Plus Two

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Regional Aspirations

Question 1.
Match the following.

Answer:
a. iii
b. iv.
c. ii
d. i

Question 2.
The North Eastern part of India comprises seven states. These states are generally known as ‘Seven Sisters’. Which are the states?
Answer:
Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur, Assam, Meghalaya.

Question 3.
Fill up the table given below. Match the column A with B and C

Answer:

Question 4.
At the time of independence Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state. Who was the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir?
Answer:
Raja Harisingh

Question 5.
One among the following is not included in the north eastern India. Find out.
a) Assam
b) Thripura
c) Tamil Nadu
d) Manipur
Answer:
c) Tamil Nadu

Question 6.
Jammu and Kashmir is broadly classified into three regions. Identify them?

Answer:
Kashmir, Ladakh

Question 7
‘Operation Vijay’ is associated with the integration of a state in the Indian union. Identify the state,
a) Manipur
b) Punjab
c) Arunachal pradesh
d) Goa
Answer:
d) Goa

Question 8.
Identify the year in which the following events occurred.
a) Rio Summit
b) Kyoto Protocol
c) Copenhagen conference
Answer:
a. Rio Summit-1992
b. Kyoto Protocol -1997
c. Copenhagen Conference – 2009

Question 9.
Match the following.

Answer:
Lai Danga – Mizo National Front
Master Thara Singh -Akali Movement
Sheikh Muhammed Abdullah – Autonomy for Jammu & Kashmir
E.V. Ramaswami Naicker-Self Respect Movement

Question 10.
Match the following A with B and C .

Answer:

Question 11.
During 1980’s India faced a major threat due to the rise of regional aspirations for autonomy. Even though we had managed to resolve the problems the process of solutions was always difficult and often violent. As a student in political science can you explain the Indian approach to the regional demand for autonomy?
Answer:
The attitude of India towards its various provinces is based on the idea of unity in diversity. Each State has the right to maintain its language and culture. As per the constitution, all have the right to live with their own individuality without breaching the unity of India. India believes in the principle of unity in diversity.

Maintaining the democratic principle, each political party can address its people with its regional individuality. The States and their needs are protected. Our thinking is different from the thinking of European countries. There, they think diversity is a threat to nationalism.

Question 12.
Jammu and Kashmir is the major challenge that remains unresolved in the unity of India. Prepare a report showing the different aspects of Jammu Kashmir issue.
Answer:
When India got independence, Jammu-Kashmirwas a Princely State. Initially, the King Raja Hari Singh refused to join either India or Pakistan as he wanted to remain independent. The Pakistani leaders believed that since Jammu-Kashmir had a lot of Muslims, it would join Pakistan.

The people there were known as Kashmiris. Under the leadership of Sheikh Abdulla there was an agitation to remove the King from power. But he also did not want to join Pakistan. National Conference was a secular organization. It was also pro-Congress. In October 1947 Pakistan encouraged ,some tribal groups to capture Pakistan. Then the King sought assistance from India.

The King signed the “Instrument of Accession” and so the Indian army helped the Jammu-Kashmir King. There was also a condition that when things become normal there would be a referendum. For the welfare of the people Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister. India granted J&K autonomy.

External and Internal Squabbles:
Because of external and internal problems, J&K is always in th^ttiidst of crises. On one side there is Pakistan, claiming the Kashmir Valley. After the 1947 War, a part of Kashmir came under Pakistani control. India calls it illegal occupation. Pakistan calls this area Azad Kashmir. Internally also the Kashmir problems is a headache for the Centre. According to Article 370, Kashmir is given greater autonomy than other States. This Article is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir.

The special concession causes problems. Many believe that this autonomy given to Kashmir will adversely affect the unity and indivisibility of the country. They feel that Article 370 should be removed. But the Kashmiris feel that the autonomy they got by Article 370 is not enough. Some Kashmiris put forward 3 complaints.No referendum has taken place so far.

The status promised by Article 370 is only on paper, not in practice. They need more autonomy. They also say that the kind of democracy implemented in other States of India is not found in J&K.

Politics since 1948:
After Sheikh Abdulla became the Prime Minister of Kashmir, many land reforms and other welfare measures were taken to help the masses. But there was a difference of opinion between him and the Central Government. He wanted Kashmir to be completely free. So the Central Government dismissed him and kept him in jail for some time. His successors did not get popular support but they administered the region with Central support. The Kashmiris slowly started believing in democracy. According to the agreement between India Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah, in 1974, he became the Prime Minister. He died in 1982.

Resistance And Later:
In the 1987 election the National Conference won with a huge majority. Farukh Abdulla became the Chief Minister. Many believed that he did some manipulations in the election. From 1980, there have been protests against weak governments there. Some people believed that it was the Centre which made this huge majority possible. It led to the Kashmiri crisis. There was resistance. In 1989, there was an armed struggle for making Kashmir independent.

The insurgents were assisted by Pakistan. For many years, J&K was under Presidential rule. Even as there was strong military presence there, from 1990 there have been frequent clashes between the army and the people who resisted Indian rule. Farooq Abdulla’s government also demanded greater autonomy. In 2002, there was another election. Instead of the National Conference, a PDP Coalition Government came to power.

Secession Movement And After:
The secessionist movement (1969) appeared in many shapes and it took different stances.

• Independent Kashmir without joining either India or Pakistan.
• A group demanding merger with Pakistan.
• A group demanding greater autonomy.
  The demand for greater autonomy attracted the people of Jammu and Ladakh in different ways. Often there were complaints against neglect and backwardness.
• The Central Government discussed the issue with different groups. The secessionists now say that even as they stay with India, they should be given more autonomy.

Question 13.
The violence in Punjab exhibited a dark part of the Indian history. The Akali Dal played a critical role in creating disturbance in Punjab. Can you briefly explain the separatism in Punjab?
Answer:
The Indo-Pakistan division and the formation of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh caused the social situation in Punjab change. Punjab State came into existence in 1966 on linguistic basis. Akali Dal propagated an idea called ‘Punjabi Suba’ and Indira Gandhi approved this demand. Thus Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana .

Haryana was for the Hindi speaking people and Punjab for the Punjabi speakers. Even in the 1967 election, Akali Dal came to power in Punjab by making agreements first with Jan Sangh and later with Janta Party. Because of certain reasons, the situation became bad for Akali Dal and before completing the term, the government was dismissed by the Centre. The Akali Dai could not get the support of the Hindus.

The Sikh Community itself was divided on tribal and caste lines. The Dalits supported the Congress. In 1970, a group of Akalis demanded political autonomy. They also said that there should be rethinking about Centre State relationship. In 1973, in Anandapur, they passed a resolution supporting this idea. They demanded a Sikh Kaum (Sikh Nation) through this resolution.

This resolution made only the Sikh community happy. In 1980 the Akali Government was dismissed. The Akali Dal leaders tried to prevent the sharing of river water. Some religious leaders also demanded freedom for the Sikh nation. The worst was the demand for an independent Khalistan.

Question 14.
Operation Blue Star’ was a critical incident in the history of India and in the history of Sikh community.Evaluate the reasons and consequences of ‘Operation Blue Star’.
Answer:
After passing the Anandpur Sahib resolution, some religious leaders demanded autonomy. Slowly it became the demand for an independent Khalistan. Slowly power moved from the hands of the moderates to the radicals and they were ready for armed resistance. The Sikh fundamentalists made the Golden Temple itself their centre for operation. Through the Operation Blue Star, the Central Government was able to drive the armed extrem its out of the Golden Temple. But some damage was sustained by the Golden Temple during the operation and this wounded the religious sentiments of some Sikh people.

They looked at the Operation Blue Star as an attack on their faith. In retaliation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was killed by her own Sikh guards. It was a moment of great shock for the country. In Delhi and some North Indian States there was violence against the Sikhs. This violence lasted a week. In Delhi itself some 2000 Sikhs were killed. It took a long time to establish normalcy in the country. The Sikhs felt that the murderers of their fellow, men were not appropriately punished. After 20 years of the incident, in 2005, the then Prime Minister, Man Mohan Singh, expressed regret at the mindless killing of the Sikh people.

Question 15.
Rajiv Gandhi- Longowal or Punjab Accord was a landmark towards bringing normalcy to Punjab. Explain Punjab Accord?
Answer:
After the 1984 general election, Rajiv Gandhi be-came the PM. He started talks with the Akali Dal leaders. In 1985, he signed an accord with the Akali leader Harchand Singh Longowal. This is known as the Punjab Accord or the Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal Accord. This helped to bring about normalcy in Punjab. The conditions of the Accord:

• Handover Chandigarh to Punjab.
• Appoint a new Commission to solve the border disputes between Punjab and Haryana.
• Establish a Tribunal to share the waters of Ravi Beas with Haryana and Rajasthan.
• Compensation will be given for the daffies done during the Operation Blue Star and people suffering from its aftermath will be given assistance. Even with all these, normalcy did not return immediately. It took nearly ten years for things to become normal. By 1990, the.army was able to suppress the extremists. But both the Sikhs and Hindus suffered a lot for nothing.

Question 16
The North Eastern States in India are referred to as the ‘Seven Sisters’. These states are formed on the basis of certain reasons. This region has only four percent of the country’s population. Explain briefly the reason behind the formation of these states.
Answer:
Since 1947, the North Eastern region has witnessed a lot of changes. So many political changes took place. In 1960, Nagaland was created. In 1,972, Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura came into being. Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became separate States.
The 1947 division of India made the North Eastern part of the country a region without any sea port. This resulted in its economic decline.

Since it was isolated from the rest of India, development was slow there. The politics of that region was also unique. Moreover, many refugees from the neighbouring countries and neighbouring States migrated to this region, thus bringing radical changes in the social and economic set up of the region.

Question 17.
The North East states expressed complicated sets of demands. This created complicated problems in this region. Through the active interference of the Indian government some of the problems are resolved,but some other problems persist even today. Gan you identify the major problems in the North East states?
Answer:
The North-Eastern States have some geographical peculiarities, it was a region that was not Closely linked to the rest of the country. It has long international orders, but communications facilities were less there its development was neglected to be extent and the problem was made complex by the emigrants that came from other places. In this complex . situation, some complex demands were made:

• Demand for autonomy.
• Demand for independent nations.
• Enmity towards people from other places.

Demand for Autonomy:
At the time of independence, except Manipur and Tripura, the entire North-Eastern region was just one State. After independence, the non-Assamese felt that Assamese language was imposed on them. Therefore they demanded political self-rule. The Adivasi leaders wanted to keep away from Assam. They formed “Eastern India Tribal Union”. Later it was known as “All Party Hill Leaders Conference”. They demanded one Adivasi State, but more Adivasi States like Meghalaya and Mizoram were formed.

Even with this, their demand for self-rule did not end. The Bodos, Karbis and Dimasas etc. demanded their own States. The same area was demanded by more than one community. Because of that the only solution was forming tiny States. Some stayed in Assam and gained their right for self-rule. The Karbis and Dimasas were given self-rule at the District level. The Bodos were given their self-rule council very recently.

Secessionist Movement Mizoram:
India faced demands for secession from two North-Eastern States-Mizoram and Nagaland. After independence, Mizoram region within Assam itself was enjoying self-rule. But many of them . thought that they were not part of British India and so there was no reason for them to join India. In 1959 there was a serious famine in the Mizo hills. But the Assam government could not take appropriate measures to help the suffering people there. This caused the formation of Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Lai Denga. From 1966, they started an armed struggle to get freedom. Pakistan aided them and gave them refuge in Eastern ‘ Pakistan. In the conflict many ordinary people were killed. This made the local people very angry.

In spite of the 20-year long resistance, no party made any gain. Then they had a rethinking. The exiled Lai Denga returned from Pakistan and started talks with Indian authorities. In 1986, a peace accord was signed between and Rajiv Gandhi. Mizoram thus became a State some specie rights. ‘MNP gave – up their resistance.

The case of Nagaland was very similar’ to that of Mizoram was problem that began even before the Mizoram issue, but it still remains unsolved. In 195-1, under the leadership of Angami Zapu Phizo, Nagaland declared its independence. Phizo refused to accept suggestions Tor peace. The Naga National Council made an armed struggle. After some time it made an accord with the India Government. But some other revolutionaries were not agreeable to the terms of the accord. Even today it continues to be an unresolved issue.

Moves Against Outsiders:
There was another problem in the North-Eastern region which faced migration of people from other places. There was rivalry between the local people and the emigrants. The locals thought that lack of foodstuff, unemployment, shortage of land etc, were problems created by the outsiders who Came to the region in large numbers. In Assam, the moves against outsiders were very strong. If the outsiders were not controlled, the locals feared that they would become the minority.

in 1979, the Assam Students’ Union made move against the outsiders. It was against illegal emigrants. There were also many Bengalis in this illegal group. The Student Union protested against the voters’ list which’ included the names of the emigrants. Many unfortunate events took place. Many were killed. After 6 years, Rajiv Gandhi made an accord with the leaders of the Students’ Union. According to that, all the people who came to the region after the Bangladesh War were to be sent away.

Question 18
The Indian democracy is’ strengthening slowly but steadily. The merger of Sikkim and Liberation of Goa can be cited as the extension of Indian democracy to the people of Sikkim and Goa. Explain the process of Sikkim merger and the liberation of Goa.
Answer:
The integration of Sikkim arid the liberation of Goa show that even people outside India wanted to become part of India. India is the largest democracy in the world, geographically and population-wise.

Sikkim Integration:
At the time of our independence Sikkim was a protectorate of India. Its defence and foreign relations were managed by India. The Chogyal rule made Sikkim an autocracy. But the . desire of the people for democracy made ruling difficult for Chogyal
The first election in Sikkim was in 1974. The Sikkim 1 Congress won. The Assembly passed a resolution making Sikkim an Associated State and later In 1975 opted for integration with India. It was done as per the popular will. Thus Sikkim became India’s 22nd State.

Goa’s Liberation:
The liberation of Goa from the Portuguese is another example of the success of Indian democracy. Although the British ended their rule in India in 1947, Portugal refused to quit from Goa, Daman and Diu. They were keeping the people . under their rule by suppressing them, refusing their rights and by forceful conversions.

The Indian Government patiently waited for the voluntary withdrawal of the Portuguese. The Goan people were clamouring for their freedom from Portugal. The Socialist Satyagrahis of Maharashtra also supported ’ them. Finally in 1961, the Indian Government sent an army and made the Portugal ruled areas part of Indian territory. The military operation lasted only a couple of days. In 1987 Goa became a State.

Question 19.
‘Vadakku Vaazhkirathu’Therkku Thaeikirathu”. This was the popular slogan raised by Dravidian movement. This Dravidian movement was one of the first regional movements in Indian Politics. Prepare a short note about Dravidian movement.
Answer:
“Vadakku Vaazhkirathu, Thekku Thaeikirathu” was a slogan of the Dravidian Movement. This is first regional movement in India. Although the Movement wanted to establish a Dravidian Nation, it never resorted to any armed struggle. Using the democratic methods of propaganda and election, the Dravida Munnetta Kazhakam became a strong power.

Dravida Movement:
Dravida Kazhakam (DK) was formed by E.V. Ramaswami, known as ‘Periyor’. This Organization was against Brahmin supremacy and the political and economic supremacy of the Northern States. It was split later and then DMK (Dravida Munneta Kazhakam) came into existence. In 1953 and 54 it made 3 big agitations and they made DMK an influential party in Indian politics.

• The first agitation was to change the name of a railway station. Kallakkudi railway station’s name was changed to Dalrpiapuram. The DMK wanted to retain the name Kallakkudi.
• The second agitation was to make Tamil Cultural history as an important part of the school curriculum.
• The 3rd ope was against the handicraft training in the schools. The DMKsaid that it had a Brahmin touch .The DMK made huge agitations against the plan of making Hindi as the sole official language. The 1965 anti-Hindi protests made DMK very famous. Now there are many Dravidian parties – DMK, AIDMK, Marumalarchi DMK, Pattali Makkal Kakshi, Desiya Moorpoku Dravida Kazhakam arrd so on. Some of them are known even outside Tamil Nadu.

Question 20.
“The period since 1980 faced challenges against national integration”. These challenges tested the capacity of democratic politics to accommodate the demand of diverse sections of the society. Can you point out the lessons that we learned from these problems?
Answer:
We were able to learn the following things:

• Regional demands are part of the democratic system.
• In democracy, suppression is not the solution. We have to look for solutions to problems.
• It is not enough to have democratic structure within the State. There should be such a system in interstate matters. It is not right to demand complete self-rule or autonomy. The nation is made up of various States. Therefore the future fate of the nation is also the responsibility of each part.
• If regional representation is not equal in economic development, it will lead to regional discrimination. When some States remain backward and others go ahead fast, it will spoil the equilibrium. It is schemes with a broad vision that will bring unity in diversity in the Indian context.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
How does regionalism come in the way of bringing about unity in diversity?
Answer:
Regionalism creates obstacles on the path of finding unity in diversity. The reasons are given below

• In the society it brings about divisive tendencies. It badly affects the principle of unity in diversity
• Since people have regional loyalties, they can’t fulfill their national obligations and responsibilities
• Regionalism often degenerates into communalism and linguistic jingoism and this destroy unity.

Question 2.
Define Regionalism.
Answer:
Regionalism is the love and loyalty people feel to the small region in which they live. It becomes bad when their love for their region becomes greater than the love for their country.

Question 3.
What do you know about Master Tara Singh?
Answer:
Master Thara Singh is a famous Sikh political leader. He was one of the early leaders of Siromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee. He was also a leader of Akali Movement.

Question 4.
Which region is known as ’Seven sisters’?
Answer:
North Eastern Region

Question 5 .
Why did the Anandpur Sahib Resolution become controversial?
Answer:
In the 1970s, a section of the Akali Dal, demanded greater autonomy for Punjab. They passed a resolution for political freedom in 1973 during the Conference conducted at Anandpur Sahib. This resolution summed up the policies, principles and schemes of the Akali Dal. It became controversial because it was written in Gurumukhi script. The resolution was not clear. Some words were ambiguous, capable of being interpreted in different ways. For the moderates the resolution demanded more autonomy for Punjab, but for the extremists it was full freedom and not mere autonomy.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Rise of Popular Movements

Question 1.
Match the following.

Answer:
1 – B ; 2 – C ; 3 – D; 4 – A

Question 2.
Fill up the following table.

Answer:
Social Movement

Question 3.
Expand the following abbreviations.
a) N.B.A.
b) B.K.U.
c) M.K.S.S.
Answer:
a) Narmada Bachao Andolan
b) Bhartiya Kisan Union
c) Mazdur Kisan Sakti Sanghatan

Question 4.
During June 2005 Indian Parliament passed the law regarding Right to Information. A popular movement originated in
Rajasthan influenced it. Which was that Popular Movement?
Answer:
Mazdoor Kisan Sakti Sanghatan

Question 5.
Fill up the table given below.

Answer:
Rajasthan

Question 6.
Which of these statements is incorrect?
The Chipko Movement
a) was an environmental movement to prevent cutting down of trees.
b) raised questions of ecological and economic exploitation.
c) was a movement against alcoholism started by the women.
d) Demanded that local communities should have control over their natural resources
Answer:
c) was a movement against alcoholism started by the women.

Question 7.
Some of the statements below are incorrect. Identify the incorrect statements and rewrite with necessary correction:
a) Social movements are hampering the functioning of India’s democracy
b) The main strength of social movements lies in their mass base across social sections.
c) Social movements in India emerged because there were many issues that political parties did not address.
Answer:
a) Social movements are hampering the functioning of India’s democracy

Question 8.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question .9
In recent times it is noted that people are organized in a non political manner to deal with the problems they are facing. Agitations in Muthanga, Plachimada, Chengara etc can be cited as examples. Prepare a Politics in India since Independence
brief note about the origin of these types of non political popular movements with examples.
Answer:
It is the dissatisfaction among people that causes them to organize in a non-political manner to find solutions to their problems. Even after 30 years of independence, neither the government nor the party was able to solve some democratic problems. In the 1970s, women, students, subalterns, peasants, etc. realized that politics wouldn’t solve their problems. Therefore they rallied under various social organizations and made their demands.

The presence of social organizations thus became very much felt. Most of these organizations were formed against exploitation of Nature, inequality, exploitation, social evils, alcohol and such things. Women took a major role in all these. Chipko Movement, Dalit Panthers, AntiArrack Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, National Fish Worker’s Union etc. are some such organizations that gained international attention.

Question 10.
Political Parties are always making efforts to resolve the problems faced by the people. But at the very same time non-party movements are strengthening throughout the country. Find out the reasons behind the formation of non-party movements.
Answer:
ln the 1970s and 80s, there are many groups of people that were not satisfied with the working of the existing political parties. This caused the formation of non-political groupings. In many spheres they were able to bring about changes. Even then economic inequality and poverty remained on a large scale. The benefits of the economic gains did not reach all levels of the population. There was a big gap between the industrial and rural sectors. Many felt this was injustice.

Many political parties lost their faith in the democratic system. Therefore they were forced to adopt new methods. Students, subalterns and Adivas is joined together and worked for the poor people, fighting against social evils. They were known as Voluntary Organizations. They did not support any political party or contest elections. They did not want to work in political parties. They discovered that direct interference was better than seeking political solutions to problems.

They also believed that such interventions would help the democratic government . Therefore they we known as non-political movements. They worked in urban and rural areas. But when more and more money came from outside, some of these groups became weak.

Question 11.
Prepare a seminar note about the most significant Non Political Movements in India.
Answer:
The Most significant Non Political Movements: In the 1970s people became impatient. The Government and the political parties were not ready to solve their problems. Therefore the people at the lowest strata like the Adivasis and Dalits rallied themselves under the umbrella of some social organizations to fight for their rights. They discovered that direct interference was better than seeking the help political parties. Thus in the Indian political history, non-political movements were formed. Some took up environmental issues, some worked for job-related things and some worked against social evils.

A. Movements for the Preservation of Nature and its Resources:
The Most significant Non Political Movements in India were to preserve Nature and its resources. We know about the Plachimada Agitation against the Coca-cola Company. Other examples of such movements are those against biack sand mining in Alapuzha and for protecting the Silent Valley. Two other most important movements were the Chipko Movement under Sundarlal Bahuguna and the Narmada Bachao Movement under Medha Patkar.

Chipko Movement:
This was a Movement that became famous the world over. It was started in 1973 in two or three villages of Uttarakhand. The Forest Department prevented the villagers from cutting down a certain kind of trees with which they made their working implements. But the same Forest Department gave permission to a Sports Equipment Manufacturing Company to cut down such trees for commercial purposes. This provoked the villagers. When the workers came to cut the trees, the villagers stood near the trees embracing them. (Chipko means embrace). This protest spread to many parts of Uttarakhand.

The people raised their voice against the exploitation of nature. They asked the government not to let outsiders come and exploit their resources. They wanted the power to manage them to be given to the local people. They also asked of permission to start small scale industries, protecting Nature and the Environment. They also . demanded minimum wages for the forest workers ,who had no land of their own.As a result of this Movement, the government issued an order prohibiting the cutting down of trees in the Himalayan side for 15 years. The role of women was great in this Movement. They also fought against social evils like drinking alcohol. With Chipko Movement, people realized that solutions to popular problems could be found through non-political movements.

Narmada Bachao Andolan:
This Movement came as a result of the Sardar Sarovar Project. This questioned even the economic policy of the government. It was also a movement against large scale displacement of people for huge developmental projects. People of Kerala had made similar protests against the Vallarpadam Project.

Sardar Sarovar Project is a large scale project. The project was to build a number of big and small dams. The project would cover Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. This project would help Gujarat to have good irrigation and electricity. Narmada Bachao Andolan was to protect Narmada. The Movement demanded the stoppage of constructions in this river.

If this project is completed, 245 villages would be submerged underwater. Some 2.5 lakhs people will have to find new homes. Starting from these villages, the Andolan began to spread. The beginning of the Movement was by demanding to rehabilitate those who would lose their homes.

The argument also came up that the local communities should have power over the land, water and forests. They ask why in a democracy some people should become victims for the benefit of some others. Many large scale schemes have been implemented. Large scale displacement of people would adversely affect them. It also brings harm to Nature. All these were the causes for the Narmada Bachao Andolan.

The NBA met with stiff opposition. The government and the court gave permission to rehabilitate the displaced persons. It was because of this Movement that the Policy of Rehabilitation was formulated in 2003. But the Supreme Court criticised the Andolan saying that it was preventing development.

B. Movements Related to Caste Problems:
The fact is that even today the Dalits are being discriminated against. Although there are laws against such discriminations, they are, often violated. In Kerala we haveAdivasi Khshema Samiti, Ayyankali Pada and Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha which are caste- related Movements. The Dalit Panthers is a nationwide Movement.

Dalit Panthers:
in the 1970s, many Dalit youths, who were degree holders residing in slums, showed their power. Dalit Panthers is the Movement working for the welfare the Dalits, it was first started in Maharashtra. It fought against caste discriminations. It wants the reservations for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes to be implemented properly. Although untouchability is legally prohibited, we can still see it in many parts of the country.

The activities of the Dalit Panthers are concentrated in areas where Dalits are subjected to discrimination and attacks. It also works in collaboration with Movements who have similar ideologies. In 1989, a law was enacted to give severe punishments to those who harm Dalits. The agenda of the Panthers is making the society equitable where there is no caste discrimination. After independence, the Movement also does activities for the welfare of the poor, wage earners and subalterns. Dalit Panthers made some electoral adjustments with political parties. But the Movement split into various fragments and its strength was lost.

C. People Movements Based On Work:
There are movements related to work. Such movements came up because many lost their traditional jobs and some others, especially peasants, faced many problems in their life. An example is the Muriyad Karshaka Sangham in Trichur District. The important Movements in India are Bhartiya Kisan Union and National Fish Workers’ Forum.

Bhartiya Kisan Union:
In the 1980s, some communities received different benefits as part of development. This caused many complaints against the government and the party. In 1988, in Uttar Pradesh, some 20,000 farmers assembled. They protested against the increased electricity rates. They protested in front of the District Collector’s office for 3 weeks and their demand was approved. It was a show of strength by an organized rural movement. The protesters were members of the Bhartiya Kisan Union. The peasants in Haryana, Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh got the benefits of the Green Revolution.

Their main cultivation was sugar cane and wheat. With the liberalization policy, these farmers faced a crisis. The Bhartiya Kisan Union made protests. Their demands were: Increase the minimum price given to sugar cane and wheat, remove inter-State controls, give electricity at moderate rates, write off the agricultural debts and grant pension to agricultural workers.

The method of protest included rallies, protests, dharnas, getting arrested and filling jails. The Union pressurized the government to get their demands accepted. The members of this union belonged to one particular community. They met in the manner of traditional panchayats and discussed ways to overcome their economic problems. Until 1990, the Bhartiya Kisan Union kept away from political parties. The Shetkari Sanghatan in Maharashtra and the Rayata Sanghatan of Karnataka also came up with economic demands. In the 1980s these Movements of the peasants made big social impacts.

National Fish Workers’ Forum:
Many people make their livelihood by catching and selling fish. India has the second biggest group of fish workers. There are lakhs offish workers here. There was a problem that adversely affected the fishermen. With the arrival of trawling boats, the fish wealth
was taken away by the boat owners. Ordinary fishermen had to struggle for their livelihood. The Liberalization Policy of the 1980s made their life more difficult. Therefore they united at the national level. People from Kerala were in the leadership positions.

The Forum included women workers also, in 1991 they protested against the policies of the Central Government. The main reason was the government granting permit to international companies to catch fish even close to the Indian shores. In July 2002, the Forum organized a nation-wide strike demanding the ban of foreign trawlers. Now the Forum works for the welfare of the fish workers and also for the protection of Environment.

Movements Against Social Evils:
What is noteworthy in many Social Movements is the increased presence of women. Earlier, women took part in affairs related to the family. Their protests were mainly against dowry, sexual harassment in work places and public places. Most of those protests were carried out by educated or wealthy women.

But the fight against alcohol was led by illiterate women. March against Arrack: In the 1990s, many women in Nellur in Andhra became literate. In the class, women spoke about the drinking habits of their men-folk. Drinking alcohol causes both physical and mental harm. It also adversely affects the economic situation of the family. Men do not go to work. The manufacturers of various kinds of alcoholic beverages make money by using all sorts of illegal means. It is the women that suffer because of the drinking habit of men.

The women in Nellur protested against alcoholism and forced a wine shop to close down. This news spread like wild fire into some 5000 villages. They held meetings and passed resolutions and sent them to the Collectors. The arrack auction in Nellur had to be postponed 17 times. The protest in Nellur spread to the rest of the State. In short, where government s and political parties failed, such social movements won.

Question 12.
There are arguments in favour and against popular movements. Can you make a list showing the merits and demerits of Non-political popular movements.
Answer:
These days the popular movements have a lot of importance in politics. Here are their advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

• It helps the people to recognize the value of democratic movements.
• It helps people to know the defects of political parties and the importance of social action.
• It represents new social fellowship. In the past the political parties did not pay any heed to the complaints of people.
• Mutual disputes are reduced. Different groups become active in social matters.
• Such popular groups help in the growth and functioning of democracy.

Disadvantages:

• Protests, dharnas, and rallies prevent governments from smooth functioning. Late decisions adversely affect proper ad ministration.
• Most Movements were for or against a particular issue. Thus these movements get the support of only some particular groups of people. Their activities, therefore, are limited.
• For democratic policies, there is a need for broad fellowships and unity. But such broad fellowship is not seen in most of these Movements.
• These Movements can work only for limited objectives. Often there are clashes between these Movements and Parties. There is a big gap between them.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Enumerate three laws enacted by the Parliament since independence, for the welfare of women.
Answer:
The Indian women are generally in a backward state. Social reformers and freedom fighters have done a lot to improve the condition of women. Movement like Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj and Prarthana Samaj worked for gender equality. They also carried out some schemes for the welfare of women. Law prohibiting Sati (1829), Widow-Remarriage Act (1856),Politics in India since Independence.

Marriage Act (1856) etc. were done with the intention of women’s welfare. After independence, many lawswere passed to improve the lot of women. Some of the most important laws are:

• Hindu Marriage Act (1955)
• Adapting for Succession (1956)
• Anti-Dowry Bill (1961)
• Anti Foeticide Act (1971)
• Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (Amendment to the 1978 Law).
• Anti-Dowry Act (Amendment done in 1984)

Question 2
What is SardarSarovar Project?
Answer:
Jipl Sardar Sarovar Project was a multipurpose project. The advocates of this project say that this project will bring development to Gujarat and the three States sharing its border. They say it will give drinking water, irrigation, increased electricity production and better agriculture output in all these places.

Question 3.
In which year was All India Kisan Sabha established?
Answer:
The All India Kisan Sabha was established in 1936.

Question 4.
Who led the Narmada Bachao Andolan?
Answer:
Medha Patkar

Question 5.
Do movements and protests in a country strengthen democracy? Justify your answer with examples.
Answer:
All over the world, Movements and Protests are considered to be part of democracy. In the Popular Movements, various groups of people get involved, and therefore the participation of the people is great. Studying about Popular Movements helps people to understand more about democratic policies. For example, the Anti-Arrack protest organized by the Andhra women paved the way for women to have seat reservations in the Parliament and State Assemblies.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 The Crisis of Democratic Order

Question 1.
State whether the following statements regarding the Emergency are correct or incorrect.
a) It was declared in 1975 by Indira Gandhi
b) It led to the suspension of all fundamental rights.
c) It was proclaimed due to the deteriorating economic conditions.
d) Many opposition leaders were arrested during the emergency.
e) CPI supported the proclamation of the Emergency
Answer:
a. true b. true c. false d. true e. true

Question 2.

Answer:
a – ii b – i, c – iii; d – iv

Question 3.
Can you identify the writers who had returned their awards such as Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in protest against the suspension of democracy?
1. Shivarama Karanth.
2. …………………
Answer:
Phaniswar Nath “Renu”

Question 4.
One of the following Commissions is associated with National Emergency of 1975. Identify the commission
a) Justice Pradhan Commisson.
b) Sreekrishna Commission.
c) Shah Commission.
d) Sarkaria Commission.
Answer:
c) Shah Commission.

Question 5.
Identify the leader associated with Naxalite Movement.
a) E.M.S.Namboothiripad
b) Charu Majumdar.
c) A.K.Gopalan.
d) E.K.Nayanar
Answer:
b) Charu Majumdar

Question 6.
Find out the personalities who made the following slogan.
a) Jai Jawan Jai Kissan
b) Garibi Hatao
Answer:
b. Indira Gandhi

Question 7.
Identify the commission appointed by the Janata Party in 1977 to inquire into the actions taken in the wake of the emergecy.
Answer:
Shah Commission

Question 8.
Match the following.

Answer:
Garibi Hatao – Indira Gandhi
Total Revolution – Jay Prakash Narayan
Railway Strike – George Fernandez
Naxalite Movement – Charu Majumdar
Chairman of Enquiry Commission – Justice J.C. Shah

Question 9.
Normally emergency is imposed in connection with war and aggression or with natural disaster. But in June 1975 the emergency was imposed due to the perceived threat of internal disturbance. Briefly evaluate the circumstances that led to the declaration of emergency.
Answer:
After the 1971 election, Indira became a popular leader with a lot of support from the people. This time there were serious problems in the Party. There were three main reasons:

• Economic Reasons
• Gujarat & Bihar Movement
• Dispute with the Judiciary

The main slogan in the 1971 election was ‘garibi hatao’. But when the government came to power it could not improve the economic condition of the country, There were a number of reasons for that. First of all there was the refuge problem. Then there was the Bangladesh Crisis, followed by the Indo Pakistan War. All these things created financial problems. Secondly, after the War, America stopped its aids to India.

Thirdly, there was a sharp increase in oil prices. The 4th reason was inflation which made the life of ordinary people very difficult. The 5th problem was negative growth in industrial output. Unemployment increased, especially in the rural sector. Sixthly, the salaries of government employees had to be reduced and even stopped. Seventhly, lack of rain caused serious shortfall in foodstuff.All the above things created an economic crisis in the country. There was general discontentment in the country. This gave the Opposition Parties an opportunity to organise protests.

Gujarat and Bihar Movement:
The second biggest problem was the students’ protest in Gujarat and Bihar which were Congress-ruled States. The main reason was the increase in the prices of essential commodities. Shortage of food, unemployment and corruption made the students angry. In both these States the Opposition Parties supported the students. In Gujarat, Presidential Rule was imposed. At this time the main opponent of Indira Gandhi and the leader of Congress (O), Morarji Desai, decided to go on an indefinite hunger strike.

He did that for demanding elections in Gujarat. In June 1975, because of heavy pressure from various sources, election was conducted. Congress lost the election. In Bihar the students invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead their protest. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protest must be non-violent.

He asked for the dismissal of the Bihar govemment. He argued that there was a need for a revolution in social, economic and political spheres. But the Bihar government refused to resign. The entire country discussed the issue. Jay Prakash Narayan wanted to spread the protest to all parts of the country. In the meantime the railway workers went on a strike.

It would make the entire country come to a stand-still. In 1975, Jay Prakash Narayan organized a march to the Parliament. It was the biggest rally the capital had ever seen. The Opposition saw in him an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Both the protests were anti-Congress. Voices also rose against the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi. She believed that all this was done to take revenge on her.

Dispute with the Judiciary:
Another reason for the declaration of Emergency was Indira Gandhi’s dispute with the Judiciary.The Supreme Court said that some of the things the government did were against the Constitution. Congress argued that the Supreme Court judgement was against democracy and the authority of the Parliament. The Party said that the Court was standing against some welfare measures taken to help the poor people. The dispute was mainly in three things.

Firstly, Can the Parliament change the Fundamental Rights? The Court said no. Secondly, Can the Parliament change ownership of land? Again the Court said no. Thirdly, the Parliament said that it had the right to reduce fundamental rights. It amended the Constitution. But the Supreme Court objected. Ail these were the reasons for the dispute between the Government and the Supreme Court.

There were two more reasons. In the Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court judged that the Parliament can’t change the basic structure of the Constitution. Soon the post of the Chief Justice became vacant. Normally the senior most judge is appointed as the Chief Justice. But keeping aside 3 eligible Judges, the government appointed A.N. Roy as the Chief Justice. This appointment became controversial. Besides, the Uttar Pradesh High Court declared the election of Indira Gandhi as null and void. All these were the reasons for Mrs Gandhi to declare Emergency in June 1975.

Question 10.
During 1975 the people close to the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi started talking about the need for a judiciary and bureaucracy ‘committed’ to the vision of the executive and the legislature. Express your idea about committed judiciary and bureaucracy.
Answer:
India is a democratic country. So, administration must be done according to the Constitution. We, therefore, do not need a committed judiciary or committed bureaucracy. Committed Judiciary and Committed Bureaucracy are used by autocrats or one party governments to implement their policies.

Examples of such committed judiciary and bureaucracy could be seen in Mao’s China, Mussolini’s. Italy and Hitler’s Germany. India does not need these things. If we go for committed judiciary and bureaucracy, we will be going against democracy.

Question 11.
Jayaprakash Narayan played an important role in the agitations against Indira Gandhi government. Even though he had given up active politics and was involved in social work, he became an alternative to Indira Gandhi. Can you briefly explain the role of Jayaprakassh Narayan in dislodging Indira Gandhi government?
Hints:
Bihar Movement
Total Revolution People’s
March to Parliament 1975
Nationwide Satyagraha Janata Party
Answer:
In March 1974, the students in Bihar organized some agitations. They were voicing their protest against increase in the prices of essential commodities, unemployment, and corruption. They invited Jay Prakash Narayan to lead the struggle. He accepted the invitation insisting that the protests must be nonviolent and they should not be limited to Bihar alone. Thus the protests acquired a political nature. People joined the agitation. JP Narayan asked the Centre to dismiss the Bihar government. He envisaged a total revolution at the social, economic and political levels. Bihar government refused to resign.

This Movement got wide publicity at national level. JP Narayan wanted this Movement to spread across India. When the Railway workers struck work, there was the possibility of the entire country coming to a standstill. In 1975, JPN made a popular march to the Parliament. It was the biggest march Delhi had ever seen. The Opposition looked at JP Narayan as an alternative to Mrs. Gandhi.

By June 1975, the enmity between the ruling party’ and the opposition became very strong. JPN demanded the resignation of Mrs. Gandhi. On 25 June 1975 there was a big protest on the Ramlila Ground in Delhi. There also he demanded Mrs Gandhi’s’ resignation. He declared he would start a satyagraha. He asked the police and government employees not to obey any rule that was not normal. Government felt it could not continue working. Many people were against Congress.

As a reaction to all this, on 25 June 1975, Indira Gandhi declared an Emergency saying that there was threat to the internal security of the country. In the 1977 election, after the Emergency, the entire Opposition fought against the Congress under Janata Party led by JP Narayan. For the first time Congress lost its majority in the Lok Sabha. Thus JP Narayan became the hero who fought for the restoration of democracy.

Question 12.
The declaration of National Emergency in 1975 produced many bitter incidents to the citizens. Can you mention any two incidents to express the bitter experience of emergency?
Answer:
With the declaration of Emergency, people were in trouble. Their rights and freedom were at risk. Even when people approached the Court forgetting their rights, it proved useless. Government itself started acting against democracy. Here are two incidents. Turkmangate was an area in Delhi where poor people lived. The residents here were forced to leave this place and live in the barren areas of the Yamuna River Bank. The huts in Turkmangate were destroyed. People were forcefully sterilized. Those who volunteered for sterilization were given some free land. Some ran away from their new settlements. But some agreed to be sterilized.

The custody death of Rajan:
In the early morning of 1 March 1976, Rajan, a final year student of Kozhikode Engineering College, was arrested along with another student named Joseph Pali. Mr. T.V. Ichara Varrier, father of Rajan, tried different ways to find out where Rajan was. Since it was Emergency period, fundamental rights could not be enforced by any Court. When the Emergency was withdrawn, Ichara Varrier filed a “Habeas Corpus” in the Court.

According to witnesses, Rajan was taken from the hostel to the Tourist Bungalow at Kozhikode. Because of torture Rajan died in illegal police custody. The Kerala High Court summoned the then Chief Minister of Kerala Mr. K. Karunakarari. ‘He had to resign on this account.

Both these incidents show that during Emergency the fundamental rights of the people were breached. Many such things might have happened in the country. That is why in the 1977 election people refused to vote Congress into power for the first time after independence.

Question 13.
Given below is an anonymous advertisement published after the declaration of emergency in Times of India’.“…death of D.E.M.O’cracy, mourned by his wife T.Ruth, his son L.l.Bertie and his daughters Faith, Hope and Justice’’
The consequences of emergency proved the above comment true. Can you explain the consequences of declaration of emergency?
Answer:
According to the Constitution, during the Emergency, the Central Government has special powers. During the Emergency, the Government did the following:

• Protests and agitations by government employees were banned.
• Media were strictly controlled.
• Fundamental Rights of the citizens were suspended. Even the courts could not enforce article 32.
• A number of preventive arrests of leaders were made. By doing all these things, the democratic set-up was seriously shaken.

The media could publish only things the government approved. Protesting against this, Newspapers like Indian Express and Statesman published their papers leaving some columns blank. Many journalists were under preventive detention. Many Opposition leaders were also kept in preventive custody. The argument for keeping them in jail was preventing any possible violence. Many leaders went underground. The suspension of article 32 was like closing the doors of justice on people. People could not even file ‘Habeas Corpus’. Later article 42 was also amended. We can easily say that the Emergency adversely affected the people in many ways.

Question 14.
There are arguments for and against the declaration of emergency. Indira Gandhi justified emergency on the ground that subversive forces were trying to distract the progressive programme of the government and were attempting to dislodge her from power through extra constitutional means. But to the critics Indira Gandhi misused a constitutional provision for saving the country to save her personal power. Can you substantiate the arguments for and against the declaration of National Emergency?
Answer:
The Government justified the Emergency giving these reasons. First, in a democratic country the majority ruling party should be allowed to do things without unnecessary interference from the Opposition. Second, protests and agitations do not do anything good for the country. Third, the government did not want the Opposition to resort to any unconstitutional means to remove Indira Gandhi from power.

Fourth, Government had to take action to maintain law and order in the country. Indira Gandhi accused the Opposition saying that it prevented the government from taking welfare measures for the uplift of the masses and they wanted to remove her from power using unconstitutional means.

The CPI favoured the Emergency. At that time they argued that protests were unnecessary. They said that there were international problems threatening the unity of India. They also said that Jay Prakash Narayan was a representative of the Middle Class who objected to the reforms aimed at the welfare of the masses.These arguments were criticised. The critics pointed out that the Indian politics itself was a history of protests and agitations.

Therefore people have the right to protest against the government and its policies. None of the arrested people had committed any treason or any such grave offences. No case was registered against any of them. The threat was not to the country but to the Prime Minister and the Congress government. So there was no need for any Emergency. They felt that Indira Gandhi misused the constitutional provision for serving her personal needs.

Question 15.
The declaration of emergency was regarded as a test for excellence of democracy. In this test our democracy exhibited its strength and weakness. Express your opinion regarding the strength and weakness of our democracy on the basis of emergency.
Answer:
The following things will show the strength of Indian democracy. First, it was proved that democracy can’t be destroyed in India. Second, the vagueness or ambiguity of this article in the Constitution was removed. Internal Emergency could be declared by the President with the approval of the Cabinet only when there was an armed revolution in the country. Third, it evaluated the freedom of a citizen. After the Emergency, the Court took measures to ensure the fundamental rights of the citizens. Finally many citizens’ right groups were formed.

The Emergency also shows some weaknesses of our Constitution. First, the tensions that happen between the vested interests of the political parties and the running of the government. It was the police and the bureaucrats that implemented the Emergency. They were not able to function independently. Often they had to function as the yes-men of the ruling parties. Even now this problem is persisting.

Question 16.
“The 1977 General Election was regarded as a referendum on the experience of emergency”. Do you think the election manifested the referendum by its results? Give your explanation.
Answer:
The 1977 election was certainly a referendum after the Emergency. Even before the Emergency, public opinion had turned against the Congress government. Emergency made the people turn against the Party. The people made a slogan asking the Opposition to save democracy. The Opposition Parties joined together and became the Janata Party. They rallied under the leadership of Jay Prakash Narayan .

The Janata Party made the 1977 election a referendum. Their propaganda focused on the violation of people’s fundamental rights, the arrest of thousands of people and censorship imposed on the media.Jay Prakash Narayan became the symbol of de-mocracy. With the coming of the Janata Party, the opposition votes would not get scattered among different parties. Because of these reasons, Congress lost in the election.

Question 17.
There was a belief that “ The alternative of Congress Party can not complete its tenure”. This belief proved to be true with the case of Janata Party. Can you evaluate the reason behind this belief?
Answer:
Only Congress had the claim to be part of the freedom struggle. The Opposition Parties did not have an all-India base or influence. They did not even have a strong slogan. This was the situation of the Grand Alliance. But by the time of the 1977 election, things had changed. Then they had a serious issue before them and also a strong leader. The Janata Party was bound by unity. But, after the election, there was a stiff competition for the prime ministership. There was Morarji Desai who opposed Mrs. Gandhi since 1966. Then there was Charan Singh, the leader of Bhartiya Lok Dal.

There was also Jagjivan Ram, who was an experienced Minister in many Congress Ministries. Finally Morarji Desai became the PM. But that did not solve the problems in the Janata Party.Janata Party was just a group of parties that joined together because of Emergency. It had no sense of direction or a definite goal. It failed to bring about any fundamental change. In 18 months, it lost its majority.

Then Congress supported the Charan Singh Ministry. But very soon Congress withdrew its support. Charan Singh was in power only for 4 months. In the election of 1980, the Janata Party lost badly. Congress under Indira Gandhi came back to power with a big majority. Later Congress became a Party that sought the support of many other parties and interest groups arguing that it was a party with a Socialist leaning working for the welfare of the poor.

Question 18.
The Congress Party justified the implementation of emergency. It wanted to use the emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and to implement the proper welfare programmes. Try to write a brief note about the positive actions of Indira Gandhi government during emergency.
Answer:
Indira Gandhi declared a 20-point Programme. Some of the programmes were land reform, land distribution, increasing agricultural wages, representation of workers in the management and abolition of forced or compulsory labour. In the beginning the urban and middle class people were happy because there were no protests and agitations, strikes and hartals. Discipline was good. The poor people thought welfare schemes would bring them prosperity. Thus different people had different views and different expectations about the Emergency.

Question 19.
‘Shah Commission’ is the commission appointed to inquire into several aspects of emergency proclaimed on the 25th June 1975. Prepare a brief note about Shah Commission.
Answer:
J.C. Shah was a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Janata Government set up a commission under his chairmanship to look into the charges made against the government during the Emergency period. The Shah Commission made detailed enquiries. Indira Gandhi also appeared before the Commission but she did not answer any question put to her.The findings, observations and recommendations were approved by the Janata Government. The report was presented in both the Loa Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

Question 20.
Railway is the biggest public sector undertaking in India. The functioning of Railway is closely associated with the economy of the country. But in 1974 the Railway employees started a nationwide strike. Do you think such a strike can be justified? Express your opinion in the light of ,1974 Railway Strike.
Answer:
The National Coordination Committee for Railwaymen, under the leadership of George Fernandez, embarked on a nationwide strike to press for their demands. Since railway service came under essential services, some questions were asked. Is the strike legal? Can the workers strike for claiming certain things? The Government declared the strike illegal. It did not approve the demands of the workers. Prominent leaders were arrested and border security personnel were deployed for the protection of the railway tracks. The strike was called off after 20 days without arriving at any solution.

In my opinion, workers have the right to make reasonable demands as India is a democratic country. But it should not be done in such a way by making the country come to a standstill. Sabotaging the economic security of the country is illegal and like treason. If the strike was because the authorities refused to pay reasonable salaries and other facilities, the strike could be justified to an extent. But here the strike was for an increase in their bonus and getting other benefits. Therefore their strike can’t be justified.

Question 21.
‘Naxalite’ is a general term used to indicate those persons who follow extra constitutional methods to achieve their objectives. Express your opinion about the Naxalite movement in the light of Naxalite movement in India.
Answer:
The word Naxalite came from a peasant revolt in Naxalbari, a hilly region in Darjeeling in West Bengal. The leaders of this revolt were the local leaders of the CPI (M). Later it came to be known as the Naxalite Movement. In 1969, a new Party different from CPI (M) was formed and it was called CPI (ML). Charu Majumdar was its leader. The CPI (ML) resorted to Guerrilla tactics to press their claims.

The Naxalites forcefully took land from the rich people and gave Tito the poor peasants. They think that for achieving one’s goal one can use violence. Although strict actions were taken against the Naxalite Movement, it was not possible to suppress it completely. Recently in the Nandigram issue, the Naxalites became strong. In some areas Maoists are getting strong. This is an issue that should be carefully handled by the Central and State Governments. The growth of Naxalites might jeopardise the peaceful life of the country.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Describe the term ‘Committed Bureaucracy’.
Answer:
Committed Bureaucracy means the government officials must be willing to carry out the principles and policies of the ruling party. They should do things as directed by the Party. It means the officials should be loyal not only to what is written in the Constitution but also to the Ruling Party. In countries like China we can see committed bureaucracy.

Question 2.
What do you know about Railway strike of 1974?
Answer:
In 1974, the railway workers demanded bonus and better service conditions. But the government did not accede to their demands. To put pressure on the government, the railway workers, under George Fernandez, went on a nation-wide strike.

Question 3.
What do you understand by Civil Liberties Organisation?
Answer:
Civil Liberties Organization came as a result of the Emergency. Two Organizations named Civil Liberties Democratic Organization and People’s Organization for Democratic Rights were formed after the Emergency period.

Question 4.
Who was the leader of ’Congress for Democracy’?
Answer:
Jagjivan Ram

Question 5.
…………… was the first Prime Minister be-longing to a non-Congress Party.
Answer:
Morarji Desai

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System

Question 1.
Which of these statements about the 1967 election is are correct ?
a) Congress won the Lok Sabha elections but lost the Assembly elections in many states.
b) Congress lost both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.
c) Congress lost majority in the Lok Sabha but formed a coalition government with the support of some other parties.
d) Congress retained power at the Center with an increased majority.
Answer:
a) Congress won the Lok Sabha elections but lost the Assembly elections in many states.

Question 2.
The term “Aya Ram, Gaya Ram” is associated with :

1. Corruption
2. Green Revolution
3. Politics of Defection
4. Decentralisation

Answer:
Politics of Defection

Question 3.
Match the following.

Answer:
a-iv; b-i; c-ii; d-iii

Question 4.
Whom would you identify with the following slogans/ phrases ?
a) Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan
b) Indira Hatao
c) Garibi Hatao
Answer:
a. Lai Bahadur Sastri
b. Grand Alliance
c. Indira Gandhi

Question 5.
Which of the following statement about the Grand Alliance of 1971 is correct?
The Grand Alliance
a) was formed by non- Communist, non- Congress parties.
b) had a clear political and ideological programme.
c) was formed by all non- Congress parties.
Answer:
a) was formed by non- Communist, non- Congress parties.

Question 6.
Among the following leaders who is associated with the concept of ‘Non Congressism’
a) N. Sanjeeva Reddy.
b) Ram ManoharLohia
c) V.V.Giri
d) S. Nijalingappa
Answer:
b) Ram ManoharLohia

Question 7.
In the Presidential Election of 1969 one of the following leaders contested as the official candidate of congress. Identify the leader.
a) N.Sanjeeva Reddy.
b) V.V.Giri
c) Moraiji Deasi
d) Charan Singh
Answer:
a) N.Sanjeeva Reddy.

Question 8.
One of the following Prime Ministers proposed the slogan ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’. Identify the Prime Minister.
a) Indira Gandhi.
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Lai Bahadur Sastri
d) Morarji Desai
Answer:
c) Lai Bahadur Sastri

Question 9.
The slogan “ Garibi Hatao” is associated with one of the following Prime Ministers Identify the Prime Minister.
a) N.Sanjeeva Reddy.
b) V.V.Giri
c) Morarji Deasi
d) Indira Gandhi
Answer:
d) Indira Gandhi

Question 10.
Identify the personalities associated with Tashkent
Agreement
a) Lai Bahadur Sastri
b) ……………..
Answer:
Muhammad Ayub Khan

Question 11.
Due to the split in the Congress, it was divided into two in 1969. Identify the ‘Groups’
a) Congress (O)
b) …………….
Answer:
Congress (R)

Question 12.
In 1971 General Election the opposition parties formed an alliance against congress. Identify the alliance.
a) National DemocraticAlliance
b) Great Alliance
c) GrandAlliance
d) United Progressive Alliance
Answer:
c) Grand Alliance

Question 13.
Succession was a major problem in almost all newly democratic countries. India faced this problem after the death of Nehru. Give a brief explanation about the successful outcome of this issue.
OR
“The new Prime Minister of India in spite of all forebodings, had been named with more dispatch, and much more dignity, than was the new Prime Minister of Britain”. This was the editorial comment of a news paper comparing the political succession after Nehru with the succession drama after Harold Macmillan in Britain. Do you think the succession after Nehru provided a sign of maturity of India’s democracy? Express your opinion.
Answer:
Nehru died on 27 May 1964. It brought a lot of confusion. Two questions arose: “Who would be his successor?” And “Will Democracy remain in India after the death of Nehru?” Democracy could not continue in many new countries. More over we faced many problems during that period, poverty, inequality, caste, religion, divisive tendencies etc were bothering us. Two incidents proved that democracy was strong in India and its leaders were mature enough to handle any situation.

The then Congress President K. Kamaraj and the leaders discussed the issue of succession and they chose Lai Bahadur Sastri to be the next leader and naturally he became the PM. Thus it was proved that the big question “Who After Nehru?” was not all that important.

There was also uncertainty at the untimely death of Lai Bahadur Sastri. He died soon after signing the Tashkent Agreement (10 January 1966). The competition was between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi. The elders of the Party supported Indira Gandhi. But her choice was not unanimous. Through secret ballot she was elected to the post of the PM. Thus democracy continued without any serious problem.

Question 14.
The senior Congress leaders believed that it must have been difficult for Indira Gandhi to lead the government. So her inexperience would compel her to be dependent on them for support and guidance. But she was able to gain control overthe party and started demonstrating her leadership skills. Can you explain how Indira Gandhi overcame the difficulties?
Hints :

1. Fourth general election, 1967.
2. Non Congressism.
3. Syndicate.
4. Defection.
5. Presidential Election 1969
6. The 1971 Election

Answer:
After Lai Bahadur Sastri, Indira Gandhi became the PM. Her coming to power was not through a unanimous decision. Morarji Desai had contested against Indira Gandhi. Indira was chosen through a secret ballot among the members of the Congress. The elderly leaders supported Indira. They thought that because of her lack of experience in administration, she would come to them for advice and suggestions. But Indira Gandhi soon proved that she could handle even difficult problems by herself.

During the 4th General Election, the country was experiencing some very difficult problems. There was lack of rain. There were droughts and food production was very low. Industrial output and export were also low. The Wars of 1962 and 1965 increased military expenses greatly. She overcame these problems through

proper planning, utilization of available resources and changes brought about in the economic policies. One of her first decision was to fight inflation by devaluing the Indian Rupee. Many people thought that she devalued the Rupee under pressure from the US. This devaluation increased the price of essential goods. The lack of foodstuff and unemployment adversely affected the financial well-being of the nation. People started reacting. There were hartals and bandhs here and there. The government looked at them as a law and order problem. Indira had to answer questions put forward by the Opposition.

The Communist Party and the Socialist Party began protests. The CPI (M) even organized armed struggle and agricultural worker’s protests. The Opposition Parties came together against the policies of the government. They thought that Indira’s inexperience and the groupism in the ruling party would enable them to topple the government. Ram Manohar Lohia spoke about “Non-Congressism”. In his view the Congress rule was
anti-democratic and against the interest of the masses. The big Hindu-Muslim riots after independence also occurred at this time.

It was during this confused state of affairs, the first election after Nehru’s death was conducted. The result was favourable to Congress. It was a ‘political earthquake’. Congress was able to retain its majority in the Lok Sabha. But it was a very small majority. In many States it lost power.

There was a popular talk at that time. It meant that if you took a train from Delhi to Howrah, you would not pass through any Congress ruled State. Defections helped in forming non-Congress governments in many places. The biggest challenge Indira Gandhi had to face was not from the Opposition but from her own party.

She had to a face a powerful Syndicate in the party itself working against her. But soon she was able to take control and took strong measures. She did certain things showing her leaning towards the Left. In 1967, she formed a 10-point action plan. Banks were controlled, insurance was nationalized, and ceiling was set for urban property. She also carried out public distribution of food grains, land reforms, village housing schemes. Although the Syndicate agreed to these changes, it was not happy.

When Dr. Zakir Hussain died in 1969, there was election for the President. During this election the difference between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate came in the open. The Syndicate nominated Mr Sanjeeva Reddy. Indira Gandhi supported the then Vice President V.V. Giri as an independent candidate. It was around this time that she nationalized 14 banks and stopped the Privy Purse
given to the rulers of the Princely Sates. Morarji Desai opposed both these actions. He resigned from the Ministry.

In the Presidential election, the Congress President N. Nijalingappa asked the Congress MPs and MLAs sto vote for N. Sanjeeva Reddy. Silently supporting V.V. Giri, Indira asked the MPs and MLAs to vote according to their conscience. Ultimately V.V. Giri was elected President. The failure of the official candidate to win, split the Party. The Party ousted Indira Gandhi. But she claimed the real party was her party. The Congress Party of the Syndicate was called Congress (O) and the Congress Party of Indira was called Congress (R). (O) meant Organization and (R) meant Requisitionist. Indira Gandhi termed this division as an ideological division between Socialists and Conservatives and the poor and the rich.

The split in the Congress Party reduced the majority of Indira Gandhi’s government. But with help from the CPI and DMK, the government continued. During this time Indira Gandhi brought strong land reforms bills. In 1970 she recommended the dissolution of the Lok Sabha as she did not want to rule with the help of some other parties. This election was between Congress (O) and Congress (R) and also the Grand Alliance.

The Opposition had only one agenda – remove Indira Gandhi from power. But Indira Gandhi came out with another powerful slogan “Garibi Hatao” (Remove Poverty). Her dream was to have a self-sufficient India. The 1971 election was favourable to the Congress (R) and the CPI. They got 375 seats. By claiming that her Congress was the original Congress, Indira was able to gain the upper hand in Indian politics.

Question 15
After the fourth general election there emerged a popular saying that “one could take a train from Delhi to Howrah and not pass through a single congress ruled state”. Can you recollect the reason behind this saying?
OR
The observers described the election result of the fourth election as a political earthquake’. This result brought some fundamental changes in Indian politics. Can you evaluate the general election result of 1967?
Answer:
From 1952 elections, until the 4th election, Congress could gain clear majority in both the Centre and States. But with the 4th election things changed. The financial crisis, succession following the death of Lai Bahadur Sastri, the devaluation ofthe Indian Rupee, inflation – all these things adversely affected the Congress. It was the first election after the death of Nehru. The Opposition Parties joined togetherto fight the Congress.

In the circumstances, the election result was a real earthquake. Although Congress could maintain its majority in the LokSabha, it was the smallest majority so far. Almost half of the ministers in the Indira Ministry failed to be relected. In 7 States Congress lost power. In two other States, because of Defection, Congress could not form governments. Thus 9 States – Punjab, Haryana, UP, MP, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Madras and Kerala were lost by the Congress. In Madras a regional party, the DMK, came to power with clear majority. This was the first Non-Congress, single party government. In the other 8 States coalition governments were formed. That is how the popular saying emerged.

Question 16.
Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’ was a political usage developed after 1967 general election. Can you identify the feature this usage represents.
1. Coalition.
2. Non-Congressism.
3. Defection.
4. Syndicate.
Answer:
Defection

Question 17.
“Aya Ram, Gaya Ram” is a usage developed due to defection which means an elected representative leaves the party on whose symbol he/she was elected and joins another party. Can you narrate the story of Aya Ram, Gaya Ram’?
Answer:
Literally speaking the saying means “Ram came, Ram went”. But this shows defection by MPs and MLAs, In 1967, an MLA named Gayalal made a defection in Haryana. He changed his party 3 times in 2 weeks. From Congress he went to the United Front, then he came back to the Congress and then, after 9 hours, he went back to the United Front. It was his quick defections that gave birth to this saying.

Question 18.
The period of 1960s was labeled as the ‘Dangerous Decade’ for Indian Democracy. Can you briefly list the reasons for this description?
Answer:

1. During this period we had to fight two wars – with China and Pakistan.
2. The death of Nehru adversely affected the rebuilding of the nation.
3. Problems like poverty, inequality, religious and caste differences, regional divisive tendencies etc became challenges to democracy and nation-building.
4. Lack of rain causing droughts, insufficient food production, shortage of grain, shortfall in industrial production etc threatened our economic security.
5. Increased military expenses, spending money earmarked for certain projects for other things adversely affected developmental programmes.
6. Because of the devaluation of the Indian Rupee, prices of things went up.
7. The Hindu-Muslim Riots.
8. The split in the Congress because of the issue of succession.
9. The lack of a political party which could replace Congress in power.

Question 19.
During 1960’s the Indian political scenario witnessed some major developments. Some ofthe major con¬cepts during this period are mentioned below. Con you explain them?

• Non Congressism.
• Coalitions.
• Defections.
• Syndicate.
• Privy Purse.
• Garibi Hatao.

Answer:
Non-Congressism:
With the 4th Lok Sabha elections, the opposition Parties realized that it was their disunity that made the Congress come to power every time. So they decided to work together. They had to make compromises to achieve this unity. They thought that they could defeat Congress by capitalizing on the inexperience of Indira Gandhi and the internal squabbles in the Congress itself, it was Ram Manohar Lohia that put forward this idea. His argument was that Congress rule was not democratic and pro-masses. So he wanted all the Opposition Parties to unite against Congress.

Coalition Partners:
In the 1967 elections, Congress could not get majority in many States. No single party had the majority to make the government. So some non-Congress parties joined together and formed governments. This was known as SVD Governments (Samyukta Vidhayak Dal Governments). Thus there were SVD Popular and United Front governments.

Defection:
This is the name given to a situation where a candidate joins another Party after winning the election. He contests as a member of one party and when he wins, he joins another party because of some selfish interests. After the 1967 elections, Defection helped in the formation of some governments and also the fall of other governments.

Syndicate:
Syndicate is the group of powerful and influential leaders. Syndicate had done a lotto make Indira Gandhi Prime Minister. The Syndicate members thought that Indira would act according to their wishes. The prominent members of the Syndicate were K. Kamaraj, S.K. Patil, S. Nijalingappa, N. Sanjeeva Reddy and Atulya Ghosh.

Privy Purse:
After independence, the Princely States were integrated into the Indian Union. But the ruling families were allowed to keep some landed properties and they were to be given some annual grant by the Government. This grant is called Privy Purse. When Indira Gandhi won in the 1971 election, she stopped the Privy Purse.

Garibi Hatao:
In the 5th election, Indira Gandhi had to fight against Congress (O) as well as the other Opposition Parties. The Opposition had no fixed agenda. Indira Gandhi said they had only one agenda and that was “Remove Indira”. Asa counter slogan to this one she came out with a new slogan “Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty). This slogan attracted the poor and landless people to her Congress (R).

Question 20.
After the split in congress in 1969 the group led by Indira Gandhi was known as ‘Congress ( R) or Requisitions or New Congress’. Can you identify the reason behind considering this group as requisitions.
Answer:
In 1969, the differences between Indira Gandhi and the Syndicate came out in the open. After the death of Zakir Hussain, the Syndicate nominated N. Sanjeeva Reddy as the Presidential Candidate. But Indira Gandhi supported the then Vice President V.V. Giri as the Presidential candidate. Before the elec¬tion the Congress President S. Nijalingappa asked all the MPs and MLAs of the Congress to vote for Sanjeeva Reddy. The followers of Indira Gandhi wanted a meeting of the AICCto discuss the issue but it was not convened. Because of this requisition forthe meeting, the group supporting Indira Gandhi was called Requisition  Group – (Congress (R).

Additional Questions

Question 1
What do you mean by Coalition government?
Answer:
When, after election, no political party gets a clear majority, many parties join together to form the government. When a government is formed by a group of different parties, it is called Coalition Government (Ministry). In other words in the Coalition Government, there will be two or more political parties. The most important characteristic of this type of government is its uncertainty.

Question 2.
won an election in India with the slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’.
Answer:
Congress

Question 3.
…………… was the founder of Congress Socialist Party.
Answer:
Ram Manohar Lohia

Question 4.
Whom would you identify with the following slogans/ phrase?
Answer:
a) Lai Bahadur Sastri
b) Grand Alliance
c) Indira Gandhi

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 India’s External Relations

Question 1.
Write true’ or ‘false’ against each of these statements.
a) Non- alignment allowed India to gain assistance both from USA and USSR.
b) India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained from the beginning.
c) The cold war has affected the relationship between India and Pakistan.
d) The treaty to peace and Friendship in 1971 was the result of India’s closeness to USA.
Answer:
a. true b. false c. true d. false

Question 2.
Match the following.

Answer:
a – ii
b – iii
c – iv
d – i

Question 3.
One Article in the Indian constitution gives it an international character. It declares our commitment to protect international peace and security. Identify the Article.
a) Article 32
b) Article 21
c) Article 51
d) Article 72
Answer:
c) Article 51

Question 4.
The first Non-Aligned summit was held in 1961 at (Bandung, Belgrade, Beijing)
Answer:
Belgrade

Question 5.
We had signed some important treaties with China and Pakistan. Arrange the data provided in the following table.

Answer:

Question 6.
The friendship among three international personalities led to the formation of NAM. Identify them.

Answer:
Egypt – Nasser
Yugoslavia-Tito

Question 7.
The five legs of the following star represent ‘Big Five’ countries. Try to fill the blanks

Answer:
China, France, England

Question 8.
In 1957 the Tibetan spiritual leader crossed the Chinese border and came to India. It was a landmark in the Indo Sino relation. Identify the Person.
Answer:
Dalai Lama

Question 9.
The following are the major revolutions that took place in different countries of the world. Chronologically arrange them.

Answer:
a. Glorious Revolution
b. American Revolution
c. French Revolution
d. Russian Revolution
e. Chinese Revolution

Question 10.
After colonial administration, India was divided into India and Pakistan. In 1971 Pakistan was further divided into Pakistan and Bangladesh. These three countries consider three persons as the fathers of these countries. Identify them.
Answer:
India – Mahatma Gandi
Pakistan – Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Bangladesh – Mujibur Rehman

Question 11.
India conducted two nuclear explosions during 1974 and 1998. identify the code names given to these explosions.

Answer:
1974-Buddha Laughs
1998 – Operation Shakti

Question 12.
Two personalities are associated with the concept of cold war. One person is Bernard Baruch, and then who is the other person?
Answer:
Walter Lippmann

Question 13.
The boundary line between India and Pakistan is . ‘Radcliffe Line’. Identify the boundary line between India and China?
a) Durand Line.
b) 17th Parallel
c) Mac Mohan Line
d) Demarcation Line
Answer:
c) Mac Mohan Line

Question 14
Match the columns.

Answer:

Question 15.
“Foreign policy means the policy which a nation fol-lows while maintaining her relation with other nations”. So the foreign policy of any country is influenced by international environment. India’s foreign policy was also influenced by the international environment in which India got independence. Can you identify the international conditions in which we evolved our foreign policy?
Answer:
The world was going through very difficult circumstances when India got her freedom. This situation has influenced our foreign policy. Five factors have influenced our foreign policy in a greater measure.

• The II World War and the rebuilding after that.
• The efforts to form an international organization.
• The emergence of many small nations at the end of colonialism.
• The challenges the new Nations faced for democracy and welfare.
• The Cold War between America and Russia because of ideological differences.

Question 16.
The Directive Principles of State Policy provided Indian constitution an international character. As a student who learned Directive Principles of State Policy, can you mention the provisions of Directive Principles of State policies that gave our constitution an inter-national character.
Answer:
Article 51 of our Constitution gives importance to international peace and security. It states that India Government:

• will encourage international peace and security.
• will maintain cordial relations between nations.
• will respect all the international laws, treaties and organizations.
• will try to solve international disputes through mediation.

Question 17.
Jawaharlal Nehru is the architect of India’s foreign policy. He played a major role in fostering Afro Asian unity. Find out the important contributions of India to Afro-Asian Unity.
Answer:
Nehru was a chief spokesperson of Afro-Asian unity. Under his leadership, in March 1947, there was an Asian Relations Conference. It supported the freedom struggle of Indonesia. India made great efforts to free Indonesia from the hands of the Dutch. For this purpose in 1949 an international conference was summoned.

India was also against the apartheid policy of South Africa. The Conference that held in the Indonesian city of Bandung, is known as the Bandung Conference. The intervention of India helped many African and Asian nations to get their freedom from their colonial masters. This Conference later proved to be the starting point of the Non-Aligned Policy.

Question 18.
“A country without material, men or money-the three means of power is now fast coming to be recognized as the biggest moral power in the civilized world…. Her word is listened to with respect in the councils of the great’. So India is developed as a major power in international politics. Can you give a brief note about the development of India’s foreign policy?
Answer:
The Indian National Movement was a protest against colonialism and imperialism. It helped other Asian and African nations to fight for their freedom and against colonialism and imperialism. Our leaders got into contact with the leaders of other Afro-Asian nations and together they formulated a policy against colonial rule.

The foreign policy of a country depends on the internal and external factors prevalent in the country. The ideas and goals of the Freedom Movement have influenced our foreign policy. India got freedom when the Cold War was going on between Russia and America at the political, economic and military levels. It was around this time that the United Nations was born. The use of atomic weapons began just a little before this period. Therefore it was necessary to formulate a foreign policy in keeping with the interests of the nation. The following 3 things were important in formulating such a policy.

a. The role of Nehru:
Nehru was the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of India from 1946 to 1964. He had a big role in the formulation of our foreign policies. He followed a policy which was conducive to the maintenance of our sovereignty, protection of our boundaries, our unity and our economic growth. It was with all these in his mind, he became one of the chief architects of the Non-Aligned Policy.

b. Keeping equidistance from both the superpowers. As the Cold War was going between the superpowers, we wanted world peace. For that we:

• continued with our non-aligned policy.
• tried to reduce the tension of the Cold War.
• supplied manpower for the peaceful missions of the United Nations.

As a newly independent country, India could not claim any big political power. Therefore India decided to keep away from the on-going Cold War between the superpowers. The Non-Aligned Policy helped us to do that It was difficult for India to maintain this non-aligned stance always. When the British attacked Egypt and Russia attacked Hungary, we could not stick with our non-aligned stand. But in many international problems India maintained an independent stand. India received help both from the USA and also Russia on different occasions.

c. Afro-Asian Unity:
Another factor that influenced the foreign policy of India was Afro-Asian Unity. Nehru maintained good relations with different Asian and African leaders. In March’1947, the Asian Relations Conference was summoned. Through this, India raised her voice against colonialism and apartheid. The Bandung Conference paved the way for the formulation of the Non-Aligned Movement. Indo-China Relations: In the beginning the relations between India and China were cordial. There is a

historical and cultural background.to that. Nehru played a big role in maintaining the good relationship. India was the first country to recognize China after the Chinese Revolution. Nehru did his best to help China to come out of the Western shadow. He helped China in many international matters. Because of the cordial relations, on the borders between India and China only paramilitary personnel, not army, were deployed.

The Panchsheel Agreement (25 April 1954) between the PMs of India and China were a big landmark. The PMs exchanged visits and received the love and respect from the people. Nehru had cordial relations with China. But people like Vallabhbhai Patel were not sure if the Chinese could be trusted so much. But Nehru never thought the Chinese would attack India. But in 1962, Nehru was proved wrong when the Chinese attacked us.

Chinese Attack in 1962:
Two things spoiled the good relationship between India and China. One was the Tibetan Issue and the other was boundary dispute. Even in the 1950s, when India had good relations with China the boundary disputes existed. China was not ready to accept our views and suggestions regarding the boundaries. The main dispute was about the boundary in the West and East. China claimed the Ladakh Region of Jammu and Kashmir and many areas of Arunachal Pradesh.

Between 1957-59, the Chinese occupied the Aksai-Chin sector and built the Karakoram Highway. There were letters between leaders, but nothing positive happened. The second issue was Tibet. In 1950, China annexed Tibet. It was a breach of trust. In the beginning India did not object to it. But it could not continue to maintain its silence as the Chinese tried to impose their culture on the Tibetans. In 1959, the Dalai Lama, the spiritual leader of the Tibetans, sought refuge in India. Then the Chinese started accusing us of anti Chinese activities. In October 1962, the Chinese army infiltrated into areas of dispute.

The attacks lasted a week. The Chinese army occupied some important places in Arunachal Pradesh. The next series of attacks came the following month. But the Indian Army stopped the Chinese on the western side of Ladakh. But in the East they were able to come up to4he Assam Plain. Then they announced a unilateral ceasefire and retreated from the occupied lands.

After-effects of the Indo-Chinese war:
During The War, Russia kept neutrality. So India had to seek military help from the USA and Britain. The war was a shame to the country. But it fortified our national feeling. After the war, many top military officers resigned. Nehru’s close friend and the then Defence Minister V.K Krishna Menon, had to resign. Nehru was criticized for his blind faith in China and for not being militarily ready to counter the attacks.

A No Confidence Motion was brought against him. Many discussions took place in the Parliament. Congress was defeated in many by elections to the Lok Sabha The War affected even the Opposition. In 1964, the Communist Party split as Pro-Chinese and Pro- Russian. The group that leaned towards Congress was CPI and the group with the Pro-China stand was CPI(M).

The War brought caution among the leaders The north Eastern areas were backward. The War forced the country to embark upon projects to protect its unity and also to make economic progress in the country.

Indo-Pak Relations:
It can be said that Pakistan is the closest, and at the same time, the farthest neighbour of India. Pakistan is close to India historically, geographically and culturally. But when it comes to democracy, outlook on religion, and mutual understanding, Pakistan is the farthest neighbour.

The good aspects of Indo-Pak Relations:
Both countries worked together to rehabilitate the women kidnapped during the division of the country. An understanding was negotiated through the mediation of the World Bank for sharing river water. The leaders of both countries cooperated in the Agra Summit. Although it proved to be a failure in the end, it gave some hope for the future.The cricket diplomacy reduced the tension between the two countries.

During the time of Atal Bihari Bajpai in India and Musharaf in Pakistan, there were bus and train services between the two countries. Although the above things are good, for quite some time serious disputes have been going on between the two neighbours. The first dispute is in the case of Kashmir. Even in 1947 itself there was a clash between Indian and Pakistani soldiers.

Since was Impugn wefore the United Nations, it did not develop into a full-scale war. With that Pakistan became a decisive factor in our relations with America and China.In 1965, Pakistan madean armed attack in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. Later in August arid September, Pakistani army attacked Kashmir.

The Pakistan government expected the Kashmiri people to support them but it did not happen. Then Lai BhadurSastri ordered the Indian army to attack Pakistan from the Punjab border. The army came close to Lahore. Then, there was a treaty between India and Pakistan, signed by Satri of India and Ayub Khan of Pakistan. This was the Tashkent Agreement. For Pakistan this war caused a huge military loss. Our financial situation also went bad.

In 1970, Pakistan faced a lot of internal problems. During the first election in West Pakistan the Party of Zulfikar AN Bhutto got the majority. But in East Pakistan, the Awami League led by MujiburRehman got the majority. The East Pakistanis wanted to be free from West Pakistan. They thought that they were treated as second class citizens. The rulers of West Pakistan were not willing to recognize the Awami League or respect the verdict of the people.

In 1971, the West Pakistani army arrested Mujibur Rehman and threatened the people of East Pakistan. The people there wanted their own separate country called Bangladesh. Because of the repressive measures by the Pakistani government, India had to accommodate some 80 lakh refugees. India . supported the demand for Bangladesh. Pakistan accused India of aiding East Pakistan.

In the circumstances, America and China supported . Pakistan and thus the three countries were against India. In 1971, India signed a Peace arid Friendship Treaty for 20 years with the Soviet Union. According to this Treaty, if India was attacked by any country , Russia would come to her assistance.

In 1971 Pakistan attacked Punjab, Rajasthan and Jammu-Kashmir. Indians attacked Pakistan from the East and West simultaneously. With popular support, the Indian army surrounded Dhaka from three sides. In 10 days the Pakistani army surrendered. With the freedom of Bangladesh, India declared a unilateral ceasefire. The war ended. Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar AN Bhutto signed the Shimia Agreement on 3 July 1972.

Another big problem was the Kargil Issue. The Indian army reported that many parts of the Line of Control were occupied by Mujahidins, India felt that Pakistan had a hand in this and it also started behaving in that manner. This resulted in a controversy between the two countries. On 26 July 1999, India recaptured some of the places occupied by the Mujahidins. As both the countries had atomic weapons, this issue captured world attention. But the dispute limited itself to the Kargil area. General Musharaf recalled the Pakistani army from there.

There are still many disputes between India and Pakistan. One of them is regarding terrorist attacks. The attacks on the Parliament and Mumbai worsened the relations between the two countries. Recently Pakistan made some moves against the terrorists there. It is hoped that such actions will bring peace to the Asian mainland.

Question 19.
India is always against armament race particularly nuclear armament race. But at the very same time India refused to sign NPT or CTBT Is it found contradictory? Mention your opinion about India’s Nuclear policy.
Answer:
India supports non-proliferation of atomic weapons. It believes that atomic power should be used only for peaceful purposes. In 1974, India tested its first atomic device.Nehru believed that what modern India wanted was scientific and technological growth, in 1940, under Homi. J. Bhabha India embarked on an atomic scheme. India wants atomic power only for peaceful purposes. Nehru was against atomic weapons. Therefore he requested the big powers to disarm.

But the collection of atomic weapons was increasing. In 1968, the five major atomic powers tried to bring a treaty which prohibited the use of atomic weapons. It is called the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). But India refused to sign it saying that it was discriminatory in nature. When India tested its first atomic device, its intention was peaceful. India asserts that atomic power should be used only for peaceful purposes. whereas it denies non-atomic powers to make any tests, thus preventing them from developing atomic power even for peaceful purposes.

Additional Question

Question 1.
What is Kargil war? What were its consequences?
Answer:
in the early years of the 1990s, a group calling itself Mujahidins forcefully occupied many parts of the Line of Control. The areas they ocupied included Dras, Kaksara and Batalik. In India it was believed that this occupation was with the knowledge of the Pakistani authorities. So India reacted and this brought about the Kargil War.

This happened in May-June 1999. By 26 July, 1999, the Indian Army was ableto take control of ail the illegally occupied places by the Mujahidin. Following this war, the Pak Commander-in-Chief of the Army, General Parvez Musharaf, staged a coup d’etat and became the ruler of Pakistan.

Question 2
Describe the difference between Neutrality and Non Alignment.
Answer:
There are some major differences between Neutrality and
Non-Alignment.

• Neutrality is relevant only when there is a war. But Non-Alignment is relevant both in the times of war and also peace.
• Neutrality is used in international laws. But the term Non-Alignment is used in the mutual relations between countries. Neutrality would mean keeping away. But Non-Alignment does not mean keeping away from something. There is inclusion in Non-Alignment.

Question 3.
India conducted first nuclear explosion in
Answer:
May 1974

Question 4.
Write a short note on India’s Nuclear Policy.
Answer:
India is against testing of atomic weapons for war like purposes. India stands for complete disarmament within the framework of the United Nations. Even then India refuses to sign the NPT. It is so because India thinks NPT is discriminatory. It allows the atomic powers to make further tests.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 Politics of Planned Development

Question 1.
Which of these statements about the Bombay Plan is incorrect?
a) It was a blue print for India’s economic future.
b) It supported state-ownership of industry.
c) It was made by some leading industrialists.
d) It supported strongly the idea of planning.
Answer:
a) It was a blue print for India’s economic future.

Question 2.
Which of the following ideas did not form part of the early phase of India’s development policy?
a) Planning
b)Liberalisation
c) Cooperative Farming
d) Self sufficiency
Answer:
b) Liberalisation

Question 3.
The idea of planning in India was drawn from
a) The Bombay Plan
b) Experiences of the Soviet Union
c) Gandhian vision of society
d) Demand by peasant bloc union organizations.
i. b and d only
ii. d and c only
iii. a and b only
iv all the above
Answer:
iii. a and b only

Question 4.
Fill in the blanks in the following table.

Answer:
Varghese Kurian

Question 5.
Identify the architect of second Five Year
Han.P.C. Mahalanobis, K.N. Raj, Varghese Kurian, M.S. Aluvaliya
Answer:
P.C. Mahalanobis

Question 6.
Identify the Milkman of India.
M.S. Swaminathan, Varghese Kurian, K.N. Raj, P.C. Mahalanobis
Answer:
Varghese Kurian

Question 7.
Find out the-odd one from the 2nd Five year plan.
A) More importance to agriculture
B) More importance to industry
C) More importance to education
D) More importance of science and technology
Answer:
A) More importance to agriculture

Question 8.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 9.
Match the following

Answer:
a. iii
b. i
c. ii
d. iv

Question 10.
In a democratic state efforts of development involve the problems of displacement, the livelihood of the people, pollution of environment etc. Can you suggest some measures for implementing developmental activities along with solving the above mentioned problems?
Answer:
It is not easy to find solutions to the above mentioned problems. But the decisions we take to bring development should not be against the interest of the present or future generations or any particular group of people. In a democratic country this is very important. Priority should be given to the interests of the people in general. For example, for mining the advice of the Environmentalists and the Economic Experts should be taken. But the final decision comes from the representatives of the people who know the will of the people.

Such decisions were taken in India. They were taken based on the above principles. Each decision should be taken on its own merit and not based on another decision.When decisions are taken it must be broad based and for the general welfare of the people. The development of India is not mere economic development. It should be socially fair. It is not the industrialists or businessmen or farmers but the government that should come up with appropriate decisions.

Question 11.
Unlike the other two challenges, the economic development to ensure well being of all was tougher and more enduring. Explain the difficulties and the decisions.
Answer:
Developmental ideas are always full of discussions, arguments and controversies. It is natural that the concept of development will be different to different people. The concept of an industrialist who wants to start a steel industry in a particular place and the concept of an Adivasi living in that area won’t be similar. Therefore, in the first twenty years of independence, a lot of discussions took place on the issue of development.

At this time both experts and ordinary people looked at the development of the Western countries as the model to emulate. They thought that India too should go forward as the Western countries on the path of development. They thought that it would then be necessary to bring about some changes in the social and cultural outlooks of the country. Capitalism and Liberalization would come. Growth, prosperity and technology were related to these things. Based on these criteria counties were categorized as developed, developing and undeveloped.

Our leaders thought that our developmental policies must be different from those of the colonial mindset. The priorities of the government were eradication of poverty and social and economic security. At the time of independence we had two models of development to choose from the capitalist model and the socialist model. In India, the Communist Party, Socialist Party and Nehru preferred the Russian model of development. But some wanted the American model. Therefore we chose a mixed model, amalgamating the two models.

Question 12.
‘Bombay Plan’ was the first initiative for planning in India. Explain the importance of Bombay Plan.
or
Normally private investers are against planning because they seek an open economy without any state control in the flow of capital. But in India the private investors proposed planning. Identify the proposal and give details.
Answer:
Planning in India was quite different. Naturally, private sector would be against planning. Private sector welcomes an open economy where government should have no control. But in India the big industrialists decided that for our development there should be proper planning. This Plan is known as the Bombay Plan.

It recommended that heavy industries and huge economic enterprises should work under government. This plan was something that everybody could approve. Later, an independent Planning Commission with the Prime Minister as its Chairman was set up. It became an agency that would decide on the industrial development plan for India.

Question 13.
In most of the countries political parties are mainly classified as Left or Right. Identify the reason and find out some examples for these types of parties in India during 1960’s.
Answer:
Parties are usually termed Left and Right depending on how they look at the social changes and economic equality of a country. The Left Parties represent the interests and progress of the ordinary people (masses), the poor, the low classes. The Right Parties believe in an open market policy. They believe that government should avoid interfering in the economic affairs and then only progress will come.In the 1960s, the Communist Party and the Socialist Party were Left Parties. The Swatantra Party was a Right Party. Congress was leaning towards the Left.

Question 14.
The Planning Commission of India was set up in March 1950 by a simple resolution of the government of India. Identify the three major goals of this advisory body.
Answer:
The major goal of the Planning Commission is ensuring social, economic and political justice to people. The Administration gives the guarantee for this through the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. The Planning Commission works for the following things:

• A citizen has the right to get the necessary things for living.
• For the welfare of the people, the resources of the country should be controlled, ensuring that people get their rightful share. .
• The economic policy should be such that it does not allow the wealth and the means of production in the hands of a few people.

Question 15
The following are the concepts developed during the implementation of Five Year Plans in India. Expand the concepts.
1. Plan and Non Plan.
2. Plan Holiday .
Answer:
Plan and Non-Plan:
Through planning, the India Government worked out the income and expenditure accounts for the next two years. Normally the Central Budget and the State Budget include two parts Planned and Non-planned. The. expenditure that comes every year in a recurring manner comes under the Unplanned Section whereas the schemes and amounts to be spent on them in the coming five years, on a priority basis, come under the Planned Section.

Plan-Holiday:
In 1951 when the Plan was started, the country was full of doubts and anxieties. During the 2nd Five Year Plan that started in 1956, these doubts and anxieties further increased and they remained so until the 3rd FYP of 1961. Later Planning lost its thrill and there was an interval. This interval is known as Plan Holiday.

Question 16.
The First and Second Five Year Plans are basically different. Can you find out the basic differences between the two plans?
Answer:
The main difference was in the styles of the Plans. The first Plan envisaged development at a slow pace . whereas the second plan wanted development to be fast. The first Plan gave priority to agricultural matters whereas the 2nd Plan gave preference to large scale heavy industries.

The first Plan envisaged at eradicating poverty. According to K.N. Raj, India needed a Quick, but also gradual, development. Fast actions would jeopardise democracy itself. Therefore the first half of the Plan devoted attention to dams and irrigation. The
inequality in the land distribution was harmful to agriculture. So it was thought necessary to make land reforms. The 2nd Plan stressed industrial development, it was under the leadership of P.C. Mahalanobis. The 2nd Plan wanted to implement schemes for the quick development of the industrial base.

The Resolution passed at the Avadi Conference of the Congress aimed at social justice. The 2nd Plan reflects this. By imposing import duties, Indian industries were protected from foreign competition. The savings and investments of the people increased. It made it possible to bring about development in the public sector areas like electricity, railway, steel, heavy instruments, and communication.

Question 17.
State the main arguments in the debate between industrialization and agricultural development at the time of second Five Year Plan?
Answer:
The 1st FYP gave importance to the agricultural sector. But the 2nd one stressed industrial development. This raised a question for a country like India which is more important agriculture or industry?

Those who supported the agricultural sector said that the 2nd FYP had no definite plan about the agricultural sector and industries might make things more difficult for the villagers. J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian economist, prepared a plan about industrialization. Mr. Choudhary Charan Singh wanted greater stress to be given to the agricultural sector. He said that industrialization brings progress only to business and cities by preventing farmers and villagers from making progress.

Supporters of industrialization had a different view. They claimed that only through industries and greater production the eradication of poverty would be possible. They also claimed that there was a definite agricultural policy for the development of food crops. Through land reforms, poor villagers got land. Funds were made available for social welfare and irrigation. But these policies could not be carried out as planned. The main reason was the objection from big landowners who had political and social power. They felt that even if more money is spent on agriculture, it would not improve the lot of the villagers.

Question 18.
‘Indian policy makers made a mistake by emphasizing the role of state in the economy. India could have developed much better if private sector was allowed a free play right from the beginning’. Give arguments for and against this proposition.
Answer:
At the time of independence, India had two developmental modes to choose from the capitalist model and the socialist model. The capitalist model gave importance to the private sector. The socialist model stressed the public sector. What we did was we followed .a model which was a blend of both the capitalist and socialist models.

Arguments against Public Sector:

• It did not allow the private sector to develop.
• Large Public Sector companies discouraged private capital. To start any industry, permit and license were needed. It was not easy to get them.
• Because of import restrictions, the public sector did not have any challenges and so is it could manufacture low quality goods and sell them at high prices.
• Unnecessary controls on the part of the government led to corruption and the working of the public sector was adversely affected.

Arguments against Private Sector:

• Government did not spend enough money on public education and health.
• Government does things only in areas where the Private Sector is reluctant to go.
• Government made private sector profitable.
• The interference of government resulted in the creation of middle class people who earned big salaries and other benefits. The policy did not help the poor people.

Question 19.
“After the implementation of the two Five Year Plans it was assumed that in this period the foundations of India’s future economic growth were laid”. List the major developments that took place during this period.
Answer:

• It was during this period that some major developmental schemes were implemented. For example, there were Bhakranangal and Hirakud dams which helped in the production of electricity and irrigation.
• Under Public Sector heavy industries were started. There were steel plants, oil refineries, large-scale manufacturing units and the production of defence equipment.
• There was great progress in travel and communication facilities. All these proved beneficial in the future growth of India.

Question 20.
‘Land Reforms’ was a major development that happened during the early phase of development. Evaluate the merit and demerits of land reforms.
Answer:
Green Revolution is the name given to the policies of the government which aimed at maximum production in the minimum period in the agricultural sector. In the 1960s, the agricultural sector was in a very bad shape. Between 1965 and 67 there were huge droughts in many parts of India. This reduced food production and in many areas there was famine like condition.

To overcome this crisis, India was forced to seek assistance from countries like America. Following the American policies, we too started sorrie new economic policies.The government wanted self-sufficiency in food and therefore a new agricultural policy was implemented. This policy included farming all lands where irrigation was available, using high yield varieties of seeds and fertilizing the land.

Subsidies were given for irrigation and insecticides. It was also decided that the government would purchase the produce at a minimum price. All these changes together paved the way for what is ‘known as the Green Revolution.

The Green Revolution brought some positive changes in agricultural growth. Food stuff was easily available. it was the rich. owners that were the prime beneficiaries. There was a polarization of the rich and poor. This helped the Left Parties to bring together the poor farmers and the masses. As a result, there arose a powerful Left leaning lobby of middle class farmers.

The White Revolution simply means increasing the availability of milk. The Gujarat Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Limited (AMUL) was formed. AMUL is a cooperative venture of some 2 lakh milk producers. This is a good area in which people below the poverty line (BPL) could be helped. This is known as the White Revolution. In 1970, the village development scheme Operation Flood’ began its operation.

This scheme avoided middle men and brought together the producers and the consumers, helping both the groups. Producers got good money for their products and consumers got their milk cheaper. It helped in increasing milk production, helping the producers to have regular fixed incomes, it showed this scheme helped in the over-all development of the country. It gives employment and income to the villagers, it was Varghese Kurian who played the major role in the formation of AMUL. He is therefore known as the “Milkman” of India.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Write a short note on Mixed economy
Answer:
World Economy is generally divided into two capitalist and socialist. In the Mixed Economy, ownership of the means of production is between public sector and private sector. The goal of private sector is mainly profit. But the goal of the public sector is welfare of the people. In short in a mixed economy, both public and private sectors work hand in hand.

Question 2.
What is Planning?
Answer:
Planning is the evaluation of resources and their proper utilization. In the opinion of the Planning Commission of India, planning is a method by which resources are channelized and utilized properly for the benefit of the citizens.

Question 3.
On which sector was the main emphasis was made in the First Five Year Plan?
Answer:
The 1st FYP stressed the agricultural sector by investing money in huge dams and large scale irrigation projects.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Karala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 2 Era of One Party Dominance

Question 1.
Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.
a. The First General Elections in 1952 involved simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and …………………
(The President of India / State Assemblies / Rajya Sabha /The Prime Minister)
Answer:
a. State Assemblies

b. The party that won the second largest number of Lok Sabha seats in the first elections was the (Praja Socialist Party / Bharatiya Jana Sangh / Communist Party of India / Bharatiya Janata Party)
Answer:
Communist Party of India

c. One of the guiding principles of the Swatantra Party was …, (Working class interests / Protection of Princely States / Economy free from state control / Autonomy of states with in the Union)
Answer:
Economy free from State control

Question 2.
Match the following leaders listed in List A with the parties in List B.
List “A” List “ B”

Answer:
1-D; 2-A; 3-B; 4-C

Question 3.
Four statements regarding one party dominance are given below. Mark each of them as true or false.
A) One Party dominance is rooted in the absence of strong alternative political parties.
B) One Party dominance occurs because of weak public opinion.
C) One Party dominance is linked to the nation’s colonial past.
D) One – Party dominance reflects the absence of democratic ideals in a country.
Answer:
a. true b. false c. true d. false

Question 4.
In one of the following states, for the first time in history, the communist party came to power through
election. Identify the state.
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Tripura
Kerala
Answer:
Kerala

Question 5.
The following are the hints about a particular party.
a) The party was formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukhargee.
b) BJP is said to be originated from this party.Identify the political party.
Answer:
Bhartiya Jan Sangh

Question 6.
Choose the name that does not go along with others. A.K. Gopalan, EMS Namboodiripad, Syama Prasad Mukherjee, S.A. Dange.
Answer:
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

Question 7.
Institutional Revolutionary Party is associated with Myanmar, Cuba, Mexico, China
Answer:
Mexico

Question 8.
Find out the Political Parties associated with the following leaders.
a) Masani
b) S.A. Dange
c) Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
d) Asoka Mehta
e) SardarVallabhai Patel
Communist Party of India, Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Praja Socialist Party, Swathanthra Party
Answer:
a. Masani – Swatantra Party
b. S.A. Dange – Communist Party of India
c. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee – Bharatiya San Sangh
d. Ashok Mehta – Praja Socialist Party
e. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Indian National Congress

Question 9.
“Swathanthra Party” has its own ideological features. One of its ideologies is given below. Find out any other four ideologies.
Individual Freedom
1) ………….. 2) ……………
3) …………. 4) …………….
Answer:
1. Economy free from State control.
2. No Central Planning
3. The Public Undertakings should not be nationalized.
4. Encourage Private sector and maintain good relations with the USA.

Question 10.
Match the following.

Answer:

Question 11.
Match the items of column A with B.

Answer:

Question 12.
Link column A with appropriate items from B.

Answer:
a. CPI
b. Congress Socialist Party
c. Swathanthra Party
d. Bharathiya Janasangh

Question 13.
The following are some facts related to different political parties in India,
a) Formed in the year 1948
b) Believed in the ideology of democratic socialism.
c) In the first general election it won seats and emerged as the largest opposition party.
d) Formed in the year 1951 with Syama Prasad Mukherjee as its founder president.
e) A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad etc. were the notable leaders of this party.
f) It emphasised the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. Categorise them into three and arrange them in the given table.

Answer:

Question 14.
Kerala, in India, is different in many aspects. To a large extent we are obliged to the first communist ministry in Kerala. Write a short note on the first communist ministry in Kerala.
Answer:
In the Assembly Election of March 1957 in Kerala, the Communist Party obtained the largest number of seats. Out of 126 seats, 60 were won by the Communist Party. They also got the support of 5 Independent Members. Therefore the then Governor invited EMS Namboodiripad, the leader of the Majority Party in the Legislature, to form the Government This was the first Communist Government in the world that came to power through ballot.

The Congress Party declared a Liberation Struggle against the Communist Government. According to the Communists, this protest was organized with the support of some religious leaders and other interested groups to prevent the Communist Government from making reforms for the welfare of the masses. In 1959, using Article 356 of the Constitution, the Central Government dismissed the Communist Government of Kerala. Many people criticised this action by the Centre. They thought that this was a misuse of the powers entrusted to the Centre by Article 356.

Question 15.
A: “Gorbachev was the only person responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union”.
B: “I don’t think so, there are so many other factors including the inborn drawback of the Soviet System”.
Analyse the above comments.
Answer:
The reforms like Glasnost and Perestroika which Gorbachev introduced definitely quickened the disintegration of the Soviet Union. But it would not be right to say that Gorbachev alone was responsible for the fall of the Soviet Union. There were some other reasons also. They included political, economic reasons and things related to the independence of the constituent parts of the Soviet Union. The Soviet System was not entirely free from defects. It was against democratic principles. The ruling was done by the Communist Party and the officials. There was . rampant corruption. Because of all this, the government lost the support of the people.

Secondly, there was a serious economic depression in the Soviet Union. Because of this, the availability of everyday goods became less. In technology also, Soviet Union went behind the USA. The entire revenue of the country was spent on defense and to improve the conditions in the East European countries. Thirdly, the members of the Soviet Union wanted to secede from the Union and become independent. The Baltic countries, Ukraine, Georgia, etc. wanted to be free. This was another reason for the downfall of the Soviet Union.

Therefore, we can safely say that it was not merely Gorbachev that caused the downfall of the Soviet Union. There were other reasons, too. The reforms of Gorbachev gave people more freedom which helped them to voice their grievances openly. All this culminated in the break-up of the Soviet Union.

Question 16.
As the elder member of your family, you are very much surprised, when you cast your vote through Electronic Voting Machine. Can you explain your voting experience from the first general election to the younger members of your family?
Answer:
In the first election, the authorities, who were responsible for conducting it, would give a ballot paper to the voter. He could drop it in the box of the candidate of his choice. In the polling booth there would be boxes on which the signs (symbols) of varipus candidates were prominently displayed. In those days many people were not literate. India had adopted the system of universal adult franchise.

After the first two elections, this system of voting was changed. The later ballot papers contained the names and signs of various candidates. The voters had to place a mark against the candidate of their choice. For nearly 40 years, this practice continued. By the end of the 1990s, electronic voting machines were introduced. Since 2004, the entire country has been using this electronic voting system. This system is easier and it can be used even by illiterate people.

Question 17.
Most of the newly independent states adopted non democratic rule to protect national unity. To them democracy will introduce differences and conflicts. But the leaders of newly independent India decided to adopt democracy because our freedom struggle was deeply committed to the idea of democracy. So we decided to conduct elections on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise. An Indian editor called it “ the biggest gamble in history”. In the light of this comment can you try to analyze the process of the first General Election in India.
Hints: – Biggest democratic state.
Largest illiterate population.
Little experience with the concept of election and democracy.
Answer:
Most countries, on independence, preferred to have a government under a single ruler. This ended up either in party rule, dictatorship or military rule. They felt that such a rule was the best for national security. But the leaders of India gave preference to democracy. There were many reasons for that. First of all, our independence struggle was based on democratic principles. Secondly, our leaders looked at politics not as a problem, but as a means of finding solutions to problems.

At the time of independence, an ad-hoc government was ruling the country. Therefore it was necessary to have a democratic form of government. The First Election Commission came into existence in 1950 with Mr. SukumarSen as the Election Commissioner. The first election also was expected in 1950.

In a country like India a free and fair election was not easy to conduct. We had 3 major challenges – the formation of electoral constituencies, the making of the voters’ list, and participation of the people. For all this, a lot of time was required.The first voting was a really big event. Such a huge event had never taken place anywhere in the world before. The people with voting rights were nearly 17 crores, but only 15% of them were literate. Therefore the Commission had to think about the system of voting. The Election Commission trained nearly 300,000 officials and polling officers.

The election of this country with such a huge amount of illiterate people was very unusual. It was a really big experiment. Until then only developed nations had democratic governments, notably North America and Europe. In Europe, women had no voting rights. In such circumstances, Universal Adult Franchise in India was really a great adventure. Many criticized it. The first election in India took place between October 1951 and February 1952. Election propaganda, voting, and counting the votes took more than 6 months. There was tough competition. For each seat, an average of 4 candidates competed. More than 50% of the people voted. When the results were declared the winners and losers accepted the ver diet. Thus the Indian experiment was a success and India was able to contain the evil tongues that pre.dieted disaster.

Question 18
“ In the first three General Elections Congress Party dominated the Indian political scene”. Prepare a seminar paper showing the nature of Congress dominance in India.
Answer:
My dear teacher, my dear students, the seminar paper I am presenting today is about the “Dominance of a Single Party in Indian Politics”, in all the 3 general elections after independence, the Congress won brutal majorities. There were some reasons for that.

• Congress had led Independence struggle.
• Congress was the only party which had spread all across India.
• The popularity of Jawaharlal Nehru

Because of all these reasons, Congress had expected victory. When the final results came, the astounding success of the Congress Party surprised everyone. It made all other parties lag much behind. It won 364 out of the 489 seats. The same was the case in the States. The exceptions to this were Travancore-Cochin, Madras and Orissa.

In the later two elections (1957,1962) also Congress repeated its success. Some people thought the victory of the Congress Party was because of the system of our election. This system was pro¬Congress. Although 3 out of 4 seats were won by the Congress, it did not have even the support of 50% of the voters. The votes polled by other parties were more than the votes polled by Congress. Now in this seminar, we examine how the votes and dominance of Congress became a landmark in the history of the country.

The dominant nature of Congress:
The dominance of Congress in India was an unusual event in world history, in many other countries democracy was not allowed to take roots. In countries like China, Cuba and Syria the Constitution envisaged one-party rule. But in India, the Congress stood firm on the democratic principles and was able to form governments. Although different parties competed in the free and fair elections, Congress came out first. There were some reasons for the unusual success of Congress.. It had the leadership in the freedom struggle. Secondly, it was the leaders who fought for freedom that stood as the candidates for election. Thirdly only Congress had a good organizational set up at that time. Only Congress had its presence in all the States of India and all this helped in Congress having the upper hand.

Congress as a social and ideological fellowship:
Another reason for the success of Congress was its social and ideological stands. In 1885, when it was formed, it included different social groups and ideologies. It grew as an organization of the intellectuals. But by the 20th century it became an organization for all kinds of people. It used to be a party of the English-speaking elite in the cities. But with the coming of the Non-Cooperation Movement, its membership spread into the masses. Industrialists, city-dwellers, villagers, labourers, capitalists, etc. became members of the Congress Party. Thus it became a party representing people at different levels, religions and languages.

Many groups integrated themselves with the Congress. Thus Congress became a fellowship of ideologies. It included revolutionaries, peace-lovers, moderates, radials, and people of the left and right ideologies. The first election results itself showed the popularity of Congress.

Tolerance and attitude towards various groups:
These two factors made Congress stronger. It had the character of a coalition. Two good things came out of this. First it became a party where all people could join. Amicable settlements to problems became the trademark of the party. Even during the Freedom Struggle itself the party had different leaders with different opinions but they could continue to work together in a spirit of give and take. Even when a group did not get a post or position which it deserved, it stayed inside the party and fought for its rights without coming out of the party opposing it. They were called groups. This policy created problems for the Opposition. The things the Opposition was trying to highlight were pointed out by the Congress members themselves.

In short, the dedication the Congress had to democracy, its ability to include differing opinions within itself, and its tolerance of various groups enabled Congress to remain in the number one position for quite a long time. Its leadership during the freedom struggle and the popularity of Nehru proved big assets to the Party. As the functions of the Opposition Parties were carried out within the Party by the different groups, the Opposition became weak.

Question 19.
In a democracy the opposition party plays a vital role along with the ruling party. Prepare an assignment note showing the development of the opposition parties in India.
Answer:
India had more opposition parties than in any other democratic country. But in the first 3 elections the opposition parties were very weak. Even then historically they performed some important functions. Even before independence, there were political parties other than Congress. In the period 1960-70, they played a big role in the growth of India. The coming of the present non-Congress parties is related to the Opposition Parties of the 1950s. They could win only very few seats in the Parliament and the Assemblies. Still they were able to maintain the democratic process ‘ in the country. It also helped the ruling party not to move into undemocratic one-party rule.

In those days the democratic state of our country was exemplary. The Congress leaders and the Opposition leaders had mutual respect for one another. When an adhoc government was formed, leaders of the Opposition parties like Dr Ambedkar and Shyanra Prasad Mukherjee were in the Ministry. Nehru had invited the Socialist leader Jaya Prakash Narayan into his Ministry. But slowly all this changed. Since the Congress Party could not satisfy the needs of its own groups, it led to disunity in the Party. This made other parties strong. Here are some of the major parties that became prominent during this period.

Communist Party of India: This came into existence in the 1920s. The prominent leaders were A.K. Gopalan, SA. Dange, EMS Namboodiripad, P.C. Ghosh and P. Sundarayya. In the beginning it worked in the shadow of the Congress Party. A change came when the Communist Party supported Britain against Nazi Germany. Different from the other non-Congress Parties, the Communist Party was well-organized and the members were highly devoted to the Party and they were willing to undertake fresh activities. The Party was of the opinion that the independence the country got in 1947 was not real independence.

Although it gave support to the Telangana Revolts, it did not get enough popular approval. In 1951, they abandoned the principle of armed struggle, and decided to participate in the elections.. In the first election they won 16 seats. It thus became the largest Opposition Party in the Lok Sabha. The Party had strong bases in Andhra, West Bengal, Bihar and Kerala. Because of the ideological rift between the Soviet Union and China, in 1964 the Communist Party of India was split into two. One was known as the Communist Party of India and the other was known as CPI (Marxist). They continue to work as CPI and CPM.

Bhartiva Jan Sanqh:
It was founded in 1951. The important leaders were Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and Balraj Madhok. BJS is different from other political parties because of their ideas and schemes.

• They stress the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation.
• For India’s progress and growth, they want to fall back upon its culture and traditions.
• They want he reunification of India and Pakistan. Thus they have the concept of a greater, undivided India.
• They organized many protests insisting that Hindi should be the only official language of India.
• They do not want to give any kind of concessions to religious and cultural minorities.
• They want India to have atomic weapons.

In the first two elections, the BJS could get only very few votes. In 1952 and 1957 they gained 3 and 4 seats respectively. In the beginning their supporters were mainly from the Hindi-speaking States – Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, and UR The BJP originated from the BJS.

Swatantra Party:
It was established in August 1959. Prominent leaders were C. Rajagopalachari, K.M. Munshi, M.G. Ranga and Minoo Masani. The Swatantra Party was formed in the light of the economic policy declared by the Nagpur Conference of the Congress. This Party was formed mainly to solve the economic problems of the country. The following were its policies:

• The Government should not make economic controls.
• Progress will come only through individual freedom.
• Governmental interference in economic matters, Central Planning, Nationalization, Public Sector Undertakings etc. will be against national progress.
• Encourage Private Sector.
• In the agricultural sector, the Party is against land ceilings, and trading with government interference.
• It is against increasing income tax and licensing of industries.
• It is against Russia and the Non-Aligned Movement.
• It wanted to establish more cordial relations with America.

As the interests of many groups were voiced by this Party, it received some strength. Many rulers of various Principalities, landowners, industrialists and businessmen supported this Party. They were not in favour of nationalization and land reforms. But because of its narrow social base and lack of sincere efforts from its members, it never grew into a popular party.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Explain briefly why we call the congress party as the center of Indian politics.
Answer:
Indian National Congress is the oldest Political Party of India. It is difficult to distinguish between the history of India and the history of the Congress Party. Even after independence, the Congress Party became the centre of Indian politics. It was Congress that laid the foundation for the industrial development of India. It was because of all these reasons that Congress is called the centre of Indian politics.

Question 2.
What was the method of voting in the first general elections?
Answer:
In the first general election, in each polling booth, each candidate had a box with his election symbol on it. Each voter was a given a white ballot paper and he was to deposit it in the box of his choice.

Question 3.
Mention any three characteristics of the party system in India. .
Answer:

• In India there is multiparty democracy.
• The presence of provincial parties is something special here.
• The dominance of the Congress Party is another feature.

Question 4.
When was the Election Commission set up in India? Who was the first Chief Election Commission?
Answer:
The Election Commission was set up in India in January 1950. The first Election Commissioner was SukumarSen.

Question 5.
Did the prevalence of a one party dominant system affect adversely the democratic nature of Indian politics?
Answer:
In India there was a multi-Party system. Many political parties contested in the election. But the Congress had dominance in the Centre as well as in the States, especially priorto 1967. The dominance of one party adversely affected Indian democracy. In the absence of a strong opposition, the Congress Governments did not fulfill many of the promises it had made to the people. The administration became weak and corrupt.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Challenges of Nation Building

Question 1
Independent India faced so many challenges. Among them the three most prominent challenges are :-
1. To shape a nation that was united and accommodation of the diversity in our society.
2. ……………….
3. To ensure the development and well being of the entire society.
Fill up the second challenge.
Answer:
Establishment of Democracy

Question 2.
The political competition between the Congress and the Muslim League and the British led to the decision for the creation of Pakistan. For this purpose Muslim League made a proposal. Can you identify the proposal?
1. Radcliffe Commission Report.
2. Two Nation Theory
3. Cripps mission Report
Answer:
Two Nation Theory

Question 3.
Identify the Gandhian who died by performing an in-definite fast for the creation of separate Andhra.
1. S. Nijalingappa
2. N. Sanjeeva Reddy
3. Sriramalu
Answer:
Sriramalu

Question 4.
Can you fill up the following diagram showing the states that are formed on sub region basis during 2000……………

Answer:
Uttarakhand

Question 5.
Match the principles with the instances.

Answer:
1- B ; 2 – D; 3 – C ; 4 – A

Question 6.
Name the original state from which -the following states, were carved out.
A) Gujarat ……….
B) Haryana …………
C) Meghalaya ………….
D) Chhattisgarh …………..
Hints:
Assam, Maharashtra, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh
Answer:
a) Maharashtra
b) Punjab
c) Assam
d) Madhya Pradesh

Question 7.
Name the two states that were affected by the partition of the country.
1. Bengal
2. ………..
Answer:
Punjab

Question 8.
Name the two states today that were once a Union Territory.
1. Manipur
2. ……………..
Answer:
Tripura

Question 9.
Find the odd state out.
A) Andra Pradesh
B) Chhattisgarh
C) Uttaranchel
Answer:
A) Andra Pradesh

Question 10.
Identify the first linguistic State in India.
1) Andhra Pradesh
2)Tamilnadu
3) Gujarat
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh

Question 11.
Potti Sri Ramalu led the movement for separate state-hood for Andra Pradesh. Identify the leader of the movement for Telangana State ?
Answer:
Chandrasekhara Rao

Question 12.
Identify the largest princely State in British India
a) Manipur
b) Hyderabad
c) Mysore
Answer:
Hyderabad

Question 13.
“Tryst with Destiny”. These were the words of a great Indian. Write his name.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 14.
Identify the Indian Territory in which election was held for the first time on the basis of Universal Abdul Franchise?
(Hyderabad, Manipur, Goa)
Answer:
Manipur

Question 15.
Political competition between the Congress and Muslim League forced the British rulers to create Pakistan. For this purpose the League made a proposal. Can you identify the proposal ?
a) Radcliffe Commission Report
b) Two nation theory
c) Cripps mission plan
d) Cabinet mission plan
Answer:
b) Two nation theory

Question 16.
While addressing a special session of the Constituent Assembly of India at the hour of midnight on 14-15 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru made a famous speech. Point out the name by which the speech is known.
Answer:
Tryst with Destiny

Question 17.
A list of nations in the cold war era is given below. Fill the following table appropriately.
Hints : India, USA, Egypt, Poland, USSR, Britain, Cuba, France, Yugoslavia.

Answer:

Question 18.
Match column A with Column B.

1-B, 2-A, 3-D,4-C

Question 19.
“The division of India into India and Pakistan was not only very painful but also very difficult to decide and to implement.” Try to find out the difficulties.
Answer:
The division of India was carried out on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory put forward by the Muslim League. According to that theory, in India there were two nations – the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore the Muslim League demanded a separate nation, Pakistan, for the Muslims. The formation of Pakistan was based on the majority of the population of an area. Thus the areas which had Muslim majority became Pakistan and the remaining areas remained as Indian Territory.

It was not easy to implement such a division. There were three reasons for that. First of all in British India, there was not a single area which had only Muslims. There were two areas in which the majority was Muslims, one in the West and the other in the East. Therefore Pakistan was formed consisting of two areas – West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Between therm there were large areas of Indian Territory.

Secondly, not all areas with majority Muslirri population wanted to become part of Pakistan. Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan, who was the leader Of the North – Western Province had objected to the Two-Nation Theory. But ignoring his objection, the North West Province was included in Pakistan.

The third problem was that British India’s Punjab and Bengal were areas with Muslim majority. But in these huge provinces there were very many non- Muslims. Therefore the Provinces were divided into Districts and Panchayats depending on the religious majority of the population there. The result was that on the day of Independence many people did not know to which circuitry they belonged – India or Pakistan.

It deeply wounded the people. The problem of the minorities in each country was the worst of all. The Hindus and Sikhs in the Pakistani areas and the Muslims in Punjab and Bengal were unfortunate preys to this division of the country. When the division was decided upon, there was large scale violence against the minorities in both the countries.

Question 20.
During the discussion regarding the consequences of partition, Raju, a student in your class argued that, “British India was divided into, India and Pakistan, as per Two Nation Theory recommended by Muslim League. Pakistan became the state for Muslims; Naturally India should be a state for Hindus.” Express your opinion about Raju’s argument.
Answer:
No. 1 do not support Raju’s argument. There are many reasons for that. First of all, the leaders of the Indian Independence Movement did not like the Two- Nation theory. They did not like the separation of people into religious-groups. But it all happened in an unfortunate manner.

Secondly, even though the majority of Muslims went to Pakistan, according to the 1951 census, nearly 12% of the Indian population is still Muslim. There are also other religious minorities here like Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis and Jews. If India becomes a Hindu nation, it will adversely affect all these religious minorities.

Question 21.
The Partition of India is generally regarded as“ Division of hearts”. As a student in Political Science can you explain the tragic situation during the period of partition?
Answer:
The division of British India in 1947 into India and Pakistan was a very tragic incident in history. In the border areas many people on both sides were killed because of their religion and caste. Huge cities like Lahore, Amritsar and Calcutta became religious areas. Muslims avoided going to-areas of Hindus and Sikhs. Similarly Hindus and Sikhs did not want to go near the Muslim areas. People were forced to flee their homes, suffering a lot of difficulties on their way. Many of the people in the minorities in the border areas had to live in refugee camps. The governments and the police were not there to help them.

People had to walk or ride in some vehicles from their homes to their new places. During the journey, many were attacked and killed; women were raped. Many were forced to accept the majority religion and marry people against their will. In many homes women were killed by their own relatives in the name of honour. Children were separated from their parents and guardians.

People who came to the new land had no houses and they had to live in refugee camps.Not only the land, but even moveable properties like tables and chairs were divided. The government and railway workers were divided. People who were living like brethren were divided. It is believed that between 5 to 10 lakh people lost their lives in this tragic division of the country.

Question 22.
Here are two opinions :
Ramesh, “ The merger with Indian state was an ex-tension of democracy to the people of the Princely States”.
Kamal, “ I am not so sure, there was force being used. Democracy comes by creating consensus” What is your opinion in the light of accession of Princely States and the response of the people in these parts?
Answer:
During the British rule India was divided into British Provinces and princely states. The former were under direct British rule. The Princely States were ruled by local kings. Even when the British authority was accepted by the local kings, they had the freedom to run the internal affairs of their principalities. One- third of British India consisted of such Princely States. That means one out four Indians lived in a Princely State.

As per the declaration made by the British, their authority over the Princely States also would end with the granting of freedom to India. Therefore legally each Principality was also free. There were 565 Princely States in India.The Principalities were not ruled democratically. Indian Freedom aimed at unity, progress and democracy. But the condition of India was pitiable at the time of independence.

The British had told the local rulers of Principalities that they could either join India or Pakistan or remain independent, if they so wished. Thus the king’s had the power to decide what to do. This created a lot of headache during the time of integration. It grew into a situation where the unity of India was threatened.

When India was granted freedom, the King of Travan core and the Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to remain independent. Rulers like the Nawab of Bhopal were also not keen on joining the Constituent Assembly. That means there was a possibility of India being further subdivided into small kingdoms. There was no possibility of democracy in such small Principalities. But the Administration of Independent India was determined not to allow any further division of the country. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Dy. Prime Minister and the Home Minister. Through clever diplomacy, he was able to integrate most of the Principalities into the Indian Union. Three things influenced the administration for such integration.

• The people of most principalities wanted to join the Indian Union.
• The government was willing to give self-government in some places.
• The greatest importance was given to the unity and perfectibility of the country.

Every before independence, the leaders moved with caution. Many Principalities automatically agreed to the Indian Union. The rulers signed the document called ‘Instrument of Accession’. But the integration of 4 places -Junagarh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur – proved difficult.

Through a plebiscite, it was found out that the people of Junagarh wanted to join the Indian Union. So it was integrated. Hyderabad was the biggest Principality. It was surrounded by centrally administered areas. The ruler of Hyderabad was ‘ known as Nizam. He wanted to remain independent. But the Communists, the Telangana farmers,
. member of the Hyderabad Congress, and most women reacted against the plan of the Nizam. The women were generally repressed in Hyderabad.

The city of Hyderabad became the centre of protest against Nizam. Using his army, the Nizam tried to resist opposition. Many non-Muslims were looted and killed. Soon the Central Government sent its army and the Nizam surrendered. Hyderabad became part of India.

Junagarh and Hyderabad became part of India because of the wishes of the peoples But things were different in Manipur. The government had assured King Bodha Chandra Singh that he would be given autonomy after independence. In June 1948, an election was conducted in Manipur. Following that, Manipur became a constitutional monarchy.

It was in Manipur that adult franchise was exercised for the first time in India. In the Manipur Assembly, there were different views about Manipur joining the Indian Union. Following the pressure from the Union Government, the King was forced to sign the Instrument of Accession. It was done with the approval of the Assembly. In short, one can say that the integration of the Principalities was actually a spread of democracy into, those places.

Question 23.
State re-organization was a major challenge after independence. For the re organization of state we faced so many hurdles. Can you briefly explain the process of state re organization?
Answer:
During the British rule, the internal boundaries were made for the sake of administrative convenience] But after independence, the determination of State boundaries became a big problem. The Government wanted to form new States on a linguistic basis and
thus redraw their boundaries. In 1920, Nagpur Congress itself approved this idea. But the leaders felt that after independence the division into States on a linguistic basis might adversely affect the unity of the country. So, the Central Government decided to postpone the formation of the States.
Reasons:

• The re-drawing of the State boundaries would bring into focus the social and economic problems.
• The future of the Principalities was not yet determined.
• The bitter memories of the partition of India were still fresh in the minds of people.

In spite of all these, the local leaders and people wanted the formation of States faster. The first protest came from areas where Telugu was spoken. Because of the indecision on the part of the Central Government, the Movement for a State became very strong. Potti Sriramulu, a Gandhian, died after 56 days of fasting. His death caused a number of violent protests in the Telugu speaking areas. Thus in 1952, permission was granted for the formation of the State of Andhra Pradesh.

The formation of Andhra Pradesh on a linguistic basis caused other States also to be formed on the same basis. In 1953, a Commission was appointed to suggest the basis for the formation of States. The Commission recommended the formation of States on a linguistic basis. On the basis of the report of the Commission, a Law was enacted and various States were formed in 1956. There were also 6 Centrally Administered Regions or Union Territories.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of Nation-building.
Answer:
Nation building is the process by which the loyalties and responsibilities that people feel for the irrace or tribe, their village and their political process are transferred towards the political process of the Indian Nation.

Question 2.
What was announced by the British Governor-General Mountbatten on June 3,1947?
Answer:
On 3 June 1947, Lord Mountbatten, the British Governor General, announced the Division of India. According to this announcement the change of authority which was to take place in June 1948, would be done in August 1947.

Question 3.
Do you think the problem of reorganization of states is solved? Give one example of such problem.
Answer:
The problems of nation-building have not been completely solved yet. Many Movements are active in different parts of the country demanding their own separate States. Examples are Telangana in Andhra Pradesh and Vidarbha in Maharashtra.

Question 4.
Why did the leaders of the National Movement cherish the ideal of a secular nation? Give any one reason.
Answer:
The leaders of the National Movement cherished the idea of a secular nation because they wanted members of all religions to be considered equals. They did not want any religion to be above another.

Question 5.
What was the task of the States Reorganisation Commission? What was its most salient recommendation?
Answer:
It was decided that after independence, States would be created on the basis of language. On 22 December 1953, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru informed the Lok Sabha about the formation of a Commission to recommend the modes of State Reorganization. Fazal Ali was the head of this Commission. The Commission recommended that the reorganization of States should be based on language and culture.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 9 Globalisation

Question 1.
The following features are some of the political, economic and cultural consequences of globalization. Arrange them under each head.
a) Globalisation leads to withdrawing of the rich traditional heritage of entire globe.
b) It facilitated greater trade in commodities across the world.
c) Globalisation caused an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of govt, to do what they want to do.
d) It leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive or leads to a phenomenon of cultural homogenization.
e) It sought to dismantle import licensing system and removal of tariff on imports.
f) The state withdraws from its traditional welfare function and becomes a more minimalist state
Answer:
Political – c, f
Economic -b, e
Cultural – a, d

Question 2.
Which of the statements are TRUE about globalization.
a) Globalisation is purely an economic phenomenon.
b) Globalisatoin began in 1991.
c) Globalisation is the same thing as westernization.
d) Globalisation is a multi-dimentional phenomenon.
Answer:
d) Globalisation is a multi-dimentional phenomenon.

Question 3.
Which of the statements is TRUE about the impact of globalization ?
a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.
b) Globalisation has had a uniform impact on all states and societies.
c) The impact of globalization has been confined to the political sphere.
d) Globalisation inevitably results in cultural homogeneity.
Answer:
a) Globalisation has been uneven in its impact on states and societies.

Question 4.
Which of the statements is TRUE about the causes of Globalisation?
a) Technology is an important cause of globalization
b) Globalisation is caused by a particular community of people.
c) Globalisation originated in the U.S.
d) Economic interdependence alone causes globailisation.
Answer:
a) Technology is an important cause of globalization.

Question 5
Which of the statements is TRUE about globalization?
a) Globalisation is only about movement of commodities.
b) Globalisation does not involve a conflict of values.
c) Services are an insignificant part of globalization.
d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.
Answer:
d) Globalisation is about worldwide interconnectedness.

Question 6.
Apart from threats of direct intervention, the imperialist forces like United States and its allies are bent upon imposing economic neoliberalism on the current process of globalization. Imperialist agencies like World Bank, IMF and WTO have become tools of developed countries both economically and politically. Observe the above statement and substantiate your argument.
Answer:
The concept of globalization is the exchange of ideas, materials and human resources. Now this exchange is possible among nations without much control. Looked at this way, it assumes different levels of political, economic and cultural meanings. In his sense it has merits and demerits. Some societies may be affected only very little, but some may be affected much more.
Let us see how it works: Contemporary World Politics Political results:
Politically speaking, the authority of the government gets weaker. It will have to reduce its welfare schemes.

Instead of social welfare, the stress is on the market. With the coming MNCs (Multi National Corporations), it becomes difficult for the governments to take independent decisions. According to the advocates of globalization, no political power of the government is lost. The essential things will remain under the authority of the government. Since technology has advanced so much, governments can do a lot. Technology helps governments to know the details of their citizens and make the administration efficient.

Economic Results:
Globalization has influenced the economic sphere greatly. World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. play big roles. All these are controlled mainly by America and its allies. The world economy itself has come under their influence. In this, a re-thinking is necessary. It is high time that we found out who the beneficiaries of globalization are. As a result of globalization, import controls are reduced or removed. The developed nations can now invest their capital in the developing nations.

Investing in the developing nations is more profitable. Technologies develop without any limits of borders. But regarding the movement of people, the developed nations have made certain rules. Their countries are kept safe from foreign workers through the policy of Visa. Because of the visa rules, the jobs of their citizens are not taken away by emigrants.

There are arguments in favour and against economic globalization. Although the policy is the same, different places get different results. Those who think of social justice can look at the limitations on government only as a demerit of globalization. Those who are economically backward need some special security not to suffer from the demerits of globalization. Some people believe that globalization makes the poor people poorer and so it must be stopped.

But globalization brings about huge economic growth and the social welfare of many. Large scale commerce makes the economy better. It is not easy to prevent globalization in the forward march of history.

Question 7.
Ramu, “The popularity of burger or blue jeans is the powerful influence of the American way of life and people will lose their age old values and ways”. Geetha, “The burger is no substitute for a Masala Dosa, and therefore it does not pose any real challenge. Blue jeans on the other hand can as well with a homespun Khadi Kurtha. Here the outcome of outside influence is a new combination that is unique a Khadi Kurtha worn over jeans. Read the above conversation carefully and analyse the cultural aspect of globalization.
Answer:
In the above conversation we can see some results of globalization. Globalization influences our homes, food, clothes, water, and even thoughts. Often globalization can be a threat to our culture. Globalization paves the way for a unicultural world. The Western civilization will spread to other countries. The conversation shows that we may have to stand helpless before the onslaught of Western civilization.

But this does not mean Ramu’s argument is entirely true. He has looked only at the wrong aspects of globalization. All cultures have accepted new and good things from other cultures. Globalization has good aspects, too. Only rarely can foreign cultures influence us negatively. Actually things from outside enrich our culture and that is what Geeta thinks.

Question 8.
Global Capitalism makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. We can see that various anti-globalization movements try to resist this negative impact of globaization. Can you briefly explain such world wide anti-globalization movements?
Answer:
The benefits of globalization are not shared equally. Some make huge profits but others become its prey. That is what prompted many people to move against globalization. They are not opposing the concept of globalization, but the way it is implemented. In their viewpoint, globalization is implemented with the shadow of imperialism.

In the Ministerial Conference of 1999, there was a strong opposition to the style of operation of globalization by the economic powers, in the global economic development, the opinions of the developing world are not given due importance. The World Social Forum is another International Venue. In that, human rights workers, environment activists, people representing labour, youth, women power etc. attend. In 2001, in Porto Alegre in Brazil the first meeting of the World Social Forum took place, in January 2007 its 7th meeting was held in Nairobi Kenya.

Question 9.
Globalization is a multi dimensional concept. So the critics of globalization make a variety of arguments. Identify the major criticisms raised by different sections of the people.
Answer:
Globalization is a controversial issue. Therefore it is also criticised greatly. Here are some major criticisms.
1. The Left-leaning people argue that globalization represents a certain capitalist point of view. Moreover, it makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. Weak governments can’t look after the interests of the masses.
2. Those who support the political rights of the people think that changes may come in their social, cultural and political spheres. They are worried about 3 things.

• They fear that globalization weakens the government.
• They want self-sufficiency in economy, but they want to keep some things as their own.
• They think it will harm their traditional culture.

Question 10.
Janardhanan brought a small cycle for his nine year old son as a birthday gift which is actually manufactured in China but is being marketed in India. It meets his requirement of reasonable rate but its quality was very poor. The Cartoon below shows one of the negative impacts of globalization. Critically evaluate the negative impact of globalization.
Answer:
According to the cartoon, the developed countries are exploiting the developing countries. Globalization adversely affects the political, economic and cultural life of the countries where it is introduced. Politically speaking, globalization prevents governments from carrying out things as they want. In a welfare state, social welfare is the priority. The coming of MNCs controls the authority of the governments, which can’t work as they wish. Economically speaking, imports were liberalized.

Capital flowed into developing countries. That means developed nations could invest their capital in the developing nations also. Through such investments, the developed nations will make huge profits. To prevent people from the developing nations take up jobs in the developed nations, visa rules were made strict. That way the developed nations protected their jobs for their own citizens. Not only that, advanced technology and international organizations like World Bank, IMF, WTO etc. work according to the will of the developed nations.

Culturally speaking, globalization affects our food habits, drinks, dress and even our thoughts. Globalization is a big threat to the varied cultures of the world. Globalization will bring some kind of uni-culture. The culture of the strong is imposed on the weak.
It is true that today we can know what happens in any part of the world at any time. Information about diseases like bird-flu, swine-flu etc. spreads fast. The economic depression in America was felt by the entire world.

Question 11
‘In India there are agitations from different parts of the country against opening retail outlets by multinational companies.’ There are agitations against the availability of foreign TV channels, celebration of Valentine’s Day etc.’ The above mentioned facts were the main news in India during the last several years. Explain the resistance prevailing in India against globalization.
Answer:
Resistance against globalization is seen on many parts of India. Entry of the MNCs, foreign TV channels, Night Clubs, Valentines’Day, Western dresses (especially among the girls in schools and colleges) etc. are part of globalization. The Left parties object globalization. The Indian Social Forum is also against it. Trade Union workers oppose MNCs. The acquisition of the patent for trees like ‘neem’by the Americans and Europeans brought a lot of vehement protests

Additional Questions

Question 1.
The New economic policy was adopted in India in
Answer:
1991

Question 2.
What is worldwide inter connectedness. What are its components?
Answer:
This is an era of mutual cooperation. People and countries are mutually connected. People who live in different parts of the world feel that they are not citizens of just their country alone, but they are citizens of the world. This is globalization. In simple words, mutual dependence means the flow of capital, goods and people from one country to another without a lot of restrictions. The factors of worldwide connectedness are ideas, capital, goods and people.

Question 3
What has technology contributed to globalisation?
Answer:
Technology has considerably influenced globalization. Here are the details:

• Recently there have been revolutionary changes in the communication media and information technology and this has brought nations together. It has increased the inter connectedness and mutual dependence between countries.
• With the advancement of technology, people can know whatever is happening in different parts of the world.
• Because of the modern technology, people, capital, goods and ideas can flow from one place to another easily. This has quickened globalization.
• Because of technology whatever happens in one country may have repercussions in another country or countries.

Additional Questions And Answer

Question 1.
Match the items in column ‘A’with suitable items in ‘B’ and ‘C’.

Answer:

Question 2.
Re-arrange column B and C to establish a rational relation with column A.

Answer:

Question 3.
Find the Odd one out from the group
a. Right to vote
b. Right to work
c. Right to contest election
d. Right to hold public office
Answer:
b. Right to work

Question 4.
Properly arrange the commission and its related sub­jects given below.
a. Shah Commission
b.  Liberhan Commission
c. Fazil Ali Commission
d. Mandal Commission
Related Subjects
a. State reorganisation
b. Backward class
c. Babari masjid demolition
d. Action taken in the wake of emergency
Answer:
a – d  ; b – c  ; c – a  ; d – b

Question 5.
Match the following.

Answer:
Total Revolution – Jay Prakash Narayan
GaribiHatao-Indira Gandhi
Mandal Commission – B.P.
Mandal Rapid Industrialization – PC.
Mahalanobis State Reorganization Commission – Fazal Ali

Question 6.
Identify the leader who is associated with the follow­ing slogan
“Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan”
(Indira Gandhi, Lai Bahadur Sasthri, Vajpai)
Answer:
Vajpal

Question 7.
Match column‘A’with‘B’.

Answer:
a. Glasnost. Perestroika – iv) Gorbachev
b. Open door policy – v) Den Xiaoping
c. Non Congressism – ii) Ram Manohar Lohia
d. Narmada Bachao Xndolan – iii) Medha Patkar
e. Dravidian Movement-i) E.V. Ramaswami Naiker

Question 8.
Who among the following was the President of India at the time of national emergency (1975)?
a) V.V. Giri
b) Dr. Zakheer Hussain
c) FakhrudheenAliAhammed
d) N. Sanjeeva Reddy
Answer:
c) Fakhrudheen Ali Ahammed

Question 9.
Find out the country which does not go with others. Nepal, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka
Answer:
Indonesia

Question 10.
Find out the neighbour that is having permanent membership in the security council.
Answer:
China

Question 11.
Identify the movement in which Mayilamma is associated.
Answer:
The Anti Coco-Cola Protest at Plachimada

Question 12.
Identify the names of persons related to the following statements
1) The leader who sacrificed his life for the creation of separate State of Andhra Pradesh.
2) The founding president of Congress Socialist Party
3) The first Chief Election Commissioner of India
4) Architect of second five year plan
Hints :
a) P.C Mahalanobis
b) Sukumar Sen
c) Potti Sriramulu
d) Acharya Narendra Dev.
Answer:
1- c
2 – d
3 – b
4 – a

Question 13.
Find the odd one out.
Britain, France, USA, China, Germany
Answer:
Germany

Question 14.
Complete the following table with the names of leaders engaged in the important agreements between India and Pakistan,

Answer:

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 8 Environment and Natural Resources

Question 1.
Which among the following best explains the reasons for growing concerns about the environment?
a) The developed countries are concerned about protecting nature.
b) Protection of the environment is vital for indigenous people and natural habitats.
c) The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has reached a dangerous level.
d) None of the above.
Answer:
c) The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has reached a dangerous level.

Question 2.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements below that describe the Earth Summit
a) It was attended by 170 countries, thousands of NGOs and many MNCs.
b) The summit was held under the aegis of the UN.
c) For the first time, Global environmental issues were firmly consolidated at the political level
d) It was a summit meeting.
Answer:
a. correct
b. correct
c. wrong
d. wrong

Question 3.
Which among the following are TRUE about the global commons?
a) The Earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, Ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the global commons.
b) The global commons are outside sovereign jurisdiction.
c) The question of managing the global commons has reflected the North-South divide.
d) The countries of the north are more concerned about the protection of global commons than the countries of the South.
Answer:
a. true
b. false
c. true
d. false

Question 4.
Fill up the following diagram with the appropriate explanations given below

a) Rich and developed countries bf the first world.
b) Poor and developing countries of the third world.
Answer:
1. b
2. a

Question 5.
The following table shows some developments about the protection of environment. Arrange them appropriately in accordance with the years given in column B.

Answer:
1 – c 1992
2 – d 1960
3 – b 1987
4 – b 1987

Question 6.
Match the following

Answer:
a. Limits to growth-The Club of Rome
b. Earth Summit – Rio-de-Janeiro
c. Kyoto Protocol -1997
d. Rio Summit-Agenda 21

Question 7.
In the global level there are several attempts for the protection of environment such as, Earth Summit, Kyoto protocol etc. As a student can you identify any two steps taken by Govt, of India in this regard?
Answer:

• In 2001, the India Government passed the Energy Conservation Law. Its purpose was to ensure the most efficient use of energy.
• In 2003 the electricity law was passed .its purpose was to make energy by renewable sources.

Question 8.
With the increase in the global issues the scope of political science is widening day by day. Recently the leaders of different countries and political scientists around the world are giving more attention towards issues connected with environment such as pollution, climate change, global warming etc. Do you think these matters are to be looked after by these personalities instead of scientists. Give your reasons.
Answer:
Truly speaking, since those things are related to geography, it is the scientists in that area that should handle them. But politically also they have significance. The repercussions of these problems will affect the social and economic spheres of people. Their results will be visible in politics also. Here are some examples:

• Reduced agricultural lands will affect food production.
• Drinking polluted water will bring health problems. According to the Human Development Report of the UNDP, some 1.2 billion people do not access to pure water.
• Deforestation destroys biodiversity. Forests help in maintaining the climate, in the distribution of water and biodiversity on earth.
• The reduction in the ozone layer adversely affects the environment and people.
• The pollution of shores is on the increase globally. All these problems are political important. But they are not something that can be solved by the action of any single government. Therefore they are part of world politics. The biggest questions are: Who is responsible for the destruction of the environment? Who will its price? Who can set it right? Who has greater power? Thus they all are things to be thought deeply.

Question 9.
The ‘Earth Summit’ is the name given to the United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992. Can you identify the reason behind considering this conference as ‘Earth Summit’.
Answer:
Since 1960 itself, environmental problems and economic development have been a crucial problem. In the book “Limits of Growth” published by the Club of Rome in 1987, and in the Brundtland report titled “Our Common Future”, this problem was highlighted. This was the main topic of discussion in the Conference at Rio de Janeiro in 1992. This was the first international conference on environment. Therefore it is called “Earth Summit”.

Question 10.
The developed and developing countries are having different perceptions about the protection of environment and economic development. This is clearly manifested in the Each Summit. Carefully evaluate the result of Earth Summit.
Answer:
In the Earth Summit 170 nations and 1000s of NGOs and Multi National Corporations took part. The reactions of the North Countries and South Countries on the environmental agenda were quite different. The North Countries stressed the problems of ozone layer and global warming. But the South countries were more concerned with economic development and environmental management.The Earth Summit came out with some good suggestions regarding environment, climate change, biodiversity, forestation, etc.

These recommendations were known as Agenda-21. But because of certain differences of opinion and other difficulties, they could not be implemented. Another important thing that happened in the Earth Summit was the correlation between economic development and environment. This is known as sustainable development. Agenda-21 stressed economic development and not environmental protection.

Question 11.
“Global Commons” is a concept developed during the recent years. Protection of global common is a major challenging factor. Try to explain the concept of ‘Global Common” and identify the difficulties for protecting the global commons.
Answer:
Some places or areas do not fall under the sover eighty of any country. In this condition, the UN had to come forward to protect them. These are collectively known as “Global Commons”. The earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the bottom of the seas, space etc. come in this category.
The responsibility to protect these is not that easy. The reasons for that:

• There are some complex Agreements which include the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, the Montreal Protocol of 1987, and the 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol.
• On the basis of not-co-clear scientific proofs, it is difficult to carry out the Environmental Agenda within a limited time. In the 1980s, some holes were discovered in the ozone layer in the Antarctic region. Such discoveries are opportunities to solve the environmental problems and, at the same time, they are also great challenges.
• From the use of the space, we can clearly see the inequalities between Global North and Global South.
• Technical and industrial development is the main problem when it comes to ocean floors.

Question 12.
The conflict between Global North and Global South about the solutions for environmental problems creates much difficulty in dealing with environmental is-sues. Prepare a short note about different views of Global North and Global South.
Answer:
Global North (Countries of the Northern Hemisphere) represents the developed nations. The Global South represents the developing nations. The approach of both these groups regarding environment is very different. They are:

• The Global North says that ail countries are equally responsible for the protection of the environment.
• But the Global South has a different view. They say that it is the industrial development of the Global North that caused and is causing the environmental damage.
• Developing nations are on the path of progress. Therefore the restrictions placed on the developed nations should not be made binding on the developing nations.
  The developing nations say that keeping their needs in mind, there should be new laws and interpretations. This argument was approved in the Earth Summit on 1992. This new principle is called “Common but different responsibility”.

Question 13.
‘Kyoto Protocol’ can be regarded as the first major leap towards the protection of environment. Evaluate the significance of ‘Kyoto Protocol’.
Answer:
Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement controlling the industrial nations from green gas emissions. Carbon dioxide, Methane, hydrofluro carbons etc. are the main things that cause global warming. The Kyoto Protocol was put into effect on the basis of the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). UNFCCC says that countries have ‘common but different responsibility’ in the matter of environmental protection.

• Greenhouse gases are mostly emitted by the developed nations.
• The per capita emission from the developing countries is less.
• There should be concessions to countries like China and India. These are the principles of the Kyoto Protocol signed in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. Recently, America has objected to this protocol. America wants India and China also to be included in this Protocol. So America hasn’t signed it.

Question 14.
Protection of environment created serious debates be-tween global North and Global South. India’s Policy as a leading figure of Global South, has vital importance in this debate. Make a brief note about the policy adopted by India in the environmental problems
Answer:
India’s stand in the environmental problems is very ‘ clear. India signed the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. India and China do not have to adhere to the restrictions made in the Kyoto Protocol as they are developing, and not developed, countries. The quantity of the greenhouse gases emitted by them is very little.

But some countries say that India and China also emit a lot of greenhouse gases. But this argument was countered in the G-8 meeting of June 2005, saying that the quantity of the greenhouses gases emitted by developing nations is comparatively less. India’s stand is that environmental protection is a “common but different responsibility” of nations.

The UNFCCC has also approved what is known as ‘historical responsibility’. India bases its stand on this principle. Because of that some of the discussions and decisions that took place recently within the UNFCCC can’t be accepted by India. India does not accept the view that the industrially growing nations should reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. It is against the principles and decisions of the UNFCCC.
Here are the main steps India took in the matter of environmental protection.

• According to India’s auto fuel policy, only purified fuel should be used in vehicles.
• The energy consideration law passed in 2001 aims at the correct use of energy.
• The Electricity Act of 2003 recommends the use of renewable sources for the production of electricity.
• In 2011-12, eleven million hectors of land was used by the Bio diesel Mission for increasing the production of bio diesel. Apart from all these, India is trying its best to import ‘ natural gas and also to use the latest technology for purifying coal.

Question 15.
Environmental Movements are becoming stronger day by day. These movements are acting more effectively than the Government for the conservation of environment. Can you identity the major areas in which these movements are more effective and stronger?
Answer:
As the equilibrium of the environment is lost, many more Environmental Movements have come up with the intention of working for environmental protection. They take strong steps to achieve their goal. Here are the examples of such steps.

a. There is a kit of pressure fropi,the onganiations that stand for the protection of forests in Global South countries like Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, African mainland and India. But in spite of all that, a lot of deforestation is going on in these places.

b. Movement against mineral industries is another example. In countries of the Global South, the new economic policies bring opportunities for mineral industries. The economic liberalization policy also helps. This will necessitate digging deeper into the earth and the use more chemicals. It also will pollute rivers and cause the extinction of many plant species. There were protests and resistance against these mindless developments. In the Philippines, there is a powerful chain of movements against the Western Mine Corporation.

c. Another move is against dams. There have been environmental movements against huge dams. They all were for protecting rivers and valleys. The first movement against dams was in Australia to save the Fratiklin River and the forests around it. There were similar movements in Turkey, Thailand, South Africa, Indonesia and China. The Narmada Bachao Andolan in India had attracted world attention.

Question 16.
The colonial and imperialist countries occupied dominance upon the rest of the world through collection of resources from various parts of the world. This gradually developed the concept of resource geopolitics. Try to expand the concept of resource geopolitics:
Answer:
Geopolitics asks questions like who is the beneficiary of the natural resources, How, Where and Why? Europe tried to extend its dominance all over the world with the intention of getting these resources. Western countries looked at the resources and their ownership in relation to war and authority. They had given a lot of priority to naval routes and oil.

During the Cold War, there was severe competition between the Soviet Union and countries of the Global North. Global North used different means to get their resources. To get them they used military power, ensured that the sea routes for travel and communication were safe, hoarded essential minerals in huge quantities and signed agreements with different international companies. After the Cold War, the safety of some minerals is giving anxiety to some countries. This is more so in the case of radioactive elements. Even now, the Global North uses resources the way they want.

Question 17.
‘Oil and Water’ are the two major resources connected with geopolitics. Most of the developed and developing countries are adopting policies to ensure access to these resources. Explain the importance of these resources in geopolitics ?
Answer:
Recently the geopolitics of resources has become a major issue in international politics. Water and oil are the most important of them. Wealth from oil can cause political turmoil. Therefore the history of oil is the history of battles and wars. The Gulf Region produces nearly 30% of world’s oil needs. 65% of the entire oil deposits is in the Gulf region. Saudi Arabia ‘ is the number one producer and Iraq is the second. Naturally, the developed countries show a lot of interest in this area. That is why there is so much of trouble in the Gulf region. It is America, Europe, Japan, China and India that need the greatest amount of oil. So each country wants to ensure that there is availability of enough oil.

Lack of pure water is becoming a big issue in geopolitics. With the advent of the 21a century, disputes started in the sharing of waters. Nations disagree on the issue of sharing river waters. Those who give water and those who take water have different needs and interests. Sometimes it is pollution, sometimes it is irrigation and sometimes it can be the construction of dams. Mankind needs water and therefore disputes for water have become dangerous issues.

Question 18.
‘Water’ is a major resource in geopolitical conflict. Can you identify some conflicts that arose due to the management of water resources between rivers?
Answer:
There are many examples regarding the importance of water and its availability. Here are the most important:

• In the 1950s, there were serious and violent disputes among Israel, Syria and Jordan. They were about the sharing of waters of the Jordan and Yarmouk rivers.
• There were disputes among Turkey Syria and Iraq, it was about building a dam in the Euphrates River.
• India and Pakistan had disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the Indus River.

Question 19.
The UN defines indigenous populations, “as comprising the descendants of peoples who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them”. At present there are about 30 Crore indigenous peoples spread around the globe. Identify the challenges that the indigenous people are facing and the demands raised by them.
Answer:
Indigenous people are those who live in the same or similar natural environment and have similar life style. When they lose their land they also lose their livelihood. The loss of land endangers their existence itself and this is their biggest challenge.
The needs of indigenous people (Adivasis):

• They should have their own existence and individuality.
• They are living in their land from time immemorial.
• They should get the land in which they live. If they have no land their livelihood will be lost. They demand equal rights in the world gatherings.

Question 20.
In many traditional societies there is a practice of protecting nature for religious reasons. The sacred groves in India is an example for this traditional practice. Prepare a brief note about the Sacred Groves.
Answer:
The sacred groves help in the forestation process. There are large sacred groves which extend for acres whereas there are smaller groves which simply have a few trees and plants. These groves have the touch of religiosity and culture. Hindus generally worship things of Nature. Many of the temples originated – because of these sacred groves. Because of the religious angle, these groves were protected for long. But now in the name of development these groves are also destroyed.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Analyse briefly about India’s stand on environmental issues.
Answer:
India recognized the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and signed it in 2002. India fully agrees to the principle of ‘common but different responsibility’. Through different activities India has taken part in the efforts of the world for protection of the environment.

Question 2.
The Kyoto Protocol was agreed in
Answer:
1997

Question 3.
Which of the following countries is exempted from the requirement of the Kyoto Protocol?
Answer:
a. India

Question 4.
What were the outcomes of the Rio summit?
Answer:
The Rio Summit was in June 1992. After prolonged discussions, some decisions were taken regarding climate change, geo diversity, and protection of forests. It also prepared a schedule of development schemes known as Agenda-21′. It is known as sustainable development.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 3 US Hegemony in World Politics

Question 1.
Which among the following statements about hegemony is incorrect?
a. The word implies the leadership or predominance of one state.
b. It was used to denote the predominance of Athens in ancient Greece.
c. The country having hegemonic position will possess unchallenged military power.
d. Hegemonic position is fixed. Once a hegemon, always a hegemon.
Answer:
Hegemonic position is fixed. Once a hegemon, always a hegemon.

Question 2.
Which among the following statements is wrong about the contemporary world order?
a. There is an absence of world government, which could regulate the states’ behaviour.
b. The US is the predominant player in world affairs,
c. States are using force against one another.
d. States, which violate international law, are severely punished by the UN.
Answer:
d. States, which violate international law, are severely punished by the UN.

Question 3
Which among the following statements is wrong with regard to ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’?
a. More than forty countries joined in the US-led coalition to invade Iraq.
b. The reason given for invading Iraq was to prevent it from developing weapons of mass destruction.
c. The action was taken with the prior approval of the UN.
d. The U.S.led coalition did not face major resistance from Iraqi forces.
Answer:
d. The U.S. – led coalition did not face major resistance from Iraqi forces.

Question 4
Match the following.

Answer:
1 – c , 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – b

Question 5

• Operation desert storm
• Operation Infinite Reach
• Operation Enduring Freedom.

Prepare brief notes about the above mentioned operations performed by USA as a part of their power hegemony.
Answer:
In 1990. Iraq invaded Kuwait and annexed it. After a lot of discussions, the Liberation Army led by America forcefully freed Kuwait from Iraq. In this liberation army there were 660,000 soldiers. They came from 34 nations. This operation was known as “Operation Desert Storm”. This shows the disparity between America and other countries in technology. In the UN allied forces, more than 75% of the soldiers were Americans. Some people call this war as a computer war. Since it was telecast everywhere in the world, it is also called video game war. One could watch on TV how Iraq was defeated by sitting in ; one’s room.

In 1998, there were bomb attacks in the American embassies in Nairobi (Kenya), Dar-e-salaam and Tanzania. The attacks were carried by the Muslim terrorist organization Al-Qaida. After these attacks, American President Bill Clinton started his “Operation Infinite Reach”. He attacked the terrorist camps in Sudan and Afghanistan by dropping missiles there. These attacks were not carried out with the permission of the UN or according to the International Laws. On 11 September 2001,19 terrorists . hijacked 4 American planes and made them fly against some strategic buildings in America. Two of them hit the twin-towers of the World

Trade Centre.
One crash-landed on the Pentagon, which is the headquarters of American defence. The 4th one had to land in field in Pennsylvania. The American Congress Headquarters is nearby there. This attack is known as 9/11 (which menns. September .1 f). Some 3000 people died in the attacks. It was the biggest attack America ever faced after its formation in 1776. After this, America started its operation “Enduring Freedom”. It is aimed against the terrorists like the Al-Qaida and the Taliban of Afghanistan.

Question 6.
With the attack on World Trade Centre, USA openly started measures to wipe out the terrorism from the entire world.
Prepare a brief explanation about the different steps taken by USA.
Answer:
After the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre, America started making plans to eliminate terrorism from the’entire world. This is the goal behind “Operation Enduring Freedom”. It was against the people who destroyed the World Trade Centre, mainly Al-Qaida and Taliban. Americans arrested the suspects even without the knowledge of the governments of the countries.of which they were citizens.

They were brought to America and kept in secret jails. Some were taken to the American Naval Base near the Bay of Guantanamo. Neither the American laws nor international laws came to the rescue of these suspects. Even members of the UN were not allowed to visit these prisoners.

Question 7.
In this unipolar world USA exerts its supremacy upon the rest of the world as world police, as controlling factor of UNO. controls Global economy etc. This does not mean that the USA is free from all sorts of restrictions. Identify the different constraints upon USA.
Answer:
Their restrictions come in three ways:

1. Division of Authority
2. Mass Media
3. NATO

Division of Authority:
In America, authority is divided. There the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary have powers. The President can’t use the military power the way he feels.

Mass media:
Mass media frequently try to find out the views of the people. They try to evaluate the style of government and the politics of the country. American military actions also will be an important subject for discussion and evaluation. It is the mass media that plays a big role in the opinion formation.

NATO:
To an extent, it is NATO that keeps America under some control. America tries to maintain good relations with democratic countries. It also wants to do well in the market. So we can say that NATO exercises some sort of control over the policies of America.

Question 8
In the bipolar world India adopted more or less a pro USSR attitude .But in this unipolar world India adopted a pro-USA attitude.
Identify the benefits achieved from this shift.
Answer:
Recently two factors played big roles in the Indo- American relations. One is technology and the other is the contribution made by Indians in the American job market.

• 65% of India’s software export is bought by America.
• 35% of the technical experts in the Boeing Company are Indians.
• Some 300,000 Indians work in the Silicon Valley.
• In the higher technical industrial field, it is Indian Americans that have started 15% of the US companies.

Question 9.
Recently the world witnessed the hegemony of USA. This does not mean that all the states particularly the 3rd world countries willing fully recognize the hegemony. These countries are adopting different strategies to overcome US hegemony. Identify them.
Answer:
We know that no country today can match the power of America. But through certain policies we can over come the hegemony of America.

• China, India and Russia should make a military pact.
• To resist American hegemony, even as we acknowledge their superiority, get as many benefits from them as possible.
• Keep a safe distance from them. A kind of hide-and- seek will do us good.

Question 10.
The concept hegemony was originated in ancient Greek city state Athens. In this modern period USA exhibits its hegemony through the following ways.
Hegemony as Hard power
Hegemony as structural power
Hegemony as soft power.
Prepare an essay about the hegemony of USA.
Answer:
World nations try to gain and maintain dominance over others by using military, economic and cultural power. During the Cold War the fight was between the Soviet Union and America. With the disintegration of the Soviet, Union America remains the only Superpower. Dominance or hegemony is attained through three things:

• Hard Power
• Structural Power
• Soft Power

Hard Power:
This includes military power and the relations between nations. Today America is in the forefront of military power. There is nobody to challenge its military might. It has the capacity to reach any corner of the world any moment. They spend a major part of their budget to maintain this position. They spend huge sums of money for research and technological developments. It is technology that keeps America in the forefront. With their military might they are even ready to police the world, and punish the culprits.

Structural Power:
This dominance is based on the economic structure. The global economic system relies on America. If America helps the global economic system, it is mainly for their benefits and profits. But America does a lot of good things for the world. For example, communication channels through the oceans. Merchant ships travel through sea routes and America has much authority on the water transport system. It is the American navy that keeps the sea-routes safe for ships.

Additional Question

Question 1.
What is meant by Operation Desert Storm?
Answer:
In 1990 Iraq attacked Kuwait and annexed it. The UN judged that Kuwait should be freed using military action against Iraq. As a result soldiers numbering 660,000, under American command, attacked Iraq and freed Kuwait. This operation is known as the Operation Desert Storm.

Question 2.
AI- Qaida?
Answer:
Al-Qfsritfa is terrorist organization. Muslim extreme this organization. In 1998, it bombed the American embassies in Nairobi (Kenya), Tanzania and Dar-e-salaam. Osama bin Laden was the leader of Al-Qaida.

Question 3.
Which American President launched Operation Enduring Freedom?
Answer:
George W. Bush

Question 4.
What are the constraints on American hegemony today? Which one of these do you expect to get . more important in the future?
Answer:
By the beginning of the 21st century, America be-came a huge Superpower. But American dominance is controlled within America itself. There are three controls that keep America in check.

• The first control comes from the Constitution. It is based on the division of powers. Powers are divided among the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary. This provision is capable of preventing America embarking on a military adventure.
• The second control comes from the openness seen in the American system. Public opinion is very strong in America. The mass media keeps a close watch on the government and its activities.
• The third control comes from NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 7 Security in the Contemporary World

Question 1.
Security’ implies freedom from threats. There are two notions of security. Such as
a) Traditional notions
b) …………
c) External notions
d) …………
Answer:

Question 2.
The elements of traditional security policies are given below. Identify the missing elements
a) Defence
b) ………..
c) Balance of power
d) …………
Answer:
b. deterrence
d. alliance

Question 3.
Is terrorism a traditional or non traditional threat to security
Answer:
Non-traditional

Question 4.
The non-traditional security notions are divided into two. Identify them.

Answer:

• Human security
• Global Security

Question 5.
The threats against security has undergone tremendous changes. Now a days we are facing new challenges. Identify them.

Answer:
2. terrorism
4. Global poverty

Question 6.
India has developed its own methods for dealing with the threats against our security. Identity and briefly list India’s Security strategy.
India’s security policy has 4 aspects:
A. Increase its military power.
B. Strengthen international institutions and systems to help India’s security interests.
C. Face the internal threats to security.
D. Develop economic power to face non-traditional threats to security.
Answer:

Question 7.
Match the terms with their meaning.
1) Confidence Building Measures (CBMs)
2) Arms Control
3) Alliance
4) Disarmament
(a) Giving up certain types of weapons.
(b) A process of exchanging information on defence matters between nations on a regular basis.
(c) A coalition of nations meant to deter or defend against military attacks.
(d) Regulate the acquisition or development of weapons.
Answer:
1 – b
2 – d
3 – c
4 – a

Question 8.
Which among the following would you consider as a traditional security concern/nontraditional security concern/not a threat?
(a) Spread of chikungunya/dengue fever.
(b) Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation.
(c) Emergence of a group demanding nation hood for their region.
(d) Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region.
(e) A newspaper that is critical of the armed forces in the country.
Answer:
a. non-traditional
b. non-traditional
c. traditional
d. traditional
e. not a threat

Question 9.
Security is a major aspect as far as any state is concerned. Security issues are giving vital importance in modern times. So we have to define what security is . Explain different aspects of security
Answer:
Security means “free from threat”. We face security challenges on a daily basis. All threats can’t be considered security threats. Normally “threat to the essentials” can be considered security threats. Security is connected with the overcoming of the biggest threats. Some security threats can adversely affect even our existence. If we fail to take timely action, things may get out of our control. At the same time we must concern ourselves with the security of the mankind. At different times it could be different.

Question 10.
There are different notions regarding security. These can be divided into two-traditional concept of security and Non-traditional concept of security. Explain the traditional concept of security with the help of the following hints.
Hints: Security against external threats.
Security against internal threats.
Traditional security and co-operation.
Answer:
Security is of two kinds – internal and external. A country may face security threats from inside or outside the country. Traditionally we think threats from outside are the greater ones. It will affect the sovereignty of the nation. It will affect its freedom and border security. It will affect the lives of the people. Such a threat is external.
There are many ways for a government to face Such treats:

• Surrender
• Increase the defence expenditure and prevent others from attacking.
• Once the war starts, defend the country.

Some governments prefer the option of surrender when there is a war. But they will never declare it as a policy. For security there are 4 traditional ways:

• Prevent the war – this is the first factor.
• Defence control the war or end it.
• Balance of Power – This is a traditional way of ensuring security. Making alliances and counter-alliances, maintaining the country’s strength, intervening and not intervening, leaving a no man’s land between countries, dividing and ruling, etc. are of the traditional ways.
• Sign Treaties: Nations often form joint alliances. This is done to prevent any external attack and defend in case of attacks. Almost all alliances are formed by signing written agreements. The member countries will have a clear understanding as to who is the common enemy. Nations are more concerned with external threats than internal ones. Internal security is also essential. Priorto the World War, the internal security of many powerful nations was much less because they did not give it much importance.Because of the Cold War, nations gave preference to external threats. It was in the colonies that there were more internal security problems. It was because of the people’s desire for freedom. The newly formed Asian and African countries had to face a lot of internal and external threats. Military attacks by neighbouring countries, army revolts, moves for secession etc. were common. Whenever a nation desires for freedom, such things are common there.

Traditional Security and Cooperation:
For traditional security, cooperation is very important. Everybody knows that attacks can be prevented by cooperation. Some things are recommended to ensure cooperation. They are:
1. Armament and military supplies should be controlled or reduced:
There should be adequate reasons for nations to resort to wars. War is alright in self defence, to resist attacks or to save people from racial killings. Wars should be controlled or limited. People who are not engaged in wars should not be harmed or killed. Those who have surrendered must not be harmed. Only when all other doors are closed, nations should resort to war.

2. Disarmament:
There are 3 ways for cooperation: disarmament, arms limitation and building confidence. Disarmament means not making and stockpiling arms and avoiding the use of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons.

3. Arms Limitation:
This involves controls for keeping arms like ballistic missiles and their development.

4. Building confidence:
A major step in building confidence is the exchange of ideas and information with enemy countries. Thus you tell your opponents that you are not going to make a surprise attack on them. The advantage is that no country will start the attack on some misunderstanding.

Question 11.
In this modem world we are facing threats not only from foreign states but also from many other new sources. Like terrorism, global poverty, epidemics like yellow fever, AIDS, swine flu etc. So our notion about security is also changed. Evaluate the non traditional notions regarding security?
Answer:
Earlier ,security thread would mean thread to the boundaries, to the nation or to the government. There-fore their security was paramount. Now not only countries, but also individuals, societies and mankind itself are facing various threats. Non-traditional security has two factors:

• Human Security
• Global security

Human Security:
The security of people is more important than the security of countries. Nowadays the citizens are not safe in any country.- In the last 100 years, governments have killed more of their own people than the enemies of the country have killed. To face human security and to ensure security, there are two views.

• Narrow concept
• Broad concept

The narrow concept gives importance to attacks on individuals. According to the opinion of the ex-UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, narrow concept is the security of individuals and communities from internal violence. In Broad concept, the concept of security is extended to protection from poverty, disease and natural disasters. It is so because the people who die from terrorism, ethnic cleansing and war will be less than those who die from poverty, disease and natural disasters. The human security policy aims at protecting people’ from disasters and attacks.

Global Security:
This concept came because of the coming of global warming, terrorism, AIDS, bird fever, etc. No country can solve these problems alone. It is in these circumstances the necessity and importance of global security was recognized. Recently there was the outbreak of swine flu which once again pointed to the importance of global security.

Question 12.
Human Security is facing unprecedented threats from different sources. This changed the concept of human security as well. The spread of bird flu, swine flu, AIDS, yellow fever, terrorism, Global warming etc. needs different means for ensuring security. Try to identify the new sources of threats against human security.
Answer:
Security threats are of a different kind now. They can be categorized as follows:

Terrorism:
Political attacks make the life of ordinary citizens difficult. The terrorists want the political circumstances to change. They try to bring about changes by threats or armed attacks. By unleashing violence, they make the people restless. They try to make the dislike and discontentment of the people their weapon against governments. Their activities include hijacking planes and bombing trains and markets and other places where people assemble. They attacked arid destroyed the World Trade Centre in New York on 11 September 2001. The government and the people are more cautious now against terrorists.

Human Rights:
We see that throughout the world there are human right violations. There is no unified thinking in any country about how to protect human rights. Recent incidents of human right violations are the annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, the ethnic cleansing in Ruanda and the mass killings of the people of Eastern Timor by the Indonesian army. All these prompted world leaders to have a talk. The talk was about whether the UN should interfere in such matters. The matter is still unresolved.

Global Poverty:
This is another factor of security threat. It is believed that the population in the underdeveloped countries will triple in 50 years. In countries where the population is low, the per capital income will be high. Therefore the economically advanced countries will prosper further whereas the poor countries will grow poorer. The gap between countries of the North and South will increase. People from the South countries immigrate to the North countries for better life and earning.

This also creates a threat for the security of mankind. Contagious Diseases: Contagious diseases are another threat to mankind. AIDS, bird flu, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) etc. are dangerous contagious diseases. These spread quickly from one country to another. A country’s success or failure in controlling these diseases affects other countries also. Recently swine-flu spread all over the world. It is when a problem becomes a threat to a nation and its people that it becomes an international security threat.

Question 13.
India as a newly independent country which is facing traditional and non traditional threats against security has developed some strategy to ensure its security. Identify Indias’ security strategy?
Answer:
India has security threats from within and without. So India has followed a policy to face them. It has 4 factors. Timely changes are made to the policy and it is being carried out.

• Increase our military strength so that we can increase our safety and solve our disputes with our neighbours.
• Protect and strengthen international laws and organizations.
• The third thing is facing internal challenges. Through democracy, we maintain the unity of the country and allow different communities to live according to their beliefs and share ideas with others.
• Efforts to free India from poverty by reducing the economic inequality here.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by ’internally displaced people’?
Answer:
People often have to leave their homes because of some troubles or some development projects. But they continue living within the boundaries of the country. Such people are called internally displaced people. An example of these people is the Kashmiri Pundits who had to leave their homes following the Kashmir uprisings, in the early part of the 1990s.

Question 2.
……………… that fled the violence in the Kashmir vallery are an example of an
Answer:
Kashmir Pundits internally displaced people.

Question 3
Security implies …………… from threats
Answer:
freedom

Question 4
What are the choices available to a state when its security is threatened, according to the traditional security perspective?
Answer:
There are three ways open before the government in case of a war threat:

• surrender to the attackers
• Resist the attack even at a heavy price
• Defend

Question 5
Is terrorism a traditional or non traditional threat to security?
Answer:
Up Terrorist is a non-traditional threat. It is a threat to individuals as well as mankind. This started appearing with the advent of the 20th century.

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 6 International Organisations

Question 1.
The following are the names of UN Secretary Generals, Identify the first Secretary General of UNO. Hints U Thant, Kofi A. Annan, Kurt Waldhemin Trygve Lie.
Answer:
Trygve Lie

Question 2.
The following diagram shows the principal organs of UNO. Try to fill up the blank columns.

Answer:

• Economic and Social Council
• International Court of Justice
• Secretariat
• Trusteeship Council

Question 3.
The following are the names of some UN Secretary Generals. Identity the first person who had served as the secretary General of UNO from Asia.
Hints : Javier Perez de Cuellane, Trygve Lie, U Thant, Boutros Boutros- Ghali
Answer:
U. Thant

Question 4.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements below about the veto power.
a. Only the permanent members of the Security Council possess the Veto power.
b. It’s a kind of negative power.
c. The Secretary General uses this power when not satisfied with any decision.
d. One veto can stall a Security Council resolution.
Answer:
a. correct
b. correct
c. wrong
d. correct

Question 5.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements below that describe the way the UN functions.
a. All Security and peace related issues are dealt with the Security Council.
b. Humanitarian policies are implemented by the main organs and specialized agencies spread across the globe.
c. Having consensus among the five permanent members on Security issues is vital for its implementation.
Maximum Cpu Wisfters
d. The members of the General Assembly are automatically the members of all other principal organs and specialized agencies of the UN.
Answer:
a. correct
b. correct
c. correct
d. wrong

Question 6.
Which among the following would give more weight age to India’s proposal for permanent membership in the Security Council?
a. Nuclear Capability
b. It has been a member of the UN since its inception.
c. It is located in Asia.
d. India’s growing economic power and stable political system
Answer:
d. India’s growing economic power and stable political system

Question 7
The UN agency concerned with the safety and peace¬ful use of nuclear technology is.
a. The UN committee on Disarmament
b. International Atomic Energy Agency
c. UN International safeguard Committee.
d. None of the above
Answer:
b. International Atomic Energy Agency

Question 8
WTO is serving as the successor to which of the. following organizations, a General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs.
b. General Arrangement on Trade and Tariffs.
c. World Health Organisation.
d. UN Development programme
Answer:
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs.

Question 9.
In June 1975 the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi recommended the imposition of emergency to the President of India. Who was the President at the time of declaration of Emergency in India ?
Answer:
FakrudinAli Ahmed

Question 10.
Find the odd one out.
Ban Ki Moon, Butros Butros Khali, APJ Abdul Kalam
Answer:
Abdul Kalam

Question 11
Trygve Lie was the first Secretary General of UNO. Name the present Secretary General of UNO.
Answer:
Ban Ki Moon

Question 12.
Identify the leader who is associated with Glasnost and Peristroika.
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 13.
Write the expansion of the following term:
Answer:
International Monetary Fund

Question 14.
Identify the organisation set up in 1995 as the successor of GATT ?
Answer:
W.T.O.

Question 15.
The UN Security Council has permanent and Non permanent members.
Answer:
5, 10

Question 16.
Fill in the blanks.
a. The Prime objective of the UN is ……….
b. The highest functionary of the UN is called ……..
c. The UN Security Council has permanent and non permanent members…….
d. ……….. is the present UN Secretary General.
Answer:
a. to settle disputes and to promote mutual co-operation among nations.
b. Secretary General
c. 5,10
d. Ban Ki Moon

Question 17
Link Column A with appropriate items from B and C.

Answer:

Question 18.
Match the principal organs and agencies of the UN with their functions.

1. Economic and social council.
2. International Court of Justice
3. International Atomic Energy Agency
4. Security Council
5. UN High Commission for Refugees.
6. World Trade Organization.
7. International Monetary Fund
8. General Assembly
9. World Health Organization
10. Secretariat

Functions:
a. Oversees the global financial system.
b. Preservation of international peace and security
c. Looks into the economic and social welfare of the member countries
d. Safety and peaceful use of nuclear technology.
e. Resolves disputes between and among member countries.
f. provides shelter and medical help during emergencies
g. Debates and discusses global issues.
h. Administration and co-ordination of UN affairs.
i. Provides good health for all.
j. Facilitates free trade among member countries.
Answer:
1-c, 2-e, 3-d, 4-b, 5-f, 6-j, 7-a, 8-g, 9-i, 10-h.

Question 19.
According to Dag Hammarskjold, “The United Nations was not created to take humanity to heaven, but to save it from hell”.
In the word of Shashi Tharoor, “Countries in the world can get together, bore each other some times with their words rather than bore holes into each others on the battle fields”. To Churchill, “Jaw-Jaw is better than war war”. These are the comments of some international personalities about the importance of international organization. Carefully examine the opinions and explain the relevance of international organization (UNO).
Answer:
After WWII, the necessity for an international organization was recognized. Its purpose was to prevent wars, to settle international disputes amicably, and to bring about cooperation among nations. Therefore the UN can assist in times of war as well as peace. By improving the standard of living it can assist nations.There are disputes and differences of opinion among nations. War is not the solution to all problems. There are problems like controlling and eradicating diseases or global warming. Although each nation can find solutions to such problems, a collective action would produce much better results. But often nations are not willing to work together. The reasons might be the following:

1. How to share the expenses for cooperating in* a project?
2. Can the profit from the cooperation be equitably divided?
3. How to ensure that the other party won’t breach the contract?

An international organization can formulate new ideas, cooperate and exchange information. It can help member countries by using its expertise and its vast facilities. It can make formulas to share expenses for some cooperative projects and divide profits equitably. It can exert pressure to make the members carry out their obligations.

Question 20.
‘League of Nations’ was the first international organization formed to avoid war. It could not prevent the second world war. The second world war further proved the relevance of an international organization to prevent wars. This gave birth to UNO. Explain the developments through which UNO was formed?
Answer:
a. In August 1941 American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill signed the Atlantic Chart. A,,
b. In January 1942, the nations that fought against the Axis Powers met in Washington DC and signed the “Declaration by United Nations”. This was to support the Atlantic Charter.

• In December 1943, America, Britain, Soviet Union etc. declared the Tehran Conference.
• In February 1945, in the Yalta Conference, 3 leaders – Roosevejt, Churchill and Stalin decided to call a United Nations Conference and agreed to put forward a suggestion fora world organization.
• In April-May 1945, a two months-long United Nations Conference took place in San Francisco.
• On 26 June 1945 the UN Charter was signed by 50 countries, Poland signed it 15 october .Thus there were 52 founding nations at the beginning of the UN. On 24 October 1945 the UN was officiaily founded. India joined it on 30 October 1945.

Question 21.
The end of cold war marked certain fundamental changes in the international politics. The UNO has also undergone certain changes. Carefully evaluate the reforms of the UN after the cold war.
Answer:
Recently there nave been demands to change the structure of the UN. Reforms are demanded in two spheres:
1. Changes in the structure and its functioning.
2. A rethinking of the problems that can come, should come, under the jurisdiction of the UN.A big demand is that there should be changes in the structure and functions of the Security Council. There is demand for the increase of the Permanent and Non-Permanent members in the Security Council. Then contemporary political realities will be more reflected in its working. There is a demand to increase the number of Asian, African and Latin American countries. There is also a demand from America and many Western countries to rethink about the budget and its management.

Some experts and nations say that there should be some reforms in the areas of jurisdiction of the UNO. They think the UN should play more active roles to bring about peace and security. But others say UN must pay more attention to humanitarian and welfare schemes like health, education, environment, birth control, human rights, social justice etc.

Question 22.
Veto power “is a special power granted to the permanent members of the UN. It is generally regarded as undemocratic and discriminatory. As a student in political science, can you explain the ‘veto power’ and express your opinion about granting veto power to the permanent members of UN Security Council?
Answer:
Veto Power is a special right the Permanent Members of the UN Security Council enjoy. To make decisions in the Security Council, voting is done. Each Permanent Member has one vote. Any Permanent Member can give a negative vote against any proposal. Even of all members except one vote for a particular decision, it won’t be carried out because of the one negative vote. This negative vote is the veto. There is a move to abolish veto orto amend it. But the Permanent Members do not agree for any reform in this matter. They don’t want the veto power to be abolished, even though the Cold War is over. If the Veto is removed, the big powers will lose their interest in the UN and they will do things the way they like, causing harm to the UN.

Question 23.
On the basis of the resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1992 the UN secretary General Kofi Annan initiated an enquiry into how the UN should be reformed on 1st January 1997. Identify the proposals submitted for new permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council.
Answer:
For the new permanent members and non-permanent members, the criteria for the membership in the Security Council are as follows:

• It must be a big economic power.
• it should be a big military power.
• It should be a nation that contributes substantially to the UN Budget.
• It should be a country with a large population.
• It must a country that has faith in democracy and human rights.
• It should be a nation that should be abie to show the varieties of the world in its geography, economy and culture.

Question 24.
As the UN Completed 60 years of its existence, the heads of all the member states met in September 2005 to celebrate the anniversary and review the present world situation. The leaders in this meeting proposed some proposals to make the UN more relevant in the changing context. List the proposals framed in this meeting.
Answer:
Some suggestions regarding matters that come under the jurisdiction of the UNO:

• Appoint a commission for the establishment of peace.
• If the people can’t be protected from persecutions by the government of a country, the UN must take the responsibility of protecting them.
• Establish a Human Rights Commission. (It started working from 19 June 2006).
• Agreements for the Millennium development objectives.
• Condemn terrorism and its various aspects.
• Form a Democracy Fund.
• Make a decision to stop Trusteeship Council.

Question 25.
We, Indians have a desire to be a permanent member of the Security Council. For this purpose India has strongly supported the restructuring of the UN Security Council. Can you carefully analyze the logic behind this claim?
Answer:
The demand of India to be a Permanent Member of the Security Council is quite a logical and legitimate one. India fulfills all the criteria to be a permanent member. It demands permanent membership on the following grounds:

• It has the world’s second largest population.
• It is the largest democracy in the world.
• India has participated in the UN activities since its inception.
• It has long relations with the UN Peacekeeping force.
• India’s economic situation is improving.
• India gives regularly to the UN budget. It has never defaulted on any payment.

The above reasons are good enough for India to get a permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Permanent membership has its own significance. India’s importance will increase in world matters. Our foreign policy will influence others.

Question 26.
We know that India’s claim for permanent membership in the UN Security Council is just and reasonable. There are enough reasons for this. But we also know that it is not easy to materialize this claim. Identify the difficulties before us for attaining the permanent membership.
Answer:
Some nations question India’s claim for permanent membership in the UN Security Council. They have their own reasons. Pakistan, our neighbour, does not want India to have the veto power. Some say that if India is given permanent membership, many other countries like Brazil, Germany, Japan and South Africa also will come with such demands. Africa and South America are huge landmasses that deserve representation. According to the present structure, this won’t be possible. Therefore it is not easy for any country, including India, to get permanent membership.

Question 27
The end of cold war created a unipolar world controlled by the U.S.A. Do you think UN serves as a balance against US dominance? UNO came into existence during the period of Cold War. The disintegration of the USSR made the USA the sole Superpower in the world. Many nations feel that only if they work in cooperation with this Superpower, the restructuring of the UN will be possible. We know that it is not easy to control America. Many things make America have great influence over the UN.

The following are main reasons:

• It is the greatest power. It has the economic and military capacity even to challenge the UN.
• UN is located in American soil. That itself enables the US to influence it.
• Many American citizens work in the UN bureaucracy.
• America can stop any move against it by using its veto power.
• America can even decide who the next UN Secretary General should be.
• Using this power USA can make other countries divided in their views.

Because of all these the UN has not been able to counter America. Even though America is a Superpower, UN is the venue where world issues can be discussed by other countries. Although not equal to her, UN can criticise any act or activity of the USA if it goes against its interest.

Question 28.
Match the following:

Answer:
a – 5
b – 3
c – 4
d – 1
e – 2

Additional Questions

Question 1.
‘After the old war, the world faces drastic changes’.In your opinion what are the charges occurred in the world after cold war.
Answer:
The changes that happened in the world after the Cold War are as follows:

• The disintegration of the Soviet Union.
• America became the sole Superpower.
• The relation between Russia, the heir to the USSR, and the USA became based on cooperation.
• China grew into a big power. India too grew fast.
• Many new countries joined the UN.
  (Most of them were members of the disintegrated USSR.)

The world faces new challenges like internal conflicts, racial conflicts, terrorism, proliferation of nuclear weapons, climate change, destruction of the eco system, contagious diseases, etc.

Question 2.
Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements about the veto power.
Answer:
a. correct
b. correct
c. wrong
d. correct

Question 3.
Which among the following would give more weightage to India’s proposal for permanent membership in the security council.

Answer:
d.

Question 4.
The United Nations was established in .
Answer:
24 October, 1945

Question 5.
…………. is UN’s day.
Answer:
24th October

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 5 Contemporary South Asia

Question 1.
The term ‘South Asia’ indicates seven countries. Some of them are given below. Identify the other countries.
Answer:
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Sri Lanka

Question 2.
At present “Ban Ki Moon” is the UN Secretary General. Who was the first UN Secretary General ?
Answer:
Trygve Lie

Question 3.
Try to fill the following table by identifying the leader associated with the state.
Country Leader

Hints : Mahendra Rajapakse, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Zia-Uf-Haq, Fakir Uddin Ali Ahammed, Koirala.
Answer:
a. Fakrudin Ali Ahmed
b. Zia-ul-Haq
c. Sheikh Mujibur Rehman
d. Mahindra Rajapakse
e. Koirala

Question 4.
The following are connected with South Asia. Try to expand the abbreviations.
SAARC
SAFTA
Answer:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation South Asian Free Trade Agreement

Question 5.
Identify the Country.
a) The struggle among pro-monarchy, pro-democracy groups and extremists created an atmosphere of political instability.
b) A landlocked country with multi party competitions.
c) The first country to liberalize its economy to the South Asian region.
d) In the conflict between the military and pro-democracy groups, the military has prevailed over democracy.
e) Centrally located and shares borders with most of the South Asian Countries.
f) Earlier the Island had the Sultan as the head of state. Now, it is a republic.
g) Small savings and credit co-operatives in the rural areas have helped in reducing poverty.
h) A landlocked country with a monarch.
Answer:
a. Nepal
b. Nepal
c. Sri Lanka
d. Pakistan
e. India
f. Maldives
g. Bangladesh
h. Bhutan

Question 6.
The South Asian Region has natural boundaries. Identify the four boundaries of South Asian region.
a) North –
b) South –
c) West –
d) East –
Hints: Bay of Bengal, Himalayas, India Ocean and Arabian Sea.
Answer:
a. Himalayas
b. Indian Ocean
c. Arabian Sea
d. Bay of Bengal

Question 7.
Which among the following statements about South Asia is wrong?
a)All the countries in South Asia are democratic.
b)Bangladesh and India have signed an agreement on river water sharing.
c) SAFTA was signed at the 12th SAARC summit in . Islamabad.
d) The US and China play an influential role in South Asian politics.
Answer:
a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.

Question 8.
Nepal, the closest neighbour of India, is undergoing democratic transition. Identify three challenges to democracy in Nepal.
Answer:
The three important challenges:

• The monarchy (kingship) there.
• Armed attacks by Maoists.
• Party Disputes – Should there be a Republic or Monarchy with limited powers? The dispute between Maoists and some parties of the SPA which is a 7- party coalition. Their main dispute is: What kind of constitution should Nepal have?

Question 9.
Observe the following statements
1) It was believed that democracy could flourish and find support only in prosperous countries of the world.
2) The people of South Asia prefer democracy over any other form of govt, and think that democracy is suitable for their country.
Evaluate carefully the two statements and express your opinion about the development of democracy in South Asia.
Answer:
South Asian countries are very different in many things. They do not have the same kind of political system. If we look at the wishes of the people, democracy has extensive support. Even with so many problems, India and Sri Lanka have always followed democracy. India is the largest democracy in the world.In the case of Pakistan and Bangladesh, they have experienced both democracy and military governments. Bangladesh is now a democratic country. After the WW II, there was democracy in

Pakistan under Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sheriff. Then until 1998, Pakistan had military rule. Recently it has come back to democracy under the leadership of Mohammed Gilani. Until 2006, Nepal had monarchy. Through the interference of the people there in 2006 the powers of the king were reduced arid democracy won. Now it has democracy.

In Bhutan and Maldives, changes often happen. Although Bhutan has a king, he has agreed to move into democracy. Until 1968, Maldives was ruled by Sultans. Then there was Presidential rule. In June 2005, multiparty democracy came. After the 2005 election, democracy became strong and opposition parties were legalized.People in all these countries want democracy. A survey was recently conducted in 5 countries of this region and they all opted for democracy. The masses, the poor and even the rich want democracy.

Question 10.
Bangladesh and Pakistan are two South Asian countries having similarities and differences with respect to their democratic experiences. Evaluate the democratic experiences in these countries.
Answer:
Until 1971, Pakistan and Bangladesh were one country and their experiences were the same. When Pakistan made its first constitution, General Ayub Khan assumed power and through election he became the President. As the people were unhappy, he had to leave office. Again there was military rule under Yahya Khan. It was during his rule that Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis. In 1971, after Pakistan’s war with India, Bangladesh was separated and it became an independent country. After the independence of Bangladesh, democracy was restored in Pakistan and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the PM. Democracy continued until 1977 when Bhutto was overthrown by Zia-ul-Haq.

In 1988, under Benazir Bhutto democracy came back. Until 1999, democracy existed in Pakistan under the Pakistan People’s Party. Then there was Muslim league rule under Nawaz Sheriff. Again the military under General Musharaf removed Sheriff and Musharaf became the President. He continued until 2008. In 2008, Sheriff and Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan. During an election rally, Benazir Bhutto

Contemporary World Politics was killed by an extremist. Then a Ministry was formed by a coalition of the Muslim League and PPP. Yusuf Raza Gilani was the PM. Soon they elected Asif Ali Zardari as the President. Now Pakistan has a democratic government.
It is because of the following reasons that Pakistan does not have a stable democracy:

• Interference by the army, priests and landlords in the administration.
• Because of the dispute between India and Pakistan, the Pakistani army acquired great power.
• Lack of international support for the democratic governments often helped the military to come to power.
• America and some other Western countries prefer a military government in Pakistan. They are afraid that democracy there would make Muslim extremism grow and the extremists might get control over the nuclear weapons in the possession of Pakistan. They think military rule is better for the safety of the Western and Southern Asian regions.

Experience of Bangladesh in Democracy:
Until 1971, it was part of Pakistan. During the British rule, Bangladesh was part of Bengal and Assam. Because of the following reasons, they were dissatisfied with West Pakistan:

• Supremacy of West Pakistan and imposing Urdu on them.
• Neglect of Bengali culture and looking at it as inferior. East Pakistan was not given
• proper representation in the administration and politics.

All these things caused Sheikh Mujibur Rehman to lead a protest against Pakistan. His Party was the Awami League. It won all the seats in East Pakistan. It won majority in the whole of Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly, but West Pakistan was not willing to approve it. Mujibur Rehman was arrested. West Pakistan sowed fear in the minds of East Pakistanis. But in 1971, with the help of India, Bangladesh was freed.

Bangladesh accepted a secular, democratic, socialist constitution. In 1975, Mujibur Rehrrian brought Presidential rule. He banned all political parties except the Awami League. This caused many disputes and tensions. As a result the army gained power and Mujibur Rehman was assassinated. Under the new army commander Zia-ur-Rehman a national party was formed, in 1979 that party won the election. But Zia-ur-Rehman was killed. Then military rule came under Lt. General H.M. Ershad. Because of students’ protest, he had to allow some politics. Then he was elected as the President for 5 years. In 1990, because of the opposition of the people, Ershad had to quit office. In 1991, there was election. From then democracy is continuing there in a multi-party system.

Question 11.
Maoists are posing challenges to the functioning of Indian democracy. In Nepal Maoists are trying to dislodge the Monarch and establish democracy. Can you briefly evaluate the democratic development in Nepal?
Answer:
Earlier, Nepal was a Hindu nation. Later it became a monarchy with a constitution. There people wanted a more independent government. But the King tried to prevent the spread of democracy.In 1990, the King agreed to accept the democratic demands of the people. But the democratic government proved to be short and full of problems. In the 1990s, the Maoists had influence in many parts of the country. They protested against the rule by the king. It ended in clashes between Maoist army and the King’s army.

Then it developed into a triangular fight – King’s soldiers, Maoist soldiers and fighters for democracy. In 2002, the King dismissed the Parliament. Thus even controlled democracy ended there.In 2006, the democratic protest became very strong, in the protest there was the 7-party coalition, Maoists and social workers. The King was forced to recall the Parliament which he had dismissed in 2002. Recently the democratic protests against monarchy proved fruitful. Now Nepal is a secular Country. Democracy is getting strong there. Maoists have stopped their armed struggle.

Question 12.
India and Pakistan are considered as traditional enemies since 1947 itself. There are so many areas of conflict between the two countries. Identify the major areas of conflicts between India and Pakistan
Answer:
The following are the major areas of conflict:

• Following the division, the first dispute was regarding Kashmir. Pakistan claimed Kashmir to be theirs. Even with the 1947-48 and 1965 wars, this problem could not be solved.
• Another problem is about the control of the Siachin sector and about the armament race. Since 1990, both the countries have stockpiled nuclear weapons and missiles.
• India accuses Pakistan of aiding Kashmiri extremists by giving them weapons. They also give money, training, and security to these terrorists. The Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) makes anti-Indian propaganda in the North Eastern regions of India. They also make anti-Indian propaganda secretly through Bangladesh and Nepal. Pakistan accuses India of giving help to the insurgents in Sindh and Baluchistan.
• Until 1960, there were also disputes between India and Pakistan regarding the sharing of river waters. In 1960 with the help of the World Bank both countries signed the Indus Waters Treaty. It is in force even now.
• There is one more thing about which the two countries have not reached an agreement – Sir Creak in the Rann of Kutch.

Question 13.
The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. Through multilateral means the SAARC members signed the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), which promised the formation of a free trade zone for the whole South Asia. But this was not a success. Identify the difficulties in implementing SAFTA.
Answer:
The idea of SAFTA was that peace and cooperation will flourish if there are cross-the-border trade and commerce. Although the Agreement was signed in 2004, it came into force only in 2006. SAFTA tried to reduce the commercial tax rate up to 20% in 2007. Bur many neighbouring countries thought that through SAFTA India was trying to penetrate their markets and spread its influence into their politics and social life. But India thinks SAFTA will benefit all economically and they also will get cooperation in all the political issues.

Question 14.
During May 2009 Srilankan govt, succeeded in controlling the ethnic crisis that threatened their country by assassinating Veluppilla Prabhakaran. Examine how farthe ethnic problems affected the democratic functioning in Srilanka.
Answer:
The civil war that was going on in Sri Lanka ended with the killing of Veluppilla Prabhakaran and some other LTTE leaders. All this time democracy was functioning there. After independence, it was the Sinhala community that had the upper hand in Sri Lanka. They were not sympathetic towards the Tamils who actually migrated from India long ago. The Sinhala nationalists were against giving any concessions to the Tamils there. In their view Sri Lanka is the motherland only for them.

It was this enmity that forced the Tamils to rise in revolt against the Sinhalese. The Tamils organised the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eazham). From 1983, the LTTE began armed struggle against the Sinhalese. This racial problem became a headache to India as well. The Tamil people of India exerted great pressure on the Central Government to help the Tamils in Sri Lanka. In 1987 India signed an agreement with Sri Lanka. According to that there should be cordial relations between the Tamils and the Sri Lankan government. But the Indian government had to fight against LTTE. Sri Lanka thought India was interfering in its internal affairs. In 1989, the Indian Peace Keeping Force had to come back to India without achieving any result.

Sri Lankan problem became very violent. Scandinavian countries like Norway and Iceland tried to bring peace, but they failed. In May 2009, the Sri Lankan army attacked the LTTE army and killed Veluppilla Prabhakaran and his associates. In spite of all these internal problems, Sri Lanka was making economic progress. It reduced its population and brought economic liberalization. Their per capita income increased. Afterthe CivilWar, the Sri Lankan . Government announced that they would protect their Tamil population. The world hopes that democracy will further strengthen in Sri Lanka.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Analyse briefly about the formation and objectives of ‘ SAARC.
Answer:
SAARC officially came into existence in December 1985. 7 countries of South Asia are its members.
They are Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Maldives;.Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. This organization was formed with the intention of ensuring cooperation in the spheres of agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health and population control. .

Main Objectives Of Saarc:

• Ensuring the well-being of the South Asians.
• Quicken the economic, social and cultural growth
• Make collective efforts to make the regions selfsufficient.
• Mutual help in various areas.
• Mutual cooperation.
• Work in collaboration with international and regional organizations.

Question 2.
In which year India and Pakistan conducted nuclear tests. .
Answer:
1998

Question 3.
Mention two areas each of co-operation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
Answer:
A. In two areas there is cooperation between India and Bangladesh.

• On 19 June 1999, to strengthen bilateral relations,
  bus service from Calcutta to Dhaka was started. This helped to improve relations.
• On 12 December 1996, an agreement was reached between the two countries regarding the sharing of river waters.

B.. There are two areas where disputes exist between India and Bangladesh.

• The dispute over the sharing of the Ganga Brahmaputra river waters has not yet been solved:
• A major dispute between India and Pakistan was about the Teen Bigha Corridor. This problem has remained even after Bangladesh became independent from Pakistan.

Question 4.
List three challenges to democracy in Nepal.
Answer:

• The King and the army
• Maoists try to sabotage the democratic process.
• Nepal has not been able to form a constitution,

Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers

Kerala Plus Two Political Science Chapter Wise Questions and Answers Chapter 4 Alternative Centres of Power

Question 1.
The following are 3 pillars of ASEAN community. Identify the name of the remaining two pillars.

Answer:
2. ASEAN Economic Community
3. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community

Question 2.
After the cold war period there are different developments to control US hegemony. The following are

Answer:
2. European Union

Question 3.
Identify the flags associated with ASEAN and European Union.

Answer:
A. European Union
B. ASEAN

Question 4.
Identify the headquarters of ASEAN
1. New Delhi
2. Geneva
3. Jakarta
4. Washington D.C
Answer:
3. Jakarta

Question 5
Arrange the following in chronological order
1. China’s accession to WTO
2. Establishment of the EEC
3. Establishment of the EU
4. Birth of ARF
Answer:
2, 3, 4, 1

Question 6.
The ASEAN way
a) Reflects the life style of ASEAN members
b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and co- operative.
c) The defense policy followed by the ASEAN members
d) The road that connects all the ASEAN members
Answer:
b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and co- operative.

Question 7.
Who among the following adopted an ‘open door policy’?
a) China
b) European Union
c) Japan
d) USA
Answer:
a) China

Question 8.
Which among the following countries adopted an “open door policy” ?
China, European Union, Japan, USA
Answer:
China

Question 9.
Identify the currency of European Union (EU)Dollar, Pound, Euro, Mark
Answer:
Euro

Question 10.
Arrange the following in chronological order,
a) Birth of ARF
b) Establishment of EU
c) Chinese accession to WTO
d) Formation of ASEAN
Answer:
a. Formation ofASEAN-1967
b. Establishment of EU-1992
c. Birth of ARF-1994
d. ’ Chinese Accession to WTO-2001

Question 11.
Fill in the blanks.
1. The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over and regionwith security…………
2. ARF was established in the year ……………..
3. China entered into bilateral relations with …………….. (a major country) in 1972.
4 ………..plan influenced the establishment of the organization for European Economic Corporation in 1948.
5. …………is the organization of ASEAN that deals
Answer:
1. Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh
2.1994
3. America
4. Marshall
5. A.R.F.

Question 12.
Zhou Enlai’s Four modernization reforms:

Answer:
b. Technological and Military

Question 13.
Recently some news papers reported that the Chinese forces are slowly making intrusion into the Indian territory. This news created some suspicion and troubles in relation with China. Do you think that China is trying to establish permanent control over the Indian territory? Express your opinion about IndoChina relations.
Answer:
Before Western imperialism came, India and China were the two most powerful countries of Asia, There was hardly any dispute between them. Between the two countries there were only limited political and cultural relations. Because of that, forming a foreign policy was difficult.

When India gained its freedom from Britain and China ousted its foreign powers, everybody thought these two big countries would have better relations and Asia would be much benefited. In those days there was the famous slogan ‘Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai”. But constant border disputes destroyed those dreams of cooperation. Here are the reasons for the two countries to have such unfriendly attitudes.

In 1950, China annexed Tibet and the Sino-lndian borders were decided.In 1962, China claimed some portions of Arunachal Pradesh and the Aksai Chin region from Ladakh. In the 1962 Indo-China War, India suffered military setbacks. Until 1976, diplomatic relations between the two countries were minimal In the 1970s. the foreign policy of the then Prime Minister of China Chou-en-Lai helped in the betterment of Indo-China relations. In 1981 mutual talks were organized. Their policies now are also dependent on the economic aspect. Both countries have to play major roles in the economic and political scene of Asia.

In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi visited China, The purpose behind it was maintaining peace on the border. Both parties felt that there should be cooperation between the two countries, especially in scientific and technological matters. Four border posts were opened for trade purposes. Deng Xiao Ping’s Open Door Policy’ helped friendly relations between the two countries grow.

Trade between India and China amounted to 18 billion dollars in 2006, whereas it was only 338 lakhs in 1992. Both the countries have agreed to cooperate and work together in organizations like the WTO.

When India tested its atomic device in 1998, China helped Pakistan to make its nuclear weapons. This, as well as China’s military alliance with Bangladesh and Myanmar, is against the interests of India. But none of these led to any serious dispute.In the border matters, talks are still going on. Leaders of both countries exchange visits, in travel, communication and economic matters, the situation has improved greatly.

Question 14.
Nandana European Union emerged as an alternative centre of power against US hegemony.
Nandu :- ‘No, It is an institution developed as a part of Marshall plan for reviving European economy through cooperation among the European countries. Evaluate the above statements and express your opinion about European Union.
Answer:
After the WW II, many European countries faced serious financial crises. European leaders met together to find out ways of conning out of this problem. At this time the Cold War between the US and USSR had started. America gave a lot of financial help to Europe. It is known as the Marshall Plan. Under NATO, America also signed a security treaty.

In 1948, under the Marshal Plan, “European Economic Cooperation” was founded. Its aim was to help West European countries. It became a fellowship and the member countries decided to cooperate in trade and other economic problems. For political cooperation, in 1949, “Council of Europe” was established. The unity among members finally led to the formation of European Economic Community in 1957. The coming of the European Parliament made the organization very strong. The disintegration of the USSR quickened the pace of the growth of the European Union which was established in 1992.

It helped in having a common foreign policy, law and justice and internal affairs. It also brought out a common currency the “Euro”, European Union became the world largest’ economic system. According to the statistics of 2005, their GDP was 12 trillion dollars. This is more than the economy of America. Euro is stronger than American dollar. EU has become an important part of the WTO. European Union has great political and diplomatic importance. Britain and France which are its members have permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Therefore the EU can influence in the formation of important policies. For example, the nuclear programme of Iran. Militarily EU has the second position in the world. Britain and France are also nuclear powers. In space research and communication, the EU occupies the second place.

The resistance against the US hegemony emerged not only in developed countries (EU) but also in developing countries. Identify this Organisation and prepare a short note about its objectives and functions.

ASEAN. The South Eastern Asian countries had to suffer the economic and political consequences of the colonialism by Europe and Japan. After the WW II, poverty and economic backwardness forced these countries to join one of the superpowers. Then there was the Bandung Conference and Non-Aligned Movement came into existence. Even then problems were not solved. Therefore these countries joined together and formed an organization called ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations).

It was formed in1967. Five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand – , signed the Bangkok Declaration. Later Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam (1985), Myanmar (1997) and Cambodia (1999) became members of ASEAN.
Aims: Quickening economic growth, bring about social and cultural development. Bring about regional peace according to the UN laws, and establish stability.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
What are the three pillars of ASEAN? What are its objectives?
Answer:
The three pillars of ASEAN are ASEAN Secure Society, ASEAN Economic Society and ASEAN Social and Cultural society. ASEAN Secure Society envisages amicable settlements of disputes without going into armed conflicts and wars. The ASEAN Economic Community aims at a common market and common manufacturing system, helping the financial and economic development of the member countries. The aim of the ASEAN Social and Cultural Society is the cooperation among nations in social and cultural spheres.

Question 2.
What are the objectives of establishing regional organization?
Answer:

• Economic development
• A venue to solve mutual problems.
• Common security
• Collective bargaining
• Social and cultural exchange

Question 3.
How does geographical proximity influence the formation of regional organizations?
Answer:
Geographical closeness influences the formation of regional organizations. On the basis of geographical closeness, there is the possibility of increased friendship and cooperation. Such fraternity and goodwill help in the formation of regional organizations. Because of geographical unity, it is easy to maintain the common traditions, habits, culture and interests. Even the problems the members face will be similar in nature. Moreover such fraternity and cooperation among neighbours help in the growth of trade and commercial activities among them.

Question 4.
What are the components of the ASEAN vision 2020?
Answer:
ASEAN came into existence in 1967. Its “Vision 2020” defines the entry of ASEAN into the international society. It is hoped that through Vision 2020, ASEAN will grow into a strong economic power and it will be able to exercise much influence in international matters.

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