stability
• Defence and law and order
• Social services.
• Rural development
• Drinking water programmes

Question 9.
The given graph shows the major expenditure items of the central govt. Budget. Find out the answers for the following questions on the basis of the graph.

Answer:
a. The expenditure item on which the government spends more money is for – repayment of principal and interest on loans.
b. The lowest expenditure item is – other public services, Parliament, tax revenue, foreign affairs, etc.

c. Expenditure items in the ascending order.
No. 8 – Other public services

• 6 – Police,
• 7 – Economic services
• 9 – Social services
• 5 – Pension
• 4 – Grants to states and Union Territories
• 2 – Defence
• 3 – Subsidy
• 1 – Repayment of principal and interest

d. Expenditure items to be reduced.
i. Repayment of principal and interest
ii. Defence

Question 10.
Tax, tax burden and taxpayer are the different terms related to tax. How are they related to each other?
Answer:
Tax: Tax is a compulsory payment to the government made by the public for meeting expenditure towards welfare activities and developmental activities. It is the duty of a citizen to pay tax. Tax revenue constitutes the lion share of public revenue.

Tax burden: The loss in the income due to the payment of tax is called ‘tax burden’. When a person pays the tax imposed on him, the burden of the tax is borne by him.

Taxpayer: The person who pays the tax is called the taxpayer.

Question 11.
Classify the following as tax revenue and non-tax revenue.

• Interest
• Profit
• Corporate tax
• Land tax
• Personal income tax
• Grants

Answer:

Question 12.
List the different types of goods and services tax.
Answer:

• The tax imposed by the central government is known as Central GST.
• The tax imposed by the state government is known as State GST.
• The GST on interstate trade is imposed and collected by the central government. It is known as Integrated GST.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

Question 1.
Explain with examples, how direct tax and indirect tax differ.
Answer:
When a person pays the tax imposed on him, it is called direct tax. The taxpayer bears the tax burden. High expenditure is incurred for tax collection. Eg: Personal income tax, corporate tax

Tax imposed on one person and the tax burden is transferred to another person, it is called indirect tax. Tax burden is not felt by the taxpayer. Low expenditure is incurred for tax collection. Eg: GST.

Question 2.
Complete the table listing the features of direct tax and indirect tax.

Answer:

Question 3.
Write the features of the important direct taxes in India.
Answer:
Personal income tax: It is a tax imposed on the income of the individuals beyond a limit prescribed by law. Tax rate increases with income. Tax is imposed on income beyond a certain limit.
Corporate tax: It is the tax imposed on the net income or profit of a company.

Question 4.
Write any four reasons for the increase in public expenditure.
Answer:

• Development of basic infrastructure due to population growth.
• Increase in defence expenditure
• Social welfare activities
• Urbanisation

Question 5.
Increase in direct tax helps to reduce the inequality in the income of citizens. Why?
Answer:
Indirect tax affects both the rich and poor alike. The principle of the ability to pay is not applicable here. Direct tax is based on the principle of ability to pay. For eg: sales tax is an indirect tax. It is imposed along with the price of goods. It affects all those who buy the goods. But personal income tax is a direct tax.

It is imposed on the income of a person. Tax burden is borne by the person on whom it is imposed. So to reduce the inequality in the income of citizens, it is desirable to increase the tax rate on direct taxes.

Question 6.

Analyze the table and enter your conclusions.
Answer:

• Internal debt is more than external debt in all periods.
• The rate of increase in internal debt is more than the rate of increase of external debt.
• Compared to 2013-14, the public debt of 2015-16 increased to ₹ 1078329 crore.
• Public debt is always on the increase.

Question 7.
India’s public debt is increasing. Write its merits and demerits.
Answer:
The increase in public debt is beneficial as well as harmful. increase in public debt, some goods will have to be sold to foreign countries at a price less than in the internal market. This affects the economic growth of the country adversely. The value of money comes down due to inflation. Rise in price will become acute.

Question 8.
Public finance is presented through the budget. What are included in a budget? How many types of budget are there?
Answer:

• Budget is the financial statement showing the expected income and expenditure of the government during a financial year.
• The budget includes: Activities the government proposes to implement:.
• Sources of income
• Important expenditure items.

There are three types of budget.

1. Balanced budget: Revenue = Expenditure
2. Deficit budget: Expenditure > Revenue
3. Surplus budget: Revenue > Expenditure

Question 9.
Explain fiscal policy and its objectives.
Answer:

• The policy of the government regarding public revenue, public expenditure and public debt is called fiscal policy. It is implemented through budget. Fiscal policy influences a country’s progress. A sound fiscal policy helps in nourishing developmental activities and to attain economic growth. The following are the goals of fiscal policy.
• Attain economic stability
• Create employment opportunities
• Control unnecessary expenditure

Control prices.

• Undertake welfare activities.
• Fix tax structure.

Question 10.
Tax is an instrument to control inflation and deflation. Explain.
OR
Central government controls inflation and deflation through its fiscal policy. Explain how.
Answer:
A general rise in price of commodities is called inflation. When there is inflation, the value of money comes down. In this stage, taxes are increased and the prices increase considerably. This reduces the purchasing power of the people. Prices fall when goods remain unsold.

A general fall in price of commodities is called deflation. When there is deflation, the value of money goes up. In this stage, taxes are reduced and the prices decrease. This increases the purchasing power of the people. There will be an increased demand for goods in the market and results in an increase in price. Inflation and deflation can be controlled because tax structure is determined by fiscal policy.

Question 11.
In the central budget of 2015-16, the expenses on repayment of principal and interest is X446145 crore, defence is f246727 crore and on subsidy is ₹ 243811 crore. Analyze this and prepare a note.
Answer:
Huge amount is paid as repayment of principal and interest for the debt taken by the central govt. Expenses on defence and subsidy are also high. These expenses are not productive. These unproductive expenses can be reduced by reducing the amount of debt, reducing defence expenditure and limiting subsidy to only those who deserve. This can lead the nation to economic progress.

Question 12.
Differentiate between surcharge and cess with example.
Answer:
Surcharge: Additional tax imposed on tax is called surcharge. Generally, surcharge is imposed for a specific period of time. Example: People with an income of more than rupees ten lakhs pay ten percentage surcharge. Tax on rupees ten lakhs is estimated. Then ten percentage of the tax is estimated as surcharge and added to the tax.

Cess: Additional tax imposed by the government for certain specific purposes is called cess. Cess will be discontinued when enough money is received. Example: Education cess imposed along with personal income tax.

Question 13.
Differentiate between internal debt and external debt.
Answer:
Internal debt: Internal debts are the loans availed by the government from individuals and institutions with in the country.

External debt: External debts are the loans availed from foreign governments and international institutions.

Question 14.
Which are the different- sources of income of the state government? ‘
Answer:

• State GST
• Stamp duty
• Land tax

Question 15.
What are the important reasons for the increase of public expenditure? Write two examples each for developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure.
Answer:

Reasons for increase in Public expenditure:

• Development of basic infrastructure due to population growth.
• Increase in defence expenditure
• Social welfare activities
• Urbanisation

Developmental expenditure:

• Constructing roads and bridges, starting new enterprises.
• non-developmental expenditure: Expenditure on war, on payment of interest.
• Question 16.
  What is meant by deficit budget? List the major items of expenditure included in India’s budget?
  Answer:

Deficit budget: When expenditure is more than income, it is called deficit budget.
Items of expenditure included in India’s budget:

• Interests and payments
• Defence
• Subsidies
• Grants to States and Union Territories
• Pension
• Police
• Social Services (Education, Health)
• Economic Services (Agriculture, Industry)
• Grants to foreign governments
• Other public services

Question 17.
Which are the major taxes merged into GST in India?
Answer:

• Central excise duty
• Service taxes
• Central sale tax
• State value-added tax
• Luxury tax
• Advertisement tax
• Octroi
• Entertainment tax

Answer the following. Score 5 each

Question 1.
Explain how value added tax is calculated, citing an example.
Answer:
A product reaches the consumers through different stages. Value is added at each stage. Taxes which are imposed on such value are called value-added tax.
Example:
A wholesale trader bought a cycle for ₹ 3000 from a factory. He sold it to a retail trader for ₹ 4000. Retailer sold it to a consumer for ₹ 4500. The tax rate is 10%. Calculate the VAT and the total price of the cycle.

Question 2.
The different stages of production and sale of a silk saree are given. Raw materials cost ₹1000. Producer sells it to wholesaler for ₹2000. Retailer gets it for ₹2500 and he in turn sells it for ₹3000 in the market. Suppose the tax rate is 10%. Identify the value added, tax collected and the total price of the saree.
Answer:

Question 3.
Explain the different sources of non-tax revenue.
Answer:
Fees, fines and penalties, grants, interest and profit are the sources of non-tax revenue.

• Fees: Fees is the reward collected for the government’s services. Eg: Registration fee, license fee, etc.
• Fines and penalties: Fines and penalties are punishments for violating the laws.
• Grants: Grants are the financial aid provided by one government or organisation for meeting a specific objective. Eg: Grants by central government to local self-governments.
• Interest: Interest is the amount received for the loans provided by government to various enterprises, agencies, etc. Eg: Interest on loans given by government to agencies or institutions.
• Profit: Income earned by public sector enterprises or enterprises operated by government. Eg: profit from Indian Railways.

Question 4.
Is it direct tax or indirect tax that affect common people mostly? Analyze this based on the indicators.
Tax burden
Rise in prices
Inequality in income
Answer:
When a person pays the tax imposed on him, it is the direct tax. The burden of the tax is borne by him. It is based on the principle of ability to pay. So it does not affect the others.

Indirect tax is imposed on one and transferred to another. For eg: sales tax is imposed on the seller. But it is given by the consumer. Increase in indirect taxes results in rise in prices. Since inequality in income prevails, it affects the common people adversely.

Question 5.
What are the type of taxes imposed by the governments? Find out the features of these taxes with examples.
Answer:
Taxes are the important sources of government’s income. Government meets its expenditure by collecting various taxes. It is the duty of the citizen to pay tax. Taxes are of two types.

1. Direct tax
2. Indirect tax

• a. Direct tax: Taxpayer alone bears the burden of the tax. He cannot transfer the burden of the tax to another person. The following are some of the examples of direct taxes.
• Personal income tax: It is a tax imposed on a person when income is beyond a limit prescribed by law. As income increases, tax burden also increases.
• Corporate tax: It is a tax imposed on the net income of a company.

b. Indirect tax: In the case of indirect taxes, taxes are imposed on one person but paid by another person. Taxpayer can transfer the burden of tax to others. Following are the important indirect taxes.

Goods and service tax: From 1st July 2017 onwards, many indirect taxes imposed by the central and state governments have been merged and the uniform tax is the goods and services tax. The major taxes merged into GST are central excise duty, service taxes, central sale tax, octroi, etc.

Answer the following. Score 6 each

Question 1.
Explain how public expenditure, public revenue and public debt become beneficial to a country.
Answer:
Public Expenditure
The expenditure of the government is known as public expenditure. These expenses aimed at the welfare of the people can be grouped into developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure. Developmental expenditures are those that are for the construction of roads, bridges and harbours and for establishing educational institutions. Non-developmental expenses are those that are spent on war, interest and pension.

All these expenditures help in the growth and development of social and economic sectors of the country. Welfare activities like pension to weaker sections of the society are aimed at the common good of the country.

Public Revenue
The income of the government is known as public revenue. Public revenue can be classified into tax revenue and non tax revenue. Taxes are of two types-direct tax and indirect tax. The important direct taxes are personal income tax and corporate tax. Value-added tax, excise duty, customs duty, service tax and sales tax are the important indirect taxes.

The sources of non-tax revenue are fees, fines and penalties, grants, interest and profit. The income from these sources enable the government to meet the public expenditures. With an increase in revenue, the government can undertake more developmental and welfare activities. This will lead to national progress.

Public Debt
The loans taken by the government are called public debt. It includes internal debt from within the country and external debt from foreign governments and international institutions. When the income of the government is insufficient to meet the expenses, government borrows money. Public debt is a financial liability. But it will led to the economic growth and development of the nation in future.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 5 Public Expenditure and Public Revenue

The Government undertakes many economic activities for the survival and progress of the nation. These include production, distribution and exchange. The Government undertakes these economic activities for the welfare of the people. The governmental expenditure increases while undertaking welfare activities for the people, developmental activities and security activities. So the governments will have to find income for these. The expenditure of the government is known as public expenditure and the income of the government is known as public revenue. This chapter deals with the various expenditures of the government and Public Expenditure : The expenditure of the government is known as public expenditure. Public expenditure is divided into Developmental Expenditure and Non-Developmental Expenditure.

→ Public Expenditure : The expenditure of the government is known as public expenditure.

→ Public expenditure is divided into Developmental Expenditure and Non-Developmental Expenditure.

→ Developmental Expenditure : The expenditure incurred by the government for developmental activities like constructing roads, harbours and setting up educational institutions.

→ Non Developmental Expenditure : The expenditure incurred by the government for war, to pay interest and pension.

→ Public Revenue: The income of the government’ is known as public revenue.

→ Public revenue is classified into tax revenue and non tax revenue.

→ Tax Revenue : The income from all sources of taxes constitute tax revenue.

→ Non Tax Revenue : The income from fees, grants, profit, etc. constitutes non- tax revenue.

→ Tax : Tax is a compusolry payment to the government made by the public for meeting expenditure towards welfare activities, developmental activities, etc.

→ Tax payer : The person who pays the tax.

→ Taxes are of two types : Direct tax and Indirect tax.

→ Direct Tax: The tax which is paid by the person on whom it is imposed.

→ Indirect Tax: The tax which is imposed on one person and the tax burden is shifted to another person. Goods and Services tax are important indirect taxes in India.

→ Important direct taxes are personal income tax and corporate tax.

→ Personal Income Tax : Tax imposed on the income of the individuals when income is beyond a limit prescribed by law.

→ Corporate Tax: Tax imposed on the net income or profit of a company.

→ Goods and Services Tax : Tax imposed by central and state governments by merging different indirect taxes. Taxes are levied at different stages starting from production to final consumption of goods and services.

→ Surcharge: Additional tax imposed on tax.

→ Cess: Additional tax imposed by the government for certain special purpose.

→ Fees : Reward collected for the government’s services.

→ Fines and penalties: Punishments for violating the laws.

→ Grants : Financial aid by one government to another.

→ Interest : Reward for loans given by government.

→ Profit: Income received from the enterprises operated by government.

→ Public Debt: The loans taken by the government.

→ Internal Debt : Loans availed by the government from individuals and institutions within the country.

→ External Debt: Loans avai led by the government from foreign governments and international institutions.

→ Public Finance : The branch of economics that relates to public revenue, public expenditure and public debt.

→ Budget: The financial statement showing the expected income and expenditure of the government during a financial year.

→ Fiscal Policy : Government’s policy regarding public revenue, public expenditure and public debt.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 4 Landscape Analysis through Maps

Finding the precise location of the earth’s surface features is essential for the preparation of maps. Every inch on earth is measured with the help of survey instruments and maps are prepared based on these measurements. The land survey of Indian subcontinent was completed under the leadership of English East India Company. These surveys were undertaken by Col. William Lambton over a period of 50 years. Col. George Everest joined as an assistant to Lambton in 1818. This was the first survey that recorded the correct measurements of the Himalayan mountain ranges. As a tribute to George Everest who took charge of the survey after Lambton, the highest peak in the Himalayan mountain range was given the name Mount Everest. The first topographic maps of the Indian subcontinent were prepared after the completion of the survey in 1854.

→ Topographic maps : The maps that depict in minute detail all natural as well as man made features on the earth’s surface.

→ Toposheets: Topographic maps are also known as toposheets.

→ Survey of India : The official agency respon-sible for the preparation of topographic maps in our country is the Survey of India with its head-quarters in Dehradun.

→ Map Series : The numbering of India’s toposheets are done on the basis of the India and Adjoining Countries Map Series. There are 105 sheets in this series, numbering from 1 to 105.

→ Million Sheets : The topographical maps made with the scale 1:1000000. The sheets cover 4° latitudinal and 4° longitudinal extent and are given numbers from 1 to 105. These numbers are known as Index numbers.

→ Degree Sheets : Topographic maps with 1° latitudinal and 1° longitudinal extent, prepared in 1:250000 scale.

→ Inch Sheets : Toposheets with 15′ (15 minutes) latitudinal and longitudinal extent, prepared in 1:50000 scale.

→ Contour lines : Imaginary lines drawn connecting places having the same elevation from the sea level.

→ Form lines : When it is difficult to measure the elevation of places through land surveys due to rugged terrain, the elevation is represented with the help of broken lines. These are form lines.

→ Spot height : Spot height represents the actual height of a place by recording the height in digits beside a black dot.

→ Triangulated height: Height of places estimated through trigonometric surveys are recorded in maps using’ A’ symbol.

→ Benchmark : The height of reservoirs and prominent buildings are recorded along with the letters BM.

→ Grid reference : The network of northings and eastings in the toposheets.

→ Contour interval : The difference between the value of two adjacent contours is called contour interval.

→ Intervisibility : If any two places in a topo-graphical map are mutually visible, then it can be said that these places have intervisibility.

→ Primary information: The general information given outside the margins in topographical maps are known as primary information.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 3 Human Resource Development in India

Human resource is an important factor that determines the progress of any nation. It is man’s physical and intellectual manpower. Rather than quantity, quality of the population plays a vital role in forming its manpower. Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training. The unit examines some aspects of human resource development and its status in India, the factors influencing it and the inter-relationship between them.

→ Human resource : Human resource refers to people who have the manpower which can be utilised in the production sector.

→ Human resource development : The development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training.

→ Population: The total number of people residing in a country at a particular period of time.

→ Demography : The branch of social science that analyses the population, the changes in its size, its structural aspect, etc. is known as demography.

→ Population census : Every country collects information on the number of people in the
their age, sex, socio-economic status etc. and analyses these at specific intervals of time. This activity is known as population census.

→ Density of population : The number of people residing in per square kilometer area.

→ Population growth rate : It refers to the increase in the number of people in an area within a specific period of time.

→ Birth rate : Number of live births per 1000.

→ Death rate : The number of deaths per 1000.

→ Migration: The settlement of people of a region in another region.

→ Population structure : The classification of people into different age groups and presenting the ratio of each group in the population.

→ Labour force participation rate : The ratio of the population in the age group 15-59, who are either employed or actively looking for jobs.

→ Dependency ratio : The proportion of those between the age groups 0 and 14 years and 60 years and above in total population that depends on the working force is known as dependency ratio.

→ Sex ratio : The number of females per 1000 males.

→ Life expectancy : The average measure of how long the population of the country will live.

→ Literacy rate : The percentage of population that can read and write with comprehension.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 1 Seasons and Time

The wonders of seasonal change exhibited by the nature are varied. Seasons change.
Winter is the season with severe cold and snow fall. Winter is followed by spring season with leaves and flowers in different hues. Then the autumn season sets in with the trees shedding their leaves. Autumn is followed by summer with dry wind and severe heat. In order to reduce the heat, rainfall occurs, often followed by floods. As the clouds recede, the winter returns again. It is not only the season that changes. The length of day and night varies daily. The distance between the earth and the sun varies. The relative position of the sun also changes. Poles have continuous days for six months followed by six months night, j Different longitudes have different time. The i east and west of the same meridian have different jj dates and time even. This chapter deals with j the above mentioned facts and help us to j make use of them in our daily life.

→ Rotation : The daily motion of the earth on its axis is called rotation.

→ Revolution : The earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. This motion is known as revolution. The earth takes about one year to complete one revolution.

→ Leap year : A year in which February has 29 days is called leap year. Leap year occurs once in four years.

→ Perihelion : The day on which the sun and the earth is the closest, about 147 million km.

Perihelion and Aphelion

The Greek words ‘peri’ means “near’ and ‘helious’ means “sun’. Perihelion falls on January 3 every year. The Greek word ‘ap’ means ‘away from’. Aphelion falls on July 4 every year.

→ Aphelion : The day on which the sun and the earth is the farthest, about 152 million km.

→ Parallelism of the earth’s axis : The earth maintains the tilt of 23Vi° from the orbital plane throughout its revolution. This is known as parallelism of the earth’s axis.

→ Apparent movement of the sun : The position of the sun in relation to earth varies apparently between Tropic of Cancer (2314°N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23‘/2°S). This is known as the apparent movement of the sun.

→ Equinoxes : On March 21 and September 23, the sun’s apparent position is over the equator. The length of day and night will be equal on these days in both the hemispheres. These days are called equinoxes.

→ Summer Solstice : The sun will be vertically over the Tropic of Cancer on June 21 and this day is known as the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the longest day and the shortest night in the Northern Hemisphere.

→ Winter Solstice: The sun will be vertically over j the Tropic of Capricorn on December 22 and this day is known as the winter solstice Northern Hemisphere. It is the longest night and the shortest day in the Northern Hemisphere.

→ Spring season : The season of transition from winter to summer.

→ Autumn season : The season of transition from} the severity of summer towards winter.

→ Utharayanam : The northward apparent! movement of the Sun from Tropic of Capricorn
to Tropic of Cancer.

→ Dakshinayanam : The southward apparent movement of the Sun from Tropic of Cancer to Tropic of Capricorn.

→ Local time : The time estimated at each place. based on the apex position of the sun (12 Noon) j
is termed as local time.

→ Greenwich meridian : The zero degree longitude is known as Greenwich meridian. The line passes through Greenwich, the place where ? the Royal British Observatory is situated.

→ Standard time : The local time at the longitude that passes through the middle of a country is selected as the common time for the whole country, j This is known as standard time.
→ Prime meridian : Time calculated worldwide is based on the Greenwich line and so it is known as prime meridian.

→ Greenwich Mean Time : The local time at the prime meridian is known as GMT.

→ International Date Line : The imaginary line of 180° longitude.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 7 India after Independence

Answer the following. Score 1 each.

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Who among the following gave leadership to the integration of princely states in India?
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Dr.Rajendra Prasad
Justice Fazal Ali
Answer:
Sardar Vailabhbhai Patel

Question 2.
The Secretary of the States Department who played a key role in the integration of princely states
K.M.Panikkar
V.PMenon
Fazal Ali
Answer:
V.P.Menon

Question 3.
Who was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly?
Dr.B.RAmbedkar
Jawaharlal Nehru
Dr.Rajendra Prasad
Answer:
Dr.Rajendra Prasad

Question 4.
Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution?
Dr.Rajendra Prasad
B.RAmbedkar
Fazal Ali
Answer:
B.R.Ambedkar

Question 5.
When did India become a Republic?
1947 August 15
1950 January 1
1950 January 26
Answer:
1950 January 26

Question 6.
Who was the Chairman of the State Reorganisation Commission?
Fazl Ali
K.M.Panikkar
H.N.Kunzru
Answer:
Fazl Ali

Question 7.
The year in which Five Year Plans were started in India
1950
1951
1956
Answer:
1951

Question 8.
When did the Planning Commission come into existence?
1950
1951
1956
Answer:
1950

Question 9.
The largest multi-purpose river valley project in India.
Hirakud
Damodar Valley
Bhakra Nangal
Answer:
Bhakra Nangal

Question 10.
The first artificial satellite of India
Aryabhatta
Bhaskara
Prithvi
Answer:
Aryabhatta

Question 11.
Who is known as the ‘Missile Man of India’?
Vikram Sarabhai
Dr.Raja Ramanna
Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam
Answer:
Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam

Question 12.
The first minister for Education in independent India
B.RAmbedkar
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Answer:
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Question 13.
The Chinese Prime Minister who signed the Panchsheel principles
Mao Zedong
Chiang Kaishek
Chou En-lai
Answer:
Chou En-lai

Question 14.
The chief architect of Indian foreign policy
Jawaharlal Nehru
B.R.Ambedkar
Sardar Patel
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 15.
Which country assisted India in setting up Rourkela Iron and Steel Plant?
Soviet Union
Germany
Britain
Answer:
Germany

Question 16.
The first rocket launching station of India was established in
Trivandrum
Bengaluru
New Delhi
Answer:
Trivandrum

Question 17.
The Education Commission that recommended to implement 10 + 2 + 3 pattern of education
Dr. Radhakrishnan Commission
Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission
Dr. Yeshpal Commission
Answer:
Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the first Home Minister of India to give leadership to the integration of princely states?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Question 2.
‘The light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness’. Who said these words on the death of Gandhiji?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 3.
What was the aim of operation Blackboard programme?
Answer:

• Universalise primary education.
• Improve primary facilities in schools.

Question 4.
What was the main provision in the Instrument of Accession concerning princely states?
Answer:
The princely states had to hand over their control over defence, external affairs and information and communication to the Govt, of India.

Question 5.
When was the Constituent Assembly formed? Who was its Chairman?
Answer:

• The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 as per the recommendations of Cabinet Mission.
• Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly.

Question 6.
Name the freedom fighter who became a martyr by observing fast for the realisation of Andhra State for Telugu speaking people,
Answer:
Potti Sriramalu

Question 7.
Who were the members of the States Reorganisation Commission?
Answer:
Fazl Ali, H.N.Kunzru, K.M.Panikkar

Question 8.
What is mixed economy?
Answer:

• Mixed economy is a combination of capitalist and socialist economic systems.
• India adopted mixed economy after independence.

Question 9.
Who helmed the project of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research?
Answer:

• Homi.J.Bhabha
• S.N.Bhatnagar

Question 10.
Which are the missiles developed by India?
Answer:
Prithvi, Agni, Akash

Question 11.
What is Mangalyaan?
Answer:

• It is the space mission of India to Mars.
• Mangalyaan or Mars Orbiter Mission is the Indian built space shuttle that covered the longest distance in space.

Question 12.
What is Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is the project launched by the Central Government to ensure primary education for all.

Question 13.
When is National Education Day observed? Why?
Answer:

• National Education Day is observed on 11 November every year.
• It is the birthday of MaulanaAbulKalamAzad who was the first education minister of independent India. He played a pivotal role in framing the Rational educational policy of independent India.

Question 14.
What is Panchsheel?
Answer:
The agreement signed between India and China for peaceful co-existence is called Panchsheel. This forms the basis of India’s foreign policy.

Question 15.
What is the aim of the organisation Centre for Cultural Resource and Training?
Answer:

• To organise various cultural exchange programmes for teachers and students.
• The organisation was formed with the objective of converging education with the culture of the country.

Question 16.
What was the Instrument of Accession?
Answer:
The Instrument of Accession was a legal document prepared by Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon to integrate the princely states with the Indian Union. Accordingly the native state had to transfer their control over external affairs,
defence and information and communication to the Government of India.

Question 17.
Which are the two agencies that develop satellites in India?
Answer:

1. National Remote Sensing Agency
2. Physical Research Laboratory

Question 18.
What is Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan introduced by Union Government are joined together and implemented as Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan in 2018.

Answer the following. Score 2 each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the role of V.P.Menon in the integration of princely states.
Answer:

• V.P.Menon was the Secretary of the States Department formed for the purpose of integrating princely states.
• The plan that he proposed for the integration of the native states was known as V.P.Menon s Plan.
• Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon prepared the Instrument of Accession to integrate the native states.
• V.P.Menon played a major role in the “ integration of the princely states along with Nehru and Patel.

Question 2.
Classify the following as French colonies and Portuguese colonies.

Answer:

Question 3.
Write a note on the circumstances that led to the formation of Andhra State.
Answer:

• Sriramulu, a veteran freedom fighter launched an indefinite fast demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking Andhra State, died as a martyr after 58 days.
• As a result of the agitations which followed this, the Government of India formed the state of Andhra in 1953.

Question 4.
Write a note on the role of Planning Commission in India’s economic progress.
Or
Prepare a note on the formation, structure and the major projects undertaken by Planning Commission of India.
Answer:

• The Planning Commission of India came into existence on March 15, 1950 with Prime Minister Nehru as Chairman. The first Vice Chairman was Gulsarilal Nanda.
• The Commission introduced centralised planning in India. It devised many projects for the economic progress of India. The most important ones were the Five Year Plans which helped in the agricultural and industrial progress of India.

Question 5.
Name the Scientific Research Institutes started in post independent India.
Answer:

• Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
• Indian Council for Agricultural Research
• Indian Council of Medical Research

Question 6.
Prepare a list of the iron and steel industries started in India with foreign aid.
Answer:

Question 7.
Write the contribution of Vikram Sarabhai in space research.
Answer:

• Vikram Sarabhai, the great Indian scientist is regarded as the Father of India’s Space Programme.
• He contributed richly to the advancement of Indian atomic energy research and space technology.
• He is the mastermind behind the Space Research Centre at Thumba and Satellite Communication Centre in Ahmedabad.
• To commemorate his contributions, the space research in Thumba is named as Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre.

Question 8.
Name the educational commissions set up in independent India for educational reforms.
Answer:

• Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission
• Dr.Lakshmanaswami Mudaliyar Commission
• Dr. D. S .Kothari Commission
• Prof.Yashpal committee

Question 9.
What is Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
RMSA is a scheme started by Central Government to universalise secondary and higher secondary education.

Question 10.
Write the contributions of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in space research and missile technology.
Answer:

• APJ Abdul Kalam, the 11th President of lndia was a scientist and researcher and is regarded as the father of Indian Missile Technology.
• He was a renowned expert in missile technology.
• Dr.Kalam was the head of ISRO and played a major role in developing satellite launch vehicles (PSLV, SLV3)
• He is known as the missile man of India.

Question 11.
The following is a list of the names of some Indian states formed in and after 1956. Assam, Maharashtra, Orissa, Goa, Uttarkhand, Bihar Rearrange the states as in the table below

Answer:

Question 12.
Arrange the following Indian states from north to south.

• Andhra Pradesh
• Tamil Nadu
• Madhya Pradesh
• Uttar Pradesh

Answer:

• Uttar Pradesh
• Madhya Pradesh
• Andhra Pradesh
• Tamil Nadu

Question 13.
Choose from the given list, the princely states that refused to join with Indian Union at the time of independence. Name the states in which they are located now.
Mysore, Travancore, Patiala, Gwalior, Hyderabad, Ajmer, Junagadh, Kashmir
Answer:

• Travancore – Kerala
• Hyderabad – Andhra Pradesh (in Telangana today)
• Junagadh – Gujarat
• Kashmir – Jammu & Kashmir

Question 14.
Which were the foreign powers that remained in India after 1947? Which were the areas under their control?
Answer:

• France and Portugal
• France held Pondicherry, Mahe, Yanam and Karaikal.
• Portugal held Goa, Dadra and Nagar haveli

Question 15.
Who were the Chairman and members of States Reorganisation Commission? When was it constituted? What was its recommendation?
Answer:

• Justice Fazal Ali, Sardar K.M.Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru.
• The Commission was constituted in 1953 with Fazal Ali as Chairman.
• The Commission submitted its report in 1955. As per its recommendations, the Government of India passed the States Reorganisation Act in 1956.
• As per this Act, 14 linguistic states and 6 Union Territories were formed.

Question 16.
Write a note on India’s mission to moon and Mars.
Or
Chandrayan and Mangalayan are the two successful space missions of India.
Substantiate.
Answer:

• India’s mission to moon is known as Chandrayan launched by ISRO in October 2008. With this, India became a member in the coveted group to launch space shuttle to the lunar orbit after USA, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan.
• Mangalyaan is the space mission of India to Mars. It is the Indian made space shuttle that covered the longest distance in space.

Answer the following. Score 3 each.

Question 1.
What were the major problems that independent India had to face?
Answer:

• Refugee problem
• Hindu-Muslim communal riots
• War with Pakistan over Kashmir issue
• Integration of the princely states
• Food shortage
• Formation of a democratic system

Question 2.
What led to the refugee problem in independent India? How was it solved?
Answer:

The partition had divided people as Hindus and Muslims. As a result there was an influx of refugees from Pakistan to India and vice versa.

The communal riots between Hindus and Muslims were another reason for refugee problem. There was large scale bloodshed at the riots in Calcutta, Bihar, Naokhali, Punjab, Kashmir and Delhi. Thousands of people were killed and women were attacked. As a result, different sections of people lost all their belongings and became refugees. About 10 million people travelled as refugees on foot, trains and bullock carts.

The refugee problem was solved due to the effective intervention and rehabilitation measures taken by the Government of India.

Question 3.
Examine the role of Sardar Patel in the integration of princely states.
Answer:

• After the partition, there were 555 princely states within the Indian Union. To integrate them in the Indian Union was a herculean task. Sardar Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission.
• The States Department was formed with this purpose under Sardar Patel, the Deputy Prime Minister. V.P.Menon was the Secretary of the States Department.
• Sardar Patel handled effectively the integration of princely states with his diplomatic skills and foresightedness. Patel and Menon prepared the Instrument of Accession to integrate the native states. Almost all the princely states joined the Indian Union after signing the Instrument of Accession.
• The princely states of Junagadh, Kashmir and Hyderabad refused to join the Indian Union at first. But Patel integrated them through a military intervention and conciliation talks.

Question 4.
Why did the Government of India form the States Reorganization Commission in 1953? Who was the Chairman of the States Reorganization Commission? What were its recommendations?
Or
Who were the members of the States Reorganisation Commission of 1953? What were its recommendations?
Answer:

• The Commission was formed to reorganise Indian States on the basis of language.
• Justice Fazl Ali was the Chairman of the States Reorganization Commission. H.N. Kunzru and K.M. Panikar were the members.
• The Parliament passed the States Reorgani¬sation Act as per the recommentations of the Commission.
• The Commission recommended for the formation of 14 linguistic states and 6 union territories.

Question 5.
What were the different phases that led to the framing of Indian constitution?
Answer:
The Constitution of India is the foundation of our nation making. A Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 as per the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission to frame the constitution for independent India. Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly and B.R.Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution.

The constitution was framed after detailed discussions and deliberations. The Constituent Assembly unanimously adopted the constitution on 26th November 1949. The constitution of free India came into existence on 26 January 1950 and India was declared a republic.

Question 6.
Prepare short notes on the following persons.
a. Homi J.Bhabha
b. Potti Srirariiulu
c. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
Answer:
a. Homi J.Bhabha:
Homi J.Bhabha was the major nuclear scientist of India. He was the first Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. He was the founding director of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. He helmed the projects of the CSIR.

b. Potti Sriramulu:
Sriramulu was a freedom fighter who launched an indefinite fast demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking Andhra state and died as a martyr after 58 days.

c. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar:
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution. He was the first Law Minister of Independent India.

Question 7.
Prepare a sun diagram showing the achievements of India in scientific research.
Answer:

Question 8.
How were the Five Year Plans helpful to strengthen Indian economy?
Answer:
Five Year Plans are projects implemented by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic growth of the country. The Five Year Plans started in 1951 helped India to go ahead with the process of development. Five Year Plans helped to strengthen the agricultural and industrial sectors, to eradicate poverty, improve education and generate new energy source. Construction of iron and steel plants and huge dams.

Question 9.
Match suitably.

Answer:

Question 10.
What are the commissions appointed after independence to study Indian education and to sumbit recommendations?
Answer:
Dr. Radhakrishnan Commission was appointed in 1948.
Objectives : To study university education.

Recommendations:

• Start professional educational institutions.
• Give emphasis to women education.
• Form the University Grants Commission.

Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar Commission was appointed in 1952.
Objectives : To study secondary education.

Recommendations:

• Implement three language formula.
• Form secondary education commission.
• Establish multipurpose schools.
• Form a council for teacher training.

Kothari Commission was appointed in 1964.
Objectives : To propose a national pattern of education.

Recommendations:

• Implement 10 + 2 + 3 pattern of education.
• Start vocational education at secondary level.
• Focus on moral education.

Question 11.
Explain the role of major dams in modernizing Indian Economy.
Answer:
Role of major dams :
Major dams had a significant role in modernising Indian economy. They were the primary sources for irrigation and electricity. Bhakra Nangal Project is the largest multipurpose project in the country. Several other major dams are also built for irrigation and power generation. This increased agricultural production and industrial production.

Question 12.
List out the recommendations of Radhakrishncm Commission.
Answer:
Recommendations of Radhakrishnan Commission:
Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission was appointed by the Government of India in 1948 to study about University education. It recommended for the setting up of professional educational institutions, form University Grants Commission and give emphasis to women education.

Question 13.
What is Instrument of Accession? Name the persons who prepared it.
Answer:
Instrument of Accession
There were more than 500 princely states in India at the time of independence. Integration of these princely states into the Indian Union was a great challenge. Sardar Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission. The Department of States was formed for this purpose.

He followed a policy of diplomacy. The Instrument of Accession was prepared to integrate the princely states. The Instrument of Accession stipulated that the princely states had to transfer their control over defence, external affairs and information and communication to the Government of India.

Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon, the Secretary of the Department of States prepared the Instrument of Accession.

Question 14.
List out the recommendations of Lekshmana Swami Mudaliar Commission.
Answer:

• Implement three language formula.
• Form Secondary Education Commission
• Establish multipurpose schools
• For a council for teacher training.

Answer the following. Score 4 each.

Question 1.
Explain the achievements made by independent India in the economic sector.
Or
Mention the steps taken by independent India for the progress in economic sector.
Answer:
Post independent India adopted a mixed economic system. It was a combination of both socialist and capitalist system. It focused on the development of public sector. The government under Jawaharlal Nehru adopted many projects aimed at economic development. The projects gave importance to centralised planning.

Economic planning got impetus after independence. The Planning Commission of India was constituted in 1950 with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as Chairman. Planning Commission devised many projects for economic progress. Five Year Plans were the projects implemented by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic progress of the country. Five Year Plans launched in 1951 strengthened India’s agricultural and industrial sectors.

They also helped to eradicate poverty, improve education and generate new energy sources. The most significant achievement of the plans was the self sufficiency in food production and eradication of poverty. India received assistance from foreign countries to set up iron and steel industries. Major dams were constructed for irrigation and electricity.

Question 2.
Arrange the following events in chronological order.

• Established ISRO
• First General Election in independent India.
• India became a Republic.
• Formation of States Reorganisation Commission

Answer:

• India became a Republic.
• First General Election in independent India.
• Formation of States Reorganisation Commission.
• Established ISRO

Question 3.
Write a note on the progress in education in independent India.
Answer:
Independent India gave much importance to education. Several education commissions were appointed from time to time to recommend changes in educational system.

Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission was appointed by the Government of India in 1948 to study about University education. It recommended for the setting up of professional educational institutions, form University Grants Commission and give emphasis to women education.

Dr.Lakshrnanaswamy Mudaliyar Commission was appointed in 1952 to study about the secondary education. It recommended for the implementation of three language formula, establish multipurpose schools, form a council for teacher training and form a Secondary Education Commission.

Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission was appointed ‘ in 1964 to propose for a national pattern of education. It recommended for the standardisation of educational system onto 10 + 2 + 3 pattern across the country, start vocational education at the secondary level and focus on moral education.

New Education Policy (1986) recommended the following.

• Focusing on primary education and continuing education.
• Launching Operation Black Board scheme to universalise primary education and to improve infrastructure facilities of schools.
• Set up Navodaya Vidyalayas in each district.
• Encouraging girl’s education.

Right to Education Act 2009 is a fundamental right today. Accordingly, all children between the age of 6 to 14 should be given free and compulsory education.

SSA: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a scheme started by the Central Government to universalise primary education.

RMSA: Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan was started to universalise secondary and higher secondary education.

Samagra Siksha Abhiyan: SSA and RMSA are joined together and implemented as Samagra Siksha Abhiyan from 2018 onwards.

Question 4.
What are the principles of Indian foreign policy?
Answer:

• Resistance to imperialism and colonialism
• Hostility to racism
• Trust in United Nations Organisation
• Peaceful co-existence
• Panchsheel principles
• Emphasis on the need for foreign assistance
• Policy of non-alignment
• Settle international disputes through discussions.
• Maintain good and friendly relations with other nations,
• Ensure international peace and security.

Question 5.
Write a note on the cultural institutions started in India.
Or
Many institutions were established to promote the cultural progress in India. Prepare a note on them.
Answer:

• Sangit Natak Akademi:
  It’s primary aim is the promotion of music and drama. Its headquarters is in New Delhi.
• Lalit Kala Akademi:
  It’s aim is to promote Indian arts in India and abroad. It’s headquarters is in New Delhi.
• Sahitya Akademi:
  It’s aim is the promotion of literature in Indian languages. New Delhi is its headquarters.
• National School of Drama:
  It was established under the Sangit Natak Akademi. NSD conducts national drama festival every year. Its headquarters is in New Delhi.
• National Book Trust of India:
  Its aims are to make books available cost effectively, encourage reading habit and to promote Indian books in India and abroad.

Question 6.
Write the main recommendations of the National Education Policy of 1986.
Answer:

• Focusing on primary education and continuing education.
• Launching Operation Black Board Scheme to universalise primary education and to improve the infrastructure facilities in schools.
• Setting Navodaya Vidyalaya in every district.
• Encourage girl’s education.

Question 7.
List the achievements of India in space technology.
Answer:

• Launching of rockets from Thumba rocket launching station.
• Successful launching of India’s first artificial satellite Aryabhata in 1975.
• The important missiles developed by India are Agni, Prithvi, Trishul, etc.
• Launching of Chandrayaan in 2008, India’s first lunar mission.
• Successful launching of Mangalyaan in 2013, India’s space mission to Mars.

Question 8.
The Panehsheel principles are the agreement signed by India and China in 1954. What are its provisions?
Or
Name the leaders who signed the Panchsheel Principles. Write its provisions.
Answer:
The agreement signed by India and China in 1954 are called Panchsheel principles. It was signed by Prime Minister Nehru of India and Chou Enlai, the Prime Minister of China. Its major provisions are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Equality and co-operation for mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence

Question 9.
Arrange the following in three suitable columns based on similarity. Specify the criteria for the classification.

Answer:

Question 10.
The wall Magazine on India’s path to development prepared by Suresh is given below. Help him to complete it by writing an achievement in each area.

Answer:

Answer the following. Score 5,6 each.

Question 1.
Describe the challenges of the integration of princely states with Indian Union after independence.
Or
One of the important problems that India faced soon after independence was integration of princely status. Explain the statement by including the following facts related to the problem.
States Department
V.R Menon Plan
Instrument of Accession
Military intervention
Answer:
Integration of the princely states into the Indian Union was a major challenge before free India. There were around six hundred princely states in
pre-independent India, in addition to the territories directly ruled by the British. Britain gave these princely states the option to join either India or Pakistan or to be independent.

The integration was really a herculean task and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission. He appointed V.P. Menon as secretary of the Department of States, created for the purpose of integrating the princely states. Patel and V.P Menon prepared an Instrument of Accession, which stipulated that the princely states had to transfer their control over defence, external affairs and information and communications to the Government of India.

Following the diplomacy of the government and popular protests, majority of the princely states signed the Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian Union. But some states such as Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadti resented. Finally they were also integrated into the Indian union through conciliation talks and military interventions.

Question 2.
Examine the different phases of states reorganisation in India.
Answer:

• There were people speaking different languages within a native state itself. So there were demands in different parts of India for the formation of linguistic states.
• The Nagpur Congress Session of 1920 decided to form state Committees on linguistic basis.
• Popular agitations started in India after independence for the formation of linguistic states.
• In 1948 the Constituent Assembly appointed a language commission under the leadership of Justice Dhar.
• Sriramulu, a veteran freedom fighter launched an indefinite fast demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking Andhra state and died as a martyr after 58 days. Following this, there were agitations all over Andhra.
• The state of Andhra was formed in 1953 for Telugu speaking people. Following this, the demand for forming linguistic states intensified.
• In 1953, the States Reorganization Commission was formed to create linguistic states. Fazal Ali was the Chairman of the Commission.
• In 1956, the Parliament passed the States Reorganization Act on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission. The Act provided for the formation of 14 states and 6 union territories.

Question 3.
Describe independent India’s achievements in science and technology and space research.
Answer:
India’s achievements in science and technology and space research after independence are very remarkable.

Science and Technology:
Progress of scientific research is a precondition of agricultural and industrial development. Technology and technocrats played a significant role in the development in India’s agricultural progress and industrialisation. Under Jawaharlal Nehru who was an ardent admirer of modem science and technology India attained great progress in science and technology.

Several research institutes like Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Council for Agricultural Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, etc. came into being. Two stalwarts of Indian science Homi.J.Bhabha and S.N.Bhatnagar helmed the projects of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

The Atomic Energy Commission was started in 1948 to utilize atomic energy for development. Eminent atomic scientist Homi.J.Bhabha was appointed as the Chairman of the Commission . He was also the head of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Several world class engineering institutes were started. Between 1954 and 1964, five IITs were started.

Nehru’s strongly believed to minimize Indian’s dependence on western countries in science and technology. Subsequently India attained tremendous progress in medical science, biomedical engineering, genetics, biotechnology, health science, transportation, marine technology, information technology and atomic energy.

Space research:
Independent, India conducted various space explorations and experiments. In 1962, Nehru, with the technical advice of Vikram Sarabhai, formed the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR). Following this, in 1969, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established to lead space research. The first rocket launching station was established at Thumba, near Trivandrum.

As a result of the collective efforts of India’s space research experts, first artificial satellite Aryabhatta was successfully launched in 4 975. In addition to satellites, space vehicles and rocket launchers were also developed. It was because of the farsightedness of Nehru that India became the first developing nation to make and launch satellites.

The agencies that develop satellites in India include:

• National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
• Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)

India has also advanced much in missile technology. Agni and Prithvi are the missiles developed by India. Dr. Raja Ramanna and Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam led experiments in atomic energy sector.

With the new space missions Chandrayan and Mangalayan, India has entered a new era in space exploration. Chandrayan which began in 2008 is Indian’s first lunar mission. With this ‘ India became a member in the coveted group to launch space shuttle to the lunar orbit after USA, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan.

Mangalayan is the space mission of India to Mars. It is the Indian made space shuttle that covered the long distance in space. India is all set to take new experiments in space.

Question 4.
Write a note on India’s economic progress after independence.
Answer:
Independent India adopted a mixed economic system, a combination of socialist and capitalist systems. It focused on the development of public sector. The government under Jawaharlal Nehru adopted many projects aimed at economic progress. The projects gave importance to centralised planning. The concept of economic planning was borrowed from Soviet Union.

Economic planning got impetus after independence. The Planning Commission was formed in 1950 with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as Chairman. Planning Commission devised many projects for economic progress. Five Year Plans were the schemes implemented by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic progress of the country. Five Year Plans launched in 1951 strengthened India’s agricultural, industrial, energy and educational sectors. The most significant achievement of the plans was the self sufficiency in food production and eradication of poverty.

India accepted foreign aid also for economic progress. Iron and steel industries were started at different places with the aid from foreign countries. They were the Bhilai Steel Plant and Bokaro steel plant with Soviet aid, Rourkela Steel Plant with German aid and Durgapur Steel Plant with British aid. Multi purpose dams played a pivotal role in India’s economic modernization.

They are the primary sources for irrigation and electricity. The largest multi purpose project of India Bhakra Nangal is a pride of the nation. With more irrigational facilities, agricultural production increased. Agricultural production increased with irrigational facilities, and with the use of agricultural machines, hybrid seeds and fertilizers. This came to be known as Green Revolution.

Question 5.
Describe the foreign policy of India.
Or
The foreign policy of independent India is rooted in Panchsheel principles. Substantiate.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru is the chief architect of India’s foreign policy. He was also one of the architects of non-alignment. The basic principles of India’s foreign policy are:

• Resistance to imperialism and colonialism
• Hostility to racism
• Trust in United Nations Organisation
• Peaceful co-existence
• Panchsheel principles
• Emphasis on the need for foreign assistance
• Policy of non-alignment
• Settle international disputes through discussions.
• Maintain good and friendly relations with other nations.
• Ensure international peace and security.
• Panchsheel Principles

The agreement signed by India and China in 1954 are called Panchsheel principles. It was signed by Nehru, Prime Minister of India and Chou Enlai, the Prime Minister of China. Its major provisions are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Equality and mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence
  Panchsheel Principles are a part of India’s foreign policy. India’s approach to all the nations is based on these principles.

Question 6.
Arrange the columns suitably.

Answer:

Question 7.
Choose the related item from Column B and write against those in Column A.

Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare a timeline using the years and events given.

• 1946 – Planning Commission constituted
• 1956 – Formation of Constituent Assembly
• 1954 – Establishment of ISRO
• 1969 – Indian States Reorganisation Act
• 1950 – Panchsheel Principles

Answer:

Question 9.
Arrange the following in chronological order.

• National Education Policy
• Launching of Aryabhata
• First Five Year Plan started
• India became a Republic
• Formation of Andhra State

Answer:

• India became a Republic (1950)
• First Five Year Plan started (1951)
• Formation of Andhra State (1953)
• Launching of Aryabhata (1975)
• National Education Policy (1986)

First General Election in India
The first general election in India was held from 1951 October 25 to 1952 February 21. Election was conducted to 489 Lok Sabha seats.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 11 Sociology: What? Why?

Sociology had its origin in the 19th century in Western Europe. The thoughts of French thinker Auguste Comte laid the foundation for Sociological studies. Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his environment. It was in the Bombay. University that Sociology was taught as a subject for the first time in India. The important methods of study in Sociology are social survey, interview, observation and case study. Sociology helps us to get a basic understanding of social life and thereby to broaden our perspective of life.

→ Sociology: Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his social environment. In other words, Sociology is the scientific study of the social aspects of human life.

→ Social Survey : Social survey is the collection of data from a selected group of people.

→ Questionnaire : Questionnaire is a set of questions that researchers use to collect data.

→ Interview : The talk between the interviewer and the interviewee. It is a method of collecting data orally.

→ Observation : The method of recording truthfully whatever is seen, heard or experienced.

→ Case study : It is the detailed study of the case. Case study is used to make an in-depth study on rare and different social phenomena and problems.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 10 Civic Consciousness

Every individual in the modem society is ‘ known as citizen. Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and that the genuine interests of the society are the interest of the citizens. Man becomes selfish in the absence of civic consciousness and all his activities will be for his own achievements. The important factors that formulate civic consciousness are family, education, associations, media and democratic system. Sustained civic consciousness is essential for the growth and development of a society.

→ Civic consciousness : The recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interests of the citizen.

→ Morality : Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 9 The State and Political Science

State is an assemblage of human beings, living in a definite territory, under an organised government without any external control. Statehood is, the highest stage in social evolution. The essential constituents of state are people, territory, government and sovereignty. The functions of the government can be classified into obligatory functions and discretionary functions. According to Aristotle, Political Science is the study of state and government. The scope of Political Science is continuously expanding.

→ State : A group of people residing permanently within a particular territory withja sovereign government is called state.

→ Population : The total number of people residing in a country at a specified period of time.

→ Demography : It is the scientific study of growth and development of population based on statistics.

→  Saptanga Theory
Saptanga theory of state refers to the seven factors or limbs of the state according to Chanakya. The seven limbs are:

• The Ruler(Swami)
• The Minister (Amatya)
• The Population and land area (Janapada)
• The Fortified Capital (Durga)
• The Treasury (Kosha)
• The Army (Danda)
• Allies (Mitra)

→ Territory : Territory is the area of land, permanently occupied by a group of people, whose dominance is not questioned or opened to dispute.

→ Government : The system by which a state is governed. It is the centre of authority that governs a state.

→ Sovereignty : The supreme or ultimate authority of the state to take decisions ca national and international affairs independently ’ without any external control.

→ Discretionary functions of govt: Functions which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of a state.

→ Obligatory functions of government : The functions that the government will have to implement at all times at any cost.

→ Citizenship : The full and equal membership in a nation.

→ Natural Citizenship: The citizenship one gets by birth.

→ Acquired Citizenship : The citizenship acquired by a person on the basis of legal procedure of a nation.

→ Political Science : The study of state and government.

→ Divine Right Theory : This theory states that state is the creation of God and king is the representative of God.

→ Evolutionary Theory: This theory states that the state was formed by social evolution.

→ Power Theory : This theory proposes that state came into being as a result of the establishment of power by the strong over the weak.

→ Social Contract Theory : This theory states that the state came into being as a result of a contract by the people.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 8 Kerala towards Modernity

The Portuguese, the Dutch and the English established their rule in Kerala. Our predecessors had suffered the brutalities perpetrated by foreign rule. They fought for the freedom of the country by suffering this torture and adversities. By the Treaty of Sree- rangapattanam of 1792, the British got Malabar and they began to rule it directly. Kochi and Travancore also accepted the suzeranity of the British. The first part of the unit deals with the early resistance to British rule by Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, Velu Thampi and Paliath Achan. The impact of British rule affected the agriculture, industry and the cultural fields of Kerala. Renaissance leaders played a key role in the social transformation of Kerala. This was followed by National Movement in Kerala. Kerala State was formed on November 1,1956 by incorporating Malabar, Kochi and Travancore.

→ Kundara Proclamation : The proclamation issued by Velu Thampi, the Dewan of Travancore on 11 January 1809, appealing the people to fight against the British taking up arms. The proclamation was able to infuse anti-British feelings and patriotism and loyalty among the people.

→ Battle of Colachel : The battle of Colachel was fought between the Dutch and Marthanda Varma of Travancore in 1741. The Dutch were defeated, they had to leave Kerala and ended their desire to capture Kerala.

→ Attingal Revolt : The first organised revolt against the British in Kerala.

→ Pazhassi Revolt : The revolt organised by Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam royal family against the British.

→ Malabar Tenant’s Act : The Act passed in 1929 on the recommendations of Logan Commission set up to enquire about the Mappila revolts. Accordingly the peasants got limited right over the land.

→ Pandarapattam Proclamation: The proclamation issued by the government of Travancore in 1865 granting tenants ownership of the land they cultivated.

→ Jenmi-Kudiyan Act of 1896 : The Act passed by the government of Travancore granted ownership to the peasants.

→ Samkshepavedartham: The first book printed in Malayalam. :

→ Rajya Samacharam, Paschimodayam : The first newspapers in Malayalam published by Dr.Herman Gundert.

→ Channar Revolt: The struggle staged by the Channar women of South Travancore for the right to wear upper clothes.

→ Vaikom Satyagraha : The struggle organised for the right of lower caste people for permission
to walk around the road of Vaikom temple.

→ Guruvayoor Satyagraha : The struggle that started with the demand that all Hindus should be allowed to enter the Guruvayoor temple.

→ Malayali Memorial : The mammoth – memorandum submitted to the Maharaja of Travancore under the leadership of GP.Pillai in 1891, seeking proportionate representation for the people of Travancore in government jobs.

→ Ezhava Memorial :The memorandum signed by the members of Ezhava community and submitted to the Maharaja of Travancore under the leadership of Dr.Palpu, raising the problems faced by the Ezhava community.

→ Nivarthana Prakshobham (Abstention Movement): The agitation started by Christians, Muslims and Ezhavas in 1932 in Travancore, seeking reservation in legislature and government jobs in proportion to their population.

→ Punnapra Vayalar Revolt : The agitation organised by workers at Punnapra and Vayalar in Alappuzha for civil rights and popular rule.

→ Electricity Agitation: The agitation that started in Kochi against Dewan Shanmugam Shetty’s decision to hand over the changes of electricity supply in Kochi to a private company.

→ Aikya Kerala Movement: The movement to integrate the Malayalam speaking areas and people into one state.

Kerala towards Modernity – Important Years and Events

1498 – Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese navigator reached Kappad
1663 – The Dutch expelled the Portuguese from Kerala
1741 – Battle of ColacheL Marthanda Varma defeated the Dutch 1721 – Attingal Revolt
1792 – Treaty of Sreerangapattanam
1800-1805 – Pazhassi Revolt
1809 – Kundara Proclamation
1865 – Pandarapattam proclamation
1891 – Malayali Memorial
1896 – Ezhava Memorial
1921 – Malabar Rebellion
1924 – Vaikom Satyagraha
1929 – Malabar Kudiyanma Act
1931 – Guruvayoor Satyagraha
1932 – Nivarthana Prakshobham
1936 – Temple Entry Proclamation
1936 – Electricity Agitation
1946 – Punnapra-Vayalar Agitation
1947 – Aikya Kerala Convention
1949 – Merging of Travancore and Kochi

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 7 India after Independence

India faced many challenges and crises after independence. The problems faced by independent India were communal riots, refugee problem, integration of princely states and formation of linguistic states. The new government of India was able to solve these problems successfully. The unit also deals with the progress attained by India in the economic, scientific, educational, space research and cultural fields.

→ Refugee problem : Following the partition of India, there was an influx of refugees from India to Pakistan and from Pakistan to India. This was the important problem that independent India had to face.

→ Integration of Princely States : The merging of princely states which were ruling independently intothe Indian Union.

→ Instrument of Accession : A legal document signed by the princely states agreeing to join with the Indian Union.

→ Constituent Assembly : The body constituted to frame a constitution for India. Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of Assembly. The Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution was B.R.Ambedkar.

→ State Reorganization Commission : The Commission constituted in 1953 to reorganize Indian states on linguistic basis. Justice Fazal Ali was the Chairman of the Commission.

→ Mixed economy : An economic system which is a synthesis of capitalism and socialism. It gives preference to the development of the public sector.

→ Five Year Plans : The projects launched by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic progress of the nation. The First Five Year Plan was launched in 1951.

→ Panchsheel Principles : The Sino-Indian agreement of 1954 for peaceful co-existence.

India after Independence – Important Years and Events

• 1947 – India became independent
• 1948 – Martyrdom of Gandhiji / Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission
• 1950 – India became a Republic/Planning Commission formed
• 1951 – First Five Year Plan
• 1952 – The first general election/ Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar Com-mission
• 1953 – Formation of Andhra state/States Reorganisation Commission
• 1956 – Indian States Reorganization Act and formation of 14 linguistic states
• 1964 – Kothari Commission
• 1961 – Formation of ISRO
• 1975 Launching of Aryabhata
• 1986 – New Education Policy

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 6 Struggle and Freedom

The unit analyses the history of Indian freedom movement from 1917-1947 under the leadership of Gandhiji. The interaction of Gandhiji with the different sections of Indian j society was a feature of this period. The unit discusses the three mass movements under the leadership of Gandhiji namely the Non-Co-operation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement, Total changes took place in the structure and agitation of the Congress with the coming of Gandhiji. He was able to make the freedom movement a mass and popular movement by including all sections of people. The unit also discusses the revolutionary organizations formed for the purpose of Indian independence.

→ Rowlatt Act : The Act passed by the British Parliament in 1919, by which any person could be arrested and imprisoned without trial.

→ Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The massacre due to the police firing on armless and innocent people at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar on 13 April, 1919.

→ Champaran Satyagraha : Gandhiji involved in the problems of the indigo farmers of Champaran in Bihar in 1917 and resorted to disobedience of British rules and satyagraha.

→ Kheda Satyagraha : The satyagraha started under the leadership of Gandhiji in 1918, protesting the decision of the authorities to collect tax from’ the poor villagers of Kheda.

→ Abhinav Bharat Society : A secret society founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1903 in Nasik, Maharashtra. Aim was to overthrow the British rule through armed rebellion.

→ Anushilan Samiti: Revolutionary organisation started by Barindra Ghosh, the brother of Aurobindo Ghosh, in Bengal in 1902. Its aim was to end British rule through an armed rebellion.

→ Ghadar Party : Organisation started by the Sikhs in the United States and Canada with the aim of founders were Lala Har Dayal and Sohan Singh Bhakna.

→ Indian Republican Army : Revolutionary organisation started by Surya Sen, based in Chittagong.

→ Tebhaga movement : A struggle initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha in 1946 – 47. The tenants had to give half of their harvest to landlords. The demand of the Tebhage (sharing . by thirds) movement was to reduce the share given to landlords as one third.

→ Telangana struggle : The struggle of the peasants of Telangana region against the feudal lords between 1946 and 1951.

→ Naval Mutiny : The revolt of the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy at Bombay in 1946.

→ Non-Co-operation Movement : The first national level struggle by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji launched in 1921. The method of agitation was not to cooperate with the British in all fields.

→ Khilafat Movement : The world wide protest against the efforts of Britain after the First World War to limit the power of Khalifa, the ruler of Turkey and the spiritual leader of world Muslims.

→ Chauri Chaura incident : The killing of 22 policemen by setting fire to the police station at Chauri Chaura village in Uttar Pradesh.

→ Poorna Swaraj: Complete freedom

→ Civil Disobedience : To disobey all anti-popular and anti-democratic civil laws made by the British government.

→ Dandi March / Salt Satyagraha

Gandhiji and 78 followers marched on foot fro Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to Dandi, a coastal village at a distance of240 miles, on March 12,1930 to break salt law. This is known as Dandi March.

On April 6, 1930, Gandhiji made salt at Dandi and broke the salt law. This was the Salt j Satyagraha.

→ Round Table Conferences : The conferences of Indian leaders convened by the British government in London in 1930,1931 and 1932 to discuss the administrative reforms to be implemented in India.

→ Quit India Movement: The last popular protest organized by INC under the leadership of Gandhiji, forcing the British to leave India offering complete freedom to Indians.

→ Hindustan Socialist Republican Association : The organisation formed by the revolutionaries from Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

→ Forward Bloc : The political party formed by Subhash Chandra Bose.

→ Indian National Army : The armed forces formed by Rash Behari Bose for Indian freedom.

→ Mountbatten Plan : The scheme of dividing India into India and Pakistan and giving independence.

Chandrasekhar Azad
Indian revolutionary. Reorganised Hindustan Republican Association. Bom at Bhavra village of Madhya Pradesh in 1906. His forefathers were from Badarka village near Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. As a 15 year old student, he participated in Non – Co – operation movement and was arrested. On being produced before a magistrate, he gave his name as ‘Azad’ (The Free), his father’s name as ‘Swatantra’ (Independence) and his residence as ‘Jail’. From that day he came to be known as Chandra Shekhar \ Azad. Azad died in 1931, killing himself, when surrounded by police.

Struggle and Freedom – Important Years and Events

• 1917 – Champaran Satyagraha
• 1918 – Ahmedabad Cotton Mill Strike
• 1918 – Kheda Peasant Struggle
• 1919 – Rowlatt Act
• 1919 – Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• 1920 – Khilafat Movement
• 1921 – Non-Co-operation Movement
• 1922 – Chauri Chaura Incident
• 1923 – Formation of Swaraj Party
• 1928 – Hindustan Socialist Republicaiciation
• 1929 – Lahore Congress Session
• 1930 – Civil Disobedience Movement
• 1942 – Quit India Movement
• 1946 – Naval Mutiny
• 1947 – India becomes independent

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes