Prasanna

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 5 Culture and Nationalism

Nationalism is a great basis are patriotism and a desire for freedom. Nationalism emerged in India during the British rule. The opinions of Indians about the policies of the British were presented through newspapers and literary works. Literary works that stimulated patriotism began to appear in different Indian languages. The cultural and ideological interference and protests by the Indians influenced social life, newspapers, education, literature and art. The changes in these areas led to the national unity of India.

→ Nationalism : The sense of unity that exists among the people of a nation irrespective of caste, creed, region and religion.

→ Scientific Societies : The organizations formed in the 19th century to translate science books, to hold discussions and to popularize scientific temper.

→ Nai Talim : The new education scheme devised by Gandhiji. Education should be related to some productive occupation. Free and compulsory education in mother tongue for all children between 8 and 14 years.

→ Brahma Samaj : The organisation started by Ram Mohan Roy in 1828 to oppose social evils like Sati and to end caste system.

→ Vernacular Press Act : The Act enacted by Lord Lytton in 1878 to curb freedom of press in regional languages.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 4 British Exploitation and Resistance

Opposition from all sections of India arose 1 when the British administrative policies became widespread. Peasants, workers, tribals and women played a decisive role in anti-colonial struggle. Most of these revolts were organised locally. The reasons for these revolts were strong opposition to the policies of the British and the oppressive policies of landlords. The first organised revolt of the Indians against the British in India was the First War of Indian Independence of 1857.

→ Permanent Land Revenue System : The system of tax reform introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This system is also known as Zamindari system.

→ Ryotwari System : The system of tax reform introduced by the British in South Indian regions.

→ Mahalwari System : The system of tax reform . introduced by the British in North West regions of India.

→ Santhals : The tribals inhabiting the valleys of Rajmahal Hills stretching across the present states of Bengal, Jharkhand and Bihar.

→ Kurichiyas : The tribals inhabiting Wayanad region of Kerala.

→ Drain Theory : This was put forward by Dadabhai Naoroji. He established the fact that a huge amount of money was flowing to Britain every year. He proved that the Drain of Wealth was the root cause of poverty and starvation in India.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Human Resource Development in India

Answer the following. Score 1 each.

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
People who have the manpower which can be utilised in the production sector.
Natural resource
Human resource
Mineral resource
Answer:
Human resource.

Question 2.
Which of the following is a quantitative feature of human resource?
Education
Life expectancy
Growth of population
Answer:
Growth of population

Question 3.
Healthcare is
Qualitative feature of human resource
Quantitative feature of human resource
Value of human resource
Answer:
Qualitative feature of human resource

Question 4.
The last census of India was conducted in
2001
2011
2010
Answer:
2011

Question 5.
When birth rate increases and death rate decreases
population increases
population decreases
no change in population
Answer:
population increases

Question 6.
The project aimed at the integrated development of children upto 6 years
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Integrated Child Development Scheme
Integrated Mother Development Scheme
Answer:
Integrated Child Development Scheme

Question 7.
The aim of Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
To increase the access to higher education
Answer:
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.

Question 8.
The project ensuring access to higher education
SSA
RMS A
RUSA
Answer:
RUSA

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What does the society get from the work of different groups of people to fulfill its need?
Answer:
Goods and services

Question 2.
What is meant by human resource?
Answer:
Human resource refers to people who have manpower which can be utilised in the production sector.

Question 3.
Name the factors that make human resource development possible.
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare
• Training

Question 4.
How are the features of human resource classified?
Answer:

• Quantitative features
• Qualitative features

Question 5.
Name the institution that spearheads census activities in India.
Answer:
Office of the Population Registrar General Census Commissioner.

Question 6.
What is density of population?
Answer:
Density of population refers to the number of people residing in a square kilometer area.

Question 7.
Why is July 11 selected as World Population day?
Answer:
The world population reached 500 crore on July 11, 1987. So July 11 is selected as world population day.

Question 8.
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males.

Question 9.
What is life expectancy?
Answer:
Life expectancy is the average number of years that a person lives.

Question 10.
What is literacy rate?
Answer:
Literacy rate refers to the percentage of population that can read and write with comprehension.

Question 11.
Name the national project that launched to compensate the shortage of skilled people.
Answer:
National Skill Development Corporation.

Question 12.
Which is the project launched to ensure the integrated development of children upto 6 years and to provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women?
Answer:
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)

Question 13.
What is the primary goal of the project Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.

Question 14.
Which is the project formed by integrating Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan

Question 15.
Which is the project launched to increase the access to higher education and to improve the quality of higher education?
Answer:
Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)

Question 16.
Name the project launched to improve the working skill of the youth.
Answer:
National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme.

Question 17.
What does the RTE Act ensure?
Answer:
The Right to Education Act ensures the goal of elementary education for all.

Question 18.
How does WHO define ‘health’?
Answer:
According to WHO, health is a state of physical, mental and social well being.

Question 19.
Name two governmental agencies that function to make available quality health services to all.
Answer:

1. National Rural Health Mission
2. National Urban Health Mission

Answer the following. Score ‘2’ each.

Question 1.
Why is it said that human resource is necessary for the progress of any country?
Answer:
Many goods and services are needed to fulfil the different needs of the people in a country. Manpower is an important factor in making available the goods and services. No society cannot exist without physical and mental manpower.

Question 2.
What is meant by human resource development?
Answer:
Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training.

Question 3.
Which are the agencies that work for developing physical and mental manpower?
Answer:

• Individuals
• Families
• Various institutions
• Nation

Question 4.
What is demography?
Answer:
The branch of social science that analyses the population, the changes in its size, its structural aspects, etc. is known as demography.

Question 5.
What is census?
Answer:
Each country collects information on the number of people in the country, their age, sex, socio¬economic status, etc. and analyses these at specific intervals of time. It is called census.

Question 6.
Which are the qualitative features of human resource?
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare

Question 7.
What is meant by population structure?
Answer:
Population structure is the classification of population into different age groups and presenting the ratio of each group in the population. The classification includes age groups like 0-14 years, 15-59 years and 60 and above years.

Question 8.
Write the aims of Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
Answer:

• To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
• To ensure quality and equity.

Question 9.
Write the aims of Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:

• To increase the access to higher education
• To improve the quality of higher education.

Question 10.
What are the qualitative factors that improve the labour potential?
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare
• Training
• Social capital

Question 11.
Which are the various factors included in the quantitative features of human resource?
Answer:

• Size of population
• Density of population
• Growth of population
• Structure of population.

Question 12.
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) are the two systems that operate to make available quality health services to all. Write their functions.
Answer:

• NRHM operates in the rural sector.
• NUHM provides improved health services to the residents of urban slums and other marginalised people in towns with a population of more than 50000.

Question 13.
People with labour potential is the strength of a nation. Which are the qualitative factors that improve labour potential?
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare
• Improving the skills of the individuals
• Imparting the technological know-how.

Answer the following. Score ‘3’ each.

Question 1.
What are the advantages of improved human resource?
Answer:
Education, healthcare and training are the factors that help to improve human resource. The advantages of improved human resource are:

• Productivity of the workers increases
• Entrepreneurship improves
• Social welfare is ensured
• Economic inequality is reduced
• Natural resource is utilised effectively
• Makes possible the development and use of advanced technology.

Question 2.
Complete the flowchart showing the relationship between education and human resource development.
Answer:

a. Improves the skills of individuals
b. Betters the technological know – how
c. Helps to secure better job and income

Question 3.
There still exists many problems in education sector. Which are they? Write your solutions to this.
Answer:
Problems

• Certain section drop out from schools without completing primary education.
• There is a lack of availability of basic facilities in the education sector.
• Quality of education has to be improved. Solutions
• Prevent drop out from schools
• Improve the quality of education

Question 4.
Complete the sun diagram related to facilities to be ensured for healthcare.

Answer:

• Availability of clean water
• Preventive measures
• Cleanliness
• Medical facilities
• Ensuring of leisure and entertainment
• Awareness about communicable diseases.

Question 5.
Explain the terms:

• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Migration

Answer:

• Birth rate: Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000.
• Death rate : Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000.
• Migration: Migration is the settlement of people of a region in another region.

Question 6.
Which is the national project for the welfare of children? Write its goals.
Answer:

• Integrated Child Development Scheme. Goals
• To ertsure integrated development of children upto 6 years.
• To provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women.

Question 7.
Which is the national project to improve the working skill of the youth? Write its goals.
Answer:
National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme.

Goals

• To improve the working skills of the youth.
• To ensure the availability of people with employable skills.

Question 8.
Write any two projects implemented in the educational sector to develop human resource.
Answer:

1. Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan:
   To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
   To ensure quality and equity.
   To promote vocational education.
2. Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan:
   To increase the access to higher education.
   To improve the quality of higher education.

Question 9.
Choose the correct options related to columns A and B.

a. i and ii are correct
b. ii and iii are correct
c. i and ii are correct
d. i, ii and iii are correct
Answer:
a. i and iii are correct

Answer the following. Score ‘4’ each

Question 1.
Write the different levels of human resource development.
Answer:

• Individuals take efforts to develop their own skills.
• Family creates an environment for the development of the potential of the individuals.
• Various institutions and agencies provide facilities for education and training.
• Nation provides the necessary facilities for its people to develop their skills.

Question 2.
Write the features of Indian population.
Answer:
India ranks second in world population. According to the census report of 2011, there are 121.02 crore people in India. Out of this, 58.65 crore are females and 62.37 crore are males. 17.5 percentage of world population is in India. One in six person of the world population is an Indian.

The sex ratio in India is 940. The dependent population of those in the age group of 0-14 years and 60 and above years constitutes 37.49%. The working group in the age group of 15-59 constitutes 62.5%. The literacy rate of India is 74.04 and life expectancy is 66.1.

Question 3.
What is meant by density of population? Explain how the population density of an area influence the availability of human resources?
Answer:
Density of population is the number of people living in a square kilometer area.
When density of population increases, the human resource of that region also increases. It means the manpower of that region increases. When density of population increases, the number of people who can provide physical and mental manpower also increases.

This will create a suitable situation for the setting up of production units there which will lead to the increase in the production of goods and services. Human resource availability is more in areas of high density of population and vice verse.

Question 4.
The growth rate of Indian population has decreased considerably from 24.80 percentage of 1971 to 17.64 percentage of 2011. But the population has increased. What may be the reason?
Answer:
The population of India in 1971 was 54.82 crore. The growth rate percentage was 24.66. The population of2001 was 102.87 crore. The growth rate of population up to 2001 was 21.54%. It decreased to 17.64% in 2011. The growth rate of 17.64% of 102. 87 crore will have more increase in number than the 24.66% of 54.82 crore.

Question 5.
Explain the changes in the population of a country based on birth rate, death rate and migration.
Answer:
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000.
Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000.
Migration is the settlement of people of a region in another region.
Birth rate, death rate and migration are the factors that affect the population of a country.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the quantitative features of human resources.
Answer:

Size of population: The size of population refers to the total number of people residing in a country at a particular time.

Density of population: It refers to the number of people per square kilometre area.
Growth of population: Population growth refers to the increase in the number of people in an area within a specific period of time. Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000. Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000.
Population structure includes the following:

Age structure: The classification of population into different age groups and presenting the ratio of each group in the population.

Sex ratio: It is the number of femaÍes per 1000 males.
Labour force participation rate: It is the ratio of the population in the age group 15 – 59, who are either employed or actively looking for jobs.

Dependency ratio: The age groups 0 – 14 years and 60 years and above are included in the dependent group. Their proportion in total population is known as dependency ratio.

Question 7.
Explain how sex ratio influences the economic development of a nation.
Answer:
Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males. The males contribute a great amount of manpower. The sex ratio of India is 940 females for 1000 males. So more manpower is available. This will be vourableto the economic development of the nation. The rate of economic development of the nation will grow further if the manpower of the present labour force of females is also used effectively.

Question 8.
How does human resource development help economic development?
Answer:
Economic development means progress in education, health and culture along with economic growth. The physical and mental manpower should be developed to attain economic development. Qualitative factors like education, healthcare and training make this possible. The improved human resource will pave the way for economic development. Like natural resources, human resource are also important for economic development. When natural resources are combined with human efforts, there is an increase in production leading to economic development.

Question 9.
It is not an increase in population, but people with potential and skills that make the development of a country possible. Substantiate.
Answer:
Increase in population will increase the availability of human resource. But a labour force with potential and skills is essential for increasing production for economic development. Unproductive people will be a liability to the nation. People with potential and labour skill will lead the country to economic development. The population of the country will be a blessing to it if majority of them can be turned to improved human resource through education, healthcare and training.

Question 10.
Explain how healthcare will help for human resource development and national progress.
Answer:
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being. Healthy persons can participate in the progress of a country in the following ways.

• Production increases with the increase in efficiency and the number of working days.
• Natural resources can be utilised properly.
• Economic development is possible through increase in production.
• Medical expenses can be reduced thereby reducing the government’s expenditure.

Question 11.
The main reason for the wealth and poverty of the world is the difference in the rate of development of manpower. Do you agree with this? Explain.
Answer:
Increase in income will raise the standard of living of the people of a country. To ensure increase in income, employment opportunities should be made available. Along with this, manpower development should occur to do the available jobs efficiently. In a country that develops human resource through education, healthcare, training and skill development, the labour force also develops. In brief, increase in income and economic development will occur where correct manpower development takes place. So the reason for the wealth and poverty of the world is the difference in the rate of development of manpower.

Question 12.
Which are the various institutions and projects aimed at healthcare implemented by the government?
Answer:
The various institutions ensuring healthcare:

• Medical colleges
• District hospitals
• Community health centres
• Primary health centres
• Health sub-centres

The various projects for qualitative healthcare:
Integrated child Development Scheme:

• To ensure integrated development of children upto 6 years
• To provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women.

National Rural Health Mission
National Urban Health Mission

Question 13.
Problems still exist in the education and health sector. Write your response to this.
Answer:
Problems in education sector

• Certain sections drop out form schools without completing primary education.
• There is lack of availability of basic, facilities in the education sector.
• Quality of education is yet to be improved.

Problems in health sector

• Lack of healthcare facilities in rural areas.
• Lack of healthcare facilities in proportion to population.
• Increasing medical expense in both public and private sectors.

Answer the following. Score ‘5‘, ‘6’ each

Question 1.
Why are population studies conducted?
OR
How do you think population study helps the government? Justify your opinion.
Answer:

• Helps the government to quantitatively assess the different needs of the people and to plan activities and programmes accordingly.
• Informs the availability of human resource in a country.
• Depicts the extent of basic facilities required by the people.
• Quantifies the goods and services required.
• Determines the socio-economic development policies.
• To assess the standard of living of the people.
• To compare with the population of other countries.

Question 2.
Write your inferences based on the table showing the population growth rate in India.

Answer:

• The rate of growth of population was high in the early decades after independence. The growth rate which was 13.31 in 1951 increased to21.64 in 1961.
• The highest growth rate 24.80% was recorded in 1971. The growth rate began to decline in the following decades.
• The growth rate began to decline from 1971 onwards.
• The lowest growth rate of 17.64 was recorded in 2011.
• The population of 36.11 of 1951 increased to 121.02 in 2011, within a period of 60 years.
• The population of India grew by 84.91 crore within a period of 60 years (1951-2011). The population grew three times within a period of 60 years.

Question 3.
List the projects implemented in India to develop education and skills.
Answer:
The following are the projects and their goals implemented to develop human resource through education, training and developing skills.

Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS):
To ensure integrated development of children up to 6 years.
To provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA):
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
To ensure quality and equity.

Rashtriya Ucbthal Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA):
To increase the access to higher education. To improve the quality of higher education.

National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme:

• To improve the working skills of the youth.
• To ensure the availability of people with çmployable skills.

Question 4.
Prepare a paper on ‘The role of education and healthcare in human resource development.
Answer:
Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training.

Education and human resource development Education has a major role in moulding skilled
people. Education helps both in human resource development as well as in the development of a country.

Education –

• Improves the skills of individuals
• Betters the technological know-how. Helps to secure better job and income.
• Improves the standard of living

Projects implemented to develop education and skills are:

• Samagra Shikšha Abhiyan
• Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan
• National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme
• Right to Education Act

Human resource development and healthcare
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being. Healthy persons can participate in the progress of a country in the following ways.

• Production increases with the increase in efficiency and the number of working days.
• Natural resources can be utilised properly.
• Economic development ¡s possible through increase in production.
• Medical expenses can be reduced thereby reducing the government’s expenditure.

Institutions that help to improve healthcare:

• Medical Colleges
• District hospitals
• Community health centres
• Primary health centres

Health sub-centres

• Projects to Improve healthcare:
• Integrated Child Development Scheme
• National Rural Health Mission .
• National Urban Health Mission

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 Consumer: Satisfaction and Protection

Question 1.
The satisfaction of consumers is the main aim of all economic activities. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
Answer:
The statement is correct. The ultimate aim of all economic activities taking place around us is consumer’s satisfaction. Production, distribution and consumption are interrelated economic activities. When the consumer does not get satisfaction from the use of some goods and services, they may be rejected in the market. It will affect their production and distribution adversely. It retards the growth of the economy.

Question 2.
What are the situations in which the consumers are exploited?
Answer:

• Charging excess prices ‘
• Selling low-quality products
• Adulteration
• Manipulation in weights and measures
• Delay in making services available
• Unsatisfactory after-sale services.

Question 3.
What are the rights included in the Consumer Protection Act of 1986?
Answer:

• The right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property.
• The right to be informed about the quality, related aspects of goods and services.
• The right to have access to goods and services at fair price.
• The right to be heard and to seek redressal at appropriate forums.
• The right to consumer education.

Question 4.
The consumer courts guard consumer rights. Substantiate.
Answer:
In circumstances in which the consumers are not satisfied with the dealings of the producers and distributors, they can approach the consumer courts which are mechanisms for helping them as per the law. Consumer courts play an important role in ensuring justice to the consumers. They settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring compensation for the consumers.

The consumer courts are able to create confidence in the consumers and bring about a qualitative change in their lives. So they are called the guardians of the rights of consumers.

Question 5.
How do the advertisements adversely affect the consumer? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Almost all the advertisements in the modem media attract the attention of the consumers. Consumers become aware of the use of certain goods and services through advertisements. Consumers fall as victims of misleading advertisements. Often the goods advertised may not have the required quality of life. The consumers are cheated through advertisements by not giving the after-sale service, not giving the products shown in the advertisements and not giving the goods and services after accepting money.

Housewives who are attracted by the beauty of dress materials in advertisement, buy low-quality clothes through online shopping is an example for this bad influence of. advertisements. Misleading advertisements to accelerate sale are a curse to consumers.

Question 6.
Compare the functioning of Legal MetrologyDepartment and the District Consumer Disputes Redressai Forum.
Answer:

Question 7.
What all can be included in the seminar paper to be presented in a seminar in the school on World Consumer Day?.
Answer:

• Importance of World Consumer Day
• Rights of consumers
• Situations when the consumers are cheated
• Consumer Protection Act
• Consumer Courts
• Institutions and departments to protect the interest of consumers
• intervention of the society
• Importance of consumer education

Question 8.
How will yóu intervene in the consumer disputes in your locality?
Answer:

• Empower consumerš by forming consumer organization.
• Organise classes by experts on consumer awareness.
• Public interest litigation.
• Distribute pamphlets on the topic.

Question 9.
We visit many institutions to satisfy our requirements. Write examples.
Answer:

• Purchasing vegetables for cooking food
• To avail treatment for diseases.
• To avail education
• To buy clothes
• To travel to manyp1aces

Question 10.
List the goods and services, that we consume.
Answer:

Question 11.
Today we are in a situation where even air and water have to be paid for. What are the reasons?
Answer:

• Scarcity of resources
• Increase in wants
• Difference in quality
• Shortage in production

Question 12.
What does the consumer expect while purchasing products and using services?
Answer:

• Quality
• Fair price
• Reliability
• After-sale services

Question 13.
Write the problems faced by consumers in the market.
Answer:

• Charging excess price
• Selling low-quality goods
• Adulterated goods
• Delay in making services available
• Manipulation in weights and measures

Question 14.
How far are the consumer courts suitable in protecting the rights of consumers? Evaluate.
Answer:
Consumer courts are special judiciary mechanisms for consumer protection in India, formed as per the Consumer Protection Act of 1986. They play important role in ensuring justice to consumers. They settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring compensation for the consumers. The consumer courts are able to create confidence in the consumers and bring about a qualitative change in their lives.

The consumer courts protect the rights of consumers by giving verdicts for repaying the product, repayment of cash paid or excess amount appropriated, monetary compensation for the loss, direction to rectify the defects in services, stopping harmful trade practices, prohibition of the sale of harmful food items and reimbursement of the expenses incurred in lodging the complaint.

Question 15.
What are the way’s in which the intervention of the society can be made possible for consumer satisfaction?
Answer:

• Functioning of consumer organisations
• Consumer awareness
• Public interest litigation
• Distributing pamphlets

Question 16.
What are the ways by which consumer education can be ensured?
Answer:
Awareness programmes Inclusion in the curriculum Observance of National Consumer Day

Question 17.
Write the importance of consumer education.
Answer:
Consumer education makes the consumer aware of his rights. It helps the consumer to acquire information about the products and services (quality, brand, reliability), to consume sensibly as per the wants to make the right choices and to make him capable of intervening in consumer disputes. The consumer acquires the following habits through consumer education:

• Ask for the bill for every purchase made.
• Make sure that the weights and measures are accurate.
• Make sure while purchasing packed items that the name of the product, date of packing, expiry date, weight, prize, etc. are stated,
• Note the symbols representing the standard of the products.
• In short, consumer education helps consumers as follows:
• To develop the ability to decide and choose intelligently.
• To demand safe, reliable and quality products at a reasonable price.
• To be alert, well informed and vigilant against corrupt practices in the market.
• To take suitable action when faced with a problem.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Financial Institutions and Services

Question 1.
The Reserve Bank of India acts as the last resort to all banks in their financial matters. Substantiate the statement based on the functions of RBI.
Answer:
Reserve Bank is the Central Bank of India. It was established in 1935 and its headquarters is in Mumbai. It is the apex bank which controls all the other banks. RBI not only regulates and supervises the banks but also other financial institutions in the country by giving them necessary instructions and advice. It acts as the last resort in the financial matters of all banks.
The functions of RBI are;

Printing of currency: RBI has the legal right to issue all currency notes except one rupee note and subsidiary coins. The finance ministry is authorised to issue one rupee note and subsidiary coins. A proportional value of gold and foreign exchange are kept as reserve for issuing notes.

Còntrolling credit: The RBI increases the money supply in the economy through the distribution of printed currency and through credit creation. Controlling credit is an important function of RBI. This is done by bringing about changes in the rate of interest. As the rate of interest increases, volume of loans decreases. As the rate of interest decreases, the volume of loans increases.

Banker to Government: The RBI serves as the banker to both the Central Government and the State Governments. As a banker to the government, the RBI accepts deposits from central and state governments, sanctions loans and renders other banking services to them. The Reserve Bank does not charge any fees for these services.

Bankers’ Bank: Reserve Bank is the apex bank of all banks. It is the function of the RBI to advise and assist all banks in their operations. It acts as the last resort to all banks in their financial matters.

Question 2.
Explain the basic functions of banks.
Answer:
Banks are those institutions which accept deposits from the public and grant loans to the needy subject to conditions. They operate on the basis of the general guidelines and conditions set by the Reserve Bank of India.
Banks accept deposits from individuals, institutions and government and disburse this amount as loans to individuals, institutions and government.

The banks collect the loan amount with interest after a particular period and repay the depositors with interest. Thus the banks act as the intermediary between borrowers and lenders.

Question 3.
Explain the aims of Mahila banks, Payment banks and MUDRA bank.
Answer:
Mahila banks, Payment banks and Mudra bank are-the new entrants in the banking sector formed for certain specific aims.

Bharatiya Mahila Bank
The slogan of Mahila bank is ‘Women Empowerment is India’s Empowerment. The bank accepts deposits from all but provides loans mainly to women. Bharatiya Mahila Bank is merged with SBI in 2017.

Payment Banks
Payment banks are established to help low-income groups, small scale industrialists and migrant labourers. They do not provide all facilities provided by banks.

Mudra bank
Mudra bank is set up to provide short term loans to small scale entrepreneurs and micro finances.

Question 4.
Evaluate how microfinance helps common man.
Answer:
The aim of microfinance is to provide different financial services to common people including microcredit. It helps to promote saving habits and self-employment activities among the poor. This helps members to avail themselves of loans without providing any collaterals. Kudumbasree and Self Help Group for men are examples for this.
Aims of microfinance

• Promotes saving habit.
• Helps to improve the standard of living of the poor.
• Helps in collective development by mobilising money from individuals.
• Makes use of individual potentials for group development.
• Provides loans to members in need
• Starts small scale enterprises.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 Resource Wealth of India

Question 1.
Identify the factors of India’s development.
Answer:

• Transport
• Energy production
• Agriculture
• Mining

Question 2.
What geographical factors are favourable for the cultivation of diverse crops in India?
Answer:

• Suitable agricultural climate that extends throughout the year.
• Fertile soil.
• Diverse topography.
• Monsoon rain and Irrigation facilities.

Question 3.
List the food crops and cash crops of India.
Answer:

Question 4.
The map shows the distribution of rice cultivation in India. Analyse-it and answer the questions.

a. Which are the Indian states that cultivate rice?
b. Which are the major rice-producing states?
c. Which are the major rice-producing regions in India?
Answer:
a. West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab.
b. West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.
c. Ganga plain and delta regions.

• East coast plains.
• West coast plains.
• Northeast hilly regions.

Question 5.
The map shows the distribution of wheat cultivation in India. Analyse-it and answer the questions.
a. Which are the Indian states that cultivate wheat?

b. Name the major wheat producing states in India.
c. Which are the regions where wheat is mainly cultivated in India?
Answer:
a. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West
Bengal.
b. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana.
c. Ganga – Sutlej belt Black soil region in Deccan.

Question 6.
Wheat is not cultivated in Kerala. Why?
Answer:
The geographical conditions of Kerala are not suitable for wheat cultivation.

Question 7.
Analyse the map and answer the questions.

a. Which are the major sugarcane producing states of India?
b.Name the major regions cultivating sugarcane in India.
Answer:
a. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Bihar.
b.North Indian plains • Deccan plateau

Question 8.
All sugar mills are concentrated near sugar cane producing regions. Why?
Answer:
Sugarcane harvested must be immediately brought to factories to extract the juice out of it. Otherwise the amount of surcose in the sugar cane might decrease.

Question 9.
What are the raw materials for agro-based industries?
Answer:
Sugarcane, cotton, jute, rubber.

Question 10.
Which are the major agro-based industries in India?
Answer:
Sugar industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, rubber industry, etc.

Question 11.
Identify the Indian states where sugar factories are located.
Answer:
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Question 12.
Name the fibre crop which is the major cash crop in India and is also known as ‘Universal fibre ’.
Answer:
Cotton

Question 13.
Find out the states in which cotton is cultivated.
Answer:
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Telengana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Question 14.
Maharashtra leads in cotton cultivation. Mumbai in Maharashtra is the most important cotton textile centre in India. What are the reasons for this?’
Answer:

• Easy availability of raw materials from neighbouring regions.
• Human resource availability.
• The cheap availability of power.
• Availability of freshwater
• Export and import facilities of Mumbai port.
• Humid climate.

Question 15.
List of centres of cotton textile industry and the states in which key are located.
Answer:

Question 16.
Agro-based industries in India using cash crops.
Answer:

Iron ore is called the backbone of modern civilization.
Iron is a mineral used by all countries of the world. As iron tools and machines are inevitable, iron is considered as the basis of all industries. Iron ore is the raw material for iron and steel industry. Iron and steel industry has laid the foundation for rapid industrialisation in India. Iron and steel are the essential constituents of railway lines, engines, ships, motor vehicles and machines. They are essential for the construction of bridges and buildings. The availability of iron helps in the making of tools and things for the cultural progress also.

Question 17.
List the Indian states with iron are deposits.
Answer:

• West Bengal
• Odisha
• Jharkhand
• Chhattisgarh
• Karnataka
• Telangana
• Goa
• Tamil Nadu

Question 18.
The Iron and steel industries of India are set I up at places where the raw materials are j available. Why? ;
Answer:
Iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone are the ;
essential raw materials for iron and steel industry. All the raw materials of iron and steel industry are heavy and very difficult to transport to distant places. So iron and steel industries are located where the deposits of raw materials are available.

Question 23.
Tea is cultivated in Idukki and Wayanad districts of Kerala. What are the factors favouring this?
Answer:
Idukki and Wayanad districts have geographical factors favourable for the cultivation of tea like hill slopes having an annual rainfall range of 200 to 250 cm, 25°C to 30°C of temperature and soil rich in humus content.

Question 24.
What was the role of spices in attracting Europeans to India?
Answer:
Spices are used to add flavour to food and to make medicines. The importance of spices and their
availability in India attracted the Europeans to India.

Question 25.
The fall in the price to rubber affects Kerala the most. Why?
Answer:
Kerala is the leading producer of rubber in India, contributing to 91 %.

Question 26.
Petroleum deposits are mostly confined to the coastal regions. Why?
Answer:
Petroleum deposits are generally formed in sedimentary rock layers. Sedimentary rocks are formed at ocean depths due to the deposition of sediments there. So petroleum deposits are mostly confined to the coastal regions.

• Question 27.
  Which are the National Highways passing through Kerala?
  Answer:
• NH 47 (NH 544) – Salem – Kanyakumari
• NH 49 (NH 85) – Cochin – Dhanushkodi
• NH 17 (NH 66) – Panavel – Edappally

Question 28.
The density of roads is moreover the northern plains, but less over the northeastern states. Why?
Answer:
The construction of roads is less expensive and can be done quickly in the northern plains due to level topography. Moreover, human settlements are more here. The northeastern states have undulated topography, thick forests and less human settlements.

Question 29.
Identify the railway zone to which the rail network of Kerala belongs. Where is its headquarters?
Answer:

• Southern Railway
• Chennai

Question 30.
Is there any metro rail project in Kerala?
Answer:
The only metro rail project in Kerala is Kochi metro rail project.

Question 31.
How many international airports are there in Kerala? Which are they?
Answer:
There are 4 international airports in Kerala.

1. Trivandrum International Airport. Trivandrum.
2. Kochi International Airport, Kochi.
3. Karippur International Airport, Kozhikode.
4. Kannur International Airport, Kannur.

Question 32.
Starts cultivation at the end of the winter season and harvests before the monsoon rains. Identify the agricultural season to which the statement is related. Which are the major crops cultivated in this season?
Answer:
Season: Zaid
Crops: Fruits, Vegetables.

Question 33.
Sugar mills are confined to sugarcane producing regions. Why?
Answer:
The sugarcane harvested must be immediately brought to the factories in order to extract juice out of it. Otherwise, the amount of sucrose in the sugarcane might decrease.

Question 34.
Make short notes.
i. Golden quadrangle
ii. Universal fibre
Answer:
i. Golden quadrangle: The six-lane superhighways connecting the metropolitan cities in India such as Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata are together named as Golden Quadrangle Super Highway.
ii. Universal fibre: Cotton is called universal fibre because it is used worldwide in textile sector.

Question 35.
Identify the ports mentioned.
i. Southernmost port of India.
ii. Major port in Karnataka.
iii. Major port other them Kolkata in West Bengal
Answer:
i. Tuticorin
ii. Mangalore
iii. Haldia

Question 36.
Identify the mineral resource for which the following places are known.
i. Neyveli
ii. Jharia
iii. Digboi
Answer:
i. Neyveli – Lignite
iii. Digboi – Petroleum
ii. Jharia – Coal

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Sociology: What? Why?

Question 1.
How is creative writing different from the study of sociology?
Answer:

• In creative writing, writing is based on imagination and creativity. Sociological study analyses social issues and subjects scientifically.
• Creative writer depicts social events on aesthetic realm. Social scientist analyses social conditions on a cause-effect basis.
• Creative writing aims at appreciation. Social scientist analyses society objectively.

Question 2.
What is Sociology? Why do we study Sociology? Name the early sociologists.
Answer:

• Sociology is the scientific study of the social aspects of human life. It is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his sociological environment.
• What is the need of sociological study?
  • Helps to formulate the right perspective of society.
  • Helps to know the relation between individual and social institutions.
  • Helps to find solutions for social problems.
  • Helps to get an objective knowledge of one’s society and other societies.
  • Studies social problems precisely.
  • Provide guidance to social welfare measures by conducting studies on the backward classes, the exploited and those who have faced discrimination and oppression.
  • Benefits social planning and development.
  • The early sociological thinkers were Auguste Comte,Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx,Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.

Question 3.
Which are the important areas of Sociology?
Answer:

• Social institutions
• Communities
• Social groups
• Socialisation
• Social problems
• Social conflicts
• Social control
• Social changes
• Social relations

Question 4.
What are the objectives of the study of Sociology?
Answer:

• Intellectual development of the one who studies Sociology.
• Helps to develop an objective outlook on society.
• Helps to tackle or solve social issues.
• Helps to understand about the interrelationship between individual and society.

Question 5.
How does social survey, a major methodology of Sociology help to understand the society?
Answer:

• Social survey helps to formulate a comprehensive view of the topic based on the data collected from a group of selected people.
• Social survey not only helps to understand about the social progress, but also about the social evils prevailing in the society.
• Social survey helps to know about the social issues or problems existing in the society.

Question 6.
Differentiate between observation and interview.
Answer:

Question 7.
You have to collect data on the transport problems faced by your friends to reach school. Prepare a questionnaire on this.
Answer:

• Do you face any transport problem to reach school?
• Which are the modes of transport your classmates depend on?
• What is the main reason for the transport problem of your schoolmates?
• What are the problems faced by students travelling in KSRTC buses?
• What are the problems faced by the students who travel by private vehicles like van and autorickshaw?
• What is the difficulty of students travelling by bicycles?
• What are the difficulties of students who come on foot to school?
• Have you brought the transport problems to the attention of the authorities?
• Have the authorities taken any step to solve your travelling difficulties?
• What steps have the school authorities taken to solve the travelling difficulty?

Question 8.
What are the practical applications of Sociology?
Answer:
Sociology has developed into as a branch of science which is effective in the day to day affairs of the society. Sociologists who are experienced in research are needed today in various fields like administration and planning, social welfare, advertisements, media and educational activities.

Question 9.
Discuss the importance of the study of Sociology’.
Answer:
Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his environment. So Sociology is considered as a comprehensive study of society.

Sociological study has great importance today. The study of Sociology helps to know the relation between individual and social institutions, to get an objective knowledge of one’s society and other societies and for a precise study of social issues. It helps to formulate the right perspective of society. Sociology also helps for an indepth study about the different aspects of the present complex society.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 Civic Consciousness

Question 1.
What is meant by civic consciousness? What are the important factors that formulate civic consciousness?
Answer:

• Civic consciousness means the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interest of the society are the interests of the citizen.
• The factors that formulate civic consciousness are family, education, association, media and democratic system.

Question 2.
List the features that you see in the people with civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Social commitment
• Value consciousness
• Unselfishness
• Service mentality

Question 3.
Explain the role of morality in fostering civic consciousness.
Answer:
Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility. Morality helps civic consciousness. The most effective way to foster civic consciousness is the creation of moral consciousness in all walks of life. Morality is essential for the welfare and continuance of a society.

Question 4.
Civic consciousness helps in solving the problems faced by the society. Substantiate examples.
Answer:
Civic consciousness greatly influences the progress of the society and the state. In the absence of civic consciousness, a person becomes selfish and all his activities will be only for his own personal gains. This will affect social life adversely.

The society today faces many problems like water scarcity, environmental pollution and corruption. Water shortage can be solved by rainwater harvesting and the effective use of water. Pollution in the surrounding can be solved by the planting of trees and garbage treatment at source. The problem of corruption can be solved by conducting awareness against corruption and raising complaint against it.

Question 5.
Give examples for certain ideal models who have high sense of civic consciousness.
Answer:

• A.P.J. Abdul Kalam :
  Famous scientist and the former President of India. He contributed greatly to Indian missile technology. He dedicated his whole life for the nation.
• Kallen Pokkudan :
  Famous environmentalist who dedicated his life for the protection of mangroves. He also planted thousands of mangroves and became an excellent model in creating environmental awareness.
• Mother Teresa:
  A humanitarian who worked among the destitutes, lepors and the crippled of Calcutta. The Missionaries of Charity, the organisation founded by her works for the poor and destitutes all over the world.
• Mayilamma :
  A tribal woman and social activist who campaigned against the Coca- Cola company at Plachimada in Palakkad for water shortage in the area.
• Dashrath Manjhi:
  Also known as ‘Mountain Man’ was a poor labourer in Gehalur village near Gaya in Bihar, carved 110 m long path through a hillock using hammer and chisel, connecting Arti and Wazirganj blocks of Gaya.

Question 6.
Explain the role of family, education and media in fostering civic consciousness.
Answer:
It is very essential to create and maintain civic consciousness for the progress of the nation and the society. All societies adopt positive measures
to foster civic consciousness in the people. Civic consciousness can be fostered in the people only through creative intervention in society.

Family:
Family as a social institution plays a great role in personality formation. It is the basic social institution that a person depends and intervenes ever since his birth. Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice, etiquette, etc.

One learns to respect the elders and to engage in social service from family. Family plays an important role in fostering and maintaining a sense of responsibility among its members. Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness in individuals.

Education :
The primary aim of education is to equip a person to effectively utilise the knowledge gained by the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society.

Through education, a student understands how his country is governed, what are the rights and duties of a citizen and thereby becomes a democratically conscious citizen in the sockly. Education helps to practise qualities like mutual dependence, civic consciousness, punctuality, discipline and obedience. Education also helps to develop qualities like value consciousness, environmental awareness, scientific temper, tolerance and leadership qualities.

Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilised in a useful manner to the society. Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people. Governments formulate educational policies with this aim.

Media :
Media play a major role in the formulation of civic consciousness. Printed media and electronic media influence the society tremendously. Media convey news and information to the people. Media propagate cultural values. Media also help to respect national values like democracy, socialism, fraternity and secularism and to dedicate one’s life for the unity and integrity of the nation.

They can create public opinion against illiteracy, ignorance, communalism, alcoholism, drug addiction, racialism, etc. Judicious and objective information lead to the formulation of creative ideas. Media should be impartial and independent. The information from the media should be evaluated critically.

Question 7.
Suggest methods for overcoming the challenges faced by civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Work for one’s interest without going against public interest.
• Activities based on democracy and tolerance.
• Each should critically evaluate his activity.
• Equal importance be given to both rights and duties.
• Be the change you expect from others.

Question 8.
Prepare a note on the Social Science learning and civic consciousness.
Or
How can we utilise the study of Social Science in formulating social consciousness?
Answer:

• Social Science learning plays an important role in the formulation of civic consciousness.
• As the area of study of Social Science is closely related to man and society, .envisages comprehensive changes in each individual.
• Disseminate the message of peace and co-operation in society.
• Equip the individuals to respect diversities and to behave with tolerance.
• Make the individual civic conscious and action oriented by familiarising the role models and activities of civic consciousness.
• Help to understand the different contexts of political, social, economic and environmental problems.
• Equip individuals to suggest comprehensive solutions to different problems.

Question 9.
How does family influence in the formation of civic consciousness?
Answer:
Man’s social relationships begin with the family. It is from the primary social institution of family that one learns to respect the elders and to engage in social service. Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice and etiquette. Family plays an important role in fostering and maintaining a sense of responsibility among its members.

It is from the family that one gets the training to live in the society following the behaviour patterns and mores that are acceptable to it. Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness in its members. The concept that each individual is for the family and family is for the society should be developed in the family atmosphere.

Question 10.
What activities can be undertaken in schools to formulate civic consciousness?
Answer:

• The activities of N.C.C., S.P.C and Scout and Guides help to mould responsible citizens.
• Help to mould a healthy society by participating in the activities of Red Cross and Health Club.
• Convey the message of protection of environment through Eco Club and Nature club.
• The reinforcement of civic consciousness in students by the observance of National Days like Independence Day and Republic Day.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 India: The Land of Diversities

Question 1.
The Himalayan ranges are described as a natural barrier. Justify this statement.
Answer:
The Himalayan ranges influence the culture, economy and climate of India. The Himalayan ranges run at a distance of about 2400 km from Kashmir to Indian border in the east.

• The Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain system, separates Indian subcontinent from the Asian continent and helped India from , foreign aggression and the development of its own culture.
• Protects the North Indian states from severe cold by preventing the diy cold winds blowing from north during winter.
• Blocks the monsoon winds and causes rainfall throughout North India.
• The glaciers and ice fields in the Himalayan peaks are storehouse of fresh water. These are the sources of origin for the Himalayan rivers which help in the economic prosperity of India.
• Indo-Gangetic plains, formed by the alluvial deposits of these rivers, are the backbone of these plains are called the backbone of Indian agriculture and the granary of India.
• The Himalayas is the habitat of diverse flora and fauna.
• This region with cool climate and beautiful natural scenery is a tourist paradise.
  In the absence of the Himalayas, all the above mentioned factors would not have been available to India.

Question 2.
List the differences between of Peninsular and Himalayan rivers.
Answer:

Peninsulár rivers have:

• Small catchment area.
• Intensity of erosion ¡s less.
• Deep valleys are not formed because they flow through hard and resistant rocks.
• Less potential for inland navigation.
• Rain fedonly.
• Less irrigational potential.

Himalayan rivers have:

• Extensive catchment area.
• Intensive erosion.
• Creates gorges and meanders.
• High irrigational potential.
• Navigable along the plains.

Question 3.
The North Indian Plains are the backbone of Indian economy. Analyse this statement and write your inferences.
Answer:
Northern Great Plains situated between Northern mountain system and Peninsular plateau play a decisive role in the economic development of India. This extensive plain took shape due to the continuous depositional activity of the Himalayan rivers for thousands of years. This plain extending over 7 lak1 sq.kms and with kilometres of thick sediments is one of the world’s most extensive alluvial plains. The plains are generally known as Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain. Alluvial soils are the major type of soil in these plains.

These soils are highly fertile and are widely used for the cultivation of a variety of crops. So The Northern Plains are also known as the granary of India. Most of the food grains of India are produced from these fertile plains. The major crops cultivated here are wheat, maize, paddy, sugarcane, cotton and pulses. Fertile soils, flat land and the availability of water throughout the year attract people to these plains.

So it is the most densely populated region in India. A variety of food crops and cash crops which add to the economic prosperity of India are produced here.

Along with agriculture, many agro-based industries and mineral-based industries are located here. The growth of industries paved the way for the emergence of many cities. The major Indian cities are located in these plains. The plains have well-connected road and railway network which help to transport goods to different parts of the country.
The Great Plains are the birthplace of Indian culture. Many Hindu pilgrim centres are located here. Thus the Great Plains help in the cultural life of India also.

Question 4.
Compared to other places, Northern Great Plains are the most densely populated regions in India. Give reasons.
Answer:
Alluvial soil, the most fertile soil is found in the Great Plains. The Great Plain is known as the granary of India. The Himalayan rivers flowing through the plains provide water throughout the year. Flatland enables the construction of good network of roads and railways.

India’s agriculture and industries are concentrated here. Road, rail and canal transport help to carry people and goods. .Due to these reasons, the Northern Great Plains are the most densely populated region in India.

Question 5.
Name the countries belonging to the in Indian subcontinent.
Answer:
India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh.

Question 6.
Name the countries sharing land frontier with India:
Answer:

• Pakistan and Afganistan in the north-west and west.
• China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north.
• Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east.

Question 7.
Name the countries sharing ocean frontier with India:
Answer:
Sri Lanka, Maldives, Indonesia.

Question 8.
Name the neighbouring countries that share frontier with Indian states.
Answer:

Question 9.
Which are the states in which Eastern Highlands are located?
Answer:

Question 10.
Himalayan rivers, Tributaries and source:
Answer:

Question 11.
Which are the states across which Northern Great Plains are spread?
Answer:
Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam

Question 12.
Which are the regions of alluvial soil in India?
Answer:
Northern Great Plains, Coastal plains, river banks.

Question 13.
In between which physiographic divisions is the Northern Great Plains located?
Answer:
The Northern Great Plains are located between Northern mountains and Peninsular plateau.

Question 14.
The network of roads, rail and canals are largely concentrated in Northern plains. Why?
Answer:
The Northern plains are extensive and flat.
Northern Great.Plains are formed by the alluvial deposits of Himalayan rivers for thousands of years.
This is one of the largest alluvial plains of the world. Since it has a flat topography, construction of roads, rails and canals is easy. This region is the backbone of Indian agriculture and many industries are also located here. So for transporting goods and people, a good network of road, rail and canal are constructed.

Question 15.
Peninsular rivers which are tributaries of Ganga and Yamuna.
Answer:

Question 16.
Peninsular rivers – source, tributaries.
Answer:

Question 17.
Population is sparse in the Marusthali – Bagar region of Rajasthan. Why? –
Answer:
Marusthali-Bagar which constitutes the western part of Northern Great Plains receives very less rainfall. That is why most regions in Rajasthan are deserts. This is the Thar desert.

The hottest place in India, Jaisalmer, is in this desert. Dry and salty desert soil is found here. This soil is not suitable for agriculture. Thorns and bushes form the natural vegetation. Due to these, this region is least populated.

Question 18.
Prepare a seminar paper on the topic: The Influence of Northern Great Plains in India s Development.
Answer:
Northern Great Plains situated between Northern mountain system and Peninsular plateau play a decisive role in the economic development of India.
This extensive plain took shape due to the continuous depositional activity of the Himalayan rivers. This plain, extending over 7 lakh sq. km. and with kilometres of thick sediments, is one of the world’s most extensive alluvial plains. The plain is generally known as Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain.

Alluvial soils are the major type of soil in these plains. These soils are highly fertile and are widely used for the cultivation of a variety of crops. So these plains are called the backbone of Indian agriculture. The Northern Plains are also known as the granary of India. Most of the food grains of India are produced from these fertile plains. The major crops cultivated here are wheat, maize, paddy, sugarcane, cotton and pulses. Fertile soils, flat land and the availability of water throughout the year attract people to these plains.

So it is the most densely populated region in India. A variety of food crops and cash crops which add to the economic prosperity of India are produced here. Along with agriculture, many agro-based industries and mineral based industries are located here. The growth of industries paved the way for the emergence of many cities. The major Indian cities are located in these plains.

The plains have well connected road and railway network which help to transport goods to different parts of the country. The Great Plains are the birth place of Indian culture. Many Hindu pilgrim centres are located here. Thus the Great Plains help in the cultural life of India also.

Question 19.
Peninsular rivers and the direction of flow.
Answer:

Question 20.
Most of the Peninsular rivers enter the plains ( by forming waterfalls. Why?
OR
Waterfalls are usually created along Peninsular rivers. Why?
Answer:
Peninsular rivers originate from the hills of Peninsular plateau. They flow through hills and plateaus in the beginning. The edges of plateaus remain elevated from the surrounding regions. So the rivers entering the plains from comparatively high plateaus, create waterfalls along these edges.

Question 21.
Comparison of Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers.
OR
Compare the characteristic features of Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers.
Answer:

Question 22.
Indian cities on river banks.
Answer:

Question 23.
Cities on river banks marked in the map of Indià.
Answer:

a. New Delhi
b. Agra
c. Devaprayag
d. Varanasi
e. Allahabad
f. Patna
g. Guwahati
h. Kolkata
j. Ludhiana
j. Srinagar
k. Ahmedabad
L Surat
m. Vijayawada
n. Tiruchirappalli
o: Thanjavur
p. Hyderabad
q. Coorg

Question 24.
States located in Peninsular plateau.
Answer:

Question 25.
States which are located in the coastal plains.
Answer:

• West coast: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala
• East coast: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal

Question 26.
Deltas are commonly formed along the east coast plain of India and not along the west coast plain. Why?
Answer:
Peninsular plateau slopes steeply towards the west coast and has a gentle slope towards east coast. Big east-flowing rivers like Mahanadi and Godavari flow through the gentle slope, carry a lot of sediments and deposit them along the mouth of rivers. Thus deltas are formed on the east coast.

West flowing rivers reaching Arabian sea are comparatively small. They are swift-flowing. They flow through hilly regions and deposit less sediments. Moreover, the currents of Arabian sea carry these deposits to the sea. As a result, deltas are not formed on the west coast. Instead, estuaries are formed on the west coast.

Question 27.
Seasons of India:
Answer:

• Cold weather (Winter) season: December to February
• Hot weather (Summer) season: March to May
• Southwest monsoon season: June to September
• Northeast monsoon season: October to November

Question 28.
Coastal regions experience comparatively high temperature during winter season. Wiry?
Answer:
Land gets heated up and cools quickly than ocean. Land experiences high pressure during winter season and ocean low pressure. The dense air from regions lying close to ocean move to less dense air area of ocean. This reduces the cold of coastal regions.

Question 29.
During south west monsoon period, rainfall is comparatively less along the eastern slopes of Western Ghats. Why?
Answer:
The Western Ghats obstruct the rain-bearing Arabian sea branch of south-west monsoon winds and cause heavy rainfall on the western margins in the state of Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra. But the east of Western Ghats receive only less rainfall.

This is because by the time the monsoon winds cross the Western Ghats and reach the east, the moisture content in them will be lost. This is the reason why Tamil Nadu gets scanty rainfall during south-west monsoon period while Kerala receives heavy rainfall. The eastern part of Western Ghats is a rain shadow region.

Question 30.
The names of monsoon rain in Kerala.
Answer:

• Southwest monsoon: Idavapathy / Kalavarsham
• Northeast monsoon: Thulavarsham.

Question 31.
What is the role of Eastern Highlands in the heavy rainfall in North Eastern States of India?
Answer:
The Bay of Bengal branch of monsoon advances northward by absorbing more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. It passes through Sundarbans delta and enters West Bengal and bifurcates into two. One branch enters the Brahmaputra valley and gives heavy rainfall in the northeastern states of India.

The Khasi-Jaintia hills of Meghalaya obstruct these winds and cause heavy rainfall in these regions. Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, the places of heaviest rainfall in the world are here.

Question 32.
What is the reason for the deflection of monsoon winds?
Answer:
When the sun is in the northern hemisphere, the south-east trade winds cross the equator and get deflected to right due to Coriolis force and blow as south-west monsoon.
When the sun is in the southern hemisphere, the northeast trade winds which blow from north to south get deflected to right due to Coriolis force and blow as northeast monsoon winds.

Question 33.
Reasons for the imbalance in the distribution of rainfall in India.
Answer:

• Physiography
• Location of mountain ranges
• Nearness to oceans
• Distance from oceans
• Direction of wind
• Extent of land

Question 34.
How is India divided on the basis of the distribution of rainfall?
Answer:
Heavy rainfall regions (above 200 cms): West coast plains, northeastern states and some parts in the Himalayan regions.

High rainfall regions (between 100 and 200 cms): Western Ghats regions, most parts of North Indian Plains, Northeastern parts of Peninsular India and northeastern regions.

Moderate rainfall regions (between 60 and 100 cms): Southwest of Kashmir, Malwa Plateau, Deccan Plateau’and central parts of Tamil Nadu.

Low rainfall regions (below 60 cms) :
Rajasthan, western parts of Gujarat, central parts of Deccan Plateau and for them parts of Kashmir.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 The State and Political Science

Question 1.
What is state? What are the essential elements of a state?
Answer:

• A group of people residing permanently within a particular territory with a sovereign government is called state.
• The essential elements of state are people, territory, government and sovereignty.

Question 2.
Explain the internal and external levels of sovereignty.
Answer:

• Sovereignty has two levels :
  The internal or domestic level and the external level.
• Internal level :
  The right to take decisions on all matters which come within its territors. As per this, government can make laws needed for the country and implement them.
• External level :
  The right to take independent decisions on international issues. A sovereign state is free from all external controls.

Question 3.
What are the obligatory functions and discretionary functions of a state?
Answer:
Functions which have to be implemented by the state at all times at any cost are obligatory functions. Discretionary functions are those which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of the state.
Obligatory functions of state

• Protection of boundary
• Maintenance of law and order
• Maintain internal peace
• Protection of rights
• Implementation of justice
• Defence

Discretionary functions of state

• Protection of health
• Provide educational facilities
• Implement welfare programmes
• Provide transportation facilities

Question 4.
What are the different theories related to the origin of state?
Answer:

• Divine Right Theory:
  State is the creation of God. King is the representative of God. The king is answerable only to God.
• Evolutionary Theory :
  State is the product of history. It came into being through social evolution.
• Power Theory :
  State came into being as a result of the establishment of power by the strong over the weak.
• Social Contract Theory :
  State came into existence through a contract by the people.

Question 5.
What is citizenship? What is the difference between a citizen and a foreigner?
Answer:
Citizenship is the full and equal membership in a state. The basis of citizenship is the relation between state and citizen.

Citizens enjoy political and civil rights :
They have the right for participation in the government and have political rights. The political rights of citizens include right to vote, right to contest in elections, right to form associations, right to criticise the government and the right to hold public office. Citizens also have to discharge certain duties.
Foreigners are those that live in another country for the purpose of education, job, etc. Foreigners are not entitled to the rights given to a citizen.

Question 6.
Explain natural citizenship and acquired citizenship.
Answer:

• Natural citizenship:
  Citizenship by birth is natural citizenship. A person born in India to parents of Indian origin gets Indian citizenship. This is natural citizenship.
• Acquired citizenship:
  The citizenship acquired by a person on the basis of the legal procedure of a nation is called acquired citizenship. Acquired citizenship can be obtained through registration, long stay, and ‘ reorganisation of an area.

Question 7.
What is Political Science?
Answer:
Political Science is the study of institutions like state and government. Aristotle is regarded as the father of Political Science. At first of Political Science took up the study of institutions like state and government and their functioning. With the emergence of democratic system, the concept of political participation gained importance. As a result of this, political processes became part of the study of Political Science along with political institutions.

Question 8.
Who is known as father of Political Science?
• Aristotle
• Plato
• Socrates
• Kautilya
Answer:
Aristotle

Question 9.
Evaluate how high population or low population affect the state adversely?
Answer:
State is made up of people. Without people, there is no state. However, the minimum and maximum number of people for a country are not fixed. Too high population and too less population are not beneficial to the state. These will affect the development of the state adversely. High population results in unemployment, poverty and famine. Countries with very less population have scarcity of human resource.

Question 10.
Prepare a seminar paper on the topic Essential factors of State.
Answer:
Seminar
Topic : Essential Factors of a State.
Introduction:
State is a group of people, residing permanently in a definite territory, with a sovereign government. Statehood is the highest stage in social evolution. State was formed after man began to settle down permanently.
The essential factors for state formation are:

• Population
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty

Population:
Population is an indispensable factor for state formation. People should live unitedly with mutual understanding, inter dependence and common public interest for the existence of the state. There is no state without people. However, the minimum and maximum number of people for a country are not fixed. Both too much population and too less population are not beneficial to the country. The people of a nation need not belong to any single religion, speak any particular language or follow a particular culture. But they should live unitedly with common nationalism.

Territory:
Territory is an important factor of state formation. A state should have a an exact territory with clearcut boundary. State is formed when people settle in the definite territory permanently. State should have complete control over its territory. The territory of a state includes the land area, water bodies, aerial space and coastal area coming within” its boundary. The size of the territory does not matter in state formation. But territory with a clearcut boundary is enough.

Government:
Government is an unavoidable constituent of state. The’government frames and executes laws and ensures justice to the people on behalf of the state. It ensures the safety and security of the citizens and provides many service to them. The government undertakes activities like maintenance of law and order, increasing employment opportunities and implementing development projects on behalf of the state. There should be governments in all states.

Sovereignty:
State has the right to take decisions on national and international matters independently without external control. This supreme authority of the state is known as sovereignty. Sovereignty differentiates state from other institutions. State cannot be constituted even if there is population, territory and government. State can come into existence only if there is sovereignty. It is the absolute, unlimited and indivisible power of the state.

Sovereignty has two dimensions – internal or domestic dimension and external dimension. Internal dimension means the right to take decisions on all matters within its territorial limit. External dimension means the right to take independent decisions on international issues. Sovereignty should not be divided at any cost. If so, a new state will be formed.

Conclusion:
The essential factors of the state are population, territory, government and sovereignty. No state can exist without these four components. Population and territory are the material basis of the state. The government is its political basis and sovereignty is its spiritual basis.

Question 11.
Which are the institutions constituted in India to perform obligatory functions?
Answer:

• Courts
• Police
• Border Security Force
• Armed Forces

Question 12.
Evaluate critically the obligatory and discretionary functions of by the state.
Answer:
Obligatory functions are those that the state has to implement at any cost at all times. State cannot abstain from its compulsory functions. If obligatoiy functions are not performed, the life and property of people cannot be protected. Some of the obligatory functions of the state are protecting the boundary, maintenance of internal peace, protection of rights and implementation of justice.

Discretionary functions of the state are those that have to be implemented depending on the economic condition of the country. Some of the discretionary functions of the state are to provide health care, education, transport facilities and to implement welfare schemes. The performance of these functions will provide better living conditions to people. The state which implements such progressive measures is called a welfare state. It is not possible to set a limit to the discretionary functions of the state. The growth of technology and the increase in human wants making this area vast.

Question 13.
Make a list of famous persons who have become Indians through acquired citizenship.
Answer:

• Mother Teresa
• Laurie Baker
• Sonia Gandhi
• Fr.Gussi Fredericks

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 Kerala towards Modernity

Question 1.
Choose the items related to Column A from Column B.

Answer:

Question 2.
How did the English East India Company get dominance in Kerala?
Answer:

• The Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley was a clever device to bring the native states under the Company’s rule.
• Captain Keeling, a representative of English East India company visited Kerala in 1615 and signed trade agreement with the Zamorin of Kozhikode. Later the Company secured the consent to start warehouses at Vizhinjam, Thalassery and Anchuthengu.
• By the Treaty of Sreerangapattanam in 1792 signed between the British and the ruler of Mysore Tipu, Malabar came under the control of the British.
• Travancore and English East India Company signed a Treaty in 1795. As per the treaty, Travancore admitted the supremacy of the British. In return the British promised Travancore protection from enemies. The British appointed a Resident in Travancore who was given the power to intervene in the internal affairs of the state.
• Following the Treaty of 1792, Kochi accepted British supremacy and was forced to pay tribute.
• Thus British ruled Malabar directly and Kochi and Travancore indirectly through the subservient Samantha Rajas.
• The whole of Kerala came under the control of the British by the end of the 18th century.

Question 3.
Analyse the impacts of British rule in the trade, industry and agricultural fields in Kerala.
Answer:
Trade

• The British took Kerala merchandises at cheap prices. The industrial products of England were sold at high prices here.
• The self sufficient village economy was destroyed.
• Kerala became part of world market.
• Foreign trade increased.
• The trade monopoly of salt, tobacco, timber and spices came under the control of the British.

Industry

• The plantation industry and traditional industry developed in Kerala.
• British capital investment increased in Kerala.
• Rulers of Travancore encouraged modern industries.
• Modem industries progressed in Kerala.
• Banks were started.

Agriculture

• Cultivation of plantation crops in the place of food crops became widespread in Kerala.
• The cultivation of coconut and tapioca became widespread.
• Forests were destroyed on a large scale for the cultivation of coffee, tea, cardamom and rubber on hilly areas.
• Kerala became a hub of cash crop production.

Question 4.
Choose from the bracket the persons related to the following events.
a. Kundara Proclamation :
b. Vaikom Satyagraha : …………………
c. Guruvayoor Satyagraha : …………….
d. Keezhariyoor Bomb Case : ………………..
e. Malayali Memorial : ……………….
(Dr.Palpu, GP.Pillai, Pazhassi Raja, KKelappan, K.B.Menon, Sree Narayana Guru, Velu Thampi Dalawa, T.KMadhavan)
Answer:
a. Velu Thampi Dalawa
b. T.K.Madhavan
c. K.Kelappan
d. K.B.Menon
e. GRPillai

Question 5.
List the social reform movements and protests developed in Kerala to eradicate social evils and inequalities.
Answer:
Social Reform Movements

• Samathwa Samajam – Vaikunda Swamikal
• Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam – Sree Narayana Guru
• Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham – Ayyankali
• Travancore Muslim Mahajanasabha – Vakkom Abdul KhaderMoulavi
• Atmavidya Sangham – Vagbhatananda
• Sahodara Prasthanam – Sahodaran Ayyappan
• Araya Samajam – Pandit K.P.Karuppan
• Nair Service Society – Mannath Padmanabhan
• Yogakshema Sabha – V.T.Bhattathiripad
• Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha – Kumara Guru Devan

Agitations / Protests

• Channar Revolt
• Aruvippuram Consecration
• Vaikom Satyagraha
• Guruvayoor Satyagraha
• Temple Entry Proclamation

Question 6.
The National Movement in Kerala had no uniformity. Find out the reasons.
Answer:

• The National Movement in Kerala lacked a unified form because Kerala was not administratively united.
• Malabar was ruled directly by the British. So the national movement was strong there.
• The British controlled the administration of Kochi and Travancore indirectly through the Residents. So political agitations were not strong and powerful here as in Malabar.

Question 7.
Give a detailed account, of the events that led to United Kerala.
Answer:
Malayalis were divided by three different administrative dispensations though they spoke the same language.

• The Nagpur Session of the Indian National Congress in 1920 decided to set up State Congress Committees on a linguistic basis.
• The first All Kerala Political Conference was held at Ottappalam in 1921. The Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee came into existence uniting Travancore, Kochi and Malabar regions.
• The joint meeting of the people of native states of Malabar, Cochin and Travancore held in Ernakulam in 1928 approved the Aikya Kerala resolution.
• The Congress Session held in Payyanur in 1928 under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru demanded that Kerala should be reorganised as a distinctive state after independence.
• The United Kerala resolution passed at the j United Kerala Convention held at Thrissur in 1947 under the Chairmanship of K.Kelappan.
• The United Kerala Convention of 1949 held at Palakkad.
  The state of Thiru – Kochi formed after the unification of the princely states of Cochin and Travancore on 1^st July 1949.
• The formation of States Reorganisation Commission with Fazl Alias Chairman in 1953.
• The State Reorganization Act passed in 1956 on the report of the States Reorganization Commission.
• The formation of Kerala state on 1^st November 1956 including Malabar and TavancoreCochin.

Question 8.
Prepare a note on the arrival of the Europeans to Kerala and their goals.
Answer:
The arrival of Vasco da Gama in Calicut in 1498 j led to the beginning of European trade in Kerala,The Zamorin granted the Portuguese the permission to trade from Calicut. The Portuguese insisted on monopoly in trade. Their aim was to drive away the Arabs and the Chinese who had traded with Kerala for centuries.

They demanded Zamorin to expel the Arab merchants from Kozhicode. But j the Zamorin rejected this demand and the furious Portuguese tried to obtain trading rights from the Raja of Cochin. The naval force of Zamorin under Kunjali Marakkar put up a tough resistance against the Portuguese, but failed.

The Dutch were the second European power to come to Kerala for trade. They also tried to get the monopoly of trade in Kerala by defeating the other foreign powers. They captured Cochin from the Portuguese in 1663 and expelled the Portuguese from Kerala. The rise of Travancore under Marthanda Varma was a severe blow to the Dutch in establishing their trade monopoly in South Kerala. In the battle of Colachel fought in 1741, Marthanda Varma defeated the Dutch and so they had to leave Kerala.

In 1615, Captain William Keeling arrived in Calicut with ships as the representative of the English East India Company. He concluded a treaty with the Zamorin who gave them freedom of trade in his country. They also tried to get the monopoly of trade in Kerala. They obtained permission to open warehouses at Vizhinjam and Anjengo. They succeded in establishing their political power in Kerala after defeating the other European powers.

In the Carnatic wars fought between the English and the French, the English succeeded and this gave them the monopoly of trade in South India.
By the end of the 18^th century, the whole of Kerala came under the British.

Question 9.
How did Malabar, Travancore and Cochin come under the British rule?
Answer:
The British got Malabar by the Treaty of Sreerangapattanam signed between the British and Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore in 1792. The Company signed new treaties with the rulers of Cochin and Travancore. The King of Cochin was forced to give tribute to the Company by accepting the British supremacy in 1792. Thus Cochin came under the control of the British.

By the treaty of 1795, Travancore accepted British supremacy. Instead the British promised them protection from the enemies. Thus the British controlled Kerala ruling Malabar directly and Cochin and Travancore indirectly through vassal kings or Samantha rajas. By the end of the 18th century, Kerala came completely under British domination.

Question 10.
Prepare a list of the early resistance against the British in Kerala, including the regions they broke out and their reasons.
Answer:

Question 11.
Examine the list given below and write your assumptions on foreign trade in Kerala.

Answer:

• The British took away the products and raw materials necessary for the industries of England at cheap rate. The English products were imposed on the natives at high prices.
• They took away from Kerala coconut Jaggery, cashew nut and pepper. Instead they brought clothes and metal products to Kerala.
• Foreign trade increased in Kerala.
• The self sufficient village economies ruined.

Question 12.
Give an account of the results of the attempts made by the British to improve trade in Kerala.
Answer:
The British amended the trade laws of Malabar, Kochi and Travancore to their favour. This gave them monopoly of trade. They introduced uniform coinage and metrology systems. Roads and bridges and railways were constructed for enabling the easy transportation of commodities. Later these helped the industrial progress ill Kerala. They developed ports at Kochi, Kozhikode and Alappuzha for better trade facilities. These ports helped for the foreign trade in Kerala.

Question 13.
Analyse the changes commercialisation brought about in Kerala’s agricultural sector.
Answer:

• The cultivation of commercial crops for markets and industries instead of food crops is known as commercialization of agriculture. The British encouraged market – driven cultivation in the agricultural sector.
• Coconut products had high demand in foreign markets. So large scale cultivation of coconut began instead of paddy.
• The scarcity of paddy caused famine in many areas. To overcome famine, tapioca was cultivated on a large scale.
• Coffee, tea, cardamom and rubber began to be cultivated as plantation crops. This resulted in food scarcity and unemployment.
• Forests were cleared on a large scale for the cultivation of plantation crops.
• Asa result of commercialization, the Britishers became the owners of plantations in Kerala.

Question 14.
Prepare a note on the plantation industries and traditional industries developed in different parts of Kerala and on the factors that contributed their growth.
Answer:
Plantation industries like tea factories, coffee factories and rubber factories were concentrated in Wayanad and Idukki regions which produced most of the tea, coffee and rubber. The availability of raw materials was the reason for the concentration of these industries here.

The traditional industries that developed in Kerala during the British rule were coconut oil industry, coir industry, cashewnut industry, tile industry and handloom industry.

Alappuzha has extensive coconut cultivation. So coconut oil industry and coir industry were concentrated in Alappuzha. The factors that led to the development of these industries here were the availability of raw materials, foreign capital investment, availability of labourers and the presence of backwaters.

Kollam had extensive cultivation of high quality cashewnut. As a result, cashew industries were concentrated in Kollam.

Tile factories were concentrated in Farook, Kollam and Ollur where clay for making tile was available.

Handloom factories were in Kannur.

Question 15.
Prepare a flow chart showing the industrial
development in Kerala during the British rule.
Answer:

Question 16.
Discuss the changes in the fields of health and judicial sector’ of Kerala during the British period.
Answer:
Judicial Sector

• The British reformed the judicial system in Kerala. The new system put an end to trial and punishment based on caste of the accused. Instead it introduced unified punishments depending on the nature of guilt after hearing the accused.
• The principle of equality before law irrespective of caste was established.
• Set up trial courts in different places of Kerala.

Health Sector

• Introduced Allopathy system of treatment.
• Vaccination against small pox started first in Malabar.
• Government hospitals were started in Travancore, Kochi and Malabar.

Question 17.
Evaluate the role played by Channar Revolt, Vaikom Satyagraha and Guruvayoor Satyagraha to bring about social changes in Kerala.

Answer:
Channar Revolt:
Channar Revolt was the struggle of the Channar women of Southern Travancore to wear upper clothes. The struggle for gaining this right began in 1822 and came to a successful end in 1859. In 1859, the Maharaja of Travancore Uthram Thirunal was forced to issue an order allowing Channar women to wear jackets.

Vaikom Satyagraha:
The Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 was an important agitation in Kerala for the right to travel. Lower caste Hindus had no right to travel on the road around the Mahadeva Temple of Vaikom. An agitation was started under the leadership of T.K.Madhavan for throwing the road open for all.

A Savarna Jatha was organised from Vaikom to Trivandrum under the leadership of Mannath Padmanabhan to support the Satyagraha and submitted a memorandum to the Maharaja. Following the agitation, the lower caste Hindus secured permission to travel through the roads around Vaikom Temple.

Guruvayoor Satyagraha:
The Guruvayoor Satyagraha was started in 1931 under the leadership of K.Kelappan demanding entry into the Guruvayoor temple for all castes of Hindus.

A.K.Gopalan was the volunteer captain of the struggle. The orthodox sections manhandled P.Krishna Pillai. The authorities of the temple closed the temple down. Though the Satyagraha was not a success, it created an atmosphere against untouchability. Following these popular protests, Temple Entry Proclamation was announced in November 1936 in Travancore, in 1947 in Malabar and in 1948 in Kochi.

Thus Channar Revolt, Vaikom Satyagraha and Guruvayoor Satyagraha helped to eradicate untouchability, and obtain the right of travel and right of worship.

Question 18.
Prepare a flow chart on the major political protests in Malabar, Travancore and Kochi.
Answer:

Question 19.
Analyse the circumstances that led to the formation of United Kerala.
Answer:

• The Nagpur Session of Indian National Congress in 1920 decided to form Congress Committees on linguistic basis.
• The first All Kerala Political Conference held at Ottapalam in 1921. People from Malabar, Kochi and Travancore joined together in this.
• Payyanur Congress Session under the Presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1928.
• United Kerala Convention held at Trichur in 1947.
• The merger of Travancore and Kochi on 1 July 1949.
• The formation of States Reorganization Commission in 1953.
• The State Reorganization Act of 1956.
• Formation of Kerala State in 1956.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 6 Eyes in the Sky and Data Analysis

Question 1.
Compare active remote sensing and passive remote sensing.
Answer:
Based on the source of energy ór light, remote sensing can be divided into two: active remote sensing and passive remote sensing.

1. Remote sensing made with the aid of an artificial sourcç of light or energy radiating from the sensor is known as active remote sensing. Eg: taking pictures using a camera flash. Here camera is the sensor and the flash coming from the camera is the artificial energy source.
2. Remote sensing made with the help of solar energy is known as passive remote sensing. Eg: taking pictures without the use of flash.

Question 2.
What is use of overlap in aerial photographs?
Answer:
Each aerial photograph includes about 60 per cent area of the adjacent photographs also. This is called overlap of aerial photographs. Its
advantages are:

• to ensure continuity of aerial photographs
• to obtain three dimension view using stereo scope.
• to give a synoptic view of the area.
• to understand the undulations of the terrain.

Question 3.
Prepare notes on geostationary and sun synchronous sate lilies.
Answer:

Geostationary satellites
Geostationary satellites are those that move in equal velocity with the earth’s rotation.
Orbit the earth at an elevation of about 36000 km above earth.

• One third of the earth comes under its field of view.
• Since they move according to the same orbital velocity of the earth, it stays constantly above a specific place on earth.
• Continuous data collection of an area is possible.
• Used in telecommunication and for weather studies.
• Eg: INSAT satellites of India.

Sun-synchronous satellites
These are satellites that pass around the earth along the poles.

• The orbit is about 900 km in altitude.
• Surveillance area is less than that of geostationary satellites.
• Mainly used for remote sensing purpose.
• Repetitive data collection of a region at regular intervals is possible.
• Used for collecting information about natural resources, land use and groundwater.
• Eg: IRS and Landsat.

Question 4.
List the fields where remote sensing is used.
Answer:

• For exploring the oceans
• For oil exploration ‘ ‘
• For the monitoring of flood and drought.
• For finding out forest fire in deep forests and for taking control measures by monitoring their spread.
• For understanding about the land use in a region.
• To locate places having greater groundwater availability.
• For collecting information about the extent of crops and spread of pest attacks.

Question 5.
What is the merit of using layers in GIS?
Answer:
With the help of GIS softwares, spatial data can be converted into different layers. From these, we can make maps, graphs and tables for our specific needs. Maps obtained as different layers can be used for various analysis.

The spatial relationship among the features on the surface of the earth can easily be understood by analyzing the appropriate layers.

Question 6.
Write down the possibilities of overlay analysis.
Answer:
Used for understanding the mutual relationship among the various surface features on earth and the changes undergone by them over a period of time.

• To identify the agricultural crops of different states.
• To identify the changes in the area of crops.
• To identify the changes in land use pattern.
• To understand the changes in the extent of forests.
• To understand about urbanisation.
• To understand the extent of drought and flood-affected areas.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 India after Independence

Question 1.
Which were the major problems faced by India when she got independence?
Answer:

• Refugee problem
• Communal riots
• Integration of princely states
• Formation of linguistic states

Question 2.
Write a short note on the integration of princely states.
Answer:
Integration of the princely states into the Indian Union was a major challenge before free India. There were around six hundred princely states in pre-independent India, in addition to the territories directly ruled by the British. Britain gave these princely states the option to join either India or Pakistan or to be independent.

The integration was really a herculean task and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission. He appointed V.P. Menon as Secretary of the Department of States, created for the purpose of integrating the princely states. Patel and V.P Menon prepared an Instrument of Accession, which stipulated that the princely states had to transfer their control over defence, external affairs and information and communications to the Government of India.

Following the diplomacy of the government and popular protests, majority of the princely states signed the Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian Union. But some states such as Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadh resented. Finally they were also integrated into the Indian union through conciliation talks and militaiy interventions.

Question 3.
Analyse the circumstances that led to the linguistic reorganization of states.
Answer:

• People speaking different languages lived in a native state. People speaking the same language happened to be in different states administratively. So demand for the formation of linguistic states gained momentum.
• The Nagpur Congress Session of 1920 decided to frame Pradesh Congress Committees on
  linguistic basis.
• Popular agitations started in different parts of the country after independence for the formation of linguistic states.
• In 1948, the Constituent Assembly appointed a language commission under the leadership of Justice Dhar.
• Sriramulu, a veteran freedom fighter started satyagraha for the formation of Andhra Pradesh for Telugu speaking people. He died as martyr after 58 days. As a result of the agitation which followed this, the Government of India formed the state of Andhra Pradesh in 1953.
• In 1953, the States Reorganization Commission was formed.
• In 1956 the Parliament passed the States Reorganization Act.

Question 4.
Write a note on the formation of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Indian Constitution is the foundation of out nation making. The constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 with Dr.Rajendra Prasad as Chairman. A drafting committee was formed under the Chairmanship of B.R.Ambedkar to prepare the Constitution. The other members of the Committee were N.Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Alladi Krishnaswami Iyer, K.M.Munshi and Muhammad Saadulah.

The constitution was framed after detailed deliberations and debates. The Indian Constitution was unanimously adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949. The constitution came into effect on 26th January 1950 and India was declared a Republic.

Question 5.
Free India made notable achievements in science and technology. Examine the validity of this statement.
Answer:
Independent India made remarkable achievements in science and technology. Technology and technocrats have played a major role in the agricultural progress and industrialisation of India. India achieved considerable progress in science and technology under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru who was an ardent admirer of modem science. Several research institutions were set up for the development of science and technology. Some of them were:

• Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
• Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
• Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

Two stalwarts of Indian science, Homi Jehangir Bhabha and S.N.Bhatnagar helmed the projects of Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Homi.J.Bhabha was the head of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Indian Atomic Energy Commission.

Many engineering institutes with world standard were set up. Between 1954 and 1964, five Indian Institute of Technology (1ITS) were set up. Nehru strongly believed that India should minimize her dependence on western countries in science and technology. Subsequently India made tremendous progress is medical science, biomedical engineering, genetics, biotechnology, health science, transportation, marine technology, information technology and atomic energy.

Question 6.
Explain the advancements in space research in independent India.
Answer:
India’s achievements in space research and missile technology are comparable to those of the developed nations.

• In 1962, Nehru, with the technical advice of Vikram Sarabhai, formed the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR).
• Following this, in 1969, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established to lead space research.
• The first rocket launching station in India was set up at Thumba near Trivandmm in 1962.
• As a result of the collective efforts of India’s space research experts, first artificial satellite of India Aryabhatta was successfully launched in 1975.
• Besides artificial satellites, India has also developed space vehicles and rocket launchers. India is the only developing country that can develop and launch satellites. India could ( achieve this honour due to the farsightedness of Nehru.
• The main agencies that develop satellites in India are National Remote Sensing Agency and ‘ Physical Research Laboratory.
• In missile technology also, India made achievements. Agni, Prithvi and Akash are the main missiles developed by India.
• Dr.Raja Ramanna and Dr.A.RJ.Abdul Kalam led experiments in the atomic energy sector.
• India has entered a new era in space exploration with the new space mission Chandrayan and Mangalyaan.
• India’s first lunar mission Chandrayan was launched in October 2008. With this, India became a member in the coveted group to launch space shuttle to the lunar orbit after USA, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan.
• India’s Mars mission is called Mangalyaan. India became the first country to successfully get a spacecraft into Mar’s orbit on its maiden attempt by the launching of Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013. It is the Indian made space shuttle that covered the longest distance in space.

Question 7.
Explain the major features of the National Education Policy of 1986.
Answer:
The New Education Policy of 1986 was formulated with an objective to prepare India to face the challenges of the new millenium. Its recommendations were:

• Focusing on primary education and continuing education.
• Launching Operation Black Board programme to universalise primary education and to improve the infrastructure facilities of schools.
• Setting up Navodaya Vidyalayas in each district.
• Encouraging girl’s education.
• Use media like radio and television for educational purpose.
• The State Council of Education Research and Training (SCERT) for promoting research and training in education at the state level and the District Institute of Education and Training (DIET) in each district were started as part of the National Education Policy of 1986.

Question 8.
Which are the important cultural institutions formed after independence?
Answer:

• Sahitya Akademi
• SangitNatakAkademi
• National Book Trust of India
• Lalit Kala Akademi
• National School of Drama

Question 9.
List the fundamental principles of India’s foreign policy.
Answer:

• Panchsheel principles
• Non-Alignment
• Resistance to colonialism and imperialism
• Trust in the United Nations
• Emphasis on the necessity of foreign assistance.
• Peaceful co-existence
• Hostility’to racism

Question 10.
Discuss the context of the refugee problem in Independent India.
Answer:
One of the important problems that independent India had to face was the refugee problem. The main reason for the refugee problem was the partition of India into India and Pakistan. Following the partition, there was an influx of Hindus and Sikhs to India from Pakistan and Muslims from India to Pakistan. Communal riots broke out in different parts of India.

Calcutta, Bihar, Noakhali, Delhi, Punjab and Kashmir witnessed bloody riots. Thousands were killed and women were attacked. As a result, different sections of people lost all their belongings and became refugees. Around 10 million people travelled as refugees on bare foot, trains and bullock carts.

Question 11.
Discuss the role of the Constitution of India fostering democracy.
Answer:

• The laws for governing the country are derived from the constitution.
• In democratic countries, the constitution is framed on the basis of the interest and will of the people.
• Indian constitution is the foundation of our nation making.
• Indian constitution stands for a democratic government, and for the ideas of republic, federation and division of power.
• The powers of the central and state governments are clearly defined in the constitution.
• The constitution also assures rule of law, single citizenship and free and impartial election.
• Indian constitution also safeguards democracy through Parliamentary system of rule,
  fundamental rights and fundamental duties.

Question 12.
Why did independent India choose language as a criterion for state reorganisation?
Answer:
Detailed discussions were held for the criterion of state reorganisation. Several factors such as geographical extent, population, etc. were considered. When nationalism was defined on the basis of religion, linguistic identity was raised as a counter argument.

The people who follow a particular religion, might be speaking different languages. The people who speak the same language might be following different religions. Since language was a strong unifying force as an instrument of communication and cultural formation, language was chosen as a criterion for state reorganisation.

Question 13.
Prepare a note on the economic development of independent India.
Answer:
Independent India adopted an economic system called mixed economy which was a synthesis of capitalism and socialism. It gave preference to the development of public sector. The government under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru which assumed power after independence adopted many projects aimed at the economic development of the nation.

Centralised economic planning was one such project. The Planning Commission was formed in 1950 for centralised planning. It devised many projects for economic progress. Five Year Plans are the schemes introduced by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic growth of the country.

It was in 1951 that Five Year Plan was started in India. Agriculture was given priority in the First Five Year Plan and in the Second Plan which began in 1956, industrial development was given priority. The five year plans helped India to go ahead with the process of development.

They also helped to alleviate poverty, flourish agricultural and industrial sectors, improve education and generate new energy sources. India also got assistance from foreign countries for economic development. With their support, iron and steel industries were set up in various parts of the country. Major dams had a significant role in moderating Indian economy.

Question 14.
What were the features of the initiatives taken by independent India in the economic sector?
Answer:

• India adopted a mixed economic system which was a synthesis of capitalism and socialism. It gave preference to the development of the public sector. Heavy industries, mining of minerals and oil, railways and airways, manufacture of military equipments, etc. were brought under public sector. The private investors were also given encouragement by the government.
• Planning Commission was formed in 1950 for centralised planning. The Planning Commission implemented many projects for attaining economic progress.
• Five Year Plans were launched in 1951. The plans gave a boost to Indian agriculture, industry, power production, etc.
• Foreign aid was accepted for economic progress. Iron and steel industries were started at Bhilai and Bokaro with Soviet aid, Rourkela with German aid and Durgapur with British aid.
• Big dams were constructed across many rivers for irrigation and for the production of electricity. With irrigational facilities, agricultural production increased tremendously.
• As a result of the investment of capital in agricultural sector for irrigation, agricultural machines, fertilizers, pesticides, hybrid seeds, etc. agricultural production increased. This came to be known as Green Revolution.

Question 15.
How did the achievements in the field of science help the development of India?
Answer:

• Several research institutions like Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Council for Agricultural Research and Indian Council for Medical Research were set up for scientific progress. Under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India attained great progress in atomic energy and missile technology.
• Under Space Research Organisation, India launched spacecrafts and satellites. The satellites launched by India help in communication, weather study, locating resources, etc.
• World class engineering institutes were also established in the country. Five Indian Institutes of Technology were started between 1954 and 1964.
• Nehru strongly believed that India should minimize her dependence on western countries in science and technology. Subsequently India made tremendous progress in medical science, biomedical engineering, genetics, biotechnology, health science, marine technology, information technology, atomic energy and transportation.

Question 16.
Analyse the educational achievements in
independent India.
Answer:

• The Government appointed various commissions to study Indian Education and to submit recommendations.
• National Policy of Education was formulated in 1986.
• Right to Education Act was passed in 2009 to give free and compulsory education to children of 6 to 14 years of age. It is included as part of Fundamental Rights.
• New policy on education paved the way for remarkable changes in education.
• Colleges, universities, engineering institutions
  including IITS and IIMS for management studies of international standard were set up.
• With the help of internet and computer, smart classrooms were started in schools which helped to increase the quality of education.
• Gave a stress to female education and as a result, the female literacy rate increased.
• Open schools were set up for students who discontinued their education without completing their studies.
• In order to control the various sectors of education and formulate policies, several agencies like University Grants Commission (UGC), National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), All India Medical Council (AIMC), All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), etc. were started.
• The Sarva Shikhsha Abhiyan (SSA) is the agency with a view to universalise primary education and Rashtriya Madyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) is the agency to universalise secondary and higher secondary education. SSA and RMSA are joined together and implemented as Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.

Question 17.
The foreign policy of independent India reflects the values of Indian National Movement. Examine.
Answer:
Independent India accepted the foreign policy which was formulated by the Indian National Congress during the freedom movement. It was Jawaharlal Nehru who shaped the basic principles of India’s foreign policy. He was one of the architects of the policy of non-alignment.

A good foreign policy is the extension of a mature domestic policy. Both are interrelated. The values upheld by Indian National Movement like non-violence, non-aggression, freedom and equality can be seen in the foreign policy of India. The Directive Principles of State Policy in the constitution explain the basis of Indian Foreign Policy. The policy of non-alignment and to strive for disarmament at the international level are also the aims of India.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 5 Public Expenditure and Public Revenue

Question 1.
Compare developmental expenditure and non-developmental expenditure and give examples for each.
Answer:
Developmental expenditure: The expenditure incurred by the government for developmental activities that will yield further income. Eg: Construction of roads, harbours, establishing educational institutions, etc.

Non-developmental expenditure: The expenditure of the government for non developmental activities that will not yield further income.
Eg: Expenses on war, paying pension, etc.

Question 2.
Describe the features of direct tax and indirect tax.
Answer:

Question 3.
What are the important functions of GST Council?
Answer:

• Makes recommendation on taxes, cess and surcharges that are to be merged into GST.
• Makes recommendation on goods and services that are to be brought under GST.
• Determines GST rates.
• Determines the time frame for including the excluded items into GST.
• Determines the tax exemption limit on the basis of total turn over.

Question 4.
Explain with examples public revenue and public expenditure.
Answer:

• The income of the government is known as public revenue. Eg: Taxes, Fines, Grants, etc.
• The expenditure incurred by the government is known as public expenditure. Eg: Distribution of drinking water, defence expenditure.

Question 5.
What are the sources of non-tax revenue?
Answer:

• Fees: Fees is the reward for the government’s services. Eg. License fees, registration fees
• Fines and Penalties: Punishments for violating the laws.
• Grants: Financial aid by one government or organisations for meeting specific objectives. Eg. Grants by state government to local self-governments.
• Profit: Income received from public sector enterprises.
• Interest: Amount received for the loans provided by the government to various enterprises and countries.

Question 6.
Rewrite if required.

• Deficit budget: income = expenditure
• Surplus budget: income < expenditure
• Balanced budget: income > expenditure

Answer:

• Deficit budget: expenditure > income
• Surplus budget: expenditure < iricome
• Balanced budget: income = expenditure.

Question 7.
What is fiscal policy? Explain its aims.
Answer:
The policy of the government regarding public revenue, public expenditure and public debt is called fiscal policy. This policy is implemented through the budget.

Aims of fiscal policy:

• Attain economic stability
• Create employment opportunities
• Control unnecessary expenditure
• Control prices.

Question 8.
Public finance and fiscal policy determine a country’s progress. Substantiate.
Answer:

Public finance relates to public income, public expenditure and public debt. Public finance is presented through budget. The budget includes activities the government proposes to implement, sources of income and important expenditure items. A balanced budget can ensure national progress.

The policy of the government regarding public revenue, public expenditure and public debt is called fiscal policy. These policies are implemented through the budget. Fiscal policy influences a country’s progress. A sound fiscal policy helps in nourishing the developmental activities and attaining growth.

Question 9.
List the activities undertaken by the government for the welfare of the people.
Answer:

• Providing educational facilities
• Providing healthcare facilities
• Enhancing public distribution system
• Distribution of drinking water
• Distribution of pension
• Protection of environment.

Question 10.
Given below is the graph showing the public expenditure of India from 2009-10 to 2015-16.

Answer:

• The public expenditure of 2009 – 10 was ₹1024487 crore. It increased to ₹1777477 crore in 2015-16.
• The rate of increase in 2009-10 :\(\frac{1197328-1024487}{1024487} \times 100 \%\)
• The rate of increase in 2015-16: \(\frac{1777477-1681158}{1681158} \times 100 \%\)

The reasons for increase are

• Defence expenditure
• Increase in population
• Welfare schemes

Question 11.
Which are the sources of public revenue?
Answer:

• Tax revenue
• Non tax revenue.

Question 12.
List the important indirect taxes in India.
Answer:

• Central GST
• Integrated GST
• State GST.

Question 13.
List the taxes imposed by Central, State and Local self governments.
Answer:

Question 14.
Which are the sources of public debt of government?
Answer:

• Internal sources – within the country
• External sources – foreign governments and international institutions

Question 15.
Observe the table indicating internal and external debt of India from 2013-14 to 2015-16.

How much did public debt increase in 2015-16 compared to 2013 -14?
What conclusion can be arrived at while comparing internal debt and external debt?
Answer:

• In 2015-16, the debt increased to ₹ 1078329 crore.
• Internal debt is more than external debt.

Question 16.
Analyse the expenditure of the central government in 2015-16 and write your conclusions.

Answer:

• The highest expenditure of the central government in 2015-16 was on interest and payment: ₹ 456145 crore.
• Defence expenditure comes second: ₹ 246727 crore.
• Pension expense is ₹ 88521 crore.
• Expenditure on social service is only ₹ 29143 crore.

Question 17.
Observe the diagrams related to the major. income sources of the central budget 2015-16.

• From which item does the central government receive maximum revenue?
• Which is the source of non tax revenue that yields maximum income to the central government?
• Which yields more income to the central government – tax revenue or non-tax revenue?

Answer:

• Corporate tax
• Profit
• Tax revenue

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 6 Struggle and Freedom

Question 1.
What are the regional agitations in which Gandhiji participated after his arrival in India?
Answer:

• 1917: The struggle of indigo farmers in Champaran
• 1918: Ahmedabad cotton mill strike
• 1918: Peasant struggle in Kheda

Question 2.
What are the strategies of strike used in the peasant struggle in Kheda?
Answer:

• Satyagraha
• Non-payment of tax

Question 3.
Analyse the outcomes of Gandhiji’s earlier struggles.
Or
What changes happened in the national movement through the earlier struggles of Gandhiji?
Answer:

• The struggles Gandhij i took up popularised his ideologies and method of protest.
• The city centric national movement spread to rural areas.
• Till his entry into the political scenario, national movement was confined to the educational section of the society. His methods of protest attracted common men to the movement.
• Gandhiji became a national leader acceptable to all strata of the society.

Question 4.
Name the law made by the British in the pretext of preventing extremist activities.
Answer:

• In the pretext of preventing extremist activities,, the British Parliament passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919 limiting the civil rights.
• As per this Act, any person could be arrested and imprisoned without trial.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Jallicmwala Bagh massacre.
Answer:
The British Parliament passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919. As per this Act, any person could be arrested and imprisoned without trial. Leaders like Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal led the anti- Rowlatt Act agitations in Punjab.

People gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 April 1919 to protest against the arrest of these leaders. The city was under the control of the army. Accusing that the protesters violated his instructions, the army chief General Dyer ordered to shoot without warning.

The innocent armless people were trapped as the ground was surrounded by buildings and the only entrance was blocked by the armed British soldiers. The shooting of ten minutes killed 379 people and thousands were wounded. This incident is known as Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Question 6.
List out the outcomes of Non-Co-operation Movement under Gandhiji.
Answer:

• As a part of Non-Co-operation Movement, many national schools were established. Students who boycotted English education were attracted to national educational institutions. Kashi Vidya Pith, Gujarat Vidya Pith, Jamia Millia, etc. were some of the national educational institutions started during this time.
• Non-Co-operation movement had a major role in making the national movement, till then confined to the elite, a grass root mass movement.
• Production of ind igenous goods increased.
• Popularisation of Hindi.
• Formation of Swaraj Party.
• Non-Co-operation movement could shake the foundations of British rule in India.

Question 7.
Which incident forced Gandhiji to withdraw the Non-Co-operation Movement?
Answer:
Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Co-operation Movement due to a untoward incident in Chauri Chaura village in Uttar Pradesh. In response to the police firing at a mob, the villagers set ablaze the police station and 22 policemen died. This incident is known as Chauri Chaura incident. Gandhiji who believed in the principle of non¬violence, was disappointed by the incident.

Question 8.
Which session of the Congress declared PoornaSwaraj as the ultimate aim of Indian freedom struggle?
Answer:
The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress held in 1929 under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru declared Poorna Swaraj.

Question 9.
Prepare a Seminar paper on the significance of Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom struggle.
Answer:
Seminar
Title: The Significance of Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom struggle Introduction:
The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress held in 1929 under the Chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru resolved to start the Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji. With the civil disobedience, Gandhiji meant to disobey all anti-popular and anti¬democratic civil laws made by the British government.

Gandhiji proposed the following as part of civil disobedience.

• To lift salt tax.
• To declare 50% tax relaxation for farmers.
• To increase the tax on imported foreign clothes.
• To release political prisoners.
• To cut short military budget and h igh salary of top officials.
• To dissolve the secret surveillance wing formed to watch Indians.
• To start coastal shipping service.
• To implement prohibition of liquor.

Gandhiji gave top priority to reducing salt tax due to a variety of reasons. They were:

• Salt tax constituted two fifth portion of the income collected by the British through taxes.
• There was three fold hike on salt price.
• This tax was a heavy burden for the poor people.
• The British government banned small scale indigenous salt production.
• The demand for lifting the salt tax was a slogan suitable to inspire all sections of society.

Gandhiji started the famous Dandi March on March 12, 1930. With 78 selected followers, Gandhiji marched from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a sea coast village in Gujarat. On April 6, 1930, Gandhiji broke salt law at Dandi by making salt. Inspired by the call of Gandhiji, people in various parts of the country started to produce salt on their own, violating the British regulations.

Payyannur in Kerala, Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu, Bombay in Maharashtra, Noakhali in Bengal and North West Frontier Province were some of the centres of the protest. As part of the protest, volunteers made salt and distributed it to the public, hoisted national flag and chanted anti-British slogans. The British police severely tortured a team of volunteers led by Sarojini Naidu who set out to Dharsana salt field in Gujarat. Gandhiji was arrested and the movement was suppressed callously.

The Civil Disobedience Movement spread to different parts of the country very fast. This movement gave them an opportunity to express their resentment and hatred towards the British colonial rule. An important feature of this movement was the mass participation of women. The British tried to suppress the Civil Disobedience movement. About one lakh satyagrahis, including Gandhiji were imprisoned. The Indian National Congress was banned.

Conclusion
The second and the most powerful mass movements under the leadership of Gandhiji was the Civil Disobedience Movement. By taking salt as a tool of protest, Gandhiji.

• Proved that any trivial issue can be snowballed into a popular strategy to trigger public protest and intensity of mass movement.
• Succeeded in securing support of the society at large.
• Sensitised the public in a very simple way to the exploitation of the British.

Question 10.
Prepare a note on the Quit India Movement.
Answer:
The Quit India Movement of 1942 was the last popular protest organised by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji. The All India Congress Committee passed the historic Quit India Resolution on August 8,1942. It was a mass movement based on the ideology of non¬violence meant to force the British to leave the country offering complete freedom to Indians.

The factors that caused the Quit India movement were:

• Reluctance of the British to implement constitutional reforms in India.
• Public disgust with price hike and famine.
• The assumption that the British would be defeated in the Second World War.

As part of the movement, Gandhiji called for the following.

• Princely states shall recognise the sovereignty of their people.
• Farmers shall not pay land tax.
• Government officials shall disclose their loyalty to Indian National Congress without resigning their positions.
• Without quitting their positions in the army, soldiers shall disobey orders to shoot and kill Indians.
• If possible, students shall boycott education till attaining freedom.

Gandhij i gave the slogan ‘Do or die’ to the people during the quit India agitation. The British suppressed the movement very severely and arrested leaders including Gandhiji. In protest, the uncontrolled mob demolished government offices, electric lines and transportation facilities. At the end of 1942, India was under popular unrest. The Quit India Movement was a clear indication of the people’s determination to grab freedom for their country.

Question 11.
How did Gandhiji become the leader of Indian society?
Answer:

• Gandhiji became familiar to the Indians after his involvement in addressing the problems of the Indian expatriates in South Africa.
• His protests in South Africa made him famous.
• Gandhiji was very popular because he lived among the common people and his food and clothing was similar to that of the common man in India and he spoke in their language.
• Common people found in Gandhiji a saviour who could solve their problems.
• His policy of Satyagraha and Ahimsa made him popular.

Question 12.
Examine the early struggles led by Gandhiji and discuss his method of protest.
Answer:
The early struggles that Gandhiji led in India were the struggle of the indigo farmers in Champaran in 1917, Ahmedabad cotton mill strike in 1918 and peasant struggle in Kheda in 1918. All the three struggles were regional and based on economic issues.

In Champaran, Gandhiji resorted to disobedience of the British rules and Satyagraha. His involvement compelled the authorities to pass laws in favour of the indigo farmers. Gandhiji adopted the same method of protest that he used in Champaran in the Ahmedabad cotton mill strike for ‘plague bonus’.

Following his satyagraha, the authorities agreed to hike the wages of employees and the strike came to an end. The rulers decided to collect tax from the poor villagers of Kheda who were in misery due to drought and crop failure. Gandhiji employed the tools of non payment of tax and satyagraha in this struggle. The authorities were forced to reduce tax rates. Gandhiji’s early struggles were based on Satyagraha and Ahimsa and this made him a popular leader.

Question 13.
How did the Jallianwala Bagh massacre influence Indian National Movement? Discuss.
Answer:
People gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 April 1919 to protest against the arrest of Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal who led the anti- Rowlatt Act agitation in Punjab. The city was under the control of the army. Accusing the protesters violated his instructions, the army chief -General Dyer ordered to shoot without warning.

The Bagh was surrounded by buildings and the only entrance was blocked by the armed British soldiers and thus the people were trapped. The shooting that lasted for 10 minutes killed 379 people and wounded thousands. This was the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.

The massacre at Jallianwala Bagh intensified the protests at the national level. India was shocked at this cruelty. Anti-British feeling intensified and national movement strengthened. More people began to participate in agitations against the British. Gandhiji said that Jallian wala Bagh massacre shook the foundation of the British empire.

Question 14.
Explain the circumstances that led Gandhiji to support the Khilafat movement.
Answer:
Khilafat movement in India was started under the leadership of Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shoukath Ali in 1919. Gandhij i supported the movement because:

• By declaring Khilafat movement as a part of Indian national movement, Gandhiji ensured active participation of Muslims in the freedom struggle.
• To intensify Hindu-Muslim unity.
• His expectation that the Hindus and Muslims together could put an end to the colonial rule.
• To travel across India with Khilafat leaders and to propagate his ideologies.

Question 15.
Explain the circumstances which led Gandhiji to suspend the Non-Co-Operation Movement.
Answer:
The first national level struggle by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji was the Non Co-operation movement. Non co-operation movement had a major role in making the national movement, which was till then confined to the elite of the society, a grass root mass movement. But Gandhiji suspended the Non Co-operation Movement due to the Chauri Chaura incident.

In response to the police firing on a mob at Chauri Chaura, a village in Uttar Pradesh, the villagers set ablaze the police station and 22 policemen died. This was known as Chauri Chaura incident. The incident disappointed Gandhiji who believed in the principles of Ahimsa. He realised that the people could not fully understand the essence of Ahimsa. So he suspended the Non co-operation movement.

Question 16.
How far the demands of Gandhiji are appropriate to attain the freedom of India?
Answer:
Proposals put forward by Gandhiji for freedom

• To lift salt tax.
• To increase the tax on imported foreign clothes.
• To implement prohibition of liquor.
• To release political prisoners.
• To declare 50% tax relaxation for farmers.
• To cut short military budget and high salary to top officials.
• To dissolve the secret surveillance wing formed to watch Indians.
• To start coastal shipping service.

Gandhiji gave top priority to reducing salt tax. This was the powerful weapon that he used against the British. Salt tax was a heavy burden to the common people. Salt tax constituted two fifth portion of the income collected by the British through taxes. The demand for lifting salt tax was a slogan suitable to inspire all segments of the society. By taking salt as a tool, Gandhij i succeeded in securing support of the society at large. Pooma Swaraj became the aim of national struggle.
These proposals helped to attain freedom to some extent.

Question 17.
The Salt Satyagraha was the best example for bravery based on non-violence. Substantiate.
Or
The Salt Satyagraha played a major role in making national movement a mass movement. Substantiate.
Answer:
The second mass movement that Gandhij i launched against the British in India was the Civil Disobedience Movement and Salt Satyagraha. Gandhiji began the .Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt law. The British hiked the salt price three fold.

This tax was a heavy burden for the poor people. Gandhiji appealed to the people to agitate against salt law. Gandhiji along with 78 followers marched from Sabarmati Ashram on 12 March 1930 to Dandi, a coastal village. He and his followers reached Dandi on April 6,1930 and broke the salt law by making salt. Inspired by the call of Gandhiji, people in various parts of the country started to produce salt on their own, violating the British regulations. Following Salt Satyagraha, Gandhiji was arrested and the movement was suppressed callously.

The people resorted to peaceful means of agitations like non-payment of tax, disobedience to laws, strike and hartals. Thus Salt Satyagraha was an agitation based on non-violence. The mass participation of the people made it a mass movement.

Question 18.
The Quit India Movement was a turning point in India’s freedom struggle. Discuss.
Answer:
The Quit India Movement of 1942 was the last popular protest organized by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji. The Indian National Congress Committee passed the historic Quit India Resolution on August 8,1942. It was a mass movement based on the ideology of non-violence meant to force the British to leave the country offering complete freedom to Indians. Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’ to the people and exhorted all to become part of the agitation.

The British government suppressed the movement severely. All the top leaders of the Congress including Gandhiji were arrested on August 9 and imprisoned. The Congress Party was banned. In protest, the uncontrolled mob demolished government offices, electric and railway lines. At the end of 1942, India was under the fire of popular unrest.

Quit India Movement was a popular agitation. Workers, peasants and students were in the forefront. The agitation made the British realize that their days in India were numbered.

Question 19.
Conduct a quiz competition on ‘Gandhiji and freedom struggle of India’.
Answer:
a. The first Satyagraha organised by Gandhiji in India.
Champaran Satyagraha, 1917

b. The first national level struggle of Indian National Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji.
Non co-operation Movement

c. When was the Quit India Movement started.?
1942

d. Which was the slogan that Gandhiji gave during Quit India Movement?
Do or Die

e. The Congress Session that declared PoomaSwaraj as its aim.
Lahore Congress Session 1929

f. Which incident prompted Gandhiji to suspend the Non Co-operation Movement?
Chauri Chaura incident

g. From where did the Dandi March begin?
Sabarmati Ashram

h. Which Round Table Conference was attended by Gandhiji as the representative of the Congress?
Second Round Table Conference (1931)

i. The centre of Salt Satyagraha in Kerala.
Payyannur

j. The year in which the Rowlatt Act was passed
1919

Question 20.
Prepare a Seminar paper on the organizations j which were formed as an alternative to Gandhian way of struggle for the freedom of India.
Or
Many movements and persons who had difference of opinion with the Gandhian approach to the struggle for independence played a crucial role in the freedom struggle of India. Explain their activities.
Answer:

Seminar

Topic : Organisations formed as alternative , to Gandhian way of struggle for the freedom of India
Introduction:
Many movements and persons who had difference of opinion towards Gandhian approach to the struggle for independence also played crucial roles in attaining freedom for our country. Their objective was also nothing but Indian freedom from colonial clutches.
The following are examples for such organizations.

Swaraj Party:
C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru who opposed Gandhian idea of boycott movement, formed the Swaraj Party in 1923. They argued for making legislative assemblies as platforms for raising our voices instead of boycotting them.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association:
Revolutionaries from Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar gathered in Delhi and formed the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association in 1928. Bhagat Singh, Chandra Sekhar Azad, Raj Guru and Sukh Dev were at the helm of this movement.

They floated a military wing called ’Republican Army’ for armed revolution. Their plan was to overthrow the colonial government through military action and establish a federal republic of Indian states. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs at the Central Legislative Assembly to protest against the attempts to pass laws curtailing civil rights.

Abhinav Bharat Society:
V.D.Savarkar founded the revolutionary organisation Abhinav Bharat Society in 1904 in Maharashtra. This was the most important revolutionary organisation in Maharashtra. Anand Lakshman Karkare who was a prominent member of this organization assassinated the Nasik District Magistrate Jackson.

Anuseelan Samiti:
Anuseelan Samiti was the most popular revolutionary organisation in Bengal. It was founded in 1902 by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Jateendranath Banerji and Pramod Mithar. Pulin Das founded the Anuseelan Samiti of Dacca.

Ghadar Party:
Ghadar Party was the revolutionary organisation formed by the Indian revolutionaries in America in 1913. The founders of this organisation were Lala Hardayal, Bhai Parmanand, Sohan Singh Bhakna. Its main aim was to liberate India from the British rule. The party decided to start an armed rebellion in India on February 2,1915.

Indian Republican Army:
Indian Republican Army was formed under the leadership of Surya Sen. Its aim was to overthrow the colonial government in India and establish a federal republic of Indian states.

Congress Socialist Party:
At a meeting held under the leadership of Jai Prakash Narayan in Bombay in 1934, the Congress Socialist Party was formed. Taking cue from the Russian revolution, socialist ideologies started to spread in India in 1930s and these ideas influenced a section of Congress activists.

This organisation played a decisive role in the Quit India Movement. When Gandhiji and other top leaders of the Congress were arrested, Socialist Party leaders like Jai Prakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali led the movement from their hideouts.

Forward Bloc:
At various stages of national movement, Subhash Chandra Bose expressed his difference of opinion on Gandhian ideas of struggle. Quitting the Congress, he formed a new political party called Forward Bloc.

Indian National Army:
Indian National Army was formed by Rash Bihari Bose to attain freedom for India. Later Subhash Chandra Bose took the charge of INA. He formed a provisional government for free India in Singapore with the aim of forcing the British to quit India. The INA had a woman wing called the Jhansi Regiment.

With the support of the Japanese army, the Indian National Army marched to the north east border of India and hoisted the Indian Flag in Imphal.

Question 21.
Discuss the role of labourers and farmers in the struggle for Indian independence.
Answer:
The socialist ideologies that spread among the Indians after the Russian Revolution led to the formation of various labour and peasant movements in India. The earliest labour unions in India were Ahmedabad Textiles Association, Madras Labour Union and All India Trade Union Congress.

Because of the tax laws of the British, severe exploitation of the zamindars and the low price of agricultural produces, Indian farmers realized the importance of an organised struggle and started peasant movements. The All India Kisan Sabha was formed in Lahore by the efforts of leaders like N.G.Renga.

Organisations of labourers and farmers and their subsequent protests energised Indian national movement. Their policy of equally opposing the imperialist policies of the British government as well as the feudal system that existed in India triggered agitations and revolts in various parts of the country.. Some of them were Tebhaga struggle in Bengal, Telangana struggle in Andhra and Naval Mutiny in Bombay.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions