Class 10

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 7 India after Independence

Answer the following. Score 1 each.

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Who among the following gave leadership to the integration of princely states in India?
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Dr.Rajendra Prasad
Justice Fazal Ali
Answer:
Sardar Vailabhbhai Patel

Question 2.
The Secretary of the States Department who played a key role in the integration of princely states
K.M.Panikkar
V.PMenon
Fazal Ali
Answer:
V.P.Menon

Question 3.
Who was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly?
Dr.B.RAmbedkar
Jawaharlal Nehru
Dr.Rajendra Prasad
Answer:
Dr.Rajendra Prasad

Question 4.
Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution?
Dr.Rajendra Prasad
B.RAmbedkar
Fazal Ali
Answer:
B.R.Ambedkar

Question 5.
When did India become a Republic?
1947 August 15
1950 January 1
1950 January 26
Answer:
1950 January 26

Question 6.
Who was the Chairman of the State Reorganisation Commission?
Fazl Ali
K.M.Panikkar
H.N.Kunzru
Answer:
Fazl Ali

Question 7.
The year in which Five Year Plans were started in India
1950
1951
1956
Answer:
1951

Question 8.
When did the Planning Commission come into existence?
1950
1951
1956
Answer:
1950

Question 9.
The largest multi-purpose river valley project in India.
Hirakud
Damodar Valley
Bhakra Nangal
Answer:
Bhakra Nangal

Question 10.
The first artificial satellite of India
Aryabhatta
Bhaskara
Prithvi
Answer:
Aryabhatta

Question 11.
Who is known as the ‘Missile Man of India’?
Vikram Sarabhai
Dr.Raja Ramanna
Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam
Answer:
Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam

Question 12.
The first minister for Education in independent India
B.RAmbedkar
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Answer:
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Question 13.
The Chinese Prime Minister who signed the Panchsheel principles
Mao Zedong
Chiang Kaishek
Chou En-lai
Answer:
Chou En-lai

Question 14.
The chief architect of Indian foreign policy
Jawaharlal Nehru
B.R.Ambedkar
Sardar Patel
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 15.
Which country assisted India in setting up Rourkela Iron and Steel Plant?
Soviet Union
Germany
Britain
Answer:
Germany

Question 16.
The first rocket launching station of India was established in
Trivandrum
Bengaluru
New Delhi
Answer:
Trivandrum

Question 17.
The Education Commission that recommended to implement 10 + 2 + 3 pattern of education
Dr. Radhakrishnan Commission
Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission
Dr. Yeshpal Commission
Answer:
Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the first Home Minister of India to give leadership to the integration of princely states?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Question 2.
‘The light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness’. Who said these words on the death of Gandhiji?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 3.
What was the aim of operation Blackboard programme?
Answer:

• Universalise primary education.
• Improve primary facilities in schools.

Question 4.
What was the main provision in the Instrument of Accession concerning princely states?
Answer:
The princely states had to hand over their control over defence, external affairs and information and communication to the Govt, of India.

Question 5.
When was the Constituent Assembly formed? Who was its Chairman?
Answer:

• The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 as per the recommendations of Cabinet Mission.
• Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly.

Question 6.
Name the freedom fighter who became a martyr by observing fast for the realisation of Andhra State for Telugu speaking people,
Answer:
Potti Sriramalu

Question 7.
Who were the members of the States Reorganisation Commission?
Answer:
Fazl Ali, H.N.Kunzru, K.M.Panikkar

Question 8.
What is mixed economy?
Answer:

• Mixed economy is a combination of capitalist and socialist economic systems.
• India adopted mixed economy after independence.

Question 9.
Who helmed the project of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research?
Answer:

• Homi.J.Bhabha
• S.N.Bhatnagar

Question 10.
Which are the missiles developed by India?
Answer:
Prithvi, Agni, Akash

Question 11.
What is Mangalyaan?
Answer:

• It is the space mission of India to Mars.
• Mangalyaan or Mars Orbiter Mission is the Indian built space shuttle that covered the longest distance in space.

Question 12.
What is Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is the project launched by the Central Government to ensure primary education for all.

Question 13.
When is National Education Day observed? Why?
Answer:

• National Education Day is observed on 11 November every year.
• It is the birthday of MaulanaAbulKalamAzad who was the first education minister of independent India. He played a pivotal role in framing the Rational educational policy of independent India.

Question 14.
What is Panchsheel?
Answer:
The agreement signed between India and China for peaceful co-existence is called Panchsheel. This forms the basis of India’s foreign policy.

Question 15.
What is the aim of the organisation Centre for Cultural Resource and Training?
Answer:

• To organise various cultural exchange programmes for teachers and students.
• The organisation was formed with the objective of converging education with the culture of the country.

Question 16.
What was the Instrument of Accession?
Answer:
The Instrument of Accession was a legal document prepared by Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon to integrate the princely states with the Indian Union. Accordingly the native state had to transfer their control over external affairs,
defence and information and communication to the Government of India.

Question 17.
Which are the two agencies that develop satellites in India?
Answer:

1. National Remote Sensing Agency
2. Physical Research Laboratory

Question 18.
What is Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan introduced by Union Government are joined together and implemented as Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan in 2018.

Answer the following. Score 2 each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the role of V.P.Menon in the integration of princely states.
Answer:

• V.P.Menon was the Secretary of the States Department formed for the purpose of integrating princely states.
• The plan that he proposed for the integration of the native states was known as V.P.Menon s Plan.
• Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon prepared the Instrument of Accession to integrate the native states.
• V.P.Menon played a major role in the “ integration of the princely states along with Nehru and Patel.

Question 2.
Classify the following as French colonies and Portuguese colonies.

Answer:

Question 3.
Write a note on the circumstances that led to the formation of Andhra State.
Answer:

• Sriramulu, a veteran freedom fighter launched an indefinite fast demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking Andhra State, died as a martyr after 58 days.
• As a result of the agitations which followed this, the Government of India formed the state of Andhra in 1953.

Question 4.
Write a note on the role of Planning Commission in India’s economic progress.
Or
Prepare a note on the formation, structure and the major projects undertaken by Planning Commission of India.
Answer:

• The Planning Commission of India came into existence on March 15, 1950 with Prime Minister Nehru as Chairman. The first Vice Chairman was Gulsarilal Nanda.
• The Commission introduced centralised planning in India. It devised many projects for the economic progress of India. The most important ones were the Five Year Plans which helped in the agricultural and industrial progress of India.

Question 5.
Name the Scientific Research Institutes started in post independent India.
Answer:

• Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
• Indian Council for Agricultural Research
• Indian Council of Medical Research

Question 6.
Prepare a list of the iron and steel industries started in India with foreign aid.
Answer:

Question 7.
Write the contribution of Vikram Sarabhai in space research.
Answer:

• Vikram Sarabhai, the great Indian scientist is regarded as the Father of India’s Space Programme.
• He contributed richly to the advancement of Indian atomic energy research and space technology.
• He is the mastermind behind the Space Research Centre at Thumba and Satellite Communication Centre in Ahmedabad.
• To commemorate his contributions, the space research in Thumba is named as Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre.

Question 8.
Name the educational commissions set up in independent India for educational reforms.
Answer:

• Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission
• Dr.Lakshmanaswami Mudaliyar Commission
• Dr. D. S .Kothari Commission
• Prof.Yashpal committee

Question 9.
What is Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
RMSA is a scheme started by Central Government to universalise secondary and higher secondary education.

Question 10.
Write the contributions of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in space research and missile technology.
Answer:

• APJ Abdul Kalam, the 11th President of lndia was a scientist and researcher and is regarded as the father of Indian Missile Technology.
• He was a renowned expert in missile technology.
• Dr.Kalam was the head of ISRO and played a major role in developing satellite launch vehicles (PSLV, SLV3)
• He is known as the missile man of India.

Question 11.
The following is a list of the names of some Indian states formed in and after 1956. Assam, Maharashtra, Orissa, Goa, Uttarkhand, Bihar Rearrange the states as in the table below

Answer:

Question 12.
Arrange the following Indian states from north to south.

• Andhra Pradesh
• Tamil Nadu
• Madhya Pradesh
• Uttar Pradesh

Answer:

• Uttar Pradesh
• Madhya Pradesh
• Andhra Pradesh
• Tamil Nadu

Question 13.
Choose from the given list, the princely states that refused to join with Indian Union at the time of independence. Name the states in which they are located now.
Mysore, Travancore, Patiala, Gwalior, Hyderabad, Ajmer, Junagadh, Kashmir
Answer:

• Travancore – Kerala
• Hyderabad – Andhra Pradesh (in Telangana today)
• Junagadh – Gujarat
• Kashmir – Jammu & Kashmir

Question 14.
Which were the foreign powers that remained in India after 1947? Which were the areas under their control?
Answer:

• France and Portugal
• France held Pondicherry, Mahe, Yanam and Karaikal.
• Portugal held Goa, Dadra and Nagar haveli

Question 15.
Who were the Chairman and members of States Reorganisation Commission? When was it constituted? What was its recommendation?
Answer:

• Justice Fazal Ali, Sardar K.M.Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru.
• The Commission was constituted in 1953 with Fazal Ali as Chairman.
• The Commission submitted its report in 1955. As per its recommendations, the Government of India passed the States Reorganisation Act in 1956.
• As per this Act, 14 linguistic states and 6 Union Territories were formed.

Question 16.
Write a note on India’s mission to moon and Mars.
Or
Chandrayan and Mangalayan are the two successful space missions of India.
Substantiate.
Answer:

• India’s mission to moon is known as Chandrayan launched by ISRO in October 2008. With this, India became a member in the coveted group to launch space shuttle to the lunar orbit after USA, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan.
• Mangalyaan is the space mission of India to Mars. It is the Indian made space shuttle that covered the longest distance in space.

Answer the following. Score 3 each.

Question 1.
What were the major problems that independent India had to face?
Answer:

• Refugee problem
• Hindu-Muslim communal riots
• War with Pakistan over Kashmir issue
• Integration of the princely states
• Food shortage
• Formation of a democratic system

Question 2.
What led to the refugee problem in independent India? How was it solved?
Answer:

The partition had divided people as Hindus and Muslims. As a result there was an influx of refugees from Pakistan to India and vice versa.

The communal riots between Hindus and Muslims were another reason for refugee problem. There was large scale bloodshed at the riots in Calcutta, Bihar, Naokhali, Punjab, Kashmir and Delhi. Thousands of people were killed and women were attacked. As a result, different sections of people lost all their belongings and became refugees. About 10 million people travelled as refugees on foot, trains and bullock carts.

The refugee problem was solved due to the effective intervention and rehabilitation measures taken by the Government of India.

Question 3.
Examine the role of Sardar Patel in the integration of princely states.
Answer:

• After the partition, there were 555 princely states within the Indian Union. To integrate them in the Indian Union was a herculean task. Sardar Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission.
• The States Department was formed with this purpose under Sardar Patel, the Deputy Prime Minister. V.P.Menon was the Secretary of the States Department.
• Sardar Patel handled effectively the integration of princely states with his diplomatic skills and foresightedness. Patel and Menon prepared the Instrument of Accession to integrate the native states. Almost all the princely states joined the Indian Union after signing the Instrument of Accession.
• The princely states of Junagadh, Kashmir and Hyderabad refused to join the Indian Union at first. But Patel integrated them through a military intervention and conciliation talks.

Question 4.
Why did the Government of India form the States Reorganization Commission in 1953? Who was the Chairman of the States Reorganization Commission? What were its recommendations?
Or
Who were the members of the States Reorganisation Commission of 1953? What were its recommendations?
Answer:

• The Commission was formed to reorganise Indian States on the basis of language.
• Justice Fazl Ali was the Chairman of the States Reorganization Commission. H.N. Kunzru and K.M. Panikar were the members.
• The Parliament passed the States Reorgani¬sation Act as per the recommentations of the Commission.
• The Commission recommended for the formation of 14 linguistic states and 6 union territories.

Question 5.
What were the different phases that led to the framing of Indian constitution?
Answer:
The Constitution of India is the foundation of our nation making. A Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 as per the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission to frame the constitution for independent India. Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly and B.R.Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution.

The constitution was framed after detailed discussions and deliberations. The Constituent Assembly unanimously adopted the constitution on 26th November 1949. The constitution of free India came into existence on 26 January 1950 and India was declared a republic.

Question 6.
Prepare short notes on the following persons.
a. Homi J.Bhabha
b. Potti Srirariiulu
c. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
Answer:
a. Homi J.Bhabha:
Homi J.Bhabha was the major nuclear scientist of India. He was the first Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. He was the founding director of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. He helmed the projects of the CSIR.

b. Potti Sriramulu:
Sriramulu was a freedom fighter who launched an indefinite fast demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking Andhra state and died as a martyr after 58 days.

c. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar:
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution. He was the first Law Minister of Independent India.

Question 7.
Prepare a sun diagram showing the achievements of India in scientific research.
Answer:

Question 8.
How were the Five Year Plans helpful to strengthen Indian economy?
Answer:
Five Year Plans are projects implemented by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic growth of the country. The Five Year Plans started in 1951 helped India to go ahead with the process of development. Five Year Plans helped to strengthen the agricultural and industrial sectors, to eradicate poverty, improve education and generate new energy source. Construction of iron and steel plants and huge dams.

Question 9.
Match suitably.

Answer:

Question 10.
What are the commissions appointed after independence to study Indian education and to sumbit recommendations?
Answer:
Dr. Radhakrishnan Commission was appointed in 1948.
Objectives : To study university education.

Recommendations:

• Start professional educational institutions.
• Give emphasis to women education.
• Form the University Grants Commission.

Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar Commission was appointed in 1952.
Objectives : To study secondary education.

Recommendations:

• Implement three language formula.
• Form secondary education commission.
• Establish multipurpose schools.
• Form a council for teacher training.

Kothari Commission was appointed in 1964.
Objectives : To propose a national pattern of education.

Recommendations:

• Implement 10 + 2 + 3 pattern of education.
• Start vocational education at secondary level.
• Focus on moral education.

Question 11.
Explain the role of major dams in modernizing Indian Economy.
Answer:
Role of major dams :
Major dams had a significant role in modernising Indian economy. They were the primary sources for irrigation and electricity. Bhakra Nangal Project is the largest multipurpose project in the country. Several other major dams are also built for irrigation and power generation. This increased agricultural production and industrial production.

Question 12.
List out the recommendations of Radhakrishncm Commission.
Answer:
Recommendations of Radhakrishnan Commission:
Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission was appointed by the Government of India in 1948 to study about University education. It recommended for the setting up of professional educational institutions, form University Grants Commission and give emphasis to women education.

Question 13.
What is Instrument of Accession? Name the persons who prepared it.
Answer:
Instrument of Accession
There were more than 500 princely states in India at the time of independence. Integration of these princely states into the Indian Union was a great challenge. Sardar Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission. The Department of States was formed for this purpose.

He followed a policy of diplomacy. The Instrument of Accession was prepared to integrate the princely states. The Instrument of Accession stipulated that the princely states had to transfer their control over defence, external affairs and information and communication to the Government of India.

Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon, the Secretary of the Department of States prepared the Instrument of Accession.

Question 14.
List out the recommendations of Lekshmana Swami Mudaliar Commission.
Answer:

• Implement three language formula.
• Form Secondary Education Commission
• Establish multipurpose schools
• For a council for teacher training.

Answer the following. Score 4 each.

Question 1.
Explain the achievements made by independent India in the economic sector.
Or
Mention the steps taken by independent India for the progress in economic sector.
Answer:
Post independent India adopted a mixed economic system. It was a combination of both socialist and capitalist system. It focused on the development of public sector. The government under Jawaharlal Nehru adopted many projects aimed at economic development. The projects gave importance to centralised planning.

Economic planning got impetus after independence. The Planning Commission of India was constituted in 1950 with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as Chairman. Planning Commission devised many projects for economic progress. Five Year Plans were the projects implemented by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic progress of the country. Five Year Plans launched in 1951 strengthened India’s agricultural and industrial sectors.

They also helped to eradicate poverty, improve education and generate new energy sources. The most significant achievement of the plans was the self sufficiency in food production and eradication of poverty. India received assistance from foreign countries to set up iron and steel industries. Major dams were constructed for irrigation and electricity.

Question 2.
Arrange the following events in chronological order.

• Established ISRO
• First General Election in independent India.
• India became a Republic.
• Formation of States Reorganisation Commission

Answer:

• India became a Republic.
• First General Election in independent India.
• Formation of States Reorganisation Commission.
• Established ISRO

Question 3.
Write a note on the progress in education in independent India.
Answer:
Independent India gave much importance to education. Several education commissions were appointed from time to time to recommend changes in educational system.

Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission was appointed by the Government of India in 1948 to study about University education. It recommended for the setting up of professional educational institutions, form University Grants Commission and give emphasis to women education.

Dr.Lakshrnanaswamy Mudaliyar Commission was appointed in 1952 to study about the secondary education. It recommended for the implementation of three language formula, establish multipurpose schools, form a council for teacher training and form a Secondary Education Commission.

Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission was appointed ‘ in 1964 to propose for a national pattern of education. It recommended for the standardisation of educational system onto 10 + 2 + 3 pattern across the country, start vocational education at the secondary level and focus on moral education.

New Education Policy (1986) recommended the following.

• Focusing on primary education and continuing education.
• Launching Operation Black Board scheme to universalise primary education and to improve infrastructure facilities of schools.
• Set up Navodaya Vidyalayas in each district.
• Encouraging girl’s education.

Right to Education Act 2009 is a fundamental right today. Accordingly, all children between the age of 6 to 14 should be given free and compulsory education.

SSA: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a scheme started by the Central Government to universalise primary education.

RMSA: Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan was started to universalise secondary and higher secondary education.

Samagra Siksha Abhiyan: SSA and RMSA are joined together and implemented as Samagra Siksha Abhiyan from 2018 onwards.

Question 4.
What are the principles of Indian foreign policy?
Answer:

• Resistance to imperialism and colonialism
• Hostility to racism
• Trust in United Nations Organisation
• Peaceful co-existence
• Panchsheel principles
• Emphasis on the need for foreign assistance
• Policy of non-alignment
• Settle international disputes through discussions.
• Maintain good and friendly relations with other nations,
• Ensure international peace and security.

Question 5.
Write a note on the cultural institutions started in India.
Or
Many institutions were established to promote the cultural progress in India. Prepare a note on them.
Answer:

• Sangit Natak Akademi:
  It’s primary aim is the promotion of music and drama. Its headquarters is in New Delhi.
• Lalit Kala Akademi:
  It’s aim is to promote Indian arts in India and abroad. It’s headquarters is in New Delhi.
• Sahitya Akademi:
  It’s aim is the promotion of literature in Indian languages. New Delhi is its headquarters.
• National School of Drama:
  It was established under the Sangit Natak Akademi. NSD conducts national drama festival every year. Its headquarters is in New Delhi.
• National Book Trust of India:
  Its aims are to make books available cost effectively, encourage reading habit and to promote Indian books in India and abroad.

Question 6.
Write the main recommendations of the National Education Policy of 1986.
Answer:

• Focusing on primary education and continuing education.
• Launching Operation Black Board Scheme to universalise primary education and to improve the infrastructure facilities in schools.
• Setting Navodaya Vidyalaya in every district.
• Encourage girl’s education.

Question 7.
List the achievements of India in space technology.
Answer:

• Launching of rockets from Thumba rocket launching station.
• Successful launching of India’s first artificial satellite Aryabhata in 1975.
• The important missiles developed by India are Agni, Prithvi, Trishul, etc.
• Launching of Chandrayaan in 2008, India’s first lunar mission.
• Successful launching of Mangalyaan in 2013, India’s space mission to Mars.

Question 8.
The Panehsheel principles are the agreement signed by India and China in 1954. What are its provisions?
Or
Name the leaders who signed the Panchsheel Principles. Write its provisions.
Answer:
The agreement signed by India and China in 1954 are called Panchsheel principles. It was signed by Prime Minister Nehru of India and Chou Enlai, the Prime Minister of China. Its major provisions are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Equality and co-operation for mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence

Question 9.
Arrange the following in three suitable columns based on similarity. Specify the criteria for the classification.

Answer:

Question 10.
The wall Magazine on India’s path to development prepared by Suresh is given below. Help him to complete it by writing an achievement in each area.

Answer:

Answer the following. Score 5,6 each.

Question 1.
Describe the challenges of the integration of princely states with Indian Union after independence.
Or
One of the important problems that India faced soon after independence was integration of princely status. Explain the statement by including the following facts related to the problem.
States Department
V.R Menon Plan
Instrument of Accession
Military intervention
Answer:
Integration of the princely states into the Indian Union was a major challenge before free India. There were around six hundred princely states in
pre-independent India, in addition to the territories directly ruled by the British. Britain gave these princely states the option to join either India or Pakistan or to be independent.

The integration was really a herculean task and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission. He appointed V.P. Menon as secretary of the Department of States, created for the purpose of integrating the princely states. Patel and V.P Menon prepared an Instrument of Accession, which stipulated that the princely states had to transfer their control over defence, external affairs and information and communications to the Government of India.

Following the diplomacy of the government and popular protests, majority of the princely states signed the Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian Union. But some states such as Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadti resented. Finally they were also integrated into the Indian union through conciliation talks and military interventions.

Question 2.
Examine the different phases of states reorganisation in India.
Answer:

• There were people speaking different languages within a native state itself. So there were demands in different parts of India for the formation of linguistic states.
• The Nagpur Congress Session of 1920 decided to form state Committees on linguistic basis.
• Popular agitations started in India after independence for the formation of linguistic states.
• In 1948 the Constituent Assembly appointed a language commission under the leadership of Justice Dhar.
• Sriramulu, a veteran freedom fighter launched an indefinite fast demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking Andhra state and died as a martyr after 58 days. Following this, there were agitations all over Andhra.
• The state of Andhra was formed in 1953 for Telugu speaking people. Following this, the demand for forming linguistic states intensified.
• In 1953, the States Reorganization Commission was formed to create linguistic states. Fazal Ali was the Chairman of the Commission.
• In 1956, the Parliament passed the States Reorganization Act on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission. The Act provided for the formation of 14 states and 6 union territories.

Question 3.
Describe independent India’s achievements in science and technology and space research.
Answer:
India’s achievements in science and technology and space research after independence are very remarkable.

Science and Technology:
Progress of scientific research is a precondition of agricultural and industrial development. Technology and technocrats played a significant role in the development in India’s agricultural progress and industrialisation. Under Jawaharlal Nehru who was an ardent admirer of modem science and technology India attained great progress in science and technology.

Several research institutes like Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Council for Agricultural Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, etc. came into being. Two stalwarts of Indian science Homi.J.Bhabha and S.N.Bhatnagar helmed the projects of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

The Atomic Energy Commission was started in 1948 to utilize atomic energy for development. Eminent atomic scientist Homi.J.Bhabha was appointed as the Chairman of the Commission . He was also the head of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Several world class engineering institutes were started. Between 1954 and 1964, five IITs were started.

Nehru’s strongly believed to minimize Indian’s dependence on western countries in science and technology. Subsequently India attained tremendous progress in medical science, biomedical engineering, genetics, biotechnology, health science, transportation, marine technology, information technology and atomic energy.

Space research:
Independent, India conducted various space explorations and experiments. In 1962, Nehru, with the technical advice of Vikram Sarabhai, formed the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR). Following this, in 1969, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established to lead space research. The first rocket launching station was established at Thumba, near Trivandrum.

As a result of the collective efforts of India’s space research experts, first artificial satellite Aryabhatta was successfully launched in 4 975. In addition to satellites, space vehicles and rocket launchers were also developed. It was because of the farsightedness of Nehru that India became the first developing nation to make and launch satellites.

The agencies that develop satellites in India include:

• National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
• Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)

India has also advanced much in missile technology. Agni and Prithvi are the missiles developed by India. Dr. Raja Ramanna and Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam led experiments in atomic energy sector.

With the new space missions Chandrayan and Mangalayan, India has entered a new era in space exploration. Chandrayan which began in 2008 is Indian’s first lunar mission. With this ‘ India became a member in the coveted group to launch space shuttle to the lunar orbit after USA, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan.

Mangalayan is the space mission of India to Mars. It is the Indian made space shuttle that covered the long distance in space. India is all set to take new experiments in space.

Question 4.
Write a note on India’s economic progress after independence.
Answer:
Independent India adopted a mixed economic system, a combination of socialist and capitalist systems. It focused on the development of public sector. The government under Jawaharlal Nehru adopted many projects aimed at economic progress. The projects gave importance to centralised planning. The concept of economic planning was borrowed from Soviet Union.

Economic planning got impetus after independence. The Planning Commission was formed in 1950 with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as Chairman. Planning Commission devised many projects for economic progress. Five Year Plans were the schemes implemented by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic progress of the country. Five Year Plans launched in 1951 strengthened India’s agricultural, industrial, energy and educational sectors. The most significant achievement of the plans was the self sufficiency in food production and eradication of poverty.

India accepted foreign aid also for economic progress. Iron and steel industries were started at different places with the aid from foreign countries. They were the Bhilai Steel Plant and Bokaro steel plant with Soviet aid, Rourkela Steel Plant with German aid and Durgapur Steel Plant with British aid. Multi purpose dams played a pivotal role in India’s economic modernization.

They are the primary sources for irrigation and electricity. The largest multi purpose project of India Bhakra Nangal is a pride of the nation. With more irrigational facilities, agricultural production increased. Agricultural production increased with irrigational facilities, and with the use of agricultural machines, hybrid seeds and fertilizers. This came to be known as Green Revolution.

Question 5.
Describe the foreign policy of India.
Or
The foreign policy of independent India is rooted in Panchsheel principles. Substantiate.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru is the chief architect of India’s foreign policy. He was also one of the architects of non-alignment. The basic principles of India’s foreign policy are:

• Resistance to imperialism and colonialism
• Hostility to racism
• Trust in United Nations Organisation
• Peaceful co-existence
• Panchsheel principles
• Emphasis on the need for foreign assistance
• Policy of non-alignment
• Settle international disputes through discussions.
• Maintain good and friendly relations with other nations.
• Ensure international peace and security.
• Panchsheel Principles

The agreement signed by India and China in 1954 are called Panchsheel principles. It was signed by Nehru, Prime Minister of India and Chou Enlai, the Prime Minister of China. Its major provisions are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Equality and mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence
  Panchsheel Principles are a part of India’s foreign policy. India’s approach to all the nations is based on these principles.

Question 6.
Arrange the columns suitably.

Answer:

Question 7.
Choose the related item from Column B and write against those in Column A.

Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare a timeline using the years and events given.

• 1946 – Planning Commission constituted
• 1956 – Formation of Constituent Assembly
• 1954 – Establishment of ISRO
• 1969 – Indian States Reorganisation Act
• 1950 – Panchsheel Principles

Answer:

Question 9.
Arrange the following in chronological order.

• National Education Policy
• Launching of Aryabhata
• First Five Year Plan started
• India became a Republic
• Formation of Andhra State

Answer:

• India became a Republic (1950)
• First Five Year Plan started (1951)
• Formation of Andhra State (1953)
• Launching of Aryabhata (1975)
• National Education Policy (1986)

First General Election in India
The first general election in India was held from 1951 October 25 to 1952 February 21. Election was conducted to 489 Lok Sabha seats.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 11 Sociology: What? Why?

Sociology had its origin in the 19th century in Western Europe. The thoughts of French thinker Auguste Comte laid the foundation for Sociological studies. Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his environment. It was in the Bombay. University that Sociology was taught as a subject for the first time in India. The important methods of study in Sociology are social survey, interview, observation and case study. Sociology helps us to get a basic understanding of social life and thereby to broaden our perspective of life.

→ Sociology: Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his social environment. In other words, Sociology is the scientific study of the social aspects of human life.

→ Social Survey : Social survey is the collection of data from a selected group of people.

→ Questionnaire : Questionnaire is a set of questions that researchers use to collect data.

→ Interview : The talk between the interviewer and the interviewee. It is a method of collecting data orally.

→ Observation : The method of recording truthfully whatever is seen, heard or experienced.

→ Case study : It is the detailed study of the case. Case study is used to make an in-depth study on rare and different social phenomena and problems.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 10 Civic Consciousness

Every individual in the modem society is ‘ known as citizen. Civic consciousness is the recognition that each citizen is for the society and that the genuine interests of the society are the interest of the citizens. Man becomes selfish in the absence of civic consciousness and all his activities will be for his own achievements. The important factors that formulate civic consciousness are family, education, associations, media and democratic system. Sustained civic consciousness is essential for the growth and development of a society.

→ Civic consciousness : The recognition that each citizen is for the society and the genuine interests of the society are the interests of the citizen.

→ Morality : Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 9 The State and Political Science

State is an assemblage of human beings, living in a definite territory, under an organised government without any external control. Statehood is, the highest stage in social evolution. The essential constituents of state are people, territory, government and sovereignty. The functions of the government can be classified into obligatory functions and discretionary functions. According to Aristotle, Political Science is the study of state and government. The scope of Political Science is continuously expanding.

→ State : A group of people residing permanently within a particular territory withja sovereign government is called state.

→ Population : The total number of people residing in a country at a specified period of time.

→ Demography : It is the scientific study of growth and development of population based on statistics.

→  Saptanga Theory
Saptanga theory of state refers to the seven factors or limbs of the state according to Chanakya. The seven limbs are:

• The Ruler(Swami)
• The Minister (Amatya)
• The Population and land area (Janapada)
• The Fortified Capital (Durga)
• The Treasury (Kosha)
• The Army (Danda)
• Allies (Mitra)

→ Territory : Territory is the area of land, permanently occupied by a group of people, whose dominance is not questioned or opened to dispute.

→ Government : The system by which a state is governed. It is the centre of authority that governs a state.

→ Sovereignty : The supreme or ultimate authority of the state to take decisions ca national and international affairs independently ’ without any external control.

→ Discretionary functions of govt: Functions which have to be implemented as per the economic condition of a state.

→ Obligatory functions of government : The functions that the government will have to implement at all times at any cost.

→ Citizenship : The full and equal membership in a nation.

→ Natural Citizenship: The citizenship one gets by birth.

→ Acquired Citizenship : The citizenship acquired by a person on the basis of legal procedure of a nation.

→ Political Science : The study of state and government.

→ Divine Right Theory : This theory states that state is the creation of God and king is the representative of God.

→ Evolutionary Theory: This theory states that the state was formed by social evolution.

→ Power Theory : This theory proposes that state came into being as a result of the establishment of power by the strong over the weak.

→ Social Contract Theory : This theory states that the state came into being as a result of a contract by the people.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 8 Kerala towards Modernity

The Portuguese, the Dutch and the English established their rule in Kerala. Our predecessors had suffered the brutalities perpetrated by foreign rule. They fought for the freedom of the country by suffering this torture and adversities. By the Treaty of Sree- rangapattanam of 1792, the British got Malabar and they began to rule it directly. Kochi and Travancore also accepted the suzeranity of the British. The first part of the unit deals with the early resistance to British rule by Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, Velu Thampi and Paliath Achan. The impact of British rule affected the agriculture, industry and the cultural fields of Kerala. Renaissance leaders played a key role in the social transformation of Kerala. This was followed by National Movement in Kerala. Kerala State was formed on November 1,1956 by incorporating Malabar, Kochi and Travancore.

→ Kundara Proclamation : The proclamation issued by Velu Thampi, the Dewan of Travancore on 11 January 1809, appealing the people to fight against the British taking up arms. The proclamation was able to infuse anti-British feelings and patriotism and loyalty among the people.

→ Battle of Colachel : The battle of Colachel was fought between the Dutch and Marthanda Varma of Travancore in 1741. The Dutch were defeated, they had to leave Kerala and ended their desire to capture Kerala.

→ Attingal Revolt : The first organised revolt against the British in Kerala.

→ Pazhassi Revolt : The revolt organised by Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam royal family against the British.

→ Malabar Tenant’s Act : The Act passed in 1929 on the recommendations of Logan Commission set up to enquire about the Mappila revolts. Accordingly the peasants got limited right over the land.

→ Pandarapattam Proclamation: The proclamation issued by the government of Travancore in 1865 granting tenants ownership of the land they cultivated.

→ Jenmi-Kudiyan Act of 1896 : The Act passed by the government of Travancore granted ownership to the peasants.

→ Samkshepavedartham: The first book printed in Malayalam. :

→ Rajya Samacharam, Paschimodayam : The first newspapers in Malayalam published by Dr.Herman Gundert.

→ Channar Revolt: The struggle staged by the Channar women of South Travancore for the right to wear upper clothes.

→ Vaikom Satyagraha : The struggle organised for the right of lower caste people for permission
to walk around the road of Vaikom temple.

→ Guruvayoor Satyagraha : The struggle that started with the demand that all Hindus should be allowed to enter the Guruvayoor temple.

→ Malayali Memorial : The mammoth – memorandum submitted to the Maharaja of Travancore under the leadership of GP.Pillai in 1891, seeking proportionate representation for the people of Travancore in government jobs.

→ Ezhava Memorial :The memorandum signed by the members of Ezhava community and submitted to the Maharaja of Travancore under the leadership of Dr.Palpu, raising the problems faced by the Ezhava community.

→ Nivarthana Prakshobham (Abstention Movement): The agitation started by Christians, Muslims and Ezhavas in 1932 in Travancore, seeking reservation in legislature and government jobs in proportion to their population.

→ Punnapra Vayalar Revolt : The agitation organised by workers at Punnapra and Vayalar in Alappuzha for civil rights and popular rule.

→ Electricity Agitation: The agitation that started in Kochi against Dewan Shanmugam Shetty’s decision to hand over the changes of electricity supply in Kochi to a private company.

→ Aikya Kerala Movement: The movement to integrate the Malayalam speaking areas and people into one state.

Kerala towards Modernity – Important Years and Events

1498 – Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese navigator reached Kappad
1663 – The Dutch expelled the Portuguese from Kerala
1741 – Battle of ColacheL Marthanda Varma defeated the Dutch 1721 – Attingal Revolt
1792 – Treaty of Sreerangapattanam
1800-1805 – Pazhassi Revolt
1809 – Kundara Proclamation
1865 – Pandarapattam proclamation
1891 – Malayali Memorial
1896 – Ezhava Memorial
1921 – Malabar Rebellion
1924 – Vaikom Satyagraha
1929 – Malabar Kudiyanma Act
1931 – Guruvayoor Satyagraha
1932 – Nivarthana Prakshobham
1936 – Temple Entry Proclamation
1936 – Electricity Agitation
1946 – Punnapra-Vayalar Agitation
1947 – Aikya Kerala Convention
1949 – Merging of Travancore and Kochi

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 7 India after Independence

India faced many challenges and crises after independence. The problems faced by independent India were communal riots, refugee problem, integration of princely states and formation of linguistic states. The new government of India was able to solve these problems successfully. The unit also deals with the progress attained by India in the economic, scientific, educational, space research and cultural fields.

→ Refugee problem : Following the partition of India, there was an influx of refugees from India to Pakistan and from Pakistan to India. This was the important problem that independent India had to face.

→ Integration of Princely States : The merging of princely states which were ruling independently intothe Indian Union.

→ Instrument of Accession : A legal document signed by the princely states agreeing to join with the Indian Union.

→ Constituent Assembly : The body constituted to frame a constitution for India. Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of Assembly. The Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution was B.R.Ambedkar.

→ State Reorganization Commission : The Commission constituted in 1953 to reorganize Indian states on linguistic basis. Justice Fazal Ali was the Chairman of the Commission.

→ Mixed economy : An economic system which is a synthesis of capitalism and socialism. It gives preference to the development of the public sector.

→ Five Year Plans : The projects launched by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic progress of the nation. The First Five Year Plan was launched in 1951.

→ Panchsheel Principles : The Sino-Indian agreement of 1954 for peaceful co-existence.

India after Independence – Important Years and Events

• 1947 – India became independent
• 1948 – Martyrdom of Gandhiji / Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission
• 1950 – India became a Republic/Planning Commission formed
• 1951 – First Five Year Plan
• 1952 – The first general election/ Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar Com-mission
• 1953 – Formation of Andhra state/States Reorganisation Commission
• 1956 – Indian States Reorganization Act and formation of 14 linguistic states
• 1964 – Kothari Commission
• 1961 – Formation of ISRO
• 1975 Launching of Aryabhata
• 1986 – New Education Policy

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 6 Struggle and Freedom

The unit analyses the history of Indian freedom movement from 1917-1947 under the leadership of Gandhiji. The interaction of Gandhiji with the different sections of Indian j society was a feature of this period. The unit discusses the three mass movements under the leadership of Gandhiji namely the Non-Co-operation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement, Total changes took place in the structure and agitation of the Congress with the coming of Gandhiji. He was able to make the freedom movement a mass and popular movement by including all sections of people. The unit also discusses the revolutionary organizations formed for the purpose of Indian independence.

→ Rowlatt Act : The Act passed by the British Parliament in 1919, by which any person could be arrested and imprisoned without trial.

→ Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The massacre due to the police firing on armless and innocent people at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar on 13 April, 1919.

→ Champaran Satyagraha : Gandhiji involved in the problems of the indigo farmers of Champaran in Bihar in 1917 and resorted to disobedience of British rules and satyagraha.

→ Kheda Satyagraha : The satyagraha started under the leadership of Gandhiji in 1918, protesting the decision of the authorities to collect tax from’ the poor villagers of Kheda.

→ Abhinav Bharat Society : A secret society founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1903 in Nasik, Maharashtra. Aim was to overthrow the British rule through armed rebellion.

→ Anushilan Samiti: Revolutionary organisation started by Barindra Ghosh, the brother of Aurobindo Ghosh, in Bengal in 1902. Its aim was to end British rule through an armed rebellion.

→ Ghadar Party : Organisation started by the Sikhs in the United States and Canada with the aim of founders were Lala Har Dayal and Sohan Singh Bhakna.

→ Indian Republican Army : Revolutionary organisation started by Surya Sen, based in Chittagong.

→ Tebhaga movement : A struggle initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha in 1946 – 47. The tenants had to give half of their harvest to landlords. The demand of the Tebhage (sharing . by thirds) movement was to reduce the share given to landlords as one third.

→ Telangana struggle : The struggle of the peasants of Telangana region against the feudal lords between 1946 and 1951.

→ Naval Mutiny : The revolt of the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy at Bombay in 1946.

→ Non-Co-operation Movement : The first national level struggle by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji launched in 1921. The method of agitation was not to cooperate with the British in all fields.

→ Khilafat Movement : The world wide protest against the efforts of Britain after the First World War to limit the power of Khalifa, the ruler of Turkey and the spiritual leader of world Muslims.

→ Chauri Chaura incident : The killing of 22 policemen by setting fire to the police station at Chauri Chaura village in Uttar Pradesh.

→ Poorna Swaraj: Complete freedom

→ Civil Disobedience : To disobey all anti-popular and anti-democratic civil laws made by the British government.

→ Dandi March / Salt Satyagraha

Gandhiji and 78 followers marched on foot fro Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to Dandi, a coastal village at a distance of240 miles, on March 12,1930 to break salt law. This is known as Dandi March.

On April 6, 1930, Gandhiji made salt at Dandi and broke the salt law. This was the Salt j Satyagraha.

→ Round Table Conferences : The conferences of Indian leaders convened by the British government in London in 1930,1931 and 1932 to discuss the administrative reforms to be implemented in India.

→ Quit India Movement: The last popular protest organized by INC under the leadership of Gandhiji, forcing the British to leave India offering complete freedom to Indians.

→ Hindustan Socialist Republican Association : The organisation formed by the revolutionaries from Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

→ Forward Bloc : The political party formed by Subhash Chandra Bose.

→ Indian National Army : The armed forces formed by Rash Behari Bose for Indian freedom.

→ Mountbatten Plan : The scheme of dividing India into India and Pakistan and giving independence.

Chandrasekhar Azad
Indian revolutionary. Reorganised Hindustan Republican Association. Bom at Bhavra village of Madhya Pradesh in 1906. His forefathers were from Badarka village near Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. As a 15 year old student, he participated in Non – Co – operation movement and was arrested. On being produced before a magistrate, he gave his name as ‘Azad’ (The Free), his father’s name as ‘Swatantra’ (Independence) and his residence as ‘Jail’. From that day he came to be known as Chandra Shekhar \ Azad. Azad died in 1931, killing himself, when surrounded by police.

Struggle and Freedom – Important Years and Events

• 1917 – Champaran Satyagraha
• 1918 – Ahmedabad Cotton Mill Strike
• 1918 – Kheda Peasant Struggle
• 1919 – Rowlatt Act
• 1919 – Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• 1920 – Khilafat Movement
• 1921 – Non-Co-operation Movement
• 1922 – Chauri Chaura Incident
• 1923 – Formation of Swaraj Party
• 1928 – Hindustan Socialist Republicaiciation
• 1929 – Lahore Congress Session
• 1930 – Civil Disobedience Movement
• 1942 – Quit India Movement
• 1946 – Naval Mutiny
• 1947 – India becomes independent

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 5 Culture and Nationalism

Nationalism is a great basis are patriotism and a desire for freedom. Nationalism emerged in India during the British rule. The opinions of Indians about the policies of the British were presented through newspapers and literary works. Literary works that stimulated patriotism began to appear in different Indian languages. The cultural and ideological interference and protests by the Indians influenced social life, newspapers, education, literature and art. The changes in these areas led to the national unity of India.

→ Nationalism : The sense of unity that exists among the people of a nation irrespective of caste, creed, region and religion.

→ Scientific Societies : The organizations formed in the 19th century to translate science books, to hold discussions and to popularize scientific temper.

→ Nai Talim : The new education scheme devised by Gandhiji. Education should be related to some productive occupation. Free and compulsory education in mother tongue for all children between 8 and 14 years.

→ Brahma Samaj : The organisation started by Ram Mohan Roy in 1828 to oppose social evils like Sati and to end caste system.

→ Vernacular Press Act : The Act enacted by Lord Lytton in 1878 to curb freedom of press in regional languages.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 4 British Exploitation and Resistance

Opposition from all sections of India arose 1 when the British administrative policies became widespread. Peasants, workers, tribals and women played a decisive role in anti-colonial struggle. Most of these revolts were organised locally. The reasons for these revolts were strong opposition to the policies of the British and the oppressive policies of landlords. The first organised revolt of the Indians against the British in India was the First War of Indian Independence of 1857.

→ Permanent Land Revenue System : The system of tax reform introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This system is also known as Zamindari system.

→ Ryotwari System : The system of tax reform introduced by the British in South Indian regions.

→ Mahalwari System : The system of tax reform . introduced by the British in North West regions of India.

→ Santhals : The tribals inhabiting the valleys of Rajmahal Hills stretching across the present states of Bengal, Jharkhand and Bihar.

→ Kurichiyas : The tribals inhabiting Wayanad region of Kerala.

→ Drain Theory : This was put forward by Dadabhai Naoroji. He established the fact that a huge amount of money was flowing to Britain every year. He proved that the Drain of Wealth was the root cause of poverty and starvation in India.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes Chapter 1 Revolutions that Influenced the World

American War of Independence inspired the struggle against imperialism in different parts of the world in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The victory of American War of Independence is considered as the victory of democracy, freedom and self determination. The French Revolution of 1789 was against the despotic rule of kings and feudal system. The Russian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution and the Latin American Revolution were also against despotic rule of kings and foreign domination.

→ Renaissance : Renaissance means ‘rebirth’. It was the awakening of the artistic and intellectual activities which had taken place in the Italian cities and the rest of the European countries.

→ Enlightenment : An advancement in the intellectual activities of man which tried to explain the natural world and the role of man in it in the light of rationalism.

→ American War of Independence: The struggle of the American colonies to protest against the policies and rule imposed by England.

→ Mercantilism : The policy implemented by the British merchants with the help of their motherland in the American colonies.

→ Pilgrim Fathers : The group of people who exiled to America from the religious persecution of the King of England in the seventeenth century and established colonies there.

→ Boston Tea Party: To oppose the high tax levied on tea by the British government, a group of people disguised as the Red Indians, boarded the ships at night in the Boston Harbour and threw 342 chests of tea into the sea. This incident is known as Boston Tea Party.

→ Continental Congress : The meetings of the delegates of American colonies that met at Philadelphia to protest against the policies and rules imposed by England.

→ American Declaration of Independence: The famous declaration of independence issued by the American Continental Congress on 4 July 1776.

→ Treaty of Paris 1783 : The treaty by which Britain ratified the freedom of the thirteen colonies of America.

→ French Revolution: The struggle of the French middle class against the autocratic rule and social inequality that prevailed in Europe.

→ Estates : The three strata of French society. The First Estate consisted of clergy, the Second Estate consisted of nobles and the Third Estate consisted of middle class.

→ Social Contract : The famous work of the French philosopher Rousseau, which influenced the French Revolution greatly.

→ Tennis Court Oath : The members of the Third Estate of France declared themselves as the National Assembly of France, assembled at a tennis court and swore not to leave until they had framed a constitution for France. This event is known as the ’Tennis Court Oath’.

→ Latin American Revolution : The struggle of the Latin American people against the colonial rule of Spain and Portugal.

→ Russian Revolution : The struggle led by the Bolsheviks in Russia under the leadership of Lenin against the autocratic rule and social inequality.

→ Marxism : It is an ideology founded by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. The core of this ideology is that the changes in society are based on the prevailing mode of production.

→ Duma : The name of Russian Parliament.

→ Bloody Sunday : The workers of Russia organised a huge march at Petrograd on 9th January 1905 demanding political rights and economic reforms. The march was fired by the soldiers and hundreds of demonstrators were massacred. This event is known as the Bloody Sunday.

→ A February Revolution : The workers along with the soldiers captured Petrograd in February 1917. The Czar Nicholas II was thrown out of power and a provisional government was formed under Alexander Kerensky. This is known as February Revolution.

→ October Revolution: The event through which the Bolsheviks under Lenin attained power in Russia is known as October Revolution.

→ Chinese Revolution : The struggle against the foreign rule and monarchy in China.

→ Open Door Policy : The policy put forward by America that argued for equal rights and opportunities for all countries in Chinese markets.

→ Long March : The journey that started under the leadership of Mao Zedong from Kiangsi in South China and ended at Yanan in north-west China, covering around 12000 kms is known as Long March.

Revolutions that Influenced the World – Famous Persons

→ George III : The king of England during the American War of Independence.

→ George Washington : Commander – in – chief of the Continental Army. The first President of the United States of America.

→ John Locke : English philosopher. Opposed dictatorship and monarchy. One of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers.

→ Thomas Paine : English – American political activist, philosopher and revolutionary. Author of ‘Common Sense’.

→ Thomas Jefferson : American Founding Father, Principal author of the ‘Declarations of Independence’. Served as the third US President from 1801 to 1809.

→ Benjamin Franklin : One of the Founding Fathers of USA. American author and diplomat. Played a key role in the preparation of American Declaration of Independence.

→ Louis XIV : The French king who said: ‘I am the State’.

→ Louis XVI: The French king at the time of the French Revolution.

→ Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu : Thinkers who influenced French Revolution.

→ Napoleon Bonaparte : The Emperor of France from 1800 to 1815, following the French Revolution.

→ Simon Bolivar: Liberated Venezuela, Equador, Colombia and Peru from Spanish control. Known as ‘Liberator’ and the ‘George Washington of South America’.

→ Jose De San Martin : Liberated Argentina from Portuguese rule. Known as ‘Protector’.

→ Nicholas II : Czar of Russia at the time of the Russian Revolution.

→ Vladimir Lenin : Leader of Bolshevik party. The first Communist ruler of Russia.

→ Dr. Sun Yat Sen : Leader of Chinese Republic.

→ Chiang Kaishek: Ruler of China who opposed Communism. He was deposed by the Communist party in 1949.

→ Mao Zedong : The leader of Communist Revolution of China. The first Chairman of the People’s Republic of China.

Revolutions that Influenced the World – Important Years and Events

• 1773 – Boston Tea Party
• 1774 – First Continental Congress, Philadel-phia
• 1775 – Second Continental Congress, Phila-delphia
• 1776
  July 4 – Declaration of American Indepen-dence
• 1783 – Treaty of Paris, England ratified the freedom of 13 American colonies.
• 1789 – French Revolution / French Declara-tion of the Rights of Man
• 1792 – Proclaimed France as a Republic
• 1799 – Napoleon seized power in France
• 1815 – Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon was defeated by the European Alliance
• 1900 – Boxer Rebellion
• 1905 – Russia-Japan war and the defeat of Russia
• 1917 – Russian Revolution
• 1924 – Formation of USSR
• 1949 – Establishment of People’s Republic of China

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Notes

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 3 Human Resource Development in India

Answer the following. Score 1 each.

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
People who have the manpower which can be utilised in the production sector.
Natural resource
Human resource
Mineral resource
Answer:
Human resource.

Question 2.
Which of the following is a quantitative feature of human resource?
Education
Life expectancy
Growth of population
Answer:
Growth of population

Question 3.
Healthcare is
Qualitative feature of human resource
Quantitative feature of human resource
Value of human resource
Answer:
Qualitative feature of human resource

Question 4.
The last census of India was conducted in
2001
2011
2010
Answer:
2011

Question 5.
When birth rate increases and death rate decreases
population increases
population decreases
no change in population
Answer:
population increases

Question 6.
The project aimed at the integrated development of children upto 6 years
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
Integrated Child Development Scheme
Integrated Mother Development Scheme
Answer:
Integrated Child Development Scheme

Question 7.
The aim of Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
To increase the access to higher education
Answer:
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.

Question 8.
The project ensuring access to higher education
SSA
RMS A
RUSA
Answer:
RUSA

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
What does the society get from the work of different groups of people to fulfill its need?
Answer:
Goods and services

Question 2.
What is meant by human resource?
Answer:
Human resource refers to people who have manpower which can be utilised in the production sector.

Question 3.
Name the factors that make human resource development possible.
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare
• Training

Question 4.
How are the features of human resource classified?
Answer:

• Quantitative features
• Qualitative features

Question 5.
Name the institution that spearheads census activities in India.
Answer:
Office of the Population Registrar General Census Commissioner.

Question 6.
What is density of population?
Answer:
Density of population refers to the number of people residing in a square kilometer area.

Question 7.
Why is July 11 selected as World Population day?
Answer:
The world population reached 500 crore on July 11, 1987. So July 11 is selected as world population day.

Question 8.
What is meant by sex ratio?
Answer:
Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males.

Question 9.
What is life expectancy?
Answer:
Life expectancy is the average number of years that a person lives.

Question 10.
What is literacy rate?
Answer:
Literacy rate refers to the percentage of population that can read and write with comprehension.

Question 11.
Name the national project that launched to compensate the shortage of skilled people.
Answer:
National Skill Development Corporation.

Question 12.
Which is the project launched to ensure the integrated development of children upto 6 years and to provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women?
Answer:
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)

Question 13.
What is the primary goal of the project Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.

Question 14.
Which is the project formed by integrating Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan

Question 15.
Which is the project launched to increase the access to higher education and to improve the quality of higher education?
Answer:
Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)

Question 16.
Name the project launched to improve the working skill of the youth.
Answer:
National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme.

Question 17.
What does the RTE Act ensure?
Answer:
The Right to Education Act ensures the goal of elementary education for all.

Question 18.
How does WHO define ‘health’?
Answer:
According to WHO, health is a state of physical, mental and social well being.

Question 19.
Name two governmental agencies that function to make available quality health services to all.
Answer:

1. National Rural Health Mission
2. National Urban Health Mission

Answer the following. Score ‘2’ each.

Question 1.
Why is it said that human resource is necessary for the progress of any country?
Answer:
Many goods and services are needed to fulfil the different needs of the people in a country. Manpower is an important factor in making available the goods and services. No society cannot exist without physical and mental manpower.

Question 2.
What is meant by human resource development?
Answer:
Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training.

Question 3.
Which are the agencies that work for developing physical and mental manpower?
Answer:

• Individuals
• Families
• Various institutions
• Nation

Question 4.
What is demography?
Answer:
The branch of social science that analyses the population, the changes in its size, its structural aspects, etc. is known as demography.

Question 5.
What is census?
Answer:
Each country collects information on the number of people in the country, their age, sex, socio¬economic status, etc. and analyses these at specific intervals of time. It is called census.

Question 6.
Which are the qualitative features of human resource?
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare

Question 7.
What is meant by population structure?
Answer:
Population structure is the classification of population into different age groups and presenting the ratio of each group in the population. The classification includes age groups like 0-14 years, 15-59 years and 60 and above years.

Question 8.
Write the aims of Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
Answer:

• To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
• To ensure quality and equity.

Question 9.
Write the aims of Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:

• To increase the access to higher education
• To improve the quality of higher education.

Question 10.
What are the qualitative factors that improve the labour potential?
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare
• Training
• Social capital

Question 11.
Which are the various factors included in the quantitative features of human resource?
Answer:

• Size of population
• Density of population
• Growth of population
• Structure of population.

Question 12.
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) are the two systems that operate to make available quality health services to all. Write their functions.
Answer:

• NRHM operates in the rural sector.
• NUHM provides improved health services to the residents of urban slums and other marginalised people in towns with a population of more than 50000.

Question 13.
People with labour potential is the strength of a nation. Which are the qualitative factors that improve labour potential?
Answer:

• Education
• Healthcare
• Improving the skills of the individuals
• Imparting the technological know-how.

Answer the following. Score ‘3’ each.

Question 1.
What are the advantages of improved human resource?
Answer:
Education, healthcare and training are the factors that help to improve human resource. The advantages of improved human resource are:

• Productivity of the workers increases
• Entrepreneurship improves
• Social welfare is ensured
• Economic inequality is reduced
• Natural resource is utilised effectively
• Makes possible the development and use of advanced technology.

Question 2.
Complete the flowchart showing the relationship between education and human resource development.
Answer:

a. Improves the skills of individuals
b. Betters the technological know – how
c. Helps to secure better job and income

Question 3.
There still exists many problems in education sector. Which are they? Write your solutions to this.
Answer:
Problems

• Certain section drop out from schools without completing primary education.
• There is a lack of availability of basic facilities in the education sector.
• Quality of education has to be improved. Solutions
• Prevent drop out from schools
• Improve the quality of education

Question 4.
Complete the sun diagram related to facilities to be ensured for healthcare.

Answer:

• Availability of clean water
• Preventive measures
• Cleanliness
• Medical facilities
• Ensuring of leisure and entertainment
• Awareness about communicable diseases.

Question 5.
Explain the terms:

• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Migration

Answer:

• Birth rate: Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000.
• Death rate : Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000.
• Migration: Migration is the settlement of people of a region in another region.

Question 6.
Which is the national project for the welfare of children? Write its goals.
Answer:

• Integrated Child Development Scheme. Goals
• To ertsure integrated development of children upto 6 years.
• To provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women.

Question 7.
Which is the national project to improve the working skill of the youth? Write its goals.
Answer:
National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme.

Goals

• To improve the working skills of the youth.
• To ensure the availability of people with employable skills.

Question 8.
Write any two projects implemented in the educational sector to develop human resource.
Answer:

1. Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan:
   To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
   To ensure quality and equity.
   To promote vocational education.
2. Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan:
   To increase the access to higher education.
   To improve the quality of higher education.

Question 9.
Choose the correct options related to columns A and B.

a. i and ii are correct
b. ii and iii are correct
c. i and ii are correct
d. i, ii and iii are correct
Answer:
a. i and iii are correct

Answer the following. Score ‘4’ each

Question 1.
Write the different levels of human resource development.
Answer:

• Individuals take efforts to develop their own skills.
• Family creates an environment for the development of the potential of the individuals.
• Various institutions and agencies provide facilities for education and training.
• Nation provides the necessary facilities for its people to develop their skills.

Question 2.
Write the features of Indian population.
Answer:
India ranks second in world population. According to the census report of 2011, there are 121.02 crore people in India. Out of this, 58.65 crore are females and 62.37 crore are males. 17.5 percentage of world population is in India. One in six person of the world population is an Indian.

The sex ratio in India is 940. The dependent population of those in the age group of 0-14 years and 60 and above years constitutes 37.49%. The working group in the age group of 15-59 constitutes 62.5%. The literacy rate of India is 74.04 and life expectancy is 66.1.

Question 3.
What is meant by density of population? Explain how the population density of an area influence the availability of human resources?
Answer:
Density of population is the number of people living in a square kilometer area.
When density of population increases, the human resource of that region also increases. It means the manpower of that region increases. When density of population increases, the number of people who can provide physical and mental manpower also increases.

This will create a suitable situation for the setting up of production units there which will lead to the increase in the production of goods and services. Human resource availability is more in areas of high density of population and vice verse.

Question 4.
The growth rate of Indian population has decreased considerably from 24.80 percentage of 1971 to 17.64 percentage of 2011. But the population has increased. What may be the reason?
Answer:
The population of India in 1971 was 54.82 crore. The growth rate percentage was 24.66. The population of2001 was 102.87 crore. The growth rate of population up to 2001 was 21.54%. It decreased to 17.64% in 2011. The growth rate of 17.64% of 102. 87 crore will have more increase in number than the 24.66% of 54.82 crore.

Question 5.
Explain the changes in the population of a country based on birth rate, death rate and migration.
Answer:
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000.
Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000.
Migration is the settlement of people of a region in another region.
Birth rate, death rate and migration are the factors that affect the population of a country.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the quantitative features of human resources.
Answer:

Size of population: The size of population refers to the total number of people residing in a country at a particular time.

Density of population: It refers to the number of people per square kilometre area.
Growth of population: Population growth refers to the increase in the number of people in an area within a specific period of time. Birth rate is the number of live births per 1000. Death rate is the number of deaths per 1000.
Population structure includes the following:

Age structure: The classification of population into different age groups and presenting the ratio of each group in the population.

Sex ratio: It is the number of femaÍes per 1000 males.
Labour force participation rate: It is the ratio of the population in the age group 15 – 59, who are either employed or actively looking for jobs.

Dependency ratio: The age groups 0 – 14 years and 60 years and above are included in the dependent group. Their proportion in total population is known as dependency ratio.

Question 7.
Explain how sex ratio influences the economic development of a nation.
Answer:
Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males. The males contribute a great amount of manpower. The sex ratio of India is 940 females for 1000 males. So more manpower is available. This will be vourableto the economic development of the nation. The rate of economic development of the nation will grow further if the manpower of the present labour force of females is also used effectively.

Question 8.
How does human resource development help economic development?
Answer:
Economic development means progress in education, health and culture along with economic growth. The physical and mental manpower should be developed to attain economic development. Qualitative factors like education, healthcare and training make this possible. The improved human resource will pave the way for economic development. Like natural resources, human resource are also important for economic development. When natural resources are combined with human efforts, there is an increase in production leading to economic development.

Question 9.
It is not an increase in population, but people with potential and skills that make the development of a country possible. Substantiate.
Answer:
Increase in population will increase the availability of human resource. But a labour force with potential and skills is essential for increasing production for economic development. Unproductive people will be a liability to the nation. People with potential and labour skill will lead the country to economic development. The population of the country will be a blessing to it if majority of them can be turned to improved human resource through education, healthcare and training.

Question 10.
Explain how healthcare will help for human resource development and national progress.
Answer:
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being. Healthy persons can participate in the progress of a country in the following ways.

• Production increases with the increase in efficiency and the number of working days.
• Natural resources can be utilised properly.
• Economic development is possible through increase in production.
• Medical expenses can be reduced thereby reducing the government’s expenditure.

Question 11.
The main reason for the wealth and poverty of the world is the difference in the rate of development of manpower. Do you agree with this? Explain.
Answer:
Increase in income will raise the standard of living of the people of a country. To ensure increase in income, employment opportunities should be made available. Along with this, manpower development should occur to do the available jobs efficiently. In a country that develops human resource through education, healthcare, training and skill development, the labour force also develops. In brief, increase in income and economic development will occur where correct manpower development takes place. So the reason for the wealth and poverty of the world is the difference in the rate of development of manpower.

Question 12.
Which are the various institutions and projects aimed at healthcare implemented by the government?
Answer:
The various institutions ensuring healthcare:

• Medical colleges
• District hospitals
• Community health centres
• Primary health centres
• Health sub-centres

The various projects for qualitative healthcare:
Integrated child Development Scheme:

• To ensure integrated development of children upto 6 years
• To provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women.

National Rural Health Mission
National Urban Health Mission

Question 13.
Problems still exist in the education and health sector. Write your response to this.
Answer:
Problems in education sector

• Certain sections drop out form schools without completing primary education.
• There is lack of availability of basic, facilities in the education sector.
• Quality of education is yet to be improved.

Problems in health sector

• Lack of healthcare facilities in rural areas.
• Lack of healthcare facilities in proportion to population.
• Increasing medical expense in both public and private sectors.

Answer the following. Score ‘5‘, ‘6’ each

Question 1.
Why are population studies conducted?
OR
How do you think population study helps the government? Justify your opinion.
Answer:

• Helps the government to quantitatively assess the different needs of the people and to plan activities and programmes accordingly.
• Informs the availability of human resource in a country.
• Depicts the extent of basic facilities required by the people.
• Quantifies the goods and services required.
• Determines the socio-economic development policies.
• To assess the standard of living of the people.
• To compare with the population of other countries.

Question 2.
Write your inferences based on the table showing the population growth rate in India.

Answer:

• The rate of growth of population was high in the early decades after independence. The growth rate which was 13.31 in 1951 increased to21.64 in 1961.
• The highest growth rate 24.80% was recorded in 1971. The growth rate began to decline in the following decades.
• The growth rate began to decline from 1971 onwards.
• The lowest growth rate of 17.64 was recorded in 2011.
• The population of 36.11 of 1951 increased to 121.02 in 2011, within a period of 60 years.
• The population of India grew by 84.91 crore within a period of 60 years (1951-2011). The population grew three times within a period of 60 years.

Question 3.
List the projects implemented in India to develop education and skills.
Answer:
The following are the projects and their goals implemented to develop human resource through education, training and developing skills.

Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS):
To ensure integrated development of children up to 6 years.
To provide healthcare for pregnant and lactating women.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA):
To ensure universal education to all upto higher secondary level.
To ensure quality and equity.

Rashtriya Ucbthal Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA):
To increase the access to higher education. To improve the quality of higher education.

National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme:

• To improve the working skills of the youth.
• To ensure the availability of people with çmployable skills.

Question 4.
Prepare a paper on ‘The role of education and healthcare in human resource development.
Answer:
Human resource development is the development of man’s physical and mental abilities through education, healthcare and training.

Education and human resource development Education has a major role in moulding skilled
people. Education helps both in human resource development as well as in the development of a country.

Education –

• Improves the skills of individuals
• Betters the technological know-how. Helps to secure better job and income.
• Improves the standard of living

Projects implemented to develop education and skills are:

• Samagra Shikšha Abhiyan
• Rashtriya Uchthal Shiksha Abhiyan
• National Skill Development and Monetary Reward Scheme
• Right to Education Act

Human resource development and healthcare
Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being. Healthy persons can participate in the progress of a country in the following ways.

• Production increases with the increase in efficiency and the number of working days.
• Natural resources can be utilised properly.
• Economic development ¡s possible through increase in production.
• Medical expenses can be reduced thereby reducing the government’s expenditure.

Institutions that help to improve healthcare:

• Medical Colleges
• District hospitals
• Community health centres
• Primary health centres

Health sub-centres

• Projects to Improve healthcare:
• Integrated Child Development Scheme
• National Rural Health Mission .
• National Urban Health Mission

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 10 Consumer: Satisfaction and Protection

Question 1.
The satisfaction of consumers is the main aim of all economic activities. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
Answer:
The statement is correct. The ultimate aim of all economic activities taking place around us is consumer’s satisfaction. Production, distribution and consumption are interrelated economic activities. When the consumer does not get satisfaction from the use of some goods and services, they may be rejected in the market. It will affect their production and distribution adversely. It retards the growth of the economy.

Question 2.
What are the situations in which the consumers are exploited?
Answer:

• Charging excess prices ‘
• Selling low-quality products
• Adulteration
• Manipulation in weights and measures
• Delay in making services available
• Unsatisfactory after-sale services.

Question 3.
What are the rights included in the Consumer Protection Act of 1986?
Answer:

• The right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property.
• The right to be informed about the quality, related aspects of goods and services.
• The right to have access to goods and services at fair price.
• The right to be heard and to seek redressal at appropriate forums.
• The right to consumer education.

Question 4.
The consumer courts guard consumer rights. Substantiate.
Answer:
In circumstances in which the consumers are not satisfied with the dealings of the producers and distributors, they can approach the consumer courts which are mechanisms for helping them as per the law. Consumer courts play an important role in ensuring justice to the consumers. They settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring compensation for the consumers.

The consumer courts are able to create confidence in the consumers and bring about a qualitative change in their lives. So they are called the guardians of the rights of consumers.

Question 5.
How do the advertisements adversely affect the consumer? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Almost all the advertisements in the modem media attract the attention of the consumers. Consumers become aware of the use of certain goods and services through advertisements. Consumers fall as victims of misleading advertisements. Often the goods advertised may not have the required quality of life. The consumers are cheated through advertisements by not giving the after-sale service, not giving the products shown in the advertisements and not giving the goods and services after accepting money.

Housewives who are attracted by the beauty of dress materials in advertisement, buy low-quality clothes through online shopping is an example for this bad influence of. advertisements. Misleading advertisements to accelerate sale are a curse to consumers.

Question 6.
Compare the functioning of Legal MetrologyDepartment and the District Consumer Disputes Redressai Forum.
Answer:

Question 7.
What all can be included in the seminar paper to be presented in a seminar in the school on World Consumer Day?.
Answer:

• Importance of World Consumer Day
• Rights of consumers
• Situations when the consumers are cheated
• Consumer Protection Act
• Consumer Courts
• Institutions and departments to protect the interest of consumers
• intervention of the society
• Importance of consumer education

Question 8.
How will yóu intervene in the consumer disputes in your locality?
Answer:

• Empower consumerš by forming consumer organization.
• Organise classes by experts on consumer awareness.
• Public interest litigation.
• Distribute pamphlets on the topic.

Question 9.
We visit many institutions to satisfy our requirements. Write examples.
Answer:

• Purchasing vegetables for cooking food
• To avail treatment for diseases.
• To avail education
• To buy clothes
• To travel to manyp1aces

Question 10.
List the goods and services, that we consume.
Answer:

Question 11.
Today we are in a situation where even air and water have to be paid for. What are the reasons?
Answer:

• Scarcity of resources
• Increase in wants
• Difference in quality
• Shortage in production

Question 12.
What does the consumer expect while purchasing products and using services?
Answer:

• Quality
• Fair price
• Reliability
• After-sale services

Question 13.
Write the problems faced by consumers in the market.
Answer:

• Charging excess price
• Selling low-quality goods
• Adulterated goods
• Delay in making services available
• Manipulation in weights and measures

Question 14.
How far are the consumer courts suitable in protecting the rights of consumers? Evaluate.
Answer:
Consumer courts are special judiciary mechanisms for consumer protection in India, formed as per the Consumer Protection Act of 1986. They play important role in ensuring justice to consumers. They settle consumer disputes by various means including ensuring compensation for the consumers. The consumer courts are able to create confidence in the consumers and bring about a qualitative change in their lives.

The consumer courts protect the rights of consumers by giving verdicts for repaying the product, repayment of cash paid or excess amount appropriated, monetary compensation for the loss, direction to rectify the defects in services, stopping harmful trade practices, prohibition of the sale of harmful food items and reimbursement of the expenses incurred in lodging the complaint.

Question 15.
What are the way’s in which the intervention of the society can be made possible for consumer satisfaction?
Answer:

• Functioning of consumer organisations
• Consumer awareness
• Public interest litigation
• Distributing pamphlets

Question 16.
What are the ways by which consumer education can be ensured?
Answer:
Awareness programmes Inclusion in the curriculum Observance of National Consumer Day

Question 17.
Write the importance of consumer education.
Answer:
Consumer education makes the consumer aware of his rights. It helps the consumer to acquire information about the products and services (quality, brand, reliability), to consume sensibly as per the wants to make the right choices and to make him capable of intervening in consumer disputes. The consumer acquires the following habits through consumer education:

• Ask for the bill for every purchase made.
• Make sure that the weights and measures are accurate.
• Make sure while purchasing packed items that the name of the product, date of packing, expiry date, weight, prize, etc. are stated,
• Note the symbols representing the standard of the products.
• In short, consumer education helps consumers as follows:
• To develop the ability to decide and choose intelligently.
• To demand safe, reliable and quality products at a reasonable price.
• To be alert, well informed and vigilant against corrupt practices in the market.
• To take suitable action when faced with a problem.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 9 Financial Institutions and Services

Question 1.
The Reserve Bank of India acts as the last resort to all banks in their financial matters. Substantiate the statement based on the functions of RBI.
Answer:
Reserve Bank is the Central Bank of India. It was established in 1935 and its headquarters is in Mumbai. It is the apex bank which controls all the other banks. RBI not only regulates and supervises the banks but also other financial institutions in the country by giving them necessary instructions and advice. It acts as the last resort in the financial matters of all banks.
The functions of RBI are;

Printing of currency: RBI has the legal right to issue all currency notes except one rupee note and subsidiary coins. The finance ministry is authorised to issue one rupee note and subsidiary coins. A proportional value of gold and foreign exchange are kept as reserve for issuing notes.

Còntrolling credit: The RBI increases the money supply in the economy through the distribution of printed currency and through credit creation. Controlling credit is an important function of RBI. This is done by bringing about changes in the rate of interest. As the rate of interest increases, volume of loans decreases. As the rate of interest decreases, the volume of loans increases.

Banker to Government: The RBI serves as the banker to both the Central Government and the State Governments. As a banker to the government, the RBI accepts deposits from central and state governments, sanctions loans and renders other banking services to them. The Reserve Bank does not charge any fees for these services.

Bankers’ Bank: Reserve Bank is the apex bank of all banks. It is the function of the RBI to advise and assist all banks in their operations. It acts as the last resort to all banks in their financial matters.

Question 2.
Explain the basic functions of banks.
Answer:
Banks are those institutions which accept deposits from the public and grant loans to the needy subject to conditions. They operate on the basis of the general guidelines and conditions set by the Reserve Bank of India.
Banks accept deposits from individuals, institutions and government and disburse this amount as loans to individuals, institutions and government.

The banks collect the loan amount with interest after a particular period and repay the depositors with interest. Thus the banks act as the intermediary between borrowers and lenders.

Question 3.
Explain the aims of Mahila banks, Payment banks and MUDRA bank.
Answer:
Mahila banks, Payment banks and Mudra bank are-the new entrants in the banking sector formed for certain specific aims.

Bharatiya Mahila Bank
The slogan of Mahila bank is ‘Women Empowerment is India’s Empowerment. The bank accepts deposits from all but provides loans mainly to women. Bharatiya Mahila Bank is merged with SBI in 2017.

Payment Banks
Payment banks are established to help low-income groups, small scale industrialists and migrant labourers. They do not provide all facilities provided by banks.

Mudra bank
Mudra bank is set up to provide short term loans to small scale entrepreneurs and micro finances.

Question 4.
Evaluate how microfinance helps common man.
Answer:
The aim of microfinance is to provide different financial services to common people including microcredit. It helps to promote saving habits and self-employment activities among the poor. This helps members to avail themselves of loans without providing any collaterals. Kudumbasree and Self Help Group for men are examples for this.
Aims of microfinance

• Promotes saving habit.
• Helps to improve the standard of living of the poor.
• Helps in collective development by mobilising money from individuals.
• Makes use of individual potentials for group development.
• Provides loans to members in need
• Starts small scale enterprises.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 8 Resource Wealth of India

Question 1.
Identify the factors of India’s development.
Answer:

• Transport
• Energy production
• Agriculture
• Mining

Question 2.
What geographical factors are favourable for the cultivation of diverse crops in India?
Answer:

• Suitable agricultural climate that extends throughout the year.
• Fertile soil.
• Diverse topography.
• Monsoon rain and Irrigation facilities.

Question 3.
List the food crops and cash crops of India.
Answer:

Question 4.
The map shows the distribution of rice cultivation in India. Analyse-it and answer the questions.

a. Which are the Indian states that cultivate rice?
b. Which are the major rice-producing states?
c. Which are the major rice-producing regions in India?
Answer:
a. West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab.
b. West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.
c. Ganga plain and delta regions.

• East coast plains.
• West coast plains.
• Northeast hilly regions.

Question 5.
The map shows the distribution of wheat cultivation in India. Analyse-it and answer the questions.
a. Which are the Indian states that cultivate wheat?

b. Name the major wheat producing states in India.
c. Which are the regions where wheat is mainly cultivated in India?
Answer:
a. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West
Bengal.
b. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana.
c. Ganga – Sutlej belt Black soil region in Deccan.

Question 6.
Wheat is not cultivated in Kerala. Why?
Answer:
The geographical conditions of Kerala are not suitable for wheat cultivation.

Question 7.
Analyse the map and answer the questions.

a. Which are the major sugarcane producing states of India?
b.Name the major regions cultivating sugarcane in India.
Answer:
a. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Bihar.
b.North Indian plains • Deccan plateau

Question 8.
All sugar mills are concentrated near sugar cane producing regions. Why?
Answer:
Sugarcane harvested must be immediately brought to factories to extract the juice out of it. Otherwise the amount of surcose in the sugar cane might decrease.

Question 9.
What are the raw materials for agro-based industries?
Answer:
Sugarcane, cotton, jute, rubber.

Question 10.
Which are the major agro-based industries in India?
Answer:
Sugar industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, rubber industry, etc.

Question 11.
Identify the Indian states where sugar factories are located.
Answer:
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Question 12.
Name the fibre crop which is the major cash crop in India and is also known as ‘Universal fibre ’.
Answer:
Cotton

Question 13.
Find out the states in which cotton is cultivated.
Answer:
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Telengana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.

Question 14.
Maharashtra leads in cotton cultivation. Mumbai in Maharashtra is the most important cotton textile centre in India. What are the reasons for this?’
Answer:

• Easy availability of raw materials from neighbouring regions.
• Human resource availability.
• The cheap availability of power.
• Availability of freshwater
• Export and import facilities of Mumbai port.
• Humid climate.

Question 15.
List of centres of cotton textile industry and the states in which key are located.
Answer:

Question 16.
Agro-based industries in India using cash crops.
Answer:

Iron ore is called the backbone of modern civilization.
Iron is a mineral used by all countries of the world. As iron tools and machines are inevitable, iron is considered as the basis of all industries. Iron ore is the raw material for iron and steel industry. Iron and steel industry has laid the foundation for rapid industrialisation in India. Iron and steel are the essential constituents of railway lines, engines, ships, motor vehicles and machines. They are essential for the construction of bridges and buildings. The availability of iron helps in the making of tools and things for the cultural progress also.

Question 17.
List the Indian states with iron are deposits.
Answer:

• West Bengal
• Odisha
• Jharkhand
• Chhattisgarh
• Karnataka
• Telangana
• Goa
• Tamil Nadu

Question 18.
The Iron and steel industries of India are set I up at places where the raw materials are j available. Why? ;
Answer:
Iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone are the ;
essential raw materials for iron and steel industry. All the raw materials of iron and steel industry are heavy and very difficult to transport to distant places. So iron and steel industries are located where the deposits of raw materials are available.

Question 23.
Tea is cultivated in Idukki and Wayanad districts of Kerala. What are the factors favouring this?
Answer:
Idukki and Wayanad districts have geographical factors favourable for the cultivation of tea like hill slopes having an annual rainfall range of 200 to 250 cm, 25°C to 30°C of temperature and soil rich in humus content.

Question 24.
What was the role of spices in attracting Europeans to India?
Answer:
Spices are used to add flavour to food and to make medicines. The importance of spices and their
availability in India attracted the Europeans to India.

Question 25.
The fall in the price to rubber affects Kerala the most. Why?
Answer:
Kerala is the leading producer of rubber in India, contributing to 91 %.

Question 26.
Petroleum deposits are mostly confined to the coastal regions. Why?
Answer:
Petroleum deposits are generally formed in sedimentary rock layers. Sedimentary rocks are formed at ocean depths due to the deposition of sediments there. So petroleum deposits are mostly confined to the coastal regions.

• Question 27.
  Which are the National Highways passing through Kerala?
  Answer:
• NH 47 (NH 544) – Salem – Kanyakumari
• NH 49 (NH 85) – Cochin – Dhanushkodi
• NH 17 (NH 66) – Panavel – Edappally

Question 28.
The density of roads is moreover the northern plains, but less over the northeastern states. Why?
Answer:
The construction of roads is less expensive and can be done quickly in the northern plains due to level topography. Moreover, human settlements are more here. The northeastern states have undulated topography, thick forests and less human settlements.

Question 29.
Identify the railway zone to which the rail network of Kerala belongs. Where is its headquarters?
Answer:

• Southern Railway
• Chennai

Question 30.
Is there any metro rail project in Kerala?
Answer:
The only metro rail project in Kerala is Kochi metro rail project.

Question 31.
How many international airports are there in Kerala? Which are they?
Answer:
There are 4 international airports in Kerala.

1. Trivandrum International Airport. Trivandrum.
2. Kochi International Airport, Kochi.
3. Karippur International Airport, Kozhikode.
4. Kannur International Airport, Kannur.

Question 32.
Starts cultivation at the end of the winter season and harvests before the monsoon rains. Identify the agricultural season to which the statement is related. Which are the major crops cultivated in this season?
Answer:
Season: Zaid
Crops: Fruits, Vegetables.

Question 33.
Sugar mills are confined to sugarcane producing regions. Why?
Answer:
The sugarcane harvested must be immediately brought to the factories in order to extract juice out of it. Otherwise, the amount of sucrose in the sugarcane might decrease.

Question 34.
Make short notes.
i. Golden quadrangle
ii. Universal fibre
Answer:
i. Golden quadrangle: The six-lane superhighways connecting the metropolitan cities in India such as Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata are together named as Golden Quadrangle Super Highway.
ii. Universal fibre: Cotton is called universal fibre because it is used worldwide in textile sector.

Question 35.
Identify the ports mentioned.
i. Southernmost port of India.
ii. Major port in Karnataka.
iii. Major port other them Kolkata in West Bengal
Answer:
i. Tuticorin
ii. Mangalore
iii. Haldia

Question 36.
Identify the mineral resource for which the following places are known.
i. Neyveli
ii. Jharia
iii. Digboi
Answer:
i. Neyveli – Lignite
iii. Digboi – Petroleum
ii. Jharia – Coal

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 11 Sociology: What? Why?

Question 1.
How is creative writing different from the study of sociology?
Answer:

• In creative writing, writing is based on imagination and creativity. Sociological study analyses social issues and subjects scientifically.
• Creative writer depicts social events on aesthetic realm. Social scientist analyses social conditions on a cause-effect basis.
• Creative writing aims at appreciation. Social scientist analyses society objectively.

Question 2.
What is Sociology? Why do we study Sociology? Name the early sociologists.
Answer:

• Sociology is the scientific study of the social aspects of human life. It is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his sociological environment.
• What is the need of sociological study?
  • Helps to formulate the right perspective of society.
  • Helps to know the relation between individual and social institutions.
  • Helps to find solutions for social problems.
  • Helps to get an objective knowledge of one’s society and other societies.
  • Studies social problems precisely.
  • Provide guidance to social welfare measures by conducting studies on the backward classes, the exploited and those who have faced discrimination and oppression.
  • Benefits social planning and development.
  • The early sociological thinkers were Auguste Comte,Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx,Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.

Question 3.
Which are the important areas of Sociology?
Answer:

• Social institutions
• Communities
• Social groups
• Socialisation
• Social problems
• Social conflicts
• Social control
• Social changes
• Social relations

Question 4.
What are the objectives of the study of Sociology?
Answer:

• Intellectual development of the one who studies Sociology.
• Helps to develop an objective outlook on society.
• Helps to tackle or solve social issues.
• Helps to understand about the interrelationship between individual and society.

Question 5.
How does social survey, a major methodology of Sociology help to understand the society?
Answer:

• Social survey helps to formulate a comprehensive view of the topic based on the data collected from a group of selected people.
• Social survey not only helps to understand about the social progress, but also about the social evils prevailing in the society.
• Social survey helps to know about the social issues or problems existing in the society.

Question 6.
Differentiate between observation and interview.
Answer:

Question 7.
You have to collect data on the transport problems faced by your friends to reach school. Prepare a questionnaire on this.
Answer:

• Do you face any transport problem to reach school?
• Which are the modes of transport your classmates depend on?
• What is the main reason for the transport problem of your schoolmates?
• What are the problems faced by students travelling in KSRTC buses?
• What are the problems faced by the students who travel by private vehicles like van and autorickshaw?
• What is the difficulty of students travelling by bicycles?
• What are the difficulties of students who come on foot to school?
• Have you brought the transport problems to the attention of the authorities?
• Have the authorities taken any step to solve your travelling difficulties?
• What steps have the school authorities taken to solve the travelling difficulty?

Question 8.
What are the practical applications of Sociology?
Answer:
Sociology has developed into as a branch of science which is effective in the day to day affairs of the society. Sociologists who are experienced in research are needed today in various fields like administration and planning, social welfare, advertisements, media and educational activities.

Question 9.
Discuss the importance of the study of Sociology’.
Answer:
Sociology is the scientific study of the mutual relationship between man and his environment. So Sociology is considered as a comprehensive study of society.

Sociological study has great importance today. The study of Sociology helps to know the relation between individual and social institutions, to get an objective knowledge of one’s society and other societies and for a precise study of social issues. It helps to formulate the right perspective of society. Sociology also helps for an indepth study about the different aspects of the present complex society.

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions