Prasanna

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 11 Sociology: What? Why?

Sociology had its origin in the 19th century in Western Europe. The thoughts of French thinker Auguste Comte laid the foundation for Sociological studies. Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his environment. It was in the Bombay. University that Sociology was taught as a subject for the first time in India. The important methods of study in Sociology are social survey, interview, observation and case study. Sociology helps us to get a basic understanding of social life and thereby to broaden our perspective of life.

→ Sociology: Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his social environment. In other words, Sociology is the scientific study of the social aspects of human life.

→ Social Survey : Social survey is the collection of data from a selected group of people.

→ Questionnaire : Questionnaire is a set of questions that researchers use to collect data.

→ Interview : The talk between the interviewer and the interviewee. It is a method of collecting data orally.

→ Observation : The method of recording truthfully whatever is seen, heard or experienced.

→ Case study : It is the detailed study of the case. Case study is used to make an in-depth study on rare and different social phenomena and problems.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 10 Civic Consciousness

Every individual in the modem society is ‘ known as citizen. Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and that the genuine interests of the society are the interest of the citizens. Man becomes selfish in the absence of civic consciousness and all his activities will be for his own achievements. The important factors that formulate civic consciousness are family, education, associations, media and democratic system. Sustained civic consciousness is essential for the growth and development of a society.

→ Civic consciousness : The recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interests of the citizen.

→ Morality : Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 9 The State and Political Science

State is an assemblage of human beings, living in a definite territory, under an organised government without any external control. Statehood is, the highest stage in social evolution. The essential constituents of state are people, territory, government and sovereignty. The functions of the government can be classified into obligatory functions and discretionary functions. According to Aristotle, Political Science is the study of state and government. The scope of Political Science is continuously expanding.

→ State : A group of people residing permanently within a particular territory withja sovereign government is called state.

→ Population : The total number of people residing in a country at a specified period of time.

→ Demography : It is the scientific study of growth and development of population based on statistics.

→  Saptanga Theory
Saptanga theory of state refers to the seven factors or limbs of the state according to Chanakya. The seven limbs are:

• The Ruler(Swami)
• The Minister (Amatya)
• The Population and land area (Janapada)
• The Fortified Capital (Durga)
• The Treasury (Kosha)
• The Army (Danda)
• Allies (Mitra)

→ Territory : Territory is the area of land, permanently occupied by a group of people, whose dominance is not questioned or opened to dispute.

→ Government : The system by which a state is governed. It is the centre of authority that governs a state.

→ Sovereignty : The supreme or ultimate authority of the state to take decisions ca national and international affairs independently ’ without any external control.

→ Discretionary functions of govt: Functions which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of a state.

→ Obligatory functions of government : The functions that the government will have to implement at all times at any cost.

→ Citizenship : The full and equal membership in a nation.

→ Natural Citizenship: The citizenship one gets by birth.

→ Acquired Citizenship : The citizenship acquired by a person on the basis of legal procedure of a nation.

→ Political Science : The study of state and government.

→ Divine Right Theory : This theory states that state is the creation of God and king is the representative of God.

→ Evolutionary Theory: This theory states that the state was formed by social evolution.

→ Power Theory : This theory proposes that state came into being as a result of the establishment of power by the strong over the weak.

→ Social Contract Theory : This theory states that the state came into being as a result of a contract by the people.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 8 Kerala towards Modernity

The Portuguese, the Dutch and the English established their rule in Kerala. Our predecessors had suffered the brutalities perpetrated by foreign rule. They fought for the freedom of the country by suffering this torture and adversities. By the Treaty of Sree- rangapattanam of 1792, the British got Malabar and they began to rule it directly. Kochi and Travancore also accepted the suzeranity of the British. The first part of the unit deals with the early resistance to British rule by Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, Velu Thampi and Paliath Achan. The impact of British rule affected the agriculture, industry and the cultural fields of Kerala. Renaissance leaders played a key role in the social transformation of Kerala. This was followed by National Movement in Kerala. Kerala State was formed on November 1,1956 by incorporating Malabar, Kochi and Travancore.

→ Kundara Proclamation : The proclamation issued by Velu Thampi, the Dewan of Travancore on 11 January 1809, appealing the people to fight against the British taking up arms. The proclamation was able to infuse anti-British feelings and patriotism and loyalty among the people.

→ Battle of Colachel : The battle of Colachel was fought between the Dutch and Marthanda Varma of Travancore in 1741. The Dutch were defeated, they had to leave Kerala and ended their desire to capture Kerala.

→ Attingal Revolt : The first organised revolt against the British in Kerala.

→ Pazhassi Revolt : The revolt organised by Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam royal family against the British.

→ Malabar Tenant’s Act : The Act passed in 1929 on the recommendations of Logan Commission set up to enquire about the Mappila revolts. Accordingly the peasants got limited right over the land.

→ Pandarapattam Proclamation: The proclamation issued by the government of Travancore in 1865 granting tenants ownership of the land they cultivated.

→ Jenmi-Kudiyan Act of 1896 : The Act passed by the government of Travancore granted ownership to the peasants.

→ Samkshepavedartham: The first book printed in Malayalam. :

→ Rajya Samacharam, Paschimodayam : The first newspapers in Malayalam published by Dr.Herman Gundert.

→ Channar Revolt: The struggle staged by the Channar women of South Travancore for the right to wear upper clothes.

→ Vaikom Satyagraha : The struggle organised for the right of lower caste people for permission
to walk around the road of Vaikom temple.

→ Guruvayoor Satyagraha : The struggle that started with the demand that all Hindus should be allowed to enter the Guruvayoor temple.

→ Malayali Memorial : The mammoth – memorandum submitted to the Maharaja of Travancore under the leadership of GP.Pillai in 1891, seeking proportionate representation for the people of Travancore in government jobs.

→ Ezhava Memorial :The memorandum signed by the members of Ezhava community and submitted to the Maharaja of Travancore under the leadership of Dr.Palpu, raising the problems faced by the Ezhava community.

→ Nivarthana Prakshobham (Abstention Movement): The agitation started by Christians, Muslims and Ezhavas in 1932 in Travancore, seeking reservation in legislature and government jobs in proportion to their population.

→ Punnapra Vayalar Revolt : The agitation organised by workers at Punnapra and Vayalar in Alappuzha for civil rights and popular rule.

→ Electricity Agitation: The agitation that started in Kochi against Dewan Shanmugam Shetty’s decision to hand over the changes of electricity supply in Kochi to a private company.

→ Aikya Kerala Movement: The movement to integrate the Malayalam speaking areas and people into one state.

Kerala towards Modernity – Important Years and Events

1498 – Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese navigator reached Kappad
1663 – The Dutch expelled the Portuguese from Kerala
1741 – Battle of ColacheL Marthanda Varma defeated the Dutch 1721 – Attingal Revolt
1792 – Treaty of Sreerangapattanam
1800-1805 – Pazhassi Revolt
1809 – Kundara Proclamation
1865 – Pandarapattam proclamation
1891 – Malayali Memorial
1896 – Ezhava Memorial
1921 – Malabar Rebellion
1924 – Vaikom Satyagraha
1929 – Malabar Kudiyanma Act
1931 – Guruvayoor Satyagraha
1932 – Nivarthana Prakshobham
1936 – Temple Entry Proclamation
1936 – Electricity Agitation
1946 – Punnapra-Vayalar Agitation
1947 – Aikya Kerala Convention
1949 – Merging of Travancore and Kochi

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 7 India after Independence

India faced many challenges and crises after independence. The problems faced by independent India were communal riots, refugee problem, integration of princely states and formation of linguistic states. The new government of India was able to solve these problems successfully. The unit also deals with the progress attained by India in the economic, scientific, educational, space research and cultural fields.

→ Refugee problem : Following the partition of India, there was an influx of refugees from India to Pakistan and from Pakistan to India. This was the important problem that independent India had to face.

→ Integration of Princely States : The merging of princely states which were ruling independently intothe Indian Union.

→ Instrument of Accession : A legal document signed by the princely states agreeing to join with the Indian Union.

→ Constituent Assembly : The body constituted to frame a constitution for India. Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of Assembly. The Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution was B.R.Ambedkar.

→ State Reorganization Commission : The Commission constituted in 1953 to reorganize Indian states on linguistic basis. Justice Fazal Ali was the Chairman of the Commission.

→ Mixed economy : An economic system which is a synthesis of capitalism and socialism. It gives preference to the development of the public sector.

→ Five Year Plans : The projects launched by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic progress of the nation. The First Five Year Plan was launched in 1951.

→ Panchsheel Principles : The Sino-Indian agreement of 1954 for peaceful co-existence.

India after Independence – Important Years and Events

• 1947 – India became independent
• 1948 – Martyrdom of Gandhiji / Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission
• 1950 – India became a Republic/Planning Commission formed
• 1951 – First Five Year Plan
• 1952 – The first general election/ Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar Com-mission
• 1953 – Formation of Andhra state/States Reorganisation Commission
• 1956 – Indian States Reorganization Act and formation of 14 linguistic states
• 1964 – Kothari Commission
• 1961 – Formation of ISRO
• 1975 Launching of Aryabhata
• 1986 – New Education Policy

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 6 Struggle and Freedom

The unit analyses the history of Indian freedom movement from 1917-1947 under the leadership of Gandhiji. The interaction of Gandhiji with the different sections of Indian j society was a feature of this period. The unit discusses the three mass movements under the leadership of Gandhiji namely the Non-Co-operation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement, Total changes took place in the structure and agitation of the Congress with the coming of Gandhiji. He was able to make the freedom movement a mass and popular movement by including all sections of people. The unit also discusses the revolutionary organizations formed for the purpose of Indian independence.

→ Rowlatt Act : The Act passed by the British Parliament in 1919, by which any person could be arrested and imprisoned without trial.

→ Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The massacre due to the police firing on armless and innocent people at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar on 13 April, 1919.

→ Champaran Satyagraha : Gandhiji involved in the problems of the indigo farmers of Champaran in Bihar in 1917 and resorted to disobedience of British rules and satyagraha.

→ Kheda Satyagraha : The satyagraha started under the leadership of Gandhiji in 1918, protesting the decision of the authorities to collect tax from’ the poor villagers of Kheda.

→ Abhinav Bharat Society : A secret society founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1903 in Nasik, Maharashtra. Aim was to overthrow the British rule through armed rebellion.

→ Anushilan Samiti: Revolutionary organisation started by Barindra Ghosh, the brother of Aurobindo Ghosh, in Bengal in 1902. Its aim was to end British rule through an armed rebellion.

→ Ghadar Party : Organisation started by the Sikhs in the United States and Canada with the aim of founders were Lala Har Dayal and Sohan Singh Bhakna.

→ Indian Republican Army : Revolutionary organisation started by Surya Sen, based in Chittagong.

→ Tebhaga movement : A struggle initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha in 1946 – 47. The tenants had to give half of their harvest to landlords. The demand of the Tebhage (sharing . by thirds) movement was to reduce the share given to landlords as one third.

→ Telangana struggle : The struggle of the peasants of Telangana region against the feudal lords between 1946 and 1951.

→ Naval Mutiny : The revolt of the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy at Bombay in 1946.

→ Non-Co-operation Movement : The first national level struggle by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji launched in 1921. The method of agitation was not to cooperate with the British in all fields.

→ Khilafat Movement : The world wide protest against the efforts of Britain after the First World War to limit the power of Khalifa, the ruler of Turkey and the spiritual leader of world Muslims.

→ Chauri Chaura incident : The killing of 22 policemen by setting fire to the police station at Chauri Chaura village in Uttar Pradesh.

→ Poorna Swaraj: Complete freedom

→ Civil Disobedience : To disobey all anti-popular and anti-democratic civil laws made by the British government.

→ Dandi March / Salt Satyagraha

Gandhiji and 78 followers marched on foot fro Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to Dandi, a coastal village at a distance of240 miles, on March 12,1930 to break salt law. This is known as Dandi March.

On April 6, 1930, Gandhiji made salt at Dandi and broke the salt law. This was the Salt j Satyagraha.

→ Round Table Conferences : The conferences of Indian leaders convened by the British government in London in 1930,1931 and 1932 to discuss the administrative reforms to be implemented in India.

→ Quit India Movement: The last popular protest organized by INC under the leadership of Gandhiji, forcing the British to leave India offering complete freedom to Indians.

→ Hindustan Socialist Republican Association : The organisation formed by the revolutionaries from Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

→ Forward Bloc : The political party formed by Subhash Chandra Bose.

→ Indian National Army : The armed forces formed by Rash Behari Bose for Indian freedom.

→ Mountbatten Plan : The scheme of dividing India into India and Pakistan and giving independence.

Chandrasekhar Azad
Indian revolutionary. Reorganised Hindustan Republican Association. Bom at Bhavra village of Madhya Pradesh in 1906. His forefathers were from Badarka village near Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. As a 15 year old student, he participated in Non – Co – operation movement and was arrested. On being produced before a magistrate, he gave his name as ‘Azad’ (The Free), his father’s name as ‘Swatantra’ (Independence) and his residence as ‘Jail’. From that day he came to be known as Chandra Shekhar \ Azad. Azad died in 1931, killing himself, when surrounded by police.

Struggle and Freedom – Important Years and Events

• 1917 – Champaran Satyagraha
• 1918 – Ahmedabad Cotton Mill Strike
• 1918 – Kheda Peasant Struggle
• 1919 – Rowlatt Act
• 1919 – Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• 1920 – Khilafat Movement
• 1921 – Non-Co-operation Movement
• 1922 – Chauri Chaura Incident
• 1923 – Formation of Swaraj Party
• 1928 – Hindustan Socialist Republicaiciation
• 1929 – Lahore Congress Session
• 1930 – Civil Disobedience Movement
• 1942 – Quit India Movement
• 1946 – Naval Mutiny
• 1947 – India becomes independent

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 5 Culture and Nationalism

Nationalism is a great basis are patriotism and a desire for freedom. Nationalism emerged in India during the British rule. The opinions of Indians about the policies of the British were presented through newspapers and literary works. Literary works that stimulated patriotism began to appear in different Indian languages. The cultural and ideological interference and protests by the Indians influenced social life, newspapers, education, literature and art. The changes in these areas led to the national unity of India.

→ Nationalism : The sense of unity that exists among the people of a nation irrespective of caste, creed, region and religion.

→ Scientific Societies : The organizations formed in the 19th century to translate science books, to hold discussions and to popularize scientific temper.

→ Nai Talim : The new education scheme devised by Gandhiji. Education should be related to some productive occupation. Free and compulsory education in mother tongue for all children between 8 and 14 years.

→ Brahma Samaj : The organisation started by Ram Mohan Roy in 1828 to oppose social evils like Sati and to end caste system.

→ Vernacular Press Act : The Act enacted by Lord Lytton in 1878 to curb freedom of press in regional languages.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 4 British Exploitation and Resistance

Opposition from all sections of India arose 1 when the British administrative policies became widespread. Peasants, workers, tribals and women played a decisive role in anti-colonial struggle. Most of these revolts were organised locally. The reasons for these revolts were strong opposition to the policies of the British and the oppressive policies of landlords. The first organised revolt of the Indians against the British in India was the First War of Indian Independence of 1857.

→ Permanent Land Revenue System : The system of tax reform introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This system is also known as Zamindari system.

→ Ryotwari System : The system of tax reform introduced by the British in South Indian regions.

→ Mahalwari System : The system of tax reform . introduced by the British in North West regions of India.

→ Santhals : The tribals inhabiting the valleys of Rajmahal Hills stretching across the present states of Bengal, Jharkhand and Bihar.

→ Kurichiyas : The tribals inhabiting Wayanad region of Kerala.

→ Drain Theory : This was put forward by Dadabhai Naoroji. He established the fact that a huge amount of money was flowing to Britain every year. He proved that the Drain of Wealth was the root cause of poverty and starvation in India.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Human Resource Development in India

Answer the following. Score 1 each.

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
People who have the manpower which can be utilised in the production sector.
Natural resource
Human resource
Mineral resource
Answer:
Human resource.

Question 2.
Which of the following is a quantitative feature of human resource?
Education
Life expectancy
Growth of population
Answer:
Growth of population

Question 3.
Healthcare is
Qualitative feature of human resource
Quantitative feature of human resource
Value of human resource
Answer:
Qualitative feature of human resource

Question 4.
The last census of India was conducted in
2001
2011
2010
Answer:
2011

Question 5.
When birth rate increases and death rate decreases
population increases
population decreases
no change in population
Answer:
population increases

Question 6.
The project aimed at the integrated development of children upto 6 years
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Integrated Child Development Scheme
Integrated Mother Development Scheme
Answer:
Integrated Child Development Scheme

Question 7.
The aim of Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
To increase the access to higher education
Answer:
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.

Question 8.
The project ensuring access to higher education
SSA
RMS A
RUSA
Answer:
RUSA

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What does the society get from the work of different groups of people to fulfill its need?
Answer:
Goods and services

Question 2.
What is meant by human resource?
Answer:
Human resource refers to people who have manpower which can be utilised in the production sector.

Question 3.
Name the factors that make human resource development possible.
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare
• Training

Question 4.
How are the features of human resource classified?
Answer:

• Quantitative features
• Qualitative features

Question 5.
Name the institution that spearheads census activities in India.
Answer:
Office of the Population Registrar General Census Commissioner.

Question 6.
What is density of population?
Answer:
Density of population refers to the number of people residing in a square kilometer area.

Question 7.
Why is July 11 selected as World Population day?
Answer:
The world population reached 500 crore on July 11, 1987. So July 11 is selected as world population day.

Question 8.
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males.

Question 9.
What is life expectancy?
Answer:
Life expectancy is the average number of years that a person lives.

Question 10.
What is literacy rate?
Answer:
Literacy rate refers to the percentage of population that can read and write with comprehension.

Question 11.
Name the national project that launched to compensate the shortage of skilled people.
Answer:
National Skill Development Corporation.

Question 12.
Which is the project launched to ensure the integrated development of children upto 6 years and to provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women?
Answer:
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)

Question 13.
What is the primary goal of the project Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.

Question 14.
Which is the project formed by integrating Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan

Question 15.
Which is the project launched to increase the access to higher education and to improve the quality of higher education?
Answer:
Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)

Question 16.
Name the project launched to improve the working skill of the youth.
Answer:
National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme.

Question 17.
What does the RTE Act ensure?
Answer:
The Right to Education Act ensures the goal of elementary education for all.

Question 18.
How does WHO define ‘health’?
Answer:
According to WHO, health is a state of physical, mental and social well being.

Question 19.
Name two governmental agencies that function to make available quality health services to all.
Answer:

1. National Rural Health Mission
2. National Urban Health Mission

Answer the following. Score ‘2’ each.

Question 1.
Why is it said that human resource is necessary for the progress of any country?
Answer:
Many goods and services are needed to fulfil the different needs of the people in a country. Manpower is an important factor in making available the goods and services. No society cannot exist without physical and mental manpower.

Question 2.
What is meant by human resource development?
Answer:
Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training.

Question 3.
Which are the agencies that work for developing physical and mental manpower?
Answer:

• Individuals
• Families
• Various institutions
• Nation

Question 4.
What is demography?
Answer:
The branch of social science that analyses the population, the changes in its size, its structural aspects, etc. is known as demography.

Question 5.
What is census?
Answer:
Each country collects information on the number of people in the country, their age, sex, socio¬economic status, etc. and analyses these at specific intervals of time. It is called census.

Question 6.
Which are the qualitative features of human resource?
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare

Question 7.
What is meant by population structure?
Answer:
Population structure is the classification of population into different age groups and presenting the ratio of each group in the population. The classification includes age groups like 0-14 years, 15-59 years and 60 and above years.

Question 8.
Write the aims of Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
Answer:

• To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
• To ensure quality and equity.

Question 9.
Write the aims of Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:

• To increase the access to higher education
• To improve the quality of higher education.

Question 10.
What are the qualitative factors that improve the labour potential?
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare
• Training
• Social capital

Question 11.
Which are the various factors included in the quantitative features of human resource?
Answer:

• Size of population
• Density of population
• Growth of population
• Structure of population.

Question 12.
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) are the two systems that operate to make available quality health services to all. Write their functions.
Answer:

• NRHM operates in the rural sector.
• NUHM provides improved health services to the residents of urban slums and other marginalised people in towns with a population of more than 50000.

Question 13.
People with labour potential is the strength of a nation. Which are the qualitative factors that improve labour potential?
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare
• Improving the skills of the individuals
• Imparting the technological know-how.

Answer the following. Score ‘3’ each.

Question 1.
What are the advantages of improved human resource?
Answer:
Education, healthcare and training are the factors that help to improve human resource. The advantages of improved human resource are:

• Productivity of the workers increases
• Entrepreneurship improves
• Social welfare is ensured
• Economic inequality is reduced
• Natural resource is utilised effectively
• Makes possible the development and use of advanced technology.

Question 2.
Complete the flowchart showing the relationship between education and human resource development.
Answer:

a. Improves the skills of individuals
b. Betters the technological know – how
c. Helps to secure better job and income

Question 3.
There still exists many problems in education sector. Which are they? Write your solutions to this.
Answer:
Problems

• Certain section drop out from schools without completing primary education.
• There is a lack of availability of basic facilities in the education sector.
• Quality of education has to be improved. Solutions
• Prevent drop out from schools
• Improve the quality of education

Question 4.
Complete the sun diagram related to facilities to be ensured for healthcare.

Answer:

• Availability of clean water
• Preventive measures
• Cleanliness
• Medical facilities
• Ensuring of leisure and entertainment
• Awareness about communicable diseases.

Question 5.
Explain the terms:

• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Migration

Answer:

• Birth rate: Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000.
• Death rate : Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000.
• Migration: Migration is the settlement of people of a region in another region.

Question 6.
Which is the national project for the welfare of children? Write its goals.
Answer:

• Integrated Child Development Scheme. Goals
• To ertsure integrated development of children upto 6 years.
• To provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women.

Question 7.
Which is the national project to improve the working skill of the youth? Write its goals.
Answer:
National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme.

Goals

• To improve the working skills of the youth.
• To ensure the availability of people with employable skills.

Question 8.
Write any two projects implemented in the educational sector to develop human resource.
Answer:

1. Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan:
   To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
   To ensure quality and equity.
   To promote vocational education.
2. Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan:
   To increase the access to higher education.
   To improve the quality of higher education.

Question 9.
Choose the correct options related to columns A and B.

a. i and ii are correct
b. ii and iii are correct
c. i and ii are correct
d. i, ii and iii are correct
Answer:
a. i and iii are correct

Answer the following. Score ‘4’ each

Question 1.
Write the different levels of human resource development.
Answer:

• Individuals take efforts to develop their own skills.
• Family creates an environment for the development of the potential of the individuals.
• Various institutions and agencies provide facilities for education and training.
• Nation provides the necessary facilities for its people to develop their skills.

Question 2.
Write the features of Indian population.
Answer:
India ranks second in world population. According to the census report of 2011, there are 121.02 crore people in India. Out of this, 58.65 crore are females and 62.37 crore are males. 17.5 percentage of world population is in India. One in six person of the world population is an Indian.

The sex ratio in India is 940. The dependent population of those in the age group of 0-14 years and 60 and above years constitutes 37.49%. The working group in the age group of 15-59 constitutes 62.5%. The literacy rate of India is 74.04 and life expectancy is 66.1.

Question 3.
What is meant by density of population? Explain how the population density of an area influence the availability of human resources?
Answer:
Density of population is the number of people living in a square kilometer area.
When density of population increases, the human resource of that region also increases. It means the manpower of that region increases. When density of population increases, the number of people who can provide physical and mental manpower also increases.

This will create a suitable situation for the setting up of production units there which will lead to the increase in the production of goods and services. Human resource availability is more in areas of high density of population and vice verse.

Question 4.
The growth rate of Indian population has decreased considerably from 24.80 percentage of 1971 to 17.64 percentage of 2011. But the population has increased. What may be the reason?
Answer:
The population of India in 1971 was 54.82 crore. The growth rate percentage was 24.66. The population of2001 was 102.87 crore. The growth rate of population up to 2001 was 21.54%. It decreased to 17.64% in 2011. The growth rate of 17.64% of 102. 87 crore will have more increase in number than the 24.66% of 54.82 crore.

Question 5.
Explain the changes in the population of a country based on birth rate, death rate and migration.
Answer:
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000.
Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000.
Migration is the settlement of people of a region in another region.
Birth rate, death rate and migration are the factors that affect the population of a country.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the quantitative features of human resources.
Answer:

Size of population: The size of population refers to the total number of people residing in a country at a particular time.

Density of population: It refers to the number of people per square kilometre area.
Growth of population: Population growth refers to the increase in the number of people in an area within a specific period of time. Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000. Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000.
Population structure includes the following:

Age structure: The classification of population into different age groups and presenting the ratio of each group in the population.

Sex ratio: It is the number of femaÍes per 1000 males.
Labour force participation rate: It is the ratio of the population in the age group 15 – 59, who are either employed or actively looking for jobs.

Dependency ratio: The age groups 0 – 14 years and 60 years and above are included in the dependent group. Their proportion in total population is known as dependency ratio.

Question 7.
Explain how sex ratio influences the economic development of a nation.
Answer:
Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males. The males contribute a great amount of manpower. The sex ratio of India is 940 females for 1000 males. So more manpower is available. This will be vourableto the economic development of the nation. The rate of economic development of the nation will grow further if the manpower of the present labour force of females is also used effectively.

Question 8.
How does human resource development help economic development?
Answer:
Economic development means progress in education, health and culture along with economic growth. The physical and mental manpower should be developed to attain economic development. Qualitative factors like education, healthcare and training make this possible. The improved human resource will pave the way for economic development. Like natural resources, human resource are also important for economic development. When natural resources are combined with human efforts, there is an increase in production leading to economic development.

Question 9.
It is not an increase in population, but people with potential and skills that make the development of a country possible. Substantiate.
Answer:
Increase in population will increase the availability of human resource. But a labour force with potential and skills is essential for increasing production for economic development. Unproductive people will be a liability to the nation. People with potential and labour skill will lead the country to economic development. The population of the country will be a blessing to it if majority of them can be turned to improved human resource through education, healthcare and training.

Question 10.
Explain how healthcare will help for human resource development and national progress.
Answer:
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being. Healthy persons can participate in the progress of a country in the following ways.

• Production increases with the increase in efficiency and the number of working days.
• Natural resources can be utilised properly.
• Economic development is possible through increase in production.
• Medical expenses can be reduced thereby reducing the government’s expenditure.

Question 11.
The main reason for the wealth and poverty of the world is the difference in the rate of development of manpower. Do you agree with this? Explain.
Answer:
Increase in income will raise the standard of living of the people of a country. To ensure increase in income, employment opportunities should be made available. Along with this, manpower development should occur to do the available jobs efficiently. In a country that develops human resource through education, healthcare, training and skill development, the labour force also develops. In brief, increase in income and economic development will occur where correct manpower development takes place. So the reason for the wealth and poverty of the world is the difference in the rate of development of manpower.

Question 12.
Which are the various institutions and projects aimed at healthcare implemented by the government?
Answer:
The various institutions ensuring healthcare:

• Medical colleges
• District hospitals
• Community health centres
• Primary health centres
• Health sub-centres

The various projects for qualitative healthcare:
Integrated child Development Scheme:

• To ensure integrated development of children upto 6 years
• To provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women.

National Rural Health Mission
National Urban Health Mission

Question 13.
Problems still exist in the education and health sector. Write your response to this.
Answer:
Problems in education sector

• Certain sections drop out form schools without completing primary education.
• There is lack of availability of basic, facilities in the education sector.
• Quality of education is yet to be improved.

Problems in health sector

• Lack of healthcare facilities in rural areas.
• Lack of healthcare facilities in proportion to population.
• Increasing medical expense in both public and private sectors.

Answer the following. Score ‘5‘, ‘6’ each

Question 1.
Why are population studies conducted?
OR
How do you think population study helps the government? Justify your opinion.
Answer:

• Helps the government to quantitatively assess the different needs of the people and to plan activities and programmes accordingly.
• Informs the availability of human resource in a country.
• Depicts the extent of basic facilities required by the people.
• Quantifies the goods and services required.
• Determines the socio-economic development policies.
• To assess the standard of living of the people.
• To compare with the population of other countries.

Question 2.
Write your inferences based on the table showing the population growth rate in India.

Answer:

• The rate of growth of population was high in the early decades after independence. The growth rate which was 13.31 in 1951 increased to21.64 in 1961.
• The highest growth rate 24.80% was recorded in 1971. The growth rate began to decline in the following decades.
• The growth rate began to decline from 1971 onwards.
• The lowest growth rate of 17.64 was recorded in 2011.
• The population of 36.11 of 1951 increased to 121.02 in 2011, within a period of 60 years.
• The population of India grew by 84.91 crore within a period of 60 years (1951-2011). The population grew three times within a period of 60 years.

Question 3.
List the projects implemented in India to develop education and skills.
Answer:
The following are the projects and their goals implemented to develop human resource through education, training and developing skills.

Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS):
To ensure integrated development of children up to 6 years.
To provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA):
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
To ensure quality and equity.

Rashtriya Ucbthal Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA):
To increase the access to higher education. To improve the quality of higher education.

National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme:

• To improve the working skills of the youth.
• To ensure the availability of people with çmployable skills.

Question 4.
Prepare a paper on ‘The role of education and healthcare in human resource development.
Answer:
Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training.

Education and human resource development Education has a major role in moulding skilled
people. Education helps both in human resource development as well as in the development of a country.

Education –

• Improves the skills of individuals
• Betters the technological know-how. Helps to secure better job and income.
• Improves the standard of living

Projects implemented to develop education and skills are:

• Samagra Shikšha Abhiyan
• Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan
• National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme
• Right to Education Act

Human resource development and healthcare
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being. Healthy persons can participate in the progress of a country in the following ways.

• Production increases with the increase in efficiency and the number of working days.
• Natural resources can be utilised properly.
• Economic development ¡s possible through increase in production.
• Medical expenses can be reduced thereby reducing the government’s expenditure.

Institutions that help to improve healthcare:

• Medical Colleges
• District hospitals
• Community health centres
• Primary health centres

Health sub-centres

• Projects to Improve healthcare:
• Integrated Child Development Scheme
• National Rural Health Mission .
• National Urban Health Mission

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 Consumer: Satisfaction and Protection

Question 1.
The satisfaction of consumers is the main aim of all economic activities. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
Answer:
The statement is correct. The ultimate aim of all economic activities taking place around us is consumer’s satisfaction. Production, distribution and consumption are interrelated economic activities. When the consumer does not get satisfaction from the use of some goods and services, they may be rejected in the market. It will affect their production and distribution adversely. It retards the growth of the economy.

Question 2.
What are the situations in which the consumers are exploited?
Answer:

• Charging excess prices ‘
• Selling low-quality products
• Adulteration
• Manipulation in weights and measures
• Delay in making services available
• Unsatisfactory after-sale services.

Question 3.
What are the rights included in the Consumer Protection Act of 1986?
Answer:

• The right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property.
• The right to be informed about the quality, related aspects of goods and services.
• The right to have access to goods and services at fair price.
• The right to be heard and to seek redressal at appropriate forums.
• The right to consumer education.

Question 4.
The consumer courts guard consumer rights. Substantiate.
Answer:
In circumstances in which the consumers are not satisfied with the dealings of the producers and distributors, they can approach the consumer courts which are mechanisms for helping them as per the law. Consumer courts play an important role in ensuring justice to the consumers. They settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring compensation for the consumers.

The consumer courts are able to create confidence in the consumers and bring about a qualitative change in their lives. So they are called the guardians of the rights of consumers.

Question 5.
How do the advertisements adversely affect the consumer? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Almost all the advertisements in the modem media attract the attention of the consumers. Consumers become aware of the use of certain goods and services through advertisements. Consumers fall as victims of misleading advertisements. Often the goods advertised may not have the required quality of life. The consumers are cheated through advertisements by not giving the after-sale service, not giving the products shown in the advertisements and not giving the goods and services after accepting money.

Housewives who are attracted by the beauty of dress materials in advertisement, buy low-quality clothes through online shopping is an example for this bad influence of. advertisements. Misleading advertisements to accelerate sale are a curse to consumers.

Question 6.
Compare the functioning of Legal MetrologyDepartment and the District Consumer Disputes Redressai Forum.
Answer:

Question 7.
What all can be included in the seminar paper to be presented in a seminar in the school on World Consumer Day?.
Answer:

• Importance of World Consumer Day
• Rights of consumers
• Situations when the consumers are cheated
• Consumer Protection Act
• Consumer Courts
• Institutions and departments to protect the interest of consumers
• intervention of the society
• Importance of consumer education

Question 8.
How will yóu intervene in the consumer disputes in your locality?
Answer:

• Empower consumerš by forming consumer organization.
• Organise classes by experts on consumer awareness.
• Public interest litigation.
• Distribute pamphlets on the topic.

Question 9.
We visit many institutions to satisfy our requirements. Write examples.
Answer:

• Purchasing vegetables for cooking food
• To avail treatment for diseases.
• To avail education
• To buy clothes
• To travel to manyp1aces

Question 10.
List the goods and services, that we consume.
Answer:

Question 11.
Today we are in a situation where even air and water have to be paid for. What are the reasons?
Answer:

• Scarcity of resources
• Increase in wants
• Difference in quality
• Shortage in production

Question 12.
What does the consumer expect while purchasing products and using services?
Answer:

• Quality
• Fair price
• Reliability
• After-sale services

Question 13.
Write the problems faced by consumers in the market.
Answer:

• Charging excess price
• Selling low-quality goods
• Adulterated goods
• Delay in making services available
• Manipulation in weights and measures

Question 14.
How far are the consumer courts suitable in protecting the rights of consumers? Evaluate.
Answer:
Consumer courts are special judiciary mechanisms for consumer protection in India, formed as per the Consumer Protection Act of 1986. They play important role in ensuring justice to consumers. They settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring compensation for the consumers. The consumer courts are able to create confidence in the consumers and bring about a qualitative change in their lives.

The consumer courts protect the rights of consumers by giving verdicts for repaying the product, repayment of cash paid or excess amount appropriated, monetary compensation for the loss, direction to rectify the defects in services, stopping harmful trade practices, prohibition of the sale of harmful food items and reimbursement of the expenses incurred in lodging the complaint.

Question 15.
What are the way’s in which the intervention of the society can be made possible for consumer satisfaction?
Answer:

• Functioning of consumer organisations
• Consumer awareness
• Public interest litigation
• Distributing pamphlets

Question 16.
What are the ways by which consumer education can be ensured?
Answer:
Awareness programmes Inclusion in the curriculum Observance of National Consumer Day

Question 17.
Write the importance of consumer education.
Answer:
Consumer education makes the consumer aware of his rights. It helps the consumer to acquire information about the products and services (quality, brand, reliability), to consume sensibly as per the wants to make the right choices and to make him capable of intervening in consumer disputes. The consumer acquires the following habits through consumer education:

• Ask for the bill for every purchase made.
• Make sure that the weights and measures are accurate.
• Make sure while purchasing packed items that the name of the product, date of packing, expiry date, weight, prize, etc. are stated,
• Note the symbols representing the standard of the products.
• In short, consumer education helps consumers as follows:
• To develop the ability to decide and choose intelligently.
• To demand safe, reliable and quality products at a reasonable price.
• To be alert, well informed and vigilant against corrupt practices in the market.
• To take suitable action when faced with a problem.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Financial Institutions and Services

Question 1.
The Reserve Bank of India acts as the last resort to all banks in their financial matters. Substantiate the statement based on the functions of RBI.
Answer:
Reserve Bank is the Central Bank of India. It was established in 1935 and its headquarters is in Mumbai. It is the apex bank which controls all the other banks. RBI not only regulates and supervises the banks but also other financial institutions in the country by giving them necessary instructions and advice. It acts as the last resort in the financial matters of all banks.
The functions of RBI are;

Printing of currency: RBI has the legal right to issue all currency notes except one rupee note and subsidiary coins. The finance ministry is authorised to issue one rupee note and subsidiary coins. A proportional value of gold and foreign exchange are kept as reserve for issuing notes.

Còntrolling credit: The RBI increases the money supply in the economy through the distribution of printed currency and through credit creation. Controlling credit is an important function of RBI. This is done by bringing about changes in the rate of interest. As the rate of interest increases, volume of loans decreases. As the rate of interest decreases, the volume of loans increases.

Banker to Government: The RBI serves as the banker to both the Central Government and the State Governments. As a banker to the government, the RBI accepts deposits from central and state governments, sanctions loans and renders other banking services to them. The Reserve Bank does not charge any fees for these services.

Bankers’ Bank: Reserve Bank is the apex bank of all banks. It is the function of the RBI to advise and assist all banks in their operations. It acts as the last resort to all banks in their financial matters.

Question 2.
Explain the basic functions of banks.
Answer:
Banks are those institutions which accept deposits from the public and grant loans to the needy subject to conditions. They operate on the basis of the general guidelines and conditions set by the Reserve Bank of India.
Banks accept deposits from individuals, institutions and government and disburse this amount as loans to individuals, institutions and government.

The banks collect the loan amount with interest after a particular period and repay the depositors with interest. Thus the banks act as the intermediary between borrowers and lenders.

Question 3.
Explain the aims of Mahila banks, Payment banks and MUDRA bank.
Answer:
Mahila banks, Payment banks and Mudra bank are-the new entrants in the banking sector formed for certain specific aims.

Bharatiya Mahila Bank
The slogan of Mahila bank is ‘Women Empowerment is India’s Empowerment. The bank accepts deposits from all but provides loans mainly to women. Bharatiya Mahila Bank is merged with SBI in 2017.

Payment Banks
Payment banks are established to help low-income groups, small scale industrialists and migrant labourers. They do not provide all facilities provided by banks.

Mudra bank
Mudra bank is set up to provide short term loans to small scale entrepreneurs and micro finances.

Question 4.
Evaluate how microfinance helps common man.
Answer:
The aim of microfinance is to provide different financial services to common people including microcredit. It helps to promote saving habits and self-employment activities among the poor. This helps members to avail themselves of loans without providing any collaterals. Kudumbasree and Self Help Group for men are examples for this.
Aims of microfinance

• Promotes saving habit.
• Helps to improve the standard of living of the poor.
• Helps in collective development by mobilising money from individuals.
• Makes use of individual potentials for group development.
• Provides loans to members in need
• Starts small scale enterprises.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 Resource Wealth of India

Question 1.
Identify the factors of India’s development.
Answer:

• Transport
• Energy production
• Agriculture
• Mining

Question 2.
What geographical factors are favourable for the cultivation of diverse crops in India?
Answer:

• Suitable agricultural climate that extends throughout the year.
• Fertile soil.
• Diverse topography.
• Monsoon rain and Irrigation facilities.

Question 3.
List the food crops and cash crops of India.
Answer:

Question 4.
The map shows the distribution of rice cultivation in India. Analyse-it and answer the questions.

a. Which are the Indian states that cultivate rice?
b. Which are the major rice-producing states?
c. Which are the major rice-producing regions in India?
Answer:
a. West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab.
b. West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.
c. Ganga plain and delta regions.

• East coast plains.
• West coast plains.
• Northeast hilly regions.

Question 5.
The map shows the distribution of wheat cultivation in India. Analyse-it and answer the questions.
a. Which are the Indian states that cultivate wheat?

b. Name the major wheat producing states in India.
c. Which are the regions where wheat is mainly cultivated in India?
Answer:
a. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West
Bengal.
b. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana.
c. Ganga – Sutlej belt Black soil region in Deccan.

Question 6.
Wheat is not cultivated in Kerala. Why?
Answer:
The geographical conditions of Kerala are not suitable for wheat cultivation.

Question 7.
Analyse the map and answer the questions.

a. Which are the major sugarcane producing states of India?
b.Name the major regions cultivating sugarcane in India.
Answer:
a. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Bihar.
b.North Indian plains • Deccan plateau

Question 8.
All sugar mills are concentrated near sugar cane producing regions. Why?
Answer:
Sugarcane harvested must be immediately brought to factories to extract the juice out of it. Otherwise the amount of surcose in the sugar cane might decrease.

Question 9.
What are the raw materials for agro-based industries?
Answer:
Sugarcane, cotton, jute, rubber.

Question 10.
Which are the major agro-based industries in India?
Answer:
Sugar industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, rubber industry, etc.

Question 11.
Identify the Indian states where sugar factories are located.
Answer:
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Question 12.
Name the fibre crop which is the major cash crop in India and is also known as ‘Universal fibre ’.
Answer:
Cotton

Question 13.
Find out the states in which cotton is cultivated.
Answer:
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Telengana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Question 14.
Maharashtra leads in cotton cultivation. Mumbai in Maharashtra is the most important cotton textile centre in India. What are the reasons for this?’
Answer:

• Easy availability of raw materials from neighbouring regions.
• Human resource availability.
• The cheap availability of power.
• Availability of freshwater
• Export and import facilities of Mumbai port.
• Humid climate.

Question 15.
List of centres of cotton textile industry and the states in which key are located.
Answer:

Question 16.
Agro-based industries in India using cash crops.
Answer:

Iron ore is called the backbone of modern civilization.
Iron is a mineral used by all countries of the world. As iron tools and machines are inevitable, iron is considered as the basis of all industries. Iron ore is the raw material for iron and steel industry. Iron and steel industry has laid the foundation for rapid industrialisation in India. Iron and steel are the essential constituents of railway lines, engines, ships, motor vehicles and machines. They are essential for the construction of bridges and buildings. The availability of iron helps in the making of tools and things for the cultural progress also.

Question 17.
List the Indian states with iron are deposits.
Answer:

• West Bengal
• Odisha
• Jharkhand
• Chhattisgarh
• Karnataka
• Telangana
• Goa
• Tamil Nadu

Question 18.
The Iron and steel industries of India are set I up at places where the raw materials are j available. Why? ;
Answer:
Iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone are the ;
essential raw materials for iron and steel industry. All the raw materials of iron and steel industry are heavy and very difficult to transport to distant places. So iron and steel industries are located where the deposits of raw materials are available.

Question 23.
Tea is cultivated in Idukki and Wayanad districts of Kerala. What are the factors favouring this?
Answer:
Idukki and Wayanad districts have geographical factors favourable for the cultivation of tea like hill slopes having an annual rainfall range of 200 to 250 cm, 25°C to 30°C of temperature and soil rich in humus content.

Question 24.
What was the role of spices in attracting Europeans to India?
Answer:
Spices are used to add flavour to food and to make medicines. The importance of spices and their
availability in India attracted the Europeans to India.

Question 25.
The fall in the price to rubber affects Kerala the most. Why?
Answer:
Kerala is the leading producer of rubber in India, contributing to 91 %.

Question 26.
Petroleum deposits are mostly confined to the coastal regions. Why?
Answer:
Petroleum deposits are generally formed in sedimentary rock layers. Sedimentary rocks are formed at ocean depths due to the deposition of sediments there. So petroleum deposits are mostly confined to the coastal regions.

• Question 27.
  Which are the National Highways passing through Kerala?
  Answer:
• NH 47 (NH 544) – Salem – Kanyakumari
• NH 49 (NH 85) – Cochin – Dhanushkodi
• NH 17 (NH 66) – Panavel – Edappally

Question 28.
The density of roads is moreover the northern plains, but less over the northeastern states. Why?
Answer:
The construction of roads is less expensive and can be done quickly in the northern plains due to level topography. Moreover, human settlements are more here. The northeastern states have undulated topography, thick forests and less human settlements.

Question 29.
Identify the railway zone to which the rail network of Kerala belongs. Where is its headquarters?
Answer:

• Southern Railway
• Chennai

Question 30.
Is there any metro rail project in Kerala?
Answer:
The only metro rail project in Kerala is Kochi metro rail project.

Question 31.
How many international airports are there in Kerala? Which are they?
Answer:
There are 4 international airports in Kerala.

1. Trivandrum International Airport. Trivandrum.
2. Kochi International Airport, Kochi.
3. Karippur International Airport, Kozhikode.
4. Kannur International Airport, Kannur.

Question 32.
Starts cultivation at the end of the winter season and harvests before the monsoon rains. Identify the agricultural season to which the statement is related. Which are the major crops cultivated in this season?
Answer:
Season: Zaid
Crops: Fruits, Vegetables.

Question 33.
Sugar mills are confined to sugarcane producing regions. Why?
Answer:
The sugarcane harvested must be immediately brought to the factories in order to extract juice out of it. Otherwise, the amount of sucrose in the sugarcane might decrease.

Question 34.
Make short notes.
i. Golden quadrangle
ii. Universal fibre
Answer:
i. Golden quadrangle: The six-lane superhighways connecting the metropolitan cities in India such as Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata are together named as Golden Quadrangle Super Highway.
ii. Universal fibre: Cotton is called universal fibre because it is used worldwide in textile sector.

Question 35.
Identify the ports mentioned.
i. Southernmost port of India.
ii. Major port in Karnataka.
iii. Major port other them Kolkata in West Bengal
Answer:
i. Tuticorin
ii. Mangalore
iii. Haldia

Question 36.
Identify the mineral resource for which the following places are known.
i. Neyveli
ii. Jharia
iii. Digboi
Answer:
i. Neyveli – Lignite
iii. Digboi – Petroleum
ii. Jharia – Coal

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Sociology: What? Why?

Question 1.
How is creative writing different from the study of sociology?
Answer:

• In creative writing, writing is based on imagination and creativity. Sociological study analyses social issues and subjects scientifically.
• Creative writer depicts social events on aesthetic realm. Social scientist analyses social conditions on a cause-effect basis.
• Creative writing aims at appreciation. Social scientist analyses society objectively.

Question 2.
What is Sociology? Why do we study Sociology? Name the early sociologists.
Answer:

• Sociology is the scientific study of the social aspects of human life. It is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his sociological environment.
• What is the need of sociological study?
  • Helps to formulate the right perspective of society.
  • Helps to know the relation between individual and social institutions.
  • Helps to find solutions for social problems.
  • Helps to get an objective knowledge of one’s society and other societies.
  • Studies social problems precisely.
  • Provide guidance to social welfare measures by conducting studies on the backward classes, the exploited and those who have faced discrimination and oppression.
  • Benefits social planning and development.
  • The early sociological thinkers were Auguste Comte,Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx,Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.

Question 3.
Which are the important areas of Sociology?
Answer:

• Social institutions
• Communities
• Social groups
• Socialisation
• Social problems
• Social conflicts
• Social control
• Social changes
• Social relations

Question 4.
What are the objectives of the study of Sociology?
Answer:

• Intellectual development of the one who studies Sociology.
• Helps to develop an objective outlook on society.
• Helps to tackle or solve social issues.
• Helps to understand about the interrelationship between individual and society.

Question 5.
How does social survey, a major methodology of Sociology help to understand the society?
Answer:

• Social survey helps to formulate a comprehensive view of the topic based on the data collected from a group of selected people.
• Social survey not only helps to understand about the social progress, but also about the social evils prevailing in the society.
• Social survey helps to know about the social issues or problems existing in the society.

Question 6.
Differentiate between observation and interview.
Answer:

Question 7.
You have to collect data on the transport problems faced by your friends to reach school. Prepare a questionnaire on this.
Answer:

• Do you face any transport problem to reach school?
• Which are the modes of transport your classmates depend on?
• What is the main reason for the transport problem of your schoolmates?
• What are the problems faced by students travelling in KSRTC buses?
• What are the problems faced by the students who travel by private vehicles like van and autorickshaw?
• What is the difficulty of students travelling by bicycles?
• What are the difficulties of students who come on foot to school?
• Have you brought the transport problems to the attention of the authorities?
• Have the authorities taken any step to solve your travelling difficulties?
• What steps have the school authorities taken to solve the travelling difficulty?

Question 8.
What are the practical applications of Sociology?
Answer:
Sociology has developed into as a branch of science which is effective in the day to day affairs of the society. Sociologists who are experienced in research are needed today in various fields like administration and planning, social welfare, advertisements, media and educational activities.

Question 9.
Discuss the importance of the study of Sociology’.
Answer:
Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his environment. So Sociology is considered as a comprehensive study of society.

Sociological study has great importance today. The study of Sociology helps to know the relation between individual and social institutions, to get an objective knowledge of one’s society and other societies and for a precise study of social issues. It helps to formulate the right perspective of society. Sociology also helps for an indepth study about the different aspects of the present complex society.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 Civic Consciousness

Question 1.
What is meant by civic consciousness? What are the important factors that formulate civic consciousness?
Answer:

• Civic consciousness means the recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interest of the society are the interests of the citizen.
• The factors that formulate civic consciousness are family, education, association, media and democratic system.

Question 2.
List the features that you see in the people with civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Social commitment
• Value consciousness
• Unselfishness
• Service mentality

Question 3.
Explain the role of morality in fostering civic consciousness.
Answer:
Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility. Morality helps civic consciousness. The most effective way to foster civic consciousness is the creation of moral consciousness in all walks of life. Morality is essential for the welfare and continuance of a society.

Question 4.
Civic consciousness helps in solving the problems faced by the society. Substantiate examples.
Answer:
Civic consciousness greatly influences the progress of the society and the state. In the absence of civic consciousness, a person becomes selfish and all his activities will be only for his own personal gains. This will affect social life adversely.

The society today faces many problems like water scarcity, environmental pollution and corruption. Water shortage can be solved by rainwater harvesting and the effective use of water. Pollution in the surrounding can be solved by the planting of trees and garbage treatment at source. The problem of corruption can be solved by conducting awareness against corruption and raising complaint against it.

Question 5.
Give examples for certain ideal models who have high sense of civic consciousness.
Answer:

• A.P.J. Abdul Kalam :
  Famous scientist and the former President of India. He contributed greatly to Indian missile technology. He dedicated his whole life for the nation.
• Kallen Pokkudan :
  Famous environmentalist who dedicated his life for the protection of mangroves. He also planted thousands of mangroves and became an excellent model in creating environmental awareness.
• Mother Teresa:
  A humanitarian who worked among the destitutes, lepors and the crippled of Calcutta. The Missionaries of Charity, the organisation founded by her works for the poor and destitutes all over the world.
• Mayilamma :
  A tribal woman and social activist who campaigned against the Coca- Cola company at Plachimada in Palakkad for water shortage in the area.
• Dashrath Manjhi:
  Also known as ‘Mountain Man’ was a poor labourer in Gehalur village near Gaya in Bihar, carved 110 m long path through a hillock using hammer and chisel, connecting Arti and Wazirganj blocks of Gaya.

Question 6.
Explain the role of family, education and media in fostering civic consciousness.
Answer:
It is very essential to create and maintain civic consciousness for the progress of the nation and the society. All societies adopt positive measures
to foster civic consciousness in the people. Civic consciousness can be fostered in the people only through creative intervention in society.

Family:
Family as a social institution plays a great role in personality formation. It is the basic social institution that a person depends and intervenes ever since his birth. Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice, etiquette, etc.

One learns to respect the elders and to engage in social service from family. Family plays an important role in fostering and maintaining a sense of responsibility among its members. Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness in individuals.

Education :
The primary aim of education is to equip a person to effectively utilise the knowledge gained by the learning of different subjects for the betterment of the society.

Through education, a student understands how his country is governed, what are the rights and duties of a citizen and thereby becomes a democratically conscious citizen in the sockly. Education helps to practise qualities like mutual dependence, civic consciousness, punctuality, discipline and obedience. Education also helps to develop qualities like value consciousness, environmental awareness, scientific temper, tolerance and leadership qualities.

Through education, science and technology can be effectively utilised in a useful manner to the society. Through value oriented educational approach, we can instill civic consciousness among the people. Governments formulate educational policies with this aim.

Media :
Media play a major role in the formulation of civic consciousness. Printed media and electronic media influence the society tremendously. Media convey news and information to the people. Media propagate cultural values. Media also help to respect national values like democracy, socialism, fraternity and secularism and to dedicate one’s life for the unity and integrity of the nation.

They can create public opinion against illiteracy, ignorance, communalism, alcoholism, drug addiction, racialism, etc. Judicious and objective information lead to the formulation of creative ideas. Media should be impartial and independent. The information from the media should be evaluated critically.

Question 7.
Suggest methods for overcoming the challenges faced by civic consciousness.
Answer:

• Work for one’s interest without going against public interest.
• Activities based on democracy and tolerance.
• Each should critically evaluate his activity.
• Equal importance be given to both rights and duties.
• Be the change you expect from others.

Question 8.
Prepare a note on the Social Science learning and civic consciousness.
Or
How can we utilise the study of Social Science in formulating social consciousness?
Answer:

• Social Science learning plays an important role in the formulation of civic consciousness.
• As the area of study of Social Science is closely related to man and society, .envisages comprehensive changes in each individual.
• Disseminate the message of peace and co-operation in society.
• Equip the individuals to respect diversities and to behave with tolerance.
• Make the individual civic conscious and action oriented by familiarising the role models and activities of civic consciousness.
• Help to understand the different contexts of political, social, economic and environmental problems.
• Equip individuals to suggest comprehensive solutions to different problems.

Question 9.
How does family influence in the formation of civic consciousness?
Answer:
Man’s social relationships begin with the family. It is from the primary social institution of family that one learns to respect the elders and to engage in social service. Family teaches qualities like social conscience, love, clemency, sacrifice and etiquette. Family plays an important role in fostering and maintaining a sense of responsibility among its members.

It is from the family that one gets the training to live in the society following the behaviour patterns and mores that are acceptable to it. Inspiration and encouragement from the family will develop civic consciousness in its members. The concept that each individual is for the family and family is for the society should be developed in the family atmosphere.

Question 10.
What activities can be undertaken in schools to formulate civic consciousness?
Answer:

• The activities of N.C.C., S.P.C and Scout and Guides help to mould responsible citizens.
• Help to mould a healthy society by participating in the activities of Red Cross and Health Club.
• Convey the message of protection of environment through Eco Club and Nature club.
• The reinforcement of civic consciousness in students by the observance of National Days like Independence Day and Republic Day.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 7 India: The Land of Diversities

Question 1.
The Himalayan ranges are described as a natural barrier. Justify this statement.
Answer:
The Himalayan ranges influence the culture, economy and climate of India. The Himalayan ranges run at a distance of about 2400 km from Kashmir to Indian border in the east.

• The Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain system, separates Indian subcontinent from the Asian continent and helped India from , foreign aggression and the development of its own culture.
• Protects the North Indian states from severe cold by preventing the diy cold winds blowing from north during winter.
• Blocks the monsoon winds and causes rainfall throughout North India.
• The glaciers and ice fields in the Himalayan peaks are storehouse of fresh water. These are the sources of origin for the Himalayan rivers which help in the economic prosperity of India.
• Indo-Gangetic plains, formed by the alluvial deposits of these rivers, are the backbone of these plains are called the backbone of Indian agriculture and the granary of India.
• The Himalayas is the habitat of diverse flora and fauna.
• This region with cool climate and beautiful natural scenery is a tourist paradise.
  In the absence of the Himalayas, all the above mentioned factors would not have been available to India.

Question 2.
List the differences between of Peninsular and Himalayan rivers.
Answer:

Peninsulár rivers have:

• Small catchment area.
• Intensity of erosion ¡s less.
• Deep valleys are not formed because they flow through hard and resistant rocks.
• Less potential for inland navigation.
• Rain fedonly.
• Less irrigational potential.

Himalayan rivers have:

• Extensive catchment area.
• Intensive erosion.
• Creates gorges and meanders.
• High irrigational potential.
• Navigable along the plains.

Question 3.
The North Indian Plains are the backbone of Indian economy. Analyse this statement and write your inferences.
Answer:
Northern Great Plains situated between Northern mountain system and Peninsular plateau play a decisive role in the economic development of India. This extensive plain took shape due to the continuous depositional activity of the Himalayan rivers for thousands of years. This plain extending over 7 lak1 sq.kms and with kilometres of thick sediments is one of the world’s most extensive alluvial plains. The plains are generally known as Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain. Alluvial soils are the major type of soil in these plains.

These soils are highly fertile and are widely used for the cultivation of a variety of crops. So The Northern Plains are also known as the granary of India. Most of the food grains of India are produced from these fertile plains. The major crops cultivated here are wheat, maize, paddy, sugarcane, cotton and pulses. Fertile soils, flat land and the availability of water throughout the year attract people to these plains.

So it is the most densely populated region in India. A variety of food crops and cash crops which add to the economic prosperity of India are produced here.

Along with agriculture, many agro-based industries and mineral-based industries are located here. The growth of industries paved the way for the emergence of many cities. The major Indian cities are located in these plains. The plains have well-connected road and railway network which help to transport goods to different parts of the country.
The Great Plains are the birthplace of Indian culture. Many Hindu pilgrim centres are located here. Thus the Great Plains help in the cultural life of India also.

Question 4.
Compared to other places, Northern Great Plains are the most densely populated regions in India. Give reasons.
Answer:
Alluvial soil, the most fertile soil is found in the Great Plains. The Great Plain is known as the granary of India. The Himalayan rivers flowing through the plains provide water throughout the year. Flatland enables the construction of good network of roads and railways.

India’s agriculture and industries are concentrated here. Road, rail and canal transport help to carry people and goods. .Due to these reasons, the Northern Great Plains are the most densely populated region in India.

Question 5.
Name the countries belonging to the in Indian subcontinent.
Answer:
India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh.

Question 6.
Name the countries sharing land frontier with India:
Answer:

• Pakistan and Afganistan in the north-west and west.
• China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north.
• Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east.

Question 7.
Name the countries sharing ocean frontier with India:
Answer:
Sri Lanka, Maldives, Indonesia.

Question 8.
Name the neighbouring countries that share frontier with Indian states.
Answer:

Question 9.
Which are the states in which Eastern Highlands are located?
Answer:

Question 10.
Himalayan rivers, Tributaries and source:
Answer:

Question 11.
Which are the states across which Northern Great Plains are spread?
Answer:
Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam

Question 12.
Which are the regions of alluvial soil in India?
Answer:
Northern Great Plains, Coastal plains, river banks.

Question 13.
In between which physiographic divisions is the Northern Great Plains located?
Answer:
The Northern Great Plains are located between Northern mountains and Peninsular plateau.

Question 14.
The network of roads, rail and canals are largely concentrated in Northern plains. Why?
Answer:
The Northern plains are extensive and flat.
Northern Great.Plains are formed by the alluvial deposits of Himalayan rivers for thousands of years.
This is one of the largest alluvial plains of the world. Since it has a flat topography, construction of roads, rails and canals is easy. This region is the backbone of Indian agriculture and many industries are also located here. So for transporting goods and people, a good network of road, rail and canal are constructed.

Question 15.
Peninsular rivers which are tributaries of Ganga and Yamuna.
Answer:

Question 16.
Peninsular rivers – source, tributaries.
Answer:

Question 17.
Population is sparse in the Marusthali – Bagar region of Rajasthan. Why? –
Answer:
Marusthali-Bagar which constitutes the western part of Northern Great Plains receives very less rainfall. That is why most regions in Rajasthan are deserts. This is the Thar desert.

The hottest place in India, Jaisalmer, is in this desert. Dry and salty desert soil is found here. This soil is not suitable for agriculture. Thorns and bushes form the natural vegetation. Due to these, this region is least populated.

Question 18.
Prepare a seminar paper on the topic: The Influence of Northern Great Plains in India s Development.
Answer:
Northern Great Plains situated between Northern mountain system and Peninsular plateau play a decisive role in the economic development of India.
This extensive plain took shape due to the continuous depositional activity of the Himalayan rivers. This plain, extending over 7 lakh sq. km. and with kilometres of thick sediments, is one of the world’s most extensive alluvial plains. The plain is generally known as Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain.

Alluvial soils are the major type of soil in these plains. These soils are highly fertile and are widely used for the cultivation of a variety of crops. So these plains are called the backbone of Indian agriculture. The Northern Plains are also known as the granary of India. Most of the food grains of India are produced from these fertile plains. The major crops cultivated here are wheat, maize, paddy, sugarcane, cotton and pulses. Fertile soils, flat land and the availability of water throughout the year attract people to these plains.

So it is the most densely populated region in India. A variety of food crops and cash crops which add to the economic prosperity of India are produced here. Along with agriculture, many agro-based industries and mineral based industries are located here. The growth of industries paved the way for the emergence of many cities. The major Indian cities are located in these plains.

The plains have well connected road and railway network which help to transport goods to different parts of the country. The Great Plains are the birth place of Indian culture. Many Hindu pilgrim centres are located here. Thus the Great Plains help in the cultural life of India also.

Question 19.
Peninsular rivers and the direction of flow.
Answer:

Question 20.
Most of the Peninsular rivers enter the plains ( by forming waterfalls. Why?
OR
Waterfalls are usually created along Peninsular rivers. Why?
Answer:
Peninsular rivers originate from the hills of Peninsular plateau. They flow through hills and plateaus in the beginning. The edges of plateaus remain elevated from the surrounding regions. So the rivers entering the plains from comparatively high plateaus, create waterfalls along these edges.

Question 21.
Comparison of Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers.
OR
Compare the characteristic features of Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers.
Answer:

Question 22.
Indian cities on river banks.
Answer:

Question 23.
Cities on river banks marked in the map of Indià.
Answer:

a. New Delhi
b. Agra
c. Devaprayag
d. Varanasi
e. Allahabad
f. Patna
g. Guwahati
h. Kolkata
j. Ludhiana
j. Srinagar
k. Ahmedabad
L Surat
m. Vijayawada
n. Tiruchirappalli
o: Thanjavur
p. Hyderabad
q. Coorg

Question 24.
States located in Peninsular plateau.
Answer:

Question 25.
States which are located in the coastal plains.
Answer:

• West coast: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala
• East coast: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal

Question 26.
Deltas are commonly formed along the east coast plain of India and not along the west coast plain. Why?
Answer:
Peninsular plateau slopes steeply towards the west coast and has a gentle slope towards east coast. Big east-flowing rivers like Mahanadi and Godavari flow through the gentle slope, carry a lot of sediments and deposit them along the mouth of rivers. Thus deltas are formed on the east coast.

West flowing rivers reaching Arabian sea are comparatively small. They are swift-flowing. They flow through hilly regions and deposit less sediments. Moreover, the currents of Arabian sea carry these deposits to the sea. As a result, deltas are not formed on the west coast. Instead, estuaries are formed on the west coast.

Question 27.
Seasons of India:
Answer:

• Cold weather (Winter) season: December to February
• Hot weather (Summer) season: March to May
• Southwest monsoon season: June to September
• Northeast monsoon season: October to November

Question 28.
Coastal regions experience comparatively high temperature during winter season. Wiry?
Answer:
Land gets heated up and cools quickly than ocean. Land experiences high pressure during winter season and ocean low pressure. The dense air from regions lying close to ocean move to less dense air area of ocean. This reduces the cold of coastal regions.

Question 29.
During south west monsoon period, rainfall is comparatively less along the eastern slopes of Western Ghats. Why?
Answer:
The Western Ghats obstruct the rain-bearing Arabian sea branch of south-west monsoon winds and cause heavy rainfall on the western margins in the state of Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra. But the east of Western Ghats receive only less rainfall.

This is because by the time the monsoon winds cross the Western Ghats and reach the east, the moisture content in them will be lost. This is the reason why Tamil Nadu gets scanty rainfall during south-west monsoon period while Kerala receives heavy rainfall. The eastern part of Western Ghats is a rain shadow region.

Question 30.
The names of monsoon rain in Kerala.
Answer:

• Southwest monsoon: Idavapathy / Kalavarsham
• Northeast monsoon: Thulavarsham.

Question 31.
What is the role of Eastern Highlands in the heavy rainfall in North Eastern States of India?
Answer:
The Bay of Bengal branch of monsoon advances northward by absorbing more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. It passes through Sundarbans delta and enters West Bengal and bifurcates into two. One branch enters the Brahmaputra valley and gives heavy rainfall in the northeastern states of India.

The Khasi-Jaintia hills of Meghalaya obstruct these winds and cause heavy rainfall in these regions. Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, the places of heaviest rainfall in the world are here.

Question 32.
What is the reason for the deflection of monsoon winds?
Answer:
When the sun is in the northern hemisphere, the south-east trade winds cross the equator and get deflected to right due to Coriolis force and blow as south-west monsoon.
When the sun is in the southern hemisphere, the northeast trade winds which blow from north to south get deflected to right due to Coriolis force and blow as northeast monsoon winds.

Question 33.
Reasons for the imbalance in the distribution of rainfall in India.
Answer:

• Physiography
• Location of mountain ranges
• Nearness to oceans
• Distance from oceans
• Direction of wind
• Extent of land

Question 34.
How is India divided on the basis of the distribution of rainfall?
Answer:
Heavy rainfall regions (above 200 cms): West coast plains, northeastern states and some parts in the Himalayan regions.

High rainfall regions (between 100 and 200 cms): Western Ghats regions, most parts of North Indian Plains, Northeastern parts of Peninsular India and northeastern regions.

Moderate rainfall regions (between 60 and 100 cms): Southwest of Kashmir, Malwa Plateau, Deccan Plateau’and central parts of Tamil Nadu.

Low rainfall regions (below 60 cms) :
Rajasthan, western parts of Gujarat, central parts of Deccan Plateau and for them parts of Kashmir.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions